Type/antitype 1916–2018

The man with the writer's inkhorn

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Also known as Man with the writer's inkhorn · The man clothed with linen · The man in linen · The linen-clad man · The man with the secretary's inkhorn · The King's secretary · The seventh man · The man with the writing material · The man with the ink-horn · The man clothed in linen

In December 1916, the linen-clad man with the writer's inkhorn in Ezekiel 9 was identified personally with Charles Taze Russell, an interpretation repeated from 1917 through 1923. In 1931 this identification was explicitly rejected and replaced with the collective anointed servant class, understood to perform the symbolic marking work through preaching. This interpretation continued throughout subsequent decades. In 1966 the marking work was explained as involving more than imparting Bible knowledge, and in 1974 the symbolic mark was explicitly associated with the Christian personality. Publications in the 1980s further emphasized dedication, baptism, and Christian conduct. As late as 2008, the man was still identified with the anointed remnant, who were understood to be marking Christ's other sheep through preaching and disciple-making. In June 2016 the interpretation was fundamentally reversed: the man was identified as Jesus Christ himself, and the marking was assigned to his future judgment of the sheep during the great tribulation rather than the ongoing preaching work. The new identification was reaffirmed in 2017 and 2018. In 2018 the wider prophetic context was also adjusted: Christendom was no longer identified as the antitypical Jerusalem, although Ezekiel's vision continued to be understood as having a modern-day fulfillment.

13readings
38quotes
2changes

Key moments

  1. 1916 Introduced The man clothed in linen with the writer's inkhorn was identified personally with Charles Taze Russell. His ministry was regarded as the fulfillment of the marking commission, which he was said to have completed before his death.
  2. 1917–1923 Introduced The man with the writer's inkhorn was identified with Charles Taze Russell personally. His writings and ministry were regarded as the fulfillment of the marking commission, and the remaining members of the church were expected to continue the subsequent work.
  3. 1931–1939 Reversal The individual identification with Russell was explicitly rejected. The linen-clad man now represented all the anointed faithful servants of Jehovah on earth acting collectively as the servant class. Their assignment was to proclaim the Kingdom message and mark receptive people before the execution of judgment at Armageddon.
  4. 1966–1973 Refined The man continued to represent the collective anointed remnant. The marking assignment was explained more precisely as more than disseminating Bible knowledge: the anointed remnant was to help receptive people take their stand as Jehovah's worshipers and become identifiable as his servants. Later publications reaffirmed both the collective identity and the international scope of the work.
  5. 1974 Refined The symbolic mark associated with Ezekiel's vision was explicitly connected with developing the Christian personality. This refined the explanation of what the marking work accomplished, while preserving the identification of the man with the anointed servant class.
  6. 1984–1988 Refined The man was still identified with the anointed faithful and discreet slave class. The explanation of the mark placed on other sheep became more explicit: it signified dedication to Jehovah, baptism, and the development of a Christlike personality. The 1988 publication expressly reaffirmed that the antitypical man was the class of anointed Christians.
  7. 2016 Reversal The previous identification of the man with the anointed remnant was rejected and replaced with Jesus Christ. The symbolic marking was no longer understood as being performed by the anointed through present-day preaching. Instead, Jesus would mark the great crowd for survival when judging them as sheep during the great tribulation.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

1 reading
  1. 1916 Introduced

    The man clothed in linen with the writer's inkhorn was identified personally with Charles Taze Russell. His ministry was regarded as the fulfillment of the marking commission, which he was said to have completed before his death.

    1 quote
    Eminently chosen of the Lord (Matthew 24:45) to serve the “Household of Faith with meat in due season,” and elsewhere (Ezekiel 9:2,11) described as the “man in linen with the writer's ink horn at his side,” HE HAS DONE AS HE WAS COMMANDED, finished the work given him to do, and has entered upon his reward, leaving us who remain a noble legacy of privilege in continuing the Society's work.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1916

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

2 readings
  1. 1917–1923 Introduced

    The man with the writer's inkhorn was identified with Charles Taze Russell personally. His writings and ministry were regarded as the fulfillment of the marking commission, and the remaining members of the church were expected to continue the subsequent work.

    5 quotes
    He has finished his course, completed the work given him to do; and truly could he say, as stated in the 11th verse, "I have done as thou hast commanded me."
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1917
    God identified him thus: When The Watch Tower Bible And Tract Society was at Allegheny, Pa., an open Bible was to be painted on one of the large front windows of the office. A sign painter, not in the Truth, painted the open Bible; and without instruction from any one, of his own volition, he painted the Bible as open at Ezekiel, Chapter 9. The man in linen was the Laodicean servant, the Lordʹs faithful and wise steward, Pastor Russell. When Pastor Russell saw this, he turned pale.
    The Finished Mystery, 1918
    Practically all in present truth, if not all, we believe, concur in the thought that the “man . . . clothed with linen, with a writer’s inkhorn by his side” (Ezekiel 9:2) foreshadowed Brother Russell; that Brother Russell had a commission from the Lord to do certain work; and that he finished that work and reported the same.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1920
    The “man . . . with the writer’s inkhorn by his side” makes it plain, and his successors are keeping their lamps filled, trimmed, and burning; and when I can contribute to that light I will do so.
    The Golden Age, March 29, 1922
    Others, of developed intellect, seem to get to the point of feeling on a par with the man with the writer’s inkhorn and of having learned all there is to be learned through him.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1923
  2. 1931–1939 Reversal

    The individual identification with Russell was explicitly rejected. The linen-clad man now represented all the anointed faithful servants of Jehovah on earth acting collectively as the servant class. Their assignment was to proclaim the Kingdom message and mark receptive people before the execution of judgment at Armageddon.

    8 quotes
    There are numerous scriptures proving that this one man pictures all of the anointed ones on earth, and which constitute the “servant” class, the remnant of the Lord.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1931
    According to the Scriptures he pictures Jehovah's witnesses now on earth, the faithful and true followers of Christ Jesus who are anointed and commissioned to do a specific work in the name of Jehovah God.
    The Final War, 1932
    They picture God’s remnant people on the earth who are pictured by Ezekiel under the symbol of 'the man in linen with the writer’s inkhorn by his side’ who scatters fire over the city.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1933
    In this prophecy of Ezekiel there appears one man with the writer’s inkhorn by his side, who goes through the city to mark those who sigh and cry, and which foreshadows the witness work being done by the remnant.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1935
    The figure of one creature clothed with linen, and bearing an inkhorn at his side, pictures the entire remnant or servant class; that is, Jehovah’s witnesses are pictured.
    Riches, 1936
    Seeing that the slaying by the six begins with the clergymen, and none are spared, then surely the man with the writer’s inkhorn, that is, the “faithful servant” class, must not for pity or policy spare the clergy, when declaring the day of the vengeance of our God.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1937
    There is not one scripture to support the conclusion that the man with the writer’s inkhorn by his side and clothed with linen pictures an individual.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1938
    This one pictures Jehovah’s witnesses, the faithful followers of Christ Jesus who go to make up the remnant of the Lord now on the earth; while the six men with slaughter weapons picture the invisible forces of the Lord that will destroy “Christendom” at Armageddon.
    Salvation, 1939

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

3 readings
  1. 1944–1958 Unchanged

    The collective identification was maintained. The man pictured the anointed remnant, also called the faithful and discreet slave, united under Christ. He represented the earthly portion of Jehovah's organization, distinct from the heavenly executional forces pictured by the six armed men.

    7 quotes
    The “one man” represents the anointed remnant of Jehovah’s servants on the earth, who are the only part of His organization that is visible to human eyes.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1944
    Jehovah’s organization being one and at complete unity, then in this drama the six men would identify the invisible or heavenly part of God’s organization, while the seventh creature, the man with the writer’s inkhorn by his side, and clothed in linen, would picture God's “faithful servant” class on earth, the visible part of God’s organization under the command of the Lord Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1945
    He pictures, not some individual man on earth today, but the organization of Jehovah’s anointed servants on earth who are members of the “body of Christ”.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1947
    God’s executional forces appointed to destroy the nations at Armageddon are pictured as six men with slaughter weapons, while the elect remnant with sealed foreheads are pictured as a seventh man clothed in white linen with a writer’s inkhorn at his side.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1948
    Rather, all the facts indicate that this man in linen with a writer’s inkhorn by his side pictures or represents the body of faithful anointed Christians working as a unit for the accomplishment of Jehovah’s purposes in the earth, and who are working together under divine direction as the “faithful and discreet slave”.
    The Watchtower, November 15, 1952
    Then in his due time Jehovah showed his gathered remnant that they must give full attention to this other sheeplike class, for in 1931 he revealed that the remnant must act like the prophetic man “clothed in linen, with a writer’s inkhorn by his side.”
    The Watchtower, November 15, 1955
    It was revealed that the man with the writer’s inkhorn was not an individual but rather a group of individuals, Jehovah’s anointed ones.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1958
  2. 1966–1973 Refined

    The man continued to represent the collective anointed remnant. The marking assignment was explained more precisely as more than disseminating Bible knowledge: the anointed remnant was to help receptive people take their stand as Jehovah's worshipers and become identifiable as his servants. Later publications reaffirmed both the collective identity and the international scope of the work.

    4 quotes
    This work of marking the foreheads of people in Christendom who sigh, cry and groan over all the detestable things that are being done in antitypical Jerusalem (Christendom) proves to be more than merely imparting Bible knowledge to such persons.
    Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, 1966
    It made clear that the prophecy of the man "clothed with linen" had not been fulfilled in any one man in contact with Christendom, say, for instance, in Charles Taze Russell, the first president of the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, who died October 31, 1916, thereby finishing his earthly work as a Christian, in the midst of World War I.
    The Nations Shall Know That I Am Jehovah—How?, 1971
    Not just the name, but the work carried out by them since then proves that this anointed remnant of Christian witnesses of the Most High God are unmistakably the twentieth-century fulfillment of the man "clothed with linen, with a secretary's inkhorn."
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1972
    Both the speech and the book called attention to the fact that a marking work had to be done by the anointed remnant of Christ's disciples in behalf of sheeplike people of the earth, not merely of natural Israelites but also of people of all the nations.
    God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached, 1973
  3. 1974 Refined

    The symbolic mark associated with Ezekiel's vision was explicitly connected with developing the Christian personality. This refined the explanation of what the marking work accomplished, while preserving the identification of the man with the anointed servant class.

    1 quote
    They must see that having the “mark” of the Christian personality is what pleases God and prevents his anger from coming upon them.—Ezek. 9:4-6; Eph. 4:23, 24.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1974

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

2 readings
  1. 1979–1983 Unchanged

    The anointed remnant remained the class represented by the man with the inkhorn. The publications distinguished between that class and the larger body of Jehovah's Witnesses who shared in the marking work under its leadership, while maintaining the connection between the vision and the house-to-house ministry.

    3 quotes
    Throughout the realm of Christendom, this marking work is being accomplished by Jehovah's Witnesses under the leadership of the class pictured by the "man . . . clothed with linen" and largely by a vigorous campaign of preaching "this good news of the kingdom" from house to house.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1979
    Corroborating the foregoing is the prophecy found at Ezekiel chapter 9, which foreshadowed the house-to-house activity of Jehovah's Witnesses today.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1981
    Today there is only a small remnant of the members of the "royal priesthood" yet in the flesh on earth, according to the world report from the celebration of the Lord's Evening Meal on March 29, 1983. These serve together as the figurative linen-clad man, who does the marking of worthy ones in their foreheads.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1983
  2. 1984–1988 Refined

    The man was still identified with the anointed faithful and discreet slave class. The explanation of the mark placed on other sheep became more explicit: it signified dedication to Jehovah, baptism, and the development of a Christlike personality. The 1988 publication expressly reaffirmed that the antitypical man was the class of anointed Christians.

    3 quotes
    But that does not necessarily mean that they are marked for survival. They must be marked by the 'man with the secretary's inkhorn.' The facts show that "the faithful and discreet slave" class is doing that marking work today.—Matthew 24:45-47. 15 All who want to be marked as having God's approval must accept the instruction that Jehovah is providing through that "slave" class and become true worshipers of Jehovah.
    Survival Into a New Earth, 1984
    A Christian named Susan, who formerly was quite independent, explains what dedication meant to her: "I was surrendering my whole self to someone else. Jehovah now determines my course, tells me what to do, and sets my priorities." Are you willing to make the same exclusive dedication to Jehovah God? Remember, the symbolic mark identifies you as 'belonging' to God, as a happy slave to his Master.
    The Watchtower, April 15, 1987
    Those whose foreheads the 'man in linen' marked would experience God's compassion because they were not in sympathy with the detestable things done at the temple. Execution by the "six men" began there with the 70 idolatrous elders, the women weeping for Tammuz, and the 25 sun worshipers. These and others disloyal to God were killed by the Babylonians in 607 B.C.E. 18 The antitypical 'man in linen' is the class of anointed Christians.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1988

Governing Body

1992–

5 readings
  1. 2000 Unchanged

    The established collective identification was reaffirmed. The man with the writer's inkhorn represented Jesus' anointed brothers remaining alive on earth during the judgment of antitypical Jerusalem, while those receiving the mark were identified as the other sheep.

    1 quote
    "The man" represents Jesus' brothers, the remnant of anointed Christians alive on earth during the time of judgment of antitypical Jerusalem, Christendom.
    Isaiah's Prophecy—Light for All Mankind, Volume 2, 2000
  2. 2008 Unchanged

    The man clothed in linen continued to represent the remnant of spirit-anointed Christians. The anointed class was understood to apply the symbolic mark to Christ's other sheep through its ongoing preaching and disciple-making work.

    1 quote
    We understand that in the fulfillment of this prophecy, the man “clothed in linen” represents the remnant of spirit-anointed Christians.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 2008
  3. 2016 Reversal

    The previous identification of the man with the anointed remnant was rejected and replaced with Jesus Christ. The symbolic marking was no longer understood as being performed by the anointed through present-day preaching. Instead, Jesus would mark the great crowd for survival when judging them as sheep during the great tribulation.

    1 quote
    In the modern-day fulfillment, the man with the secretary’s inkhorn represents Jesus Christ, the one behind the scenes who marks those who will survive.
    The Watchtower (Study), June 2016
  4. 2017 Unchanged

    The revised interpretation was reaffirmed. The man with the secretary's inkhorn represented Jesus Christ, while the marking of the great crowd was associated with their judgment as sheep during the great tribulation.

    1 quote
    The man with the secretary’s inkhorn represents Jesus Christ
    Our Christian Life and Ministry—Meeting Workbook, June 2017
  5. 2018 Depends on context

    The identification of the man with Jesus Christ was reaffirmed, with the marking placed at his future judgment of the nations during the great tribulation. The prophetic setting was also revised: unfaithful Jerusalem was no longer regarded as a prophetic type of Christendom, although the vision was still understood to have a modern-day fulfillment involving divine judgment and the survival of righteous people.

    2 quotes
    In the modern-day fulfillment, the man with the secretary’s inkhorn represents Jesus Christ when he “comes in his glory” as Judge of all the nations.
    Pure Worship of Jehovah—Restored At Last!, Chapter 16
    Conditions in unfaithful Jerusalem​—such as idolatry and widespread corruption—​remind us of Christendom, but we no longer refer to Christendom as the antitypical Jerusalem.
    Pure Worship of Jehovah—Restored At Last!, Summary of Clarifications