Type/antitype 1877–2020

Gog and Magog

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Also known as Gog · Magog · Gog of Magog · Gog of the land of Magog · Gog and his hordes · Gog's crowd · Gog's forces · Gog's army · The nations Gog and Magog · The hordes of Gog and Magog · The land of Magog · Gog's mob

In 1877, Gog's invasion was associated with a future attack against restored natural Israel in Palestine, an interpretation repeated in 1882 and 1897. In 1918, Gog and Magog in Revelation 20 were separately identified with proud natural Israelites and nominal spiritual Israelites who remained tares. By 1930, Revelation's Gog and Magog were instead explained as the Devil's rebellious earthly followers at the end of the Millennium. In 1932, Ezekiel's Gog was identified as an invisible wicked spirit prince subordinate to Satan, and Magog as the invisible realm of Satan's organization. The target of Gog's attack was now understood to be God's anointed people, spiritual Israel, rather than restored natural Israel. This explanation continued through 1943. In 1941, Revelation's Gog and Magog were also explicitly associated with the demon prince Gog and the wicked spirits under his control. In 1943, a separate explanation described Revelation's Gog and Magog as picturing a farthest extremity of the earth. A major reversal occurred in 1953, when the identification of Ezekiel's Gog as a subordinate demon prince was rejected and Gog was identified with Satan himself after his expulsion from heaven. Magog represented Satan's restricted spirit realm near the earth. The date associated with this confinement varied in the explanations, including 1918 in 1953, 1919 in 1954, and 1914 in 1955. In 1955, Revelation's Gog and Magog were explicitly distinguished from Ezekiel's Gog and identified with earthly peoples misled by Satan after the Millennium. The explanation was repeated in 1967, 1973 and 1974, emphasizing that these future rebels would manifest the same spirit as Gog's earlier forces. During the Franz presidency, publications from 1983 through 1991 continued to identify Ezekiel's Gog with Satan, while 1988 publications repeated the interpretation of Revelation's Gog and Magog as rebellious humans at the end of the Millennium. From 1995 through 2000, publications continued identifying Ezekiel's Gog with Satan directing an attack on God's people before Armageddon.

17readings
48quotes
6changes

Key moments

  1. 1877 Introduced Gog's invasion in Ezekiel was associated with a future gathering against restored natural Israel in Palestine, rather than a Russian attack upon the Muslims occupying the region.
  2. 1930 Reversal Revelation's Gog and Magog were reinterpreted as the Devil's earthly horde of rebels who would attack God's earthly organization at the final test after the Millennium, rather than as the two specifically named categories of Israelites described in 1918.
  3. 1932–1940 Reversal Ezekiel's Gog was identified as an invisible wicked angelic prince in Satan's organization, directing the conspiracy against God's anointed people and their associates. Magog represented the invisible realm comprising Gog and other wicked angels in his division. Gog was explicitly distinguished from Satan himself, who was portrayed as supervising the attack.
  4. 1941 Reversal In a distinct explanation of Revelation 20:7-8, Gog and Magog were associated with the demon prince Gog and the wicked spirits belonging to his division of Satan's organization. This differed from the 1930 identification of Revelation's Gog and Magog as an earthly horde of human rebels.
  5. 1953–1954 Reversal The earlier interpretation of Ezekiel's Gog as a subordinate demon prince was explicitly rejected in 1953. Gog was identified with Satan himself after his expulsion from heaven. Magog was identified with the restricted and debased invisible spirit realm near the earth. Publications in 1954 reaffirmed this identification.
  6. 1955–1971 Refined The identification of Ezekiel's Gog with Satan and Magog with his restricted spirit realm was maintained. The explanation explicitly associated Satan's expulsion and confinement with 1914, while other publications described Gog's attack against restored spiritual Israel and its anointed representatives.
  7. 1955–1974 Reversal Revelation's Gog and Magog were again distinguished from Ezekiel's Gog. They referred to earthly peoples misled by Satan at the end of the Millennium, when some restored and perfected humans would rebel against Jehovah's sovereignty. Their names recalled the hostile character and actions of Gog's earlier forces.
  8. 2015 Reversal Ezekiel’s Gog was reidentified from Satan in his debased condition to a coalition of earthly nations attacking God’s people during the great tribulation. Satan remains the instigator. Revelation 20’s Gog and Magog was distinguished as the human rebels at the end of the Millennium.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

2 readings
  1. 1877 Introduced

    Gog's invasion in Ezekiel was associated with a future gathering against restored natural Israel in Palestine, rather than a Russian attack upon the Muslims occupying the region.

    1 quote
    How then, can Russia fill this prophecy, by coming up against the Mohammedans, since it is "against my people Israel," that they are to come?
    The Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World, 1877
  2. 1882–1897 Unchanged

    Gog and his associated peoples continued to represent invading forces that would besiege restored natural Israel in Palestine near the end of the time of trouble. The anticipated conflict involved Jerusalem and Israel's deliverance. The invaders were tentatively associated with peoples originating in Europe and neighboring regions.

    2 quotes
    Here are a number of events: The "time of trouble such as was not since there was a nation,"--the return of the Jews to Palestine and the reorganization of the Jewish nation, though not independent --the gathering of great wealth to Jerusalem, which tempts the hordes of Gog, Togomar, and many peoples, to go up "to take a spoil"--"the battle of the great day of God Almighty," fought at Jerusalem-- the partial success of the invaders, and in the hour of darkness to the Jew, the power of Messiah manifested, in some way effecting their deliverance and their recognition of the long waited for Messiah, with the cry, "Lo, this is our God, we have waited for him and he will save us."
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1882
    This would seem to indicate in a general way that the attack will come from Europe—the "north quarters"—with allied mixed peoples.
    The Battle of Armageddon, 1897

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

4 readings
  1. 1918 Depends on context

    In the interpretation of Revelation 20:8, Gog represented proud and unfaithful natural Israelites, whereas Magog represented nominal spiritual Israelites who had remained tares during the Gospel Age.

    2 quotes
    [Which are] in the four [quarters of the earth] CORNERS, Gog. — Proud (Gog means high), Natural Israelites. (1 Chr. 5:3, 4.) " 'Ye [proud and unfaithful Jews] shall see Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the Prophets in the Kingdom of God [the earthly phase], and ye yourselves thrust out.' (Luke 13:28)." - Z.'07-302.
    The Finished Mystery, 1918
    • And Magog. — Those who, during the Gospel Age, were nominal Spiritual Israelites, but at heart were never anything but "tares" and always remain such.
    The Finished Mystery, 1918
  2. 1930 Reversal

    Revelation's Gog and Magog were reinterpreted as the Devil's earthly horde of rebels who would attack God's earthly organization at the final test after the Millennium, rather than as the two specifically named categories of Israelites described in 1918.

    1 quote
    The Devil’s horde, described as “Gog and Magog”, is or will be on the earth; and hence these encompass the beloved city, which is God’s earthly organization and in which the “princes in all the earth” represent God and into which all of his restored ones will be brought.
    Light, Book Two, 1930
  3. 1932–1940 Reversal

    Ezekiel's Gog was identified as an invisible wicked angelic prince in Satan's organization, directing the conspiracy against God's anointed people and their associates. Magog represented the invisible realm comprising Gog and other wicked angels in his division. Gog was explicitly distinguished from Satan himself, who was portrayed as supervising the attack.

    6 quotes
    Based upon the certain truths that are revealed by the Scriptures the following conclusion as to the meaning of Gog and Magog is here set forth, to wit: Gog is one of the princes in Satan’s organization, invisible, of course, to human eyes, with a possibility of the power to materialize in human form.
    Vindication, Books Two and Three, 1932
    The land of Magog pictures the spiritual or invisible realm of Satan, and includes Gog and all the wicked angels within his division of Satan’s organization, and which “bear rule over all the earth”.
    Vindication, Books Two and Three, 1932
    This further supports the conclusion that Gog is the wicked angel prince in the organization of Satan leading the fight and that the British empire of the north is the chief instrument in the visible army that takes the lead in the execution of the conspiracy against God’s organization.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1932
    Satan's chief field marshal is called "Gog" (Ezekiel 38:2) and is the one who commands the host of devils invisible and the powerful visible organization that is on the earth and under the hand of Satan.
    The Crisis, 1933
    This shows that the last part of the battle of Armageddon will be the destruction of Satan’s angelic host under Gog, the commander of the invisible as well as the visible army of the Devil.
    The Watchtower, November 15, 1937
    Satan and his chief officer, Gog, leading the legions of invisible demons, are supported by a mighty crowd of visible, demonized religionists on the earth.
    The Watchtower, November 15, 1940
  4. 1941 Reversal

    In a distinct explanation of Revelation 20:7-8, Gog and Magog were associated with the demon prince Gog and the wicked spirits belonging to his division of Satan's organization. This differed from the 1930 identification of Revelation's Gog and Magog as an earthly horde of human rebels.

    2 quotes
    In Revelation 20:7, 8 the distinction is made between Satan and Gog and Magog, which shows that the particular prophecy of Ezekiel at chapters thirty-eight and thirty-nine is not directly applicable to Satan, but that it does specifically apply to one of Satan’s demon chiefs and those gathered under him in a division of Satan’s organization.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1941
    At the end of the thousand-year reign of the Theocratic King, Christ Jesus, they are released for a little season, and the Revelation specifically mentions Gog and Magog in connection therewith, which would mean the prince Gog and all the wicked ones that have operated in his division.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1941

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

5 readings
  1. 1942–1943 Unchanged

    The earlier explanation of Ezekiel's Gog remained in place: Gog was Satan's chief invisible spirit prince or operative agent, and Magog was the realm occupied by the wicked spirits associated with him. The attack was directed against spiritual Israel and its companions.

    3 quotes
    The Devil at war mimics Jehovah God and sends forth the demon prince, Gog, as general in command, to oppose Jehovah’s Chief Field Marshal, Christ Jesus, the Prince of Life.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1942
    Satan’s chief prince, Gog, of the demon land of Magog, is specially the prince controlling that totalitarian “abomination of desolation” beast, and by the religious whore he drives it to the assault against those who represent The Theocratic Government.
    The Watchtower, April 15, 1942
    Now, by His grace, they clearly see that the Devil is the arch-enemy; that his chief operative agent in wickedness is his spirit prince Gog, and that with him is a host of wicked spirits who rebelled, following Satan's example, and all of which abide in a place Scripturally called “Magog” (Ezek. 38: 1-16; 39:1-6) ; that for centuries that wicked crowd have preyed upon the human race and ruled the peoples of earth with a cruel hand and scorned everything that is good; that for centuries the Devil has employed religion and religious practitioners to deceive the people and to turn them away from God; that God had not interfered until his due time to interfere, beginning in A.D. 1914; that now is the due time for God to interfere, and he is doing so.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1943
  2. 1943 Depends on context

    In the separate context of Revelation 20, Gog and Magog were used to designate the farthest extremities of the earth, emphasizing the worldwide scope of Satan's final test.

    1 quote
    Following his unchangeable tactics, Satan the Devil tries to reintroduce religion on earth and hence goes forth to deceive, to deceive everyone, if possible, to the four corners of the earth. “Gog and Magog" picture a farthermost extremity of the earth. The searching test of integrity will be upon all such, without exception. Those who yield selfishly to the deception, forsaking truth, shall suffer destruction in Gehenna.
    The Truth Shall Make You Free, 1943
  3. 1953–1954 Reversal

    The earlier interpretation of Ezekiel's Gog as a subordinate demon prince was explicitly rejected in 1953. Gog was identified with Satan himself after his expulsion from heaven. Magog was identified with the restricted and debased invisible spirit realm near the earth. Publications in 1954 reaffirmed this identification.

    7 quotes
    Over thirty years later the Bible prophecies were examined further in the light of events since A.D. 1914, to reveal that, not the Israelites according to the flesh, but the Christians who are Israelites inwardly, spiritual Israelites, are the people destined to be the target of Gog’s attack from the far north.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1953
    Hence the suggestion of twenty years ago that Gog was an eighth demon prince is now seen to be without proof.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1953
    It is evident now that Gog is a figure prophetic of the ruler of all seven demon princes, namely, Satan the Devil.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1953
    The land of Magog, therefore, pictures the debased realm of the invisible part of Satan’s world since A.D. 1918. But Gog still has also a visible part to his world organization. He still has earthly allies and subjects, as is shown in Ezekiel’s prophecy, which addresses him as “Gog, the great prince of Meshech and Tubal.”
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1953
    Magog is a limited spirit realm near the earth’s vicinity, for it is the location of Satan, the Dragon, after he and his wicked angels have been forced down there by the war in heaven.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1953
    Today a world-wide warning is being sounded that a final onslaught will soon be made by Gog of Magog, namely, Satan, together with all his hosts, on true worshipers of Jehovah God.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1954
    From what appears in other parts of the Scriptures regarding Christians’ fighting not with flesh and blood and having invisible spirit enemies, and also from what appears in Ezekiel’s prophecy itself, it is apparent that Gog is none other than Satan the Devil, the prince of demons.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1954
  4. 1955–1971 Refined

    The identification of Ezekiel's Gog with Satan and Magog with his restricted spirit realm was maintained. The explanation explicitly associated Satan's expulsion and confinement with 1914, while other publications described Gog's attack against restored spiritual Israel and its anointed representatives.

    5 quotes
    Ezekiel chapters 38 and 39 discuss Gog of the land of Magog, and in that prophecy Gog represents Satan after he has been ousted from heaven since 1914, and Magog represents his limited spirit realm confined near earth’s vicinity since that time.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1955
    Satan, who is prophetically referred to as Gog of Magog, is ready to reach out and make war against God’s servants on earth.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1955
    In this course he acts as an earthly instrument of Gog of Magog, who is Satan the Devil. Ezekiel 38:14-17; 39:1-6 (JPS) foretells that Gog with his earthly hordes actually invades this “beauteous land” of restored spiritual Israel. This becomes the time for Jehovah to begin the war of his great day.
    Your Will Be Done on Earth, 1958
    The mastermind behind it all, the debased Satan, or "Gog of Magog," thus maneuvers into position for his final assault upon the anointed witnesses of Jehovah, the representatives on earth of "the town of the grand King," the heavenly Jerusalem where Jehovah resides by his spirit.—Ps. 48:2.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1968
    Accordingly, the actual Gog of Magog who fulfills Ezekiel's prophecy is Satan the Devil after his ouster from heaven, and the land of Magog is his location at the earth in which he is confined, with no freedom or power to leave it and reenter heaven.
    The Nations Shall Know That I Am Jehovah—How?, 1971
  5. 1955–1974 Reversal

    Revelation's Gog and Magog were again distinguished from Ezekiel's Gog. They referred to earthly peoples misled by Satan at the end of the Millennium, when some restored and perfected humans would rebel against Jehovah's sovereignty. Their names recalled the hostile character and actions of Gog's earlier forces.

    5 quotes
    At any rate, in Revelation Gog and Magog represent the lands or peoples of those lands that fiercely assault Jehovah’s faithful earthly inhabitants under Satan’s goading.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1955
    These many misled ones from the four quarters of the earth are likened to the nations that assaulted the New World society at Armageddon and are therefore also called “Gog and Magog.”
    You May Survive Armageddon Into God's New World, 1955
    But now at the end of the thousand years these misled humans make their attack after an Edenic paradise has been restored to all the earth by God's kingdom, after all living mankind have been uplifted to the human perfection and godlikeness that Adam and Eve had in the garden of Eden. These rebellious people who follow Satan have the same spirit as Gog had back at that time.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1967
    Those whom Satan succeeds in misleading are spoken of as "those nations in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog."
    God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached, 1973
    Rather, the same spirit manifested by the Gog-and-Magog crowd of a thousand years previous is aroused in some of the perfected humans.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1974

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

2 readings
  1. 1983–1991 Unchanged

    Ezekiel's Gog continued to be identified as Satan the Devil in his degraded condition near the earth, directing his earthly agents in a final attack against God's people before Armageddon.

    6 quotes
    Once again, Satan (as Gog of Magog) will have been foiled and handed a crushing defeat. Additionally, in this defense of His people, God will 'magnify and sanctify himself, making himself known before the eyes of the nations, so that they will have to know he is Jehovah.' Again, that is just the opposite of what Satan would desire.—Ezekiel 38:14-39:7; Revelation 12:12.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1983
    To maintain this happy condition, we must ever be on guard, for Satan the Devil envies our happy and prosperous spiritual estate. As Gog of Magog he will soon launch an all-out attack against Jehovah's people.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1984
    How did Satan react to being cast out of heaven into the debased spirit realm? Says the Bible: "And the dragon grew wrathful at the woman [God's heavenly organization], and went off to wage war with the remaining ones of her seed, who observe the commandments of God and have the work of bearing witness to Jesus." Satan, therefore, is "Gog."
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1985
    Satan the Devil, the symbolic Gog of Magog, will mastermind this attack on Jehovah's people.
    Worldwide Security Under the Prince of Peace, 1986
    In that prophecy, Gog pictured Satan, and his armies pictured all of Satan's earthly agents who would make a last, desperate attempt to wipe out God's people.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1987
    In his role as Gog of Magog, denoting his present degraded position, Satan will marshal his earthly forces for an all-out attack on God's people.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1991
  2. 1988 Depends on context

    For Revelation 20, Gog and Magog continued to designate humans who would follow Satan in the final rebellion after the Millennium, reflecting the same hostile spirit as Gog's earlier armies in Ezekiel's prophecy.

    1 quote
    These are significantly called "Gog and Magog" since they will manifest the same evil spirit as that shown by 'Gog's crowd' in Ezekiel's prophecy.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1988

Governing Body

1992–

4 readings
  1. 1995–2000 Unchanged

    The established interpretation of Ezekiel's Gog as Satan in his debased condition continued. Gog would direct an attack upon God's people, including the anointed remnant and their companions, before divine intervention at Armageddon.

    3 quotes
    When Gog of Magog makes his final assault on God’s people, other sheep will stand firm with the anointed remnant in “the land of open rural country.”
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1995
    Then Gog of Magog, Satan the Devil debased to the vicinity of the earth, will marshal his hordes and make an all-out attack on Jehovah's peaceful, seemingly defenseless people.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1997
    The destruction of Babylon the Great, the world empire of false religion, will then be complete. Today, however, the nations are trying to wipe out pure worship. Soon, Jehovah's servants will be attacked by the forces of Gog of Magog.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 2000
  2. 2015 Reversal

    Ezekiel’s Gog was reidentified from Satan in his debased condition to a coalition of earthly nations attacking God’s people during the great tribulation. Satan remains the instigator. Revelation 20’s Gog and Magog was distinguished as the human rebels at the end of the Millennium.

    1 quote
    When we compare all these Scriptural references about the final attack on God’s people, it becomes evident that the name Gog of Magog refers, not to Satan, but to a coalition of nations.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 2015, pp. 29–30, Questions From Readers
  3. 2018 Unchanged

    The coalition-of-nations identification was retained. The attack on pure worshippers was placed after the destruction of Babylon the Great and before Armageddon, with Satan directing the nations rather than himself being Ezekiel’s Gog.

    1 quote
    Second, Gog refers to earthly nations that will attack God’s people in the near future. Those nations will undoubtedly form a coalition, that is, they will band together somehow.
    Pure Worship of Jehovah—Restored At Last! (2018), chapter 17, pars. 10, 16
  4. 2020 Unchanged

    Gog was reaffirmed as the coalition of earthly nations. The king of the north was described as acting with the rest of the world’s governments in its final attack, not as replacing the wider coalition’s identity.

    1 quote
    At that time, the king of the north, along with the rest of the nations that make up Gog of Magog, comes to his end, and there will be “no helper for him”.​—Dan. 11:45.
    The Watchtower, May 2020, pp. 12–16, Who Is “the King of the North” Today?, pars. 14–16