Type/antitype 1877–2013

The evil servant

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Also known as The wicked servant · The evil slave · The wicked slave · That evil servant · That evil slave · The unfaithful servant · The evil servant class · The evil slave class · The traitorous evil slave · The unfaithful slave

The evil servant of Matthew 24:48-51 was initially understood in 1877 as an unwatchful professed servant who would fail to recognize Christ's presence. In 1880 such unfaithful servants were associated with the great multitude, and in 1884 they were understood as potentially surviving great tribulation without becoming members of Christ's Bride. In 1883 the explanation particularly emphasized those who denied Christ's already established presence and opposed its proclaimers. In 1918 The Finished Mystery specifically identified N. H. Barbour with the evil servant. By 1923 the designation again referred to a class. In 1927 this class was identified more precisely as formerly anointed servants who had refused to participate in Kingdom proclamation since 1918, attacked fellow servants, and associated with the world. In 1928 its manifestation was connected with the events of 1914-1918. From 1930 the class was associated with Judas, the workers of iniquity, and the man of sin, and its fate was described as destruction rather than deliverance through great tribulation. During the Knorr presidency, publications continued identifying the evil slave with disloyal former members of God's organization. In 1952 its rejection at Christ's inspection in 1918 was explicitly described, and publications in 1955 connected its emergence with organizational divisions after Russell's death. In 1961 a dedicated article insisted that the evil slave was not one individual but a class of traitorous individuals, comparing it with Ahithophel and Judas. In 1965 the evil slave was more distinctly described as a separate group from the man of lawlessness, consisting of formerly associated, spirit-begotten Christians who had become rebellious. In 1969 the interpretation explicitly rejected the legitimacy of sects formed by this class after 1918. In 1973 the explanation emphasized that individual anointed members could become like the evil slave, break away from the faithful slave class, and form separate groups; publications in 1974 and 1975 repeated the personal responsibility involved. In 1981 the explanation explicitly clarified that the faithful slave collectively does not become unfaithful and that defectors can constitute the evil slave class without operating as one organized body. Publications through 1988 continued applying the illustration to disloyal former associates and opposers. From 1994 through 2000 the explanation particularly emphasized apostates who attacked their former fellow believers, rejected the urgency of Kingdom proclamation, and attempted to undermine the faith of Jehovah's Witnesses. Verified interpretive statements were found in all five presidencies: Russell, Rutherford, Knorr, Franz, and the Governing Body.

12readings
65quotes
4changes

Key moments

  1. 1877–1895 Introduced The evil servant represented professed followers of Christ who failed to recognize or respond faithfully to his presence, opposed fellow servants, and embraced the spirit of the world. Such unfaithful servants were associated with the great multitude, losing the privilege of becoming Christ's Bride but potentially receiving deliverance through great tribulation.
  2. 1918 Narrowed The evil servant was specifically identified with N. H. Barbour, a former associate of Russell who subsequently opposed teachings concerning the ransom and Tabernacle types.
  3. 1923 Broadened The interpretation returned to a collective evil servant class consisting of professed followers who opposed their fellow servants and returned to association with the world.
  4. 1927–1929 Refined The evil servant class was identified more precisely with formerly anointed servants who had refused to participate in the Kingdom proclamation since 1918, attacked fellow servants, and pursued selfish interests. Its emergence was connected with the period from 1914 to 1918.
  5. 1930–1941 Reversal The evil servant class was identified with selfish former Kingdom servants, Judas-like traitors, and elements of the man of sin or son of perdition. Its judgment was described as destruction rather than eventual deliverance. Subsequent publications repeatedly portrayed this class as cooperating with religious opponents, rejecting Kingdom service, and persecuting Jehovah's faithful witnesses.
  6. 1961–1963 Refined The evil slave was explicitly described as a collective class of traitorous former associates rather than an individual. Ahithophel and Judas were identified as its prophetic prototypes. Later publications continued applying the designation to former associates who attacked Jehovah's Witnesses and spread false accusations.
  7. 1965–1971 Refined The evil slave was more distinctly described as a separate group from the man of lawlessness, comprising formerly associated, dedicated, baptized, spirit-begotten Christians who rebelled against their former congregation. The class continued to be connected with attempts to seize organizational control and with sectarian movements formed after 1918.
  8. 1973–1975 Refined The interpretation emphasized that an individual spirit-begotten member of the faithful slave class could become like the evil slave through selfish ambition, disloyalty, or negligence. Such defectors could organize separate groups but would remain distinct from the faithful slave. Their disloyal course was described as voluntary rather than predetermined.
  9. 1981–1988 Refined The evil slave was clarified as a class formed by individual defectors from the faithful slave class, rather than the faithful slave collectively becoming unfaithful. Such individuals did not need to operate as one organized body. Subsequent publications continued applying the illustration to disloyal former associates, divisive opposers, and individuals who abandoned Kingdom service.
  10. 2013 Dropped The evil slave was no longer a foretold class of apostates. Jesus’ words were explained as a conditional warning to the faithful slave, rather than an appointment of an evil class.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

1 reading
  1. 1877–1895 Introduced

    The evil servant represented professed followers of Christ who failed to recognize or respond faithfully to his presence, opposed fellow servants, and embraced the spirit of the world. Such unfaithful servants were associated with the great multitude, losing the privilege of becoming Christ's Bride but potentially receiving deliverance through great tribulation.

    6 quotes
    But, Lord, shall you come on the good servant in a day he looketh not for you, and in an hour he is not aware of? The world will not see these things, nor will the evil servant. And many in that day, said Christ, will find out when it is a little too late, when the harvest is ended, and the door is shut, and say “Lord, Lord, open to us.”
    The Three Worlds, 1877
    "Saying, my Lord delayeth his coming"--these servants shall have their portion in the time of trouble with the hypocrites and doubtless constitute a part of the great multitude referred to above.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1880
    The "evil servant" who says: My Lord delayeth his coming, and forgetting his consecration vows, begins to eat and drink with the drunken (partake of the spirit of the world) shall have no part with the faithful overcomer.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1881
    One party says he is present, another says he delayeth to come; and they who deny his presence, smite their fellow servants, because they declare his presence.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1883
    These are not hypocrites, but unfaithful servants, who thereby lose the reward to which the faithful attain; but through the Lord's mercy they may come up out of great tribulation by washing their robes (`Rev. 7:14`); and though not privileged to be the bride of Christ, to which high office they were called, they are invited to the marriage supper of the Lamb.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1884
    Such a one virtually says in his heart, "My Lord delayeth his coming"--the coming in the glory of his Kingdom, his personal presence being already recognized.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1895

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

4 readings
  1. 1918 Narrowed

    The evil servant was specifically identified with N. H. Barbour, a former associate of Russell who subsequently opposed teachings concerning the ransom and Tabernacle types.

    1 quote
    In 1881 a former associate, Mr. Barbour, of Rochester, N. Y., who had been a faithful fellow‐watcher, developed into the ʺEvil servantʺ of Matt. 24:48‐51 and Zechariah 11:17, and produced a work on the Hebrew Tabernacle types in opposition to the fundamentals of true Christianity.
    The Finished Mystery, 1918
  2. 1923 Broadened

    The interpretation returned to a collective evil servant class consisting of professed followers who opposed their fellow servants and returned to association with the world.

    1 quote
    He then intimated that there would be an evil servant class who would smite their fellow-servants and turn back and join the world.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1923
  3. 1927–1929 Refined

    The evil servant class was identified more precisely with formerly anointed servants who had refused to participate in the Kingdom proclamation since 1918, attacked fellow servants, and pursued selfish interests. Its emergence was connected with the period from 1914 to 1918.

    3 quotes
    Those who were once anointed and therefore in the Servant class, and who, since 1918, have refused to participate in announcing the kingdom, and who engage in smiting their fellow servants, and fellowship with the world, constitute the evil servant class.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1927
    The evidence of his presence from 1874 until 1914 must be found and is found in other portions of the Scriptures. From 1914 to 1918 the Bridegroom seemed to tarry and the “evil servant” class became manifest and therefore unfaithful. The motive of the evil servant class was selfish, because they had been looking to the time when they might receive a reward for themselves.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1928
    In contrast therewith the Scriptures mention an “evil servant” class, which is made up of the ones disapproved by the Lord because they have not shown a proper appreciation of God’s kingdom.
    The Golden Age, August 21, 1929
  4. 1930–1941 Reversal

    The evil servant class was identified with selfish former Kingdom servants, Judas-like traitors, and elements of the man of sin or son of perdition. Its judgment was described as destruction rather than eventual deliverance. Subsequent publications repeatedly portrayed this class as cooperating with religious opponents, rejecting Kingdom service, and persecuting Jehovah's faithful witnesses.

    12 quotes
    The “evil servant” is made up of the same class, identically. That class responded to the call for the kingdom and looked for the second coming of the Lord, but they had a selfish motive that induced them to take a selfish course of action. Jesus stated that their fate is the portion assigned to the hypocrites, which is destruction.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1930
    This is further proof that Judas foreshadowed the “evil servant” class, “the man of sin, the son of perdition.” 8 Preservation is sure only to those who love God, and love for God is proven by the full obedience of the creature to the commandments of the Lord and doing so with a proper and unselfish motive. At so many times and in so many places in the Scriptures God has stated and illustrated the unchangeable rule, in this regard in particular.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1931
    In so doing the “evil servant” class ‘takes off the shoe’ (that is, the covering of the feet) of “the preparation of the gospel of peace”.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1932
    When Jesus appeared at the temple for judgment he began there the cutting-off work, at which time, says the prophet, “mine anger was kindled against the shepherds.” (Zech. 10:3) He proceeded from that time forward to send away the workers of iniquity, the “evil servant” class. (Matt. 13:41; 24:50, 51; Hos. 5: 6, 7) These false shepherds show their hatred of God, and the Lord God abhors them.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1933
    “The chariots of God are twenty thousand, even thousands upon thousands: the Lord is among them, as in Sinai, in the sanctuary.” (Ps. 68:17, R.V.) Seir, mentioned as second, pictures the “evil servant” class, the “man of sin”, “the son of perdition.” Mount Paran seems well to picture the “elective elder” class once in line for the kingdom, for it was at the wilderness of Paran that Jehovah cleared out the unfaithful elders.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1934
    In every country efforts were made to force the faithful servants of God into the war. In all the countries that had enacted a conscription law with the “conscientious” provision therein, the clergy got themselves appointed on the draft boards or commissions and there used their power and influence to destroy the faithful servants of God. The faithless crowd that afterwards developed into the “evil servant” class co-operated with the modern Philistines.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1935
    The bringing of the live goat and sending him forth for Azazel pictures the “evil servant” class, the chief of that class which is the “man of sin”.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1936
    It is clear, therefore, that the “evil servant” falls under the power and influence of Satan and the demons and becomes a part of the wicked organization and the enemies of the Lord God and his kingdom, and thereafter the Devil uses the “evil servant” to make war upon the faithful servants of the Lord.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1937
    With the end of the Elijah work of the church quite a number were gathered out and became opponents of God’s organization on the earth and identified themselves with the “evil servant” class.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1938
    Thus Jehovah foretold that the vicious and malicious acts of the “evil servant” class, pictured by Achan, could not succeed and will not be permitted to retard the advance or increase of His witness work, which work must be done preceding Armageddon.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1939
    In this wicked effort they have received the aid and help of the “evil servant” class, which class continue to say with sarcasm: “Where is the great multitude?”
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1940
    Such “man of sin”, “son of perdition,” includes clergymen, the “elective elders” of congregations, and particularly those classed by the Lord Jesus as the “evil servant”; all of whom conspire together to do injury to God’s Theocratic organization and persecute his people.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1941

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

4 readings
  1. 1942–1960 Unchanged

    The evil servant continued to signify disloyal former associates of Jehovah's people who rebelled against the organization, attacked their former brothers, rejected spiritual direction, or aligned themselves with religious opposition. Publications explicitly connected its rejection with Christ's inspection in 1918, the divisions following Russell's death, and apostasy. The class was identified with antichrist conduct, distinguished from the worldly goats, and described as facing destruction.

    18 quotes
    However, the demons are now more active than ever and the “evil servant” class and other religionists are still hanging around with malicious designs against the interests of The Theocracy.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1942
    They may pronounce the words “Theocracy”, “the present truth,” “redemption," “salvation,” “restitution,” and “higher powers”, but the meaning that the “evil servant” class give to these words lacks the advanced light on Bible truth since the death of their professed leader in 1916.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1943
    The expression “he who now letteth”, or, “the one restraining for the present” (Diaglott), evidently refers to the apostles of Jesus Christ, through whom the holy spirit was specially functioning and through whom the various gifts of the holy spirit were imparted to the consecrated believers of the church. When these direct representatives of the Lord and foundation members of the church were removed by death, then the way was opened for the formation and development of the “man of sin” class of counterfeit Christianity. The final development or capping of this class is the “evil servant” class in the time of the end.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1944
    Saul well pictures the religious clergy of today, the “man of sin”, the “son of perdition”, which includes the “evil servant” class.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1945
    The unclean who are no more to have any part with such uncircumcised ones in thus crippling Jehovah’s organization of servants are the Judas class, those who professed consecration to Jehovah God but who turned traitor and became an “evil servant” class and who co-operated with the unclean world in its attacks on Jehovah’s remnant.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1946
    Here the local people who were responsible for circulating false rumors against their brethren, which rumors had spread to England, were exposed and definitely branded as of the “evil servant” class.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1947
    Jesus foretold that in the "last time”, at the end of this world, there would be an “evil servant” class that would be such an antichrist.
    Awake!, March 8, 1948
    These goats would not include the “evil servant” class, or the “foolish virgins”, or the one-talent “wicked and slothful servant” class, for all these have already been dealt with in the preceding parables describing them and their fate.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1949
    They have seen the quick and righteous execution of Jehovah God against the “evil servant” class of modern days who have rebelled against God’s organization and deserted it.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1950
    The “evil servant” class have also been very active and have thrown in their lot with the “God of Africa” doctrine and are now proclaiming that Jehovah is the God of Africa and that Jesus and the prophets were black-skinned Africans.
    1951 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses
    When Christ came for judgment in 1918 he found some associated with this group that thought the Lord had delayed his coming and they were oppressing their fellow slaves in Christ. These were cast off as the “evil slave” class.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1952
    The remnant are limited in number, being now just numerous enough to complete the full membership of the “body of Christ,” of 144,000 members under Jesus the Head. The remnant, when completed numerically here on earth, may not concentrate on themselves as a spiritual generation of God and laud his works only to themselves. Some have selfishly tried to do this, but have become an “evil slave” class toward their Master Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, 1953
    The “evil slave” class who abuse their brothers are cast out by the Lord, to have their part with the hypocrites.—Matt. 24:48-51; 23:3, 29, 33, NW; 1 Cor. 13:2, 13.
    The Watchtower, 1954
    By 1919 Memorial time (April 13), according to partial report showing attendance of 17,961, it became evident that a minority of less than four thousand had ceased to walk with their faithful former associates.l From this time of separation the “evil slave” group came into further internal disagreements and divisions among themselves. Eventually several other small dissentient groups tried to establish themselves but, after brief existence, disappeared.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1955
    Those taking this course in our day Jesus described in his great prophecy as an evil slave that would beat his fellows and associate with confirmed drunkards—Acts 20:29, 30; 1 John 2:19; Matt. 24:48-51.
    Awake!, March 8, 1957
    The class that spurned such privileges was none other than the “evil slave,” whose appearance at the end of the world Jesus foretold.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1958
    During the testing of 1918-1919 she believed some of the lies about the Society’s officers and for a time associated with a part of the “evil slave” movement; but soon she realized they did not have Jehovah’s approval and she returned to activity with the Society.
    The Watchtower, 1959
    They were found guilty of being an abusive, self-indulging “evil slave” class and were cast out into the darkness outside in this doomed world and were assigned their part with the religious hypocrites, to weep and gnash their teeth in bitterness out there.
    The Watchtower, 1960
  2. 1961–1963 Refined

    The evil slave was explicitly described as a collective class of traitorous former associates rather than an individual. Ahithophel and Judas were identified as its prophetic prototypes. Later publications continued applying the designation to former associates who attacked Jehovah's Witnesses and spread false accusations.

    3 quotes
    However, as already noted, we are not to expect this evil slave to be a single individual but rather a group of individuals.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1961
    Both the religious clergy and those of the “evil slave” may publicize all manner of half-truths and outright falsehoods about Jehovah’s people, just as religious opposers did in the days of Jesus and his apostles.
    Awake!, November 22, 1962
    Those who are steadfastly striving for maturity realize that digression was not a condition peculiar to the early Christian congregation only, because in recent years we have witnessed the deflection of the “evil slave” class, besides the many others individually who have gone back to the old world by reason of selfishness, reviling, unwillingness to undergo persecution, return to a course of adultery, idolatry and many other subtle schemes promulgated by Satan, the god of this world.—Matt. 24:48-51.
    The Watchtower, 1963
  3. 1965–1971 Refined

    The evil slave was more distinctly described as a separate group from the man of lawlessness, comprising formerly associated, dedicated, baptized, spirit-begotten Christians who rebelled against their former congregation. The class continued to be connected with attempts to seize organizational control and with sectarian movements formed after 1918.

    6 quotes
    Another group claiming to be Christians that will receive the same sentence as the "man of lawlessness" is the group that Jesus called prophetically "that evil servant" or "that evil slave."
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1965
    These are dedicated and baptized Christians who have been begotten by God's spirit to a heavenly hope and who have been associated with the faithful Christian congregation whom Jesus called "a faithful and wise servant" or "faithful and discreet slave."
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1965
    When they failed, they fell away and became an "evil slave" class, opposing those who continued to show true love for God.
    The Watchtower, 1967
    Meanwhile Jehovah had revealed to his people that the time of his temple judgment was here, and "lightnings and voices and thunders" proceeded from his heavenly temple, causing a purifying of his "sanctuary" class on earth. (Rev. 11:16-19) An "evil slave" class was eliminated from the ranks of the faithful Witnesses. (Matt. 24:48-51) Loyal men helped me to keep close to the organization of God's people.
    The Watchtower, 1968
    As Jesus said in his prophecy in which he foretold that he would find such an "evil slave" class at his second coming: He "will punish him with the greatest severity and will assign him his part with the hypocrites. There is where his weeping and the gnashing of his teeth will be." (Matthew 24:48-51) No sect established by the "evil slave" class since 1918 C.E. is recognized as Scriptural.
    Then Is Finished the Mystery of God, 1969
    Similarly, the figure of the unfaithful "evil slave" could apply to a collective group in the same way that the "antichrist" is shown to be a class made up of individual antichrists—1 John 2: 18; 2 John 7.
    Aid to Bible Understanding, 1971
  4. 1973–1975 Refined

    The interpretation emphasized that an individual spirit-begotten member of the faithful slave class could become like the evil slave through selfish ambition, disloyalty, or negligence. Such defectors could organize separate groups but would remain distinct from the faithful slave. Their disloyal course was described as voluntary rather than predetermined.

    3 quotes
    Individuals who were once members of the "faithful and discreet slave" class may break away for selfish reasons such as personal ambitions, power over others and self-indulgence.
    God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached, 1973
    If they should take up worldly practices, or should become lax in Kingdom-preaching, they could find themselves in the situation of an "evil slave."
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1974
    Though Christ described the conduct that would characterize disloyal ones, he certainly did not foreordain them to be such. They take the course of disloyalty according to their own free will and desires.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1975

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

1 reading
  1. 1981–1988 Refined

    The evil slave was clarified as a class formed by individual defectors from the faithful slave class, rather than the faithful slave collectively becoming unfaithful. Such individuals did not need to operate as one organized body. Subsequent publications continued applying the illustration to disloyal former associates, divisive opposers, and individuals who abandoned Kingdom service.

    7 quotes
    This does not indicate that the 'faithful slave' becomes unfaithful, so that the "domestics" are without care. But there is the possibility that some individuals of that "slave" class would lose faith in the return of the Master. By saying in their hearts, "My master is delaying," they cease to be watchful and thereby open the way for abandoning the whole body of Christian truth.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1981
    Though not working together as one organized body, such individuals who fall away make up a class of unfaithful ones.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1981
    Today some disloyal ones manifest the traits of "that evil slave" by saying in their heart, "My master is delaying."
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1983
    Since this brother kept up connections with a sect issuing from the “evil slave” class, it became necessary to avoid this person, but the typewriter was needed.
    1984 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses
    Those who have actually been part of the spirit-anointed remnant and entrusted with the Kingdom valuables, but who have quit making the effort to increase the interests of the returned Master, have been thrown out of the Master's royal service. (Matthew 24:48-51) No longer do we find the sluggish "evil slave" class preaching "this good news of the kingdom."
    Worldwide Security Under the Prince of Peace, 1986
    Two elders who presided over our congregation went with an opposition group and thus became members of the "evil slave" class.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1987
    The severest punishment is to be meted out to that slave for his failure to care for the responsibilities entrusted to him and for going even to the point of beating his fellow slaves.—Mt 24:48-51.
    Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 1, 1988

Governing Body

1992–

2 readings
  1. 1994–2000 Unchanged

    The evil slave continued to be associated with disloyal former members and apostates who attacked the faithful slave and tried to undermine the faith of Jehovah's Witnesses. Publications emphasized hostile propaganda, rejection of the urgency of the end, and the mistreatment of former fellow believers.

    4 quotes
    Consider, for example, the food dispensed by the evil slave class and the apostates. It does not nourish or build up; it is not wholesome.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1994
    Our Bible-based faith will strengthen us to stand firm against hate campaigns stirred up by those who manifest the spirit of the "evil slave" of Matthew 24:48-51.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1998
    Some resemble the "evil slave," implicitly saying, "My master is delaying." (Matthew 24:44-49; 2 Timothy 4:14, 15) They deny that the end of this wicked system of things is near and criticize the spiritually alert slave class for maintaining a sense of urgency among Jehovah's people. (Isaiah 1:3) Such apostates succeed in "subverting the faith of some," inducing spiritual shipwreck.—2 Timothy 2:18.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1999
    After speaking of "the faithful and discreet slave" that represents the body of anointed Christians, Jesus spoke of the "evil slave," a class that complains, "my master is delaying," and starts to beat its fellow slaves.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 2000
  2. 2013 Dropped

    The evil slave was no longer a foretold class of apostates. Jesus’ words were explained as a conditional warning to the faithful slave, rather than an appointment of an evil class.

    1 quote
    But such ones do not make up an evil slave class. Jesus did not say that he would appoint an evil slave.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 2013, pp. 20–25, box “If Ever That Evil Slave . . .”