Tyre
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Also known as Tyrus · modern Tyre · king of Tyre
The king of Tyre is a name for Satan from 1906 through the 1920s. From 1932 the city is sea-going commerce, still cited in 1935. From 1937 it is commercialized religion and the Roman Catholic Hierarchy. In 1940 Tyre is the commercial-religious part of Christendom, and Sidon the older religions it absorbed. That Hierarchy reading is restated in 1942 and is not replaced through 1980.
- Isa. 23
- Ezek. 26-28
Key moments
- 1906 Introduced The king of Tyre is one of the titles of Satan, alongside prince of this world and king of Babylon. The city itself is not yet given a separate modern class.
- 1932–1935 Refined The city of Tyre is now the sea-going commercial wing of Satan's organization: Big Business that controls trade by water, set over against Egypt on land. The same reading is still cited in 1933 and 1935.
- 1937 Narrowed In the Isaiah 23 series, ancient Tyre is the Roman Catholic Hierarchy. Modern Tyre is that organization, not sea-going Big Business in general.
- 1937 Refined In Enemies the sea trade is kept, but the sea now stands for the people who support the Devil's religious organization. Tyre is commercialized religion, and modern Tyre is organized religion. The king of Tyre is still the Devil.
- 1940 Refined Tyre is the commercial-religious part of Christendom, and the Hierarchy is its chief part. Sidon is the older religious elements whose doctrines the Hierarchy absorbed.
- 1953 Refined Ezekiel’s lament was read against the historical line of Tyrian kings, with Satan as its larger counterpart. A Greek-text alternative placing Satan with a cherub was discussed conditionally; the traditional text identifying him as the cherub was retained pending manuscript evidence.
Russell
Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916
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The king of Tyre is one of the titles of Satan, alongside prince of this world and king of Babylon. The city itself is not yet given a separate modern class.
1 quote
In reference to his power and wicked influence he is variously called the prince of devils, the prince of this world, the king of Babylon, king of Tyrus etc.
The Eternal Purpose, 1906
Rutherford
Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942
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The king of Tyre remains a figurative name for Lucifer. Ezekiel 28 is not about any historical king of the city: no king of Tyre was perfect or in Eden. The city itself still has no separate modern class.
3 quotes
Finally God sent forth word by his prophets in no uncertain terms, though still somewhat covered by figurative applications as against “the king of Babylon” and the “king of Tyrus”.
The Watchtower, February 1, 1922 No king of Tyrus had ever been perfect or had been in the garden of Eden. In describing Lucifer’s beauty, the Prophet makes mention of the most brilliant- and beautiful stones known on earth. Covered with such gorgeous gems and standing in the sunlight, he would appear as a blazing stone of fire, made to reflect the likeness of the Creator.
The Way to Paradise, 1924 Chapter twenty-eight, verses 11 to 26, deals with the destruction of Satan, the Devil. Though the name used is that of the king of Tyrus, the description fits the Devil perfectly.
The Golden Age, March 21, 1928 -
The city of Tyre is now the sea-going commercial wing of Satan's organization: Big Business that controls trade by water, set over against Egypt on land. The same reading is still cited in 1933 and 1935.
5 quotes
Jehovah uses ancient Tyre to picture the commerce or Big Business that exploits the people and controls the trade of the peoples by sea or other waterways.
Vindication, Book Two, 1932 By sea and land Big Business controls the world. This dominating, ruling factor is the offspring or seed of Satan. The king of Tyre therefore represents Satan himself, and Pharaoh of Egypt also represents Satan himself. The princes and supporters in this prophecy picture the chief ones in Satan’s visible organization. Tyre represents the commercial factor of Satan’s organization that dominates the sea.
Vindication, Book Two, 1932 Both Tyre and Egypt represented the Devil in his world-wide visible organization. Therefore modern Tyre and modern Egypt consist of the commercial power, both by sea and by land, that dominates the nations of the earth.
Vindication, Book Two, 1932 The braggadocio of the “prince of Tyre”, Big Business and leaders, will come to naught and these will fall before the assault of the King of kings.
1933 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses “The ships of Tarshish,” operated by modern Tyre and Zidon, will not then be able to weather such stormy seas.
The Watchtower, July 1, 1935 -
In the Isaiah 23 series, ancient Tyre is the Roman Catholic Hierarchy. Modern Tyre is that organization, not sea-going Big Business in general.
2 quotes
Seeing that ancient Tyre pictured the Roman Catholic Hierarchy organization, which is therefore modern Tyre, it will be of aid in the examination of the prophecy if we keep in mind the objective or chief purpose of the Hierarchy, which purpose is, to wit: To rule over the nations of the earth as the claimed representative of Christ, with the false slogan, “Chris-tus Rex,” that is, “Christ the King,” meaning, in fact, the pope, the head of the Roman Catholic “Hierarchy of Jurisdiction” on the earth.
The Watchtower, May 1, 1937 It shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre [modern Tyre, the Roman Catholic Hierarchy organization] shall be forgotten.
The Watchtower, May 1, 1937 -
In Enemies the sea trade is kept, but the sea now stands for the people who support the Devil's religious organization. Tyre is commercialized religion, and modern Tyre is organized religion. The king of Tyre is still the Devil.
2 quotes
Ancient Tyre, as shown by the Scriptures, did in fact control the commerce of the sea. "The sea" symbolically stands for the people that bear up and give support to the Devil's religious organization. Therefore Tyre pictures religion commercialized, that is to say, religious doctrines and ceremonies and superstitions used for commercial purposes for the enrichment of a few at the expense of the credulous people.
Enemies, 1937 Modern Tyre, therefore, is organized religion, visibly ruling the people under its father the invisible ruler, "the king of Tyrus," who is the Devil.
Enemies, 1937 -
The same year notes that the identification depends on the prophecy. In some texts Tyre is the Hierarchy; the people of Tyre and Sidon are those who stay with it only for money.
1 quote
In certain prophecies Tyre pictures the Hierarchy; but there are many persons connected with the Catholic organization who have no faith in what the Catholics teach, but who hold on to the Catholic organization for the commercial gain derived by such association. The peoples of Tyre and Zidon well picture such a class, because the ancient people of Tyre and Zidon selfishly operated for pecuniary gain.
The Watchtower, November 15, 1937 -
Tyre is the commercial-religious part of Christendom, and the Hierarchy is its chief part. Sidon is the older religious elements whose doctrines the Hierarchy absorbed.
1 quote
“Tyre” specifically refers to the commercial religious element of “Christendom”, of which the Roman Catholic Hierarchy is the chief and dominant part; whereas “Zidon” particularly pictures those religious elements that preceded the Roman Catholic Hierarchy, and the religious doctrines, traditions and practices of which the Hierarchy adopted and absorbed.
The Watchtower, March 1, 1940
Knorr
Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977
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The same identification is restated: modern Tyre is the Roman Catholic Hierarchy. No later antitype appears in the archive through 1980.
1 quote
God will overthrow the modern Tyre, the rock-like Roman Catholic Hierarchy, which claims to be founded on the rock represented by the pope.
The New World, 1942 -
Ezekiel’s lament was read against the historical line of Tyrian kings, with Satan as its larger counterpart. A Greek-text alternative placing Satan with a cherub was discussed conditionally; the traditional text identifying him as the cherub was retained pending manuscript evidence.
2 quotes
For this crime the covering cherub, grown proud and selfish, would bring destruction upon himself, foreshadowed by the destruction that came upon the perfidious, commercialized line of kings of Tyre, accompanied by the ruin of their capital city Tyre. God is thus absolved from the charge of creating Satan the Devil. The anointed covering cherub in Eden made himself that wicked one.
New Heavens and a New Earth (1953), discussion of Ezekiel 28:11–19 Our determining whether this is the correct reading of Ezekiel's prophecy against the king of Tyre waits upon the discovery of an older Hebrew manuscript of Ezekiel's prophecy that will agree with the Septuagint Version (LXX). In the meantime we shall hold to the traditional Masoretic Hebrew text, with which the Latin Vulgate agrees. 15 Whereas Jehovah by his Word conversed with Adam and Eve in their perfection and innocence, the Genesis record does not show that the anointed covering cherub did so directly.
New Heavens and a New Earth (1953), discussion of Ezekiel 28:11–19
Franz
Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992
No statement filed for this period.
Governing Body
1992–
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The message to Tyre’s king was again applied both to the historical royal dynasty and to Satan’s fall through pride. This preserved the parallel documented in 1953; it did not restate or expressly revoke the separate older identification of the city with the Catholic hierarchy.
1 quote
That message addressed to “the king of Tyre” contains expressions that fit both the Tyrian dynasty and the original traitor, Satan, who “did not stand fast in the truth.”
The Watchtower, October 15, 2005, pp. 21–26, Beware of Developing a Haughty Heart, pars. 9–11 -
Tyre’s downfall warned against trusting wealth, with a comparison to today’s commercial system. The earlier Roman Catholic antitype was neither restated nor expressly revoked.
1 quote
those who trust in wealth will be forced to know Jehovah […]
Pure Worship of Jehovah—Restored At Last! (2018), chapter 7, par. 23
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