Type/antitype 1880–2009

The scapegoat

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Also known as Scapegoat · Scape-goat · The live goat · The goat for Azazel · Azazel goat · The goat of removal · The antitypical scapegoat

The scapegoat of Leviticus 16 underwent two major reversals in Watch Tower interpretation. Under Russell, the earliest verified identification in 1880 associated it with the Great Company, consecrated Christians who failed to sacrifice willingly but would be saved through tribulation. This interpretation continued through 1913. Under Rutherford it was repeated from 1918 onward, with increasing emphasis in 1926–1928 on spirit-begotten Christians held captive by Christendom's clergy. In 1930 the identification was refined by distinguishing spirit begetting from anointing: the scapegoat class was said never to receive the anointing of the holy spirit. In May 1936 the former identification was explicitly rejected and the scapegoat was reidentified as the evil servant class, destined for destruction. This interpretation was repeated in 1937. Under Knorr, a second reversal began in August 1942: both goats were said to picture Jesus Christ, with the living goat for Azazel representing his continued integrity under persecution and his role in bearing away sins. This Christological identification was repeated in 1943, 1953, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1975. Under Franz it remained identifiable in 1984 and 1988, and under the Governing Body in 1995 and 1998. All five presidencies examined yielded verified statements.

8readings
38quotes
2changes

Key moments

  1. 1880–1913 Introduced The scapegoat represented the Great Company, consecrated and spirit-begotten Christians who did not willingly complete their covenant of sacrifice. Unlike the Little Flock, pictured by the Lord's goat, they would be forced through tribulation, surrender their attachment to the world, and ultimately receive spiritual life without becoming joint-heirs with Christ. Their sufferings were also understood to settle accounts for willful sins beyond inherited Adamic sin.
  2. 1930–1935 Refined The scapegoat was still identified with spirit-begotten individuals who failed to become members of the royal house, and publications continued to connect it with the Great Multitude. A refinement distinguished spirit begetting from official anointing: the scapegoat class was said never to receive the anointing of the holy spirit and never to be selected for participation in Christ's sacrificial death. Its members were understood as having a destiny different from that of the anointed royal house.
  3. 1936–1937 Reversal The former identification with the Great Company was explicitly rejected. The scapegoat was now said to represent the evil servant class, including unfaithful spirit-begotten individuals who had once been in line for the Kingdom but proved disloyal. The wilderness signified separation from God's organization, spiritual darkness and destruction. The same identification was repeated in the 1937 Yearbook.
  4. 1942–1975 Reversal The scapegoat was reidentified as Jesus Christ rather than an unfaithful class of Christians. In August 1942 both goats were said to picture aspects of the one sacrifice and earthly course of Jesus. The living goat for Azazel represented Jesus after his baptism and acceptance for sacrifice, carrying the merit of his offering while enduring persecution, maintaining integrity and bearing away sins. Later publications continued the identification with Jesus as the great Sin Bearer, connecting the type with Isaiah 53, the forgiveness of sins and Christ's high-priestly services.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

1 reading
  1. 1880–1913 Introduced

    The scapegoat represented the Great Company, consecrated and spirit-begotten Christians who did not willingly complete their covenant of sacrifice. Unlike the Little Flock, pictured by the Lord's goat, they would be forced through tribulation, surrender their attachment to the world, and ultimately receive spiritual life without becoming joint-heirs with Christ. Their sufferings were also understood to settle accounts for willful sins beyond inherited Adamic sin.

    10 quotes
    But we must yet hold to our views, as heretofore expressed, that the scapegoat represents the "great company," not Babylon, tares, etc., for several reasons.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1880
    But before this manifestation to believers, of God's acceptance of the work, the "scapegoat company" are sent away, and the robes of the Priest changed.
    The Watchtower, January 14, 1882
    The casting of lots to see which goat would be the "Lord's" and which the "scapegoat" indicates that God has no choice as to which of them shall win the prize. It shows that God does not arbitrarily select which of the consecrated shall become partakers of the divine nature and joint-heirs with Christ our Lord. Every believer who presents himself is acceptable, and he who keeps his covenant and performs the sacrifice is represented in the "Lord's goat." Those who draw back are represented in the "scapegoat."
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1890
    This class, represented in the "scape-goat," will be sent into the Wilderness condition of separation from the world, forced thither by the "man of opportunity" —unfavorable circumstances —there to be buffeted by adversity until they learn the vanity, deceitfulness and utter worthlessness of the world's approval, and until all human hopes and ambitions die, and they are ready to say, God's will, not mine, be done!
    Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices, Chapter IV, 1899
    The body of the “scapegoat” was not burned in the wilderness: only sin-offerings (the bullock and the “Lord’s goat”) were burned.
    Old Theology Quarterly, The Tabernacle in the Wilderness, 1904
    These are the same two classes that are represented in the Tabernacle type by the two goats, one of which became the Lord's goat for the sacrifice and the other the scapegoat, only that in the Tabernacle type the goats represented the two classes all the way down through the Gospel age as well as particularly at its close, while the two classes in the parable under consideration represent the Church only in the present time in the end of this age.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1906
    Let us, then, see that in the Scape-goat type the Lord pictures the sending into the "wilderness" of isolation and persecution the "Great Company," who after consecration were unwilling to go voluntarily "outside the camp, bearing the reproaches" of the Christ.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1907
    We have interpreted this Scape-goat to be a type of the "Great Company" of `Rev. 7:9-15`. We have pointed out that the Lord's goat and the Scape-goat, both tethered at the door of the Tabernacle, represented the two classes who during this Gospel Age make full consecration to the Lord and are accepted of him and begotten of the holy Spirit.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1908
    The putting of the hands of the high priest upon the head of the scapegoat pictures the placing of these sins upon the "great company" class and the sending of them into tribulation.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1911
    The trouble will be especially hard on the rich, who are represented as weeping and howling for misery. The Great Company class is typically represented by the scapegoat of Israel's Atonement Day ceremonies. The bullock typifies our Lord Jesus, and the Lord's goat His faithful followers. (`Heb. 13:11-13`.) After the faithful ones have finished their course, then something will be done with the scapegoat--the Great Company.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1913

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

3 readings
  1. 1918–1928 Unchanged

    The scapegoat continued to represent the Great Company, spirit-begotten Christians who did not voluntarily fulfill their covenant of sacrifice. Increasingly the interpretation identified these individuals with prisoners of Christendom's religious systems. The clergy were described as their keepers and as those who led them into the figurative wilderness. The Great Company would eventually be delivered from this captivity and saved through tribulation.

    7 quotes
    The sufferings of the scapegoat class, turned into the wilderness, dying of thirst, hunger, snakebites, thorns, briars, burrs, fleas or attacks of wild animals, were far greater than those of the Lord's goat, killed sacrificially.
    The Finished Mystery, 1918
    Lots were cast as to which was to be the Lord’s goat, the little flock, and which the scapegoat, the great company; thus was pictured the fact that “God has no choice as to which of those who present themselves shall win the prize”.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1920
    The other goat, designated as the scapegoat, represented those who are negligent concerning their covenant to be obedient to and perform God’s will.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1926
    They are still there. These we understand were pictured by the scapegoat, and constitute the great company class. In the type the high priest confessed over the scapegoat all the iniquities of Israel; and Israel here surely must represent the ecclesiastical system, which has become a world religion. This indicates that the scapegoat must share in the iniquities that come upon the system.
    The Watchtower, November 15, 1926
    The scapegoat represents that class of consecrated, justified, spirit-begotten ones who do not willingly and joyfully present themselves as living sacrifices unto the great High Priest to be sacrificed by him as members of the Lord's body.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1927
    Like the Scapegoat of old, unclean and bearing iniquity, they have been led away into this solitary land or condition by the hand of the clergy of Christendom, who stood convenient and in readiness in 1919.
    1927 Year Book of the International Bible Students Association
    Like the scapegoat of old, unclean and bearing iniquity, they have been led there by the hand of the clergy of Christendom since 1918.
    1928 Year Book of the International Bible Students Association
  2. 1930–1935 Refined

    The scapegoat was still identified with spirit-begotten individuals who failed to become members of the royal house, and publications continued to connect it with the Great Multitude. A refinement distinguished spirit begetting from official anointing: the scapegoat class was said never to receive the anointing of the holy spirit and never to be selected for participation in Christ's sacrificial death. Its members were understood as having a destiny different from that of the anointed royal house.

    6 quotes
    The Lord’s goat foreshadowed that class of persons who “bind the sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the altar” (Ps. 118: 27); while the scapegoat represented those who take a different course, do not respond to the call and are not accepted as a part of the sacrifice of Christ. That being true, the class thus foreshadowed by the scapegoat never receives the anointing of the holy spirit.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1930
    Such are the conditions precedent, and these conditions cannot be ignored and the text applied to any and all who have covenanted to do God’s will. 5 The scapegoat class does not suffer with Christ Jesus and does not partake of his sacrificial death. These are all begotten or brought forth as sons of God, as heretofore set out, but, as the scapegoat showed, they are not selected for sacrifice.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1930
    Those of the “great multitude” do not suffer with Christ, and hence can not reign with him. They were foreshadowed by the scapegoat.
    1930 Year Book of the International Bible Students Association
    In 1918 and 1919 the clergy led their flocks, like the scapegoat, into the wilderness by openly adopting and endorsing the League of Nations as a substitute for God’s kingdom.
    1931 Year Book of the International Bible Students Association
    The office of the “great multitude” seems to mean that they have some intermediate work between the peoples of earth and The Christ, that of making the offerings of the people ready to be received by Christ, who in turn would offer them to Jehovah. This is indicated by the fact that the Levites, picturing the "great multitude”, "slay the burnt offering” before turning the same over to the priest. The "great multitude” was foreshadowed by the scapegoat. Aaron the priest imputed to the scapegoat all the iniquities of the children of Israel and all of their transgressions and sins.
    Vindication, Volume 3, 1932
    The other goat, which was called "the scapegoat", pictures the class who are not chosen, and who therefore have a destiny different from membership in Jehovah’s royal house or family.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1935
  3. 1936–1937 Reversal

    The former identification with the Great Company was explicitly rejected. The scapegoat was now said to represent the evil servant class, including unfaithful spirit-begotten individuals who had once been in line for the Kingdom but proved disloyal. The wilderness signified separation from God's organization, spiritual darkness and destruction. The same identification was repeated in the 1937 Yearbook.

    2 quotes
    The scapegoat prophetically pictured or foretold a spirit class that form the “evil servant” class, the members of which go into perdition.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1936
    The bringing of the live goat and sending him forth for Azazel pictures the “evil servant” class, the chief of that class which is the “man of sin”.
    1937 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

1 reading
  1. 1942–1975 Reversal

    The scapegoat was reidentified as Jesus Christ rather than an unfaithful class of Christians. In August 1942 both goats were said to picture aspects of the one sacrifice and earthly course of Jesus. The living goat for Azazel represented Jesus after his baptism and acceptance for sacrifice, carrying the merit of his offering while enduring persecution, maintaining integrity and bearing away sins. Later publications continued the identification with Jesus as the great Sin Bearer, connecting the type with Isaiah 53, the forgiveness of sins and Christ's high-priestly services.

    8 quotes
    Hence, together, the two goats beautifully pictured the “man Christ Jesus”, unblemished, possessing life-merit that could be freed in behalf of others, while at the same time he was able, while in the days of his flesh, to serve a purpose respecting “Azazel”.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1942
    Hence this “live goat” had atoning merit resting upon it and hence power to bear away sins. This fact is shown at verse 10: “But the goat over which came up the lot for Azazel shall he cause to stand alive before Jehovah, to put a propitiatory-covering onn him, to send him away unto Azazel, towards the desert.” (Rotherham’s translation) This goat with atoning merit upon it therefore pictures Jesus.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1942
    By enduring the reproaches and suffering without yielding sinfully to the Devil and his organization, Jesus could fulfill the picture of the “scapegoat" or "goat for Azazel” and could perform the part of the sin-bearer to bear away the sins of those who repented and converted and devoted themselves to God.
    The Watchtower, April 15, 1943
    Therefore, although still alive in the flesh as was the “alive” goat, Jesus carried with him throughout his ministry in the wilderness of Satan’s world the value of this sacrifice and, along with incense of praise in integrity, could use it as a sign in further praise to Jehovah by demonstrating this power and authority he had received from the great Giver of Life, Jehovah God.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1953
    All that was prophetic of how God's great High Priest would offer up a sacrifice to atone for mankind's sin and would serve as a real Sin Bearer to carry away mankind's sin into oblivion.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1965
    In this manner he made atonement for the sins of the twelve nonpriestly tribes of Israel. A scapegoat, the goat for Azazel, upon whose head the sins of the nation were confessed, was sent away into the trackless wilderness, to disappear forever with the sins of the people. Jesus Christ as God's High Priest will do something like that but more real.
    Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, 1966
    The day continued into the year 33 C.E., during which time he served as the goat "for Azazel," keeping perfect integrity under test and cruel persecution to death by Satan, bearing the sins of the people off into the "wilderness," into oblivion forever.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1967
    According to Isaiah's prophecy, chapter fifty-three, Jehovah's "Servant" is the sin-bearer who was typified by the scapegoat of the Atonement Day that continued being observed at Jehovah's temple until the destruction of the city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E.
    Man's Salvation out of World Distress at Hand!, 1975

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

1 reading
  1. 1984–1988 Unchanged

    The identification with Jesus Christ continued. The living goat was used to illustrate how Jesus' sacrifice carries away the sins of those for whom he died. Insight on the Scriptures explicitly reaffirmed that the goat for Azazel pictured the sacrifice of Jesus Christ and the removal of sins from those exercising faith.

    2 quotes
    This was indicated by the fact that, finally, after the sins of Israel were confessed over a live goat, it was led away into the wilderness, never to be seen again.—Psalm 103:12; Isaiah 53:4-6.
    Survival Into a New Earth, 1984
    He 'carried away' the sins of all who exercise faith in the value of his sacrifice. He demonstrated the provision of God to take sinfulness into complete oblivion. In these ways the goat "for Azazel" pictures the sacrifice of Jesus Christ.
    Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 1, 1988

Governing Body

1992–

2 readings
  1. 1995–1998 Unchanged

    The identification with Jesus Christ remained unchanged. In 1995 the goat for Azazel was used to explain how Jesus could carry away sins on the basis of his future sacrificial death, including his authority to forgive sins during his earthly ministry. In 1998 the live goat continued to illustrate the removal of sins in the context of the benefits of Christ's ransom sacrifice.

    2 quotes
    Based on the sacrifice that he would offer, Jesus could carry away the man's sins, as the goat for Azazel carried away the sins of Israel on the Day of Atonement.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1995
    On the same day, he sacrificed a goat as a sin offering for all the other Israelites, even as Christ's sacrifice will benefit mankind in general. A live goat symbolically carried off the people's collective sins of the past year, disappearing in the wilderness.* —Leviticus 16:7-15, 20-22, 26.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1998
  2. 2009 Unchanged

    The goat for Azazel continued to illustrate the Messiah’s carrying away human sins. The Atonement Day procedure was linked with Isaiah’s description of the Servant and with the prospect of everlasting life.

    1 quote
    the Messiah, who would play a similar role and carry away […] “the very sin of many people,” […]
    The Watchtower, August 15, 2009, pp. 3–7, Everlasting Life on Earth—A God-Given Hope, par. 17