Type/antitype 1877–2022

The four beasts of Daniel 7

Also in Русский · Українська

Also known as Daniel's four beasts · The four great beasts · The four wild beasts · Four beasts out of the sea · The four beasts of Daniel's vision · The four huge beasts · The lion, bear, leopard and fourth beast · The four kingdoms of Daniel 7

The four beasts of Daniel 7 were identified from 1877 onward as four successive Gentile world powers: Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. During Russell's presidency, the fourth beast represented the Roman Empire, while its distinctive little horn was associated with the Papacy. The identification of the four empires remained stable through 1917. From 1921 to 1928, Rutherford-era publications emphasized the fourth beast as a governing system combining professional politicians, great financiers, and ecclesiastical leaders, with the Papacy dominating this arrangement and its formation dated to 539 C.E. A decisive reversal occurred in 1933, when the identification of the little horn with the pope was explicitly rejected and replaced with the Anglo-American imperialistic system. The four beasts were also explained as successive manifestations of Satan's visible organization, a position reaffirmed in 1941. During Knorr's presidency, publications from 1958 through 1976 continued identifying the four beasts with Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome, while tracing the fourth beast through Rome's successor kingdoms and identifying the little horn with the British Empire and its development into the Anglo-American dual world power. Spain, the Netherlands, and France were identified as the three horns displaced by this power. Publications during Franz's presidency from 1977 through 1990 repeated these identifications and clarified that the ten horns represented all the kingdoms resulting from Rome's dissolution. In 1999, under the Governing Body, Pay Attention to Daniel's Prophecy! retained the same four world powers and Anglo-American little horn, adding detailed explanations of the historical features of each beast and the little horn's opposition to the holy ones. Verified interpretive statements were found in every presidency; no presidency was without evidence.

9readings
35quotes
1change

Key moments

  1. 1877–1913 Introduced The four beasts picture four successive Gentile world empires: Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. The fourth beast is the Roman Empire, whose distinctive Papal horn represents the Papacy and whose political divisions continue until the overthrow of earthly governments by God's Kingdom.
  2. 1921–1928 Refined The fourth beast was explained more specifically as a governing system composed of professional politicians, great financiers, and ecclesiastical leaders. The Papacy was described as the dominating ecclesiastical component, with the beast's formation connected to the overthrow of the Ostrogothic monarchy in 539 C.E.
  3. 1933 Reversal The four beasts continued representing Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome, but were explicitly described as successive world powers belonging to Satan's visible organization. The previous identification of the little horn with the pope was expressly rejected and replaced by the Anglo-American imperialistic system, also identified with Christendom. This revised explanation was repeated in subsequent Watchtower articles in July 1933.
Download

Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

1 reading
  1. 1877–1913 Introduced

    The four beasts picture four successive Gentile world empires: Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. The fourth beast is the Roman Empire, whose distinctive Papal horn represents the Papacy and whose political divisions continue until the overthrow of earthly governments by God's Kingdom.

    5 quotes
    Daniel also had a vision of these five kingdoms; and to him the first four appeared as wild beasts, a lion, bear, leopard, and the terrible beast with iron teeth; while the fifth alone appeared beautiful to him.
    The Three Worlds, 1877
    After giving some details regarding this last or Roman beast, and especially of its peculiar or Papal horn, the Prophet states that judgment against this horn would be rendered, and it would begin to lose its dominion, which would be consumed by gradual process until the beast should be destroyed.
    The Divine Plan of the Ages, 1886
    The character of these empires, as recorded on the pages of history, we have found to agree perfectly with the prophetic descriptions, as portrayed in Nebuchadnezzar's vision of the great image and in Daniel’s vision of the four beasts.
    The Time Is at Hand, 1888
    It corresponded to the legs of iron, which represented the Roman Empire; while the ten horns of the latter beast corresponded to the ten toes of the image, representing papal Rome and the present subdivisions of imperial Europe.
    Bible Students Monthly, 1909
    The details relative to the first three beasts (Babylon the lion, Medo-Persia the bear, and Greece the leopard), with their heads, feet, wings, etc., all of which are symbolic, we pass by, as of less importance in our present examination than the details of the fourth beast, Rome.
    The Divine Plan of the Ages, 1913 edition

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

4 readings
  1. 1917 Unchanged

    The established identification of the beasts with Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome was repeated, with the beasts corresponding to the metals of Nebuchadnezzar's image and the fourth beast continuing to represent the Roman Empire.

    1 quote
    Instead of a glorious image of towering height and splendor. Daniel saw four great, terrible wild beasts. The first, like a lion, corresponded to the head of gold of the image-representing Babylon. The second, like a bear, corresponded to the breast and arms of silver in the image, and represented Medo-Persia. The third, like a leopard, corresponded to the brass of the image, and represented Grecia.
    Bible Students Monthly, 1917
  2. 1921–1928 Refined

    The fourth beast was explained more specifically as a governing system composed of professional politicians, great financiers, and ecclesiastical leaders. The Papacy was described as the dominating ecclesiastical component, with the beast's formation connected to the overthrow of the Ostrogothic monarchy in 539 C.E.

    5 quotes
    This terrible beast was a form of government composed of three elements or component parts, namely, professional politicians, great financiers, and ecclesiastical leaders.
    The Harp of God, 1921
    The three component elements that go to make up the “dreadful and terrible beast” are, to wit: commercialism, professional politicians and apostate clergy, or ecclesiaslicism.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1922
    This terrible beast was a form of government composed of three elements or component parts, namely, professional politicians, great financiers, and ecclesiastical leaders.
    The Golden Age, April 8, 1925
    This Satanic organization became dreadful and terrible from the time that these three forces were united. Of this unholy "trinity" we see the Papacy, the ecclesiastical element, in the saddle, riding and directing everything. The date of its beginning was at the overthrow of the Ostrogothic monarchy, which occurred in 539 A. D. The Prophet Daniel was given a vision of the events following.
    Creation, 1927
    This terrible beast was a form of government composed of three elements or component parts, namely, professional politicians, great financiers, and ecclesiastical leaders. This Satanic organization became dreadful and terrible from the time that these three forces were united. Of this unholy trinity, we see the Papacy, the ecclesiastical element, in the saddle, riding and directing everything. The beginning of this beast dates from the overthrow of the Ostrogothic monarchy, which occurred in 539 A. D.
    The Harp of God, 1928 edition
  3. 1933 Reversal

    The four beasts continued representing Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome, but were explicitly described as successive world powers belonging to Satan's visible organization. The previous identification of the little horn with the pope was expressly rejected and replaced by the Anglo-American imperialistic system, also identified with Christendom. This revised explanation was repeated in subsequent Watchtower articles in July 1933.

    4 quotes
    These four beasts are four world powers, beginning with Babylon, then in existence, and which is the first and is followed by Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome, all different from each other, but all being borne up and supported by the people alienated from God and hence under the control of Satan.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1933
    While it is true that the pope of Rome has uttered many blasphemous statements, the pope could never be identified as the “little horn”; but all the historical facts show that the “little horn”, beginning in little England, is the Anglo-American imperialistic system which is “Christendom” and which has exalted itself and spoken great things.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1933
    The seventh chapter of Daniel’s prophecy, considered in a preceding issue of The Watchtower, identifies the Anglo-American empire system, which is “Christendom”, as the “little horn”, which speaks great things against Jehovah and his kingdom, which hopes to change times and the laws of God, and which wears out the saints of the Most High.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1933
    The last preceding issues of The Watchtower, dealing with the prophecy of Daniel, chapters seven and eight, clearly establish the fact, beyond all question of doubt, that it is the “little horn”, meaning the seventh world power, which had its beginning with little England and which is now more particularly known under the title of Anglo-American imperialistic system, which is “Christendom”, that is the instrument that the Devil uses to oppose the kingdom, to take away the “continual sacrifice” and to tread down the people of God.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1933
  4. 1941 Unchanged

    The interpretation established in 1933 was reaffirmed: the four beasts represented successive expressions of one Satanic visible organization rather than four independent devilish organizations. The fourth beast was again identified with the Roman Empire, the sixth world power in the broader succession beginning with Egypt.

    1 quote
    To Daniel there appeared in vision four beasts, but these did not represent or picture four separate devilish organizations, but they did picture Satan’s organization appearing and exhibiting certain or particular characteristics.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1941

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

1 reading
  1. 1958–1976 Unchanged

    The four beasts remained Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. The fourth beast began with the Roman Empire, and its ten horns represented the political powers into which Rome was divided. The little horn represented the British Empire and its subsequent development into the Anglo-American dual world power, the seventh world power in the broader prophetic sequence. Spain, the Netherlands, and France were identified as the three horns displaced by the Anglo-American power. This explanation was repeated in publications from 1958 to 1976.

    8 quotes
    The foretold “horn which had eyes and a mouth that spoke great things, and which seemed greater than its fellows,” is identified by history as being the Anglo-American dual world power, the seventh world power foretold in Bible prophecy.
    Your Will Be Done on Earth, 1958
    Ah, then, the four beasts correspond with the four metals of the dream image that Daniel had interpreted to King Nebuchadnezzar more than fifty years previously.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1959
    The ‘little horn’ that came up among them and before whom three horns fell is the Anglo-American world power, and the three horns that fell before this, the seventh world power of Bible history, were (1) Spain, (2) The Netherlands, and (3) France.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1959
    This small horn rose as the British Empire notably from the seventeenth century onward, and was later joined by America to form the Anglo-American world power.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1961
    “Someone like a son of man” comes before him and is “given rulership and dignity and kingdom, that the peoples, national groups and languages should all serve even him.” (7:10, 13, 14) Daniel then receives the interpretation of the vision of the four beasts. They represent four kings, or kingdoms. From among ten horns on the fourth beast a small horn arises.
    All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial, 1963
    The four beasts are explained by God's angel to symbolize four successive political world powers, the first one being like a lion, the second one like a bear, and the third one like a leopard.
    Then Is Finished the Mystery of God, 1969
    By comparing this description with what is stated at Daniel 7:3-7, 17-23, we can see that the "wild beast" is a combination of beasts, such as those mentioned in the book of Daniel. Those beasts are specifically identified as kings or kingdoms. Therefore, the "wild beast" out of the "sea" must represent the global political system made up of the "kings" or ruling powers on earth.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1975
    In the prophecy of Daniel, mention is made of four beasts—a lion, a bear, a leopard and a fearsome beast with ten horns—each beast representing a 'king' or 'kingdom.'
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1976

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

1 reading
  1. 1977–1990 Unchanged

    The beasts retained their identification with Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. The fourth beast was the Roman Empire and its subsequent political outgrowth. The ten horns were identified with all the kingdoms resulting from Rome's dissolution, while the small horn represented Britain's rise and its eventual development into the Anglo-American World Power. Later publications repeated the identification of the beasts with political kingdoms, including an explicit comparison with the composite wild beast of Revelation.

    7 quotes
    The fourth symbolic beast of this vision refers to the world power that swallowed up the Grecian Empire, namely, Rome.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1977
    The Anglo-American Dual World Power was pictured, as we will remember, by the "small" horn with eyes and a mouth on the head of the "fourth beast" seen in Daniel's vision of the four beasts.
    Our Incoming World Government—God's Kingdom, 1977
    In connection with the dream image, there is no mention of a 'fifth kingdom' developing, although a later vision of Daniel contained a fearsome "fourth beast," representing the Roman Empire, out from which a 'little horn' grew very large to represent the British Empire.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1978
    In the seventh chapter, he starts with a lion (Babylon) and concludes with the unusually strong fourth beast having iron teeth.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1981
    What is the identity of the huge beasts seen by Daniel? He informs us: "These huge beasts . . . are four kings that will stand up from the earth." (Daniel 7:17) Yes, those beasts represent "kings," or political powers of the earth. 5 It is clear, therefore, that the Author of the inspired Bible regards the political powers of the earth as beasts. What kind of beasts?
    Revelation—Its Grand Climax At Hand!, 1988
    This fourth wild beast prefigured the powerful Roman Empire, which began to develop about three centuries after Daniel recorded this prophecy.
    The Bible—God's Word or Man's?, 1989
    "Someone like a son of man" comes before him and is "given rulership and dignity and kingdom, that the peoples, national groups and languages should all serve even him." (7:10, 13, 14) Daniel then receives the interpretation of the vision of the four beasts. They represent four kings, or kingdoms. From among ten horns on the fourth beast, a small horn arises.
    All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial, 1990

Governing Body

1992–

2 readings
  1. 1999 Unchanged

    The four beasts were again identified with Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. The fourth beast began with the political and military power of Rome, its ten horns represented all kingdoms arising from the Roman Empire's dissolution, and its small horn represented Britain and subsequently the Anglo-American dual world power. The 1999 explanation also connected the Anglo-American small horn with opposition to the anointed holy ones during World War I.

    3 quotes
    The sea, then, is a fitting symbol of the masses of mankind alienated from God.—Revelation 13:1, 2; 17:15; Isaiah 57:20. 6 "As for these huge beasts," said God's angel, "because they are four, there are four kings that will stand up from the earth." (Daniel 7:17) Clearly, the angel identified the four beasts that Daniel saw as "four kings." Thus, these beasts signify world powers.
    Pay Attention to Daniel's Prophecy!, 1999
    This fearsome beast began as the political and military power of Rome. It gradually took over the four Hellenistic divisions of the Grecian Empire, and by the year 30 B.C.E., Rome had emerged as the next world power of Bible prophecy.
    Pay Attention to Daniel's Prophecy!, 1999
    There was more to the "small" horn than the British Empire. In 1783, Britain recognized the independence of its 13 American colonies. The United States of America eventually became Britain's ally, emerging from World War II as the earth's dominant nation. It still has strong ties with Britain. The resulting Anglo-American dual world power constitutes the 'horn having eyes.'
    Pay Attention to Daniel's Prophecy!, 1999
  2. 2022 Unchanged

    The four beasts continued to represent Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome, including Rome’s modern Anglo-American offshoot. The interpretation was used to emphasize that all political authorities remain subordinate to Jehovah’s rulership.

    1 quote
    Daniel first saw four huge beasts that symbolize past and present world powers​—Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome and its modern-day offshoot, Anglo-America.
    The Watchtower, October 2022, pp. 12–17, “Happy Are Those Who Keep Integrity” to Jehovah, par. 9