Type/antitype 1880–2025

The great multitude

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Also known as The great crowd · Great company · The great company · Great multitude of Revelation 7 · Great crowd of other sheep · The second company · The Jehonadab class · Jonadabs · The palm-bearing multitude

The great multitude of Revelation 7:9-17 was understood by 1880 under Russell as a secondary heavenly class of spirit-begotten Christians, distinct from the Little Flock and represented by the antitypical Levites, the bride's virgin companions, and the scapegoat. Rutherford-era publications from 1920 through 1933 continued this understanding, associating the class especially with consecrated Christians held captive in religious systems. In 1935 the identification was reversed: the great multitude was declared to be an earthly class of people of goodwill, not spirit-begotten, identified with the other sheep and expected to survive Armageddon. The earthly interpretation was maintained under Knorr from 1942, Franz from 1977, and the Governing Body period from 1992. Subsequent explanations clarified its relationship with the 144,000, its worship in God's spiritual temple, its righteous standing before God, and its hope of everlasting life in Paradise. In 1995 the timing of the judgment in the related sheep-and-goats parable was reinterpreted as future, without changing the great multitude's earthly identity.

12readings
70quotes
3changes

Key moments

  1. 1880–1916 Introduced A secondary heavenly class of spirit-begotten Christians who fail to attain membership in the Little Flock or Bride but eventually receive spiritual life after tribulation. They are represented by the antitypical Levites, the bride's virgin companions, and the scapegoat, serving before the throne rather than sharing Christ's throne.
  2. 1935–1941 Reversal The previous heavenly identification was rejected. The great multitude was now identified with people of goodwill who dedicate themselves to Jehovah, join the anointed remnant, and form an earthly class of other sheep. They are not spirit-begotten, are distinct from the 144,000, and hope to survive Armageddon and live on earth.
  3. 2002 Reversal The Court of the Gentiles was rejected as the great crowd’s spiritual location. Their worship was placed inside the spiritual temple’s earthly outer courtyard, corresponding to Solomon’s temple, while remaining distinct from the priestly inner courtyard.
  4. 2024 Broadened People might join Jehovah’s worshippers after Babylon the Great’s destruction. This broadened the possible timing for joining earthly survivors, without guaranteeing individual survival.
  5. 2025 Refined The possible acceptance of people after Babylon’s destruction was retained. Their opportunity to support Christ’s brothers and be judged as sheep was said to end when the remaining anointed receive heavenly life.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

1 reading
  1. 1880–1916 Introduced

    A secondary heavenly class of spirit-begotten Christians who fail to attain membership in the Little Flock or Bride but eventually receive spiritual life after tribulation. They are represented by the antitypical Levites, the bride's virgin companions, and the scapegoat, serving before the throne rather than sharing Christ's throne.

    10 quotes
    Then many--"a great company"--will hear and heed--come into harmony with our proclamation. This work of proclaiming, &c., is shown in the type when the priests took their trumpets and sounded the notes, the Levites took their position as singers to sing in harmony with the trumpets of the priests. We have already seen that the priests represent the "little flock" and the Levites the "great company."
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1880
    This company is called to make use of the Lord's chastisements and to come fully into harmony with him and his plan, and they shall ultimately reach the position next to the Bride-on the spiritual plane L.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1881
    Notice, they consecrated their justified human life, and God accepted of the consecration and reckoned them, according to their covenant, dead as human beings and alive as new--spiritual--creatures.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1890
    These, "the great company," who must come up out of great tribulation and wash their robes white in the blood of the Lamb--these, surely, we cannot expect to see shielded from the very trouble which the Lord declares they need; and which in special mercy he will inflict for their perfecting.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1896
    It is another class altogether, not the "elect" "little flock" who shall inherit the Kingdom, that is subsequently described as "a great multitude which no man could number," or whose number is known to no man.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1902
    Benjamin, his brother, born of the same mother, the same Covenant, did not reach the throne, but typified the "great company" class, who will have a special relationship and nearness to the Deliverer.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1909
    The "great company" of `Revelation 7:9` is composed of such as fail to come up to the highest standard of sacrifice required of the Lord, but who, nevertheless, will prove not unfaithful in their final test.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1912
    Of these, only the "more than conquerors" (`Rom. 8:37`.) will become "partakers of the Divine nature" and have the preeminence. The Great Company will not attain to this honor. We are not able to distinguish who are the "more than conquerors." The Great Company are identified with the Little Flock both here on earth and also in Heaven. Both classes are of the "First-borns."
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1913
    Moreover, their victory will not be shown by palm branches, but by crowns of glory. All these circumstances attest that this Great Company before the Throne and with palm branches are a wholly different company from the Elect, the Bride, who will share Messiah's Throne and glory. This Great Company is elsewhere referred to symbolically as the "virgins," the Bride's companions, who will follow her.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1913
    What does this signify in antitype? We think that it signifies a division between the Little Flock and the Great Company. We are to be careful not to form a judgment as to who are to be of the Great Company, however. Some say to us, "What do you think of such a brother?"
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1916

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

2 readings
  1. 1920–1933 Unchanged

    The great multitude remained a secondary spiritual class distinct from the royal priesthood. It was especially identified with consecrated, spirit-begotten Christians held captive within Christendom's religious organizations, pictured by the scapegoat and the Levites, and destined for an inferior heavenly position.

    7 quotes
    They will be granted a blessing, however, but an inferior position, which will correspond to that of the Levites of old, who were not priests, but of the priestly tribe, servants to their brethren the priesthood.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1920
    No one could get into the great company class unless he first had an opportunity of being of the body of Christ.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1921
    They are still there. These we understand were pictured by the scapegoat, and constitute the great company class. In the type the high priest confessed over the scapegoat all the iniquities of Israel; and Israel here surely must represent the ecclesiastical system, which has become a world religion. This indicates that the scapegoat must share in the iniquities that come upon the system.
    The Watchtower, November 15, 1926
    It is also true that many who will be of the great company class, and doubtless the greater majority, are prisoners and will not heed the message to come out from Babylon.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1927
    The office of the “great multitude” seems to mean that they have some intermediate work between the peoples of earth and The Christ, that of making the offerings of the people ready to be received by Christ, who in turn would offer them to Jehovah.
    Vindication, Volume 3, 1932
    This shows that the “great multitude” cannot be recipients of the divine nature at the resurrection. The divine nature would be too intimate a privilege for them. Their course of action while on the earth is not wholly towards Jehovah, and they will not be given the “most holy” privileges in heaven. That which will doubtless cause members of the “great multitude” to weep tears of bitterness is the fact that they have brought reproach upon the name of Jehovah and have failed to have any part in the vindication of his name.
    Vindication, Volume 3, 1932
    At the present time they are “prisoners of hope” because they still hope to be with the Lord. (Rom. 8: 24) This hope is expressed by the “great multitude” when they pray the prayer that is set forth by the psalmist: “Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise thy name.’’
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1933
  2. 1935–1941 Reversal

    The previous heavenly identification was rejected. The great multitude was now identified with people of goodwill who dedicate themselves to Jehovah, join the anointed remnant, and form an earthly class of other sheep. They are not spirit-begotten, are distinct from the 144,000, and hope to survive Armageddon and live on earth.

    9 quotes
    This being so, the "great multitude" are not in the covenant for the kingdom, and therefore could not be the Gentile members of the body of Christ nor of the same class; nor are they spirit-begotten.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1935
    Such does not seem consistent with our God’s righteous law. We have looked in vain for the great multitude as a multitude to come out of the religious systems. 7 Is there any Scriptural evidence that the spirit- begotten ones are now in the denominational church systems? The answer seems clearly to be in the negative. To become a son of God one must first repent and be converted and be acknowledged by Jehovah as his Son.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1935
    The description of the great multitude given at Revelation seven exactly corresponds to that of the companions of the bride class, described in Psalm 45.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1935
    The great multitude are “of all nations”, and therefore not in heaven, but on the earth, and are before Christ Jesus for judgment.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1935
    Those that today go to make up that “great multitude”, not being of Christ’s “little flock”, are at other places in the Scriptures designated as his “other sheep”, ‘men of good will,’ the class foreshadowed by Jonadab the son of Rechab.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1935
    Both the little flock, the anointed company, and the great multitude must now be diligent in the study of God’s Word and in bearing testimony of the truth to others as they have opportunity. Jehovah’s witnesses, the little flock, and the Jonadab or “great multitude” company must walk together and work harmoniously together. It is the duty of the anointed to render aid and comfort and encouragement to the Jonadab class.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1936
    This is further proof that the “other sheep”, who make up the great multitude, must participate in the work of bearing testimony concerning the kingdom before others of the world, that the latter may flee to the place of safety, where they may be fed by the Greater-than-Joseph.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1937
    It was in 1935 that the Lord revealed to his people the identification of the class thus marked, and disclosing them, that such constituted the great multitude.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1938
    Those persons of good-will who shall form part of the “great multitude” of Armageddon survivors are now quickly coming forth ere the wintertime of Armageddon sets in on the world, and they will, in increasing numbers, take part with the remnant members in this united Testimony.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1941

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

1 reading
  1. 1942–1976 Unchanged

    The great multitude continued to be understood as the earthly other sheep, distinct from the 144,000 spiritual Israelites. They were expected to survive Armageddon, inherit the new earth, and eventually enjoy everlasting human life. The interpretation identified them as worshipers of Jehovah associated with the anointed remnant.

    16 quotes
    This blessed multitude will never go to heaven, but will inhabit the earth in peace and happiness, being regenerated unto human perfection.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1942
    That means that such “other sheep” which will make up such “great multitude” of persons of good-will toward Jehovah and his King will also come from among the natural Jews as well as from other peoples.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1945
    Thus the “great multitude” is definitely identified as being composed of persons of good-will toward Jehovah God and as the “other sheep” of the Good Shepherd Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1948
    The “great crowd, which no man was able to number, out of all nations and tribes and peoples and tongues” next seen could not be of the heavenly class, for that would swell the number far beyond the foreordained 144,000.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1953
    Since 1935 one class has been decreasing in numbers on earth, while the other class has been increasing until today there are hundreds of thousands of the “great crowd” rejoicing in the hope of life on earth, while the others now number but some thousands.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1954
    Yet the “great crowd” of worshipers of Jehovah out of all nations, peoples, tribes and tongues may attend as observers.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1956
    Thus Jesus Christ as King and Commander must gather together these other sheep into a flocklike society, not in heaven but on earth.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1959
    Right now, before Armageddon, we thus behold the spectacle of a “new earth” crowd of inhabitants rapidly growing amidst a dying corrupt old world. What is the hope of this “great crowd” of sheeplike persons that come “out of all nations and tribes and peoples and tongues” to associate with the New World society? Their hope is to live in the new world and to enjoy everlasting life on earth. They expect to survive Armageddon along with the remnant of God’s spiritual nation.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1960
    This "great crowd" is a separate and distinct group from the 144,000 spiritual Israelites, for the members of the "great crowd" come from outside the twelve tribes of the sons of spiritual Israel.
    Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, 1966
    Thus all those other creatures worship the same God as the "great crowd" on earth does. They render to Him glory, thanksgiving and honor, and they confess that He is the divine Source of all blessing, wisdom, power and strength.
    Then Is Finished the Mystery of God, 1969
    Neither is it said of those of the "great crowd" that "they will be priests of God and of the Christ, and will rule as kings with him for the thousand years." (Revelation 20:6) Hence those of the "great crowd" are not a priestly class. Why or how is it, then, that they are seen rendering sacred service "day and night in his temple"?
    Then Is Finished the Mystery of God, 1969
    Revelation 7:9-17 speaks of these as coming "out of the great tribulation." Compared with the number who make up the remnant of God's "chosen ones," these baptized, dedicated Christians with an earthly hope are a "great crowd." No man today knows how many will be in this "great crowd" by the time of the "great tribulation." As to their flesh, they come out of all nations, tribes, peoples and tongues.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1970
    In the spring of the year 1935 it was revealed to the anointed remnant that a numberless "great crowd" of these "other sheep" was to be taken out from this system of things before the outbreak of the "great tribulation" upon Christendom.
    The Nations Shall Know That I Am Jehovah—How?, 1971
    This beautiful vision presents the international "great crowd" as serving Jehovah in his temple, that is, in the earthly courtyards reserved for those who are not spiritual Israelites, as it were in the "courtyard of the Gentiles."
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1972
    That numberless "great crowd" is not a part of the numbered 144,000 spiritual Israelites. They are not sealed in their foreheads with the "seal of the living God." They are not envisioned as standing on the heavenly Mount Zion with the Lamb of God. They are not spoken of as being "bought from among mankind as firstfruits to God and to the Lamb."
    Holy Spirit—The Force Behind the Coming New Order, 1976
    Throughout the earth a "great crowd" of God-fearing people are determined that the name shall stay alive and meaningful, even though they themselves are not spiritual Israelites.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1976

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

1 reading
  1. 1977–1991 Unchanged

    The great crowd retained its identity as the earthly other sheep gathered particularly since 1935. It was associated with the sheep of Matthew 25 and expected to survive the great tribulation, receive life under Christ's Kingdom, and attain perfect human life. Explanations also emphasized its sacred service, symbolic spiritual blessings, and the application of Christ's ransom.

    11 quotes
    During this "conclusion of the system of things," notably since the year 1935 C.E., this "great crowd" has been assembled and unified despite national, racial and tribal extractions.
    Our Incoming World Government—God's Kingdom, 1977
    Quite in keeping with this, the "great crowd," as foretold in Revelation 7:9-17, began forming in 1935 and associating themselves with the last members of the spirit-begotten bride class.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1979
    Members of this "great crowd" are to be preserved alive through the coming "great tribulation," yes, through the "war of the great day of God the Almighty" at Har-Magedon and will enter into a new order on a cleansed earth under the millennial reign of Jesus Christ and his 144,000 "called" ones.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1980
    Revelation, chapter 7, which deals with both the 144,000 spiritual Israelites and the "great crowd," shows that only the 144,000 are marked "in their foreheads" with that "seal" as being "the slaves of our God."
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1980
    The modern-day "vast mixed company" of companions of the remnant of spiritual Israelites were pictured by the numberless "great crowd" that the apostle John saw rejoicing at Jehovah's spiritual temple.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1981
    Yes, they were identified as being the same as the "other sheep" mentioned in Jesus' parable of the Fine Shepherd.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1981
    We thus understand Revelation 7:14-17 to apply to persons who now take their stand on God's side, accept Christ's blood and survive when the present system of things ends in the "great tribulation."
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1982
    Previously, John had seen in vision the heavenly group "bought for God out of every tribe and tongue and people and nation." (Revelation 5:9, 10) The great crowd have a similar origin but a different destiny. Unlike the Israel of God, their number is not predetermined. No man can tell in advance how many there will be. Their robes are washed white in the blood of the Lamb, symbolizing that they have a righteous standing before Jehovah by virtue of their faith in Jesus' sacrifice.
    Revelation—Its Grand Climax At Hand!, 1988
    The "great crowd," who survive the "great tribulation," are not yet declared righteous for life—that is, as worthy of the right to everlasting life on earth.
    Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2, 1988
    These symbolic waters mean more than waters in the sense of understanding Bible truth; they mean all of God's provisions through Jesus Christ that begin even now to set the great crowd on the path to attaining to everlasting perfect life in happiness.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1990
    They still need to survive “the great tribulation” and be ‘guided to fountains of waters of life,’ for Revelation 20:5 shows that such ones will become fully alive, having perfect human life, by the end of the Thousand Year Reign of Christ.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1991

Governing Body

1992–

7 readings
  1. 1992–2000 Unchanged

    The great crowd remained the earthly class of other sheep, distinct from the anointed 144,000. They were presented as dedicated worshipers drawn from all nations, serving Jehovah in association with the anointed remnant, enjoying righteous standing as God's friends and anticipating everlasting life in Paradise. Their spiritual-temple service and relationship to the heavenly priesthood were explained more precisely without changing their basic identity.

    11 quotes
    They will be God's own people, the millions of the great crowd together with any anointed ones who may still be remaining on earth.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1992
    From all over the earth, "a great crowd" of millions now throng the precincts of Jehovah's spiritual temple as his worshipers.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1993
    The great crowd will inherit the blessings of peace here on earth during the happy Millennial Reign by Jehovah's King, Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1993
    As they serve in the earthly courtyard of Jehovah's great spiritual temple, those who make up the great crowd endeavor to share regularly and consistently in the field ministry.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1995
    Today, almost five million members of the great crowd are living under the active leadership of the heavenly King Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1995
    Also, the great crowd of foreigners cherish God's great undeserved kindness in granting them an earthly hope of everlasting life in Paradise.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1996
    Also, the great crowd of foreigners cherish God's great undeserved kindness in granting them an earthly hope of everlasting life in Paradise. Some of these foreigners, like the Nethinim of old, have been given privileges of oversight in assisting the holy priesthood.* (Isaiah 61:5) From among these Jesus appoints "princes in all the earth."—Psalm 45:16. 8 While they will never enter the antitypical Holy, the great crowd of foreigners learn valuable lessons from its furnishings.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1996
    For the other sheep, being declared righteous as God's friends allows them to embrace the hope of everlasting life in a paradise earth—either by surviving Armageddon as part of the great crowd or through the 'resurrection of the righteous.'
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1998
    Jehovah's Witnesses make up this global society walking in God's paths. They include a growing "great crowd, which no man was able to number, out of all nations and tribes and peoples and tongues." (Revelation 7:9) This great crowd is now made up of millions of people.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1999
    Then came the "foreigners," the great crowd, who loyally minister to their anointed brothers, following their lead in preaching the good news.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 2000
    First, a "little flock" numbering 144,000 has been gathered—anointed Christians of both Jewish and Gentile backgrounds who are "the Israel of God" and have the hope of ruling with Jesus in his heavenly Kingdom. (Luke 12: 32; Galatians 6:16; Revelation 14:1) Second, in the last days, "a great crowd" of "other sheep" have manifested themselves. These have the hope of living forever on a paradise earth.
    Isaiah's Prophecy—Light for All Mankind II, 2000
  2. 1995 Depends on context

    A contextual change in the application of Matthew 25:31-46: the final judgment separating the sheep from the goats was placed in the future rather than being treated as an ongoing judicial separation since 1914. Present members of the earthly other sheep support Christ's anointed brothers and provide evidence for a future favorable judgment. This changed the timing of the parable's fulfillment, not the standing identification of the great crowd in Revelation 7.

    1 quote
    The point is that those responding and actively supporting the remnant of Christ's brothers are thereby now giving evidence that will provide a basis for them to be placed on Jesus' right hand when, in the near future, he sits down on his throne to render judgment.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1995
  3. 2002 Reversal

    The Court of the Gentiles was rejected as the great crowd’s spiritual location. Their worship was placed inside the spiritual temple’s earthly outer courtyard, corresponding to Solomon’s temple, while remaining distinct from the priestly inner courtyard.

    1 quote
    It is reasonable to say that the great crowd worships Jehovah in one of the earthly courtyards of his great spiritual temple, specifically the one that corresponds with the outer courtyard of Solomon’s temple.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 2002, pp. 30–31, Questions From Readers
  4. 2019 Unchanged

    The 1935 interpretation was reaffirmed: Revelation’s great crowd consists of faithful Christians with an earthly hope who survive the great tribulation. Standing before the throne was not understood to require their physical presence in heaven.

    1 quote
    Since 1935, Jehovah’s Witnesses have thus understood that the great crowd of John’s vision is made up of a group of faithful Christians who have the prospect of living forever on earth.
    The Watchtower, September 2019, pp. 26–31, “Look! A Great Crowd”, pars. 9–10
  5. 2023 Unchanged

    The great crowd’s service was again located in the earthly outer courtyard of the spiritual temple. The inner courtyard remained associated with the anointed remnant before their heavenly priestly service.

    1 quote
    The apostle John saw them “standing before the throne,” in what corresponds on earth to the outer courtyard, where “they are rendering [God] sacred service day and night in his temple.”
    The Watchtower, October 2023, pp. 24–29, Cherish Your Privilege to Worship in Jehovah’s Spiritual Temple, par. 16
  6. 2024 Broadened

    People might join Jehovah’s worshippers after Babylon the Great’s destruction. This broadened the possible timing for joining earthly survivors, without guaranteeing individual survival.

    1 quote
    Might some who see these events have a change of heart?
    The Watchtower, May 2024, pp. 8–13, What Do We Know About Jehovah’s Future Judgments?, pars. 11–15
  7. 2025 Refined

    The possible acceptance of people after Babylon’s destruction was retained. Their opportunity to support Christ’s brothers and be judged as sheep was said to end when the remaining anointed receive heavenly life.

    1 quote
    Of course, that opportunity to be judged as sheep will end shortly before Armageddon when the remaining anointed ones receive their heavenly reward.
    The Watchtower, August 2025, p. 31, Questions From Readers: When will the current preaching work end?, par. 8