Teaching 1879–2017

The faithful and wise servant

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Also known as The faithful and discreet slave · The faithful and wise slave · The faithful servant · That servant · The faithful steward · The discreet steward · The slave class · The servant class · The composite slave · The anointed servant class · The faithful and prudent servant

In 1879, Russell's Watch Tower described its purpose as supplying spiritual food to the household of faith, and in 1880 it expressed the desire to be a faithful servant. In 1881 the faithful and wise servant was identified as the entire body of consecrated Christians, individually and collectively, an understanding reflected in 1895. In 1897 the explanation shifted toward one selected channel for dispensing spiritual food, assisted by fellow servants. In 1906 Russell reported that he had resisted applying the title personally to himself and had suggested the Watch Tower rather than its editor as a possible identification. Following Russell's death, publications in 1916 identified him personally as the faithful and wise servant. Under Rutherford this identification continued during 1917-1923, but in February 1927 the servant was reidentified as a collective class of faithful Christians, with its appointment connected to Christ's inspection in 1918. Publications in 1933 and 1939 rejected the single-individual interpretation, and in 1940 distinguished the anointed servant organization from the Watch Tower legal corporation. Under Knorr, the 1943 explanation reaffirmed the collective servant and specified that Christ, rather than an earthly servant class, was responsible for interpreting prophecy, while the class published interpretations after their disclosure. In 1944 the anointed remnant was again identified as the approved servant. In 1950 the role of the Watch Tower Society in administering Kingdom interests was emphasized, and publications from 1952 through 1969 maintained the collective interpretation and organizational channel. In 1971 the Governing Body was more clearly distinguished from the Society's elected corporate directors. In 1975 the distinction between the collective slave and its individual domestics was explicitly explained. Under Franz, publications from 1977 through 1990 continued to identify the slave with anointed Christians collectively, while emphasizing spiritual instruction, the role of the domestics, and oversight by the Governing Body. Publications under the governing-body period from 1992 through 2000 maintained the collective identity, acknowledged the earlier Russell interpretation, explained that the slave was not infallible, distinguished the spiritual servant from the legal corporation, and emphasized the distribution of spiritual food through publications and meetings.

17readings
47quotes
4changes

Key moments

  1. 1879–1880 Introduced The Watch Tower presented its mission as supplying spiritual food at the proper time to the household of faith. The publication itself expressed a desire to serve faithfully in connection with Matthew 24:45-46, without yet explicitly defining the faithful servant as one individual or a collective class.
  2. 1881–1895 Refined The faithful and wise servant was understood collectively as the whole body of consecrated Christians. Members participated in supplying spiritual food, while the servant's approval depended upon faithful and wise Christian service.
  3. 1897–1906 Narrowed The explanation shifted from the collective identification toward a specially selected channel distributing spiritual food through assisting fellow servants. Russell later distinguished his own position from the individual interpretation advocated by others, stating in 1906 that he had resisted applying the title to himself and had suggested the Watch Tower publication instead.
  4. 1916 Narrowed After Russell's death, the publications explicitly identified Russell personally with the office of the faithful and wise servant. His responsibility was described as supplying spiritual food to the household of faith, and believers were encouraged to distinguish the individual from his attributed official capacity.
  5. 1927 Reversal The identification of the servant with one particular individual was replaced by a collective servant class. The appointment over earthly Kingdom interests was linked to Christ's coming to his temple in 1918, and faithfulness was required of individual class members.
  6. 1940 Refined The collective interpretation was given a more explicit organizational distinction: the anointed remnant constituted the spiritual Society or servant organization, whereas the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society was a legal entity established to meet legal requirements.
  7. 1943–1944 Refined The servant was reaffirmed as the anointed remnant rather than an individual man. A further distinction was made concerning Biblical interpretation: the class was not described as an independent interpreter of prophecy, but as the instrument used to publish interpretations made known through Christ after the relevant facts became evident. The approved anointed remnant was assigned the responsibility of Kingdom preaching.
  8. 1950 Refined The organization responsible for administering Christ's earthly Kingdom interests was explicitly identified as the anointed remnant operating through the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.
  9. 1971 Refined The relationship between the Governing Body and the Society's legal corporation was clarified. The Governing Body of the anointed slave class was described as appointed by Christ rather than by corporate voting, with its responsibilities and chairmanship distinct from the offices of the Society's directors and president.
  10. 1975 Refined The relationship between the collective slave and its domestics was described more explicitly. The anointed Christians constituted the slave as a group while participating individually as domestics. The publications also distinguished associates with earthly hopes from the anointed slave class and identified them as recipients of its spiritual food.
  11. 2013 Narrowed The slave was narrowed to the small anointed Governing Body, with all recipients as domestics. Its appointment over domestics was placed in 1919; appointment over all Christ’s belongings was moved to the future heavenly reward.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

4 readings
  1. 1879–1880 Introduced

    The Watch Tower presented its mission as supplying spiritual food at the proper time to the household of faith. The publication itself expressed a desire to serve faithfully in connection with Matthew 24:45-46, without yet explicitly defining the faithful servant as one individual or a collective class.

    2 quotes
    As its name indicates, it aims to be the lookout from whence matters of interest and profit may be announced to the "little flock," and as the "Herald of Christ's Presence," to give the "meat in due season" to the "household of faith."
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1879
    Tell us when else, or how else could it be fulfilled, if you can think of any other way and time? The WATCH TOWER desires to be a faithful servant of God and of "the household of faith."
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1880
  2. 1881–1895 Refined

    The faithful and wise servant was understood collectively as the whole body of consecrated Christians. Members participated in supplying spiritual food, while the servant's approval depended upon faithful and wise Christian service.

    3 quotes
    Blessed is that servant (the whole body of Christ) whom his Lord when he has come (Gr. elthon) shall find so doing.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1881
    It is a great storehouse from which his servants may bring forth things both new and old— meat in due season for the household of faith.
    The Watchtower, January 14, 1882
    They will be, not only those who believe in him, but who also manifest their faith and love in active service--"Blessed is that servant."
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1895
  3. 1897–1906 Narrowed

    The explanation shifted from the collective identification toward a specially selected channel distributing spiritual food through assisting fellow servants. Russell later distinguished his own position from the individual interpretation advocated by others, stating in 1906 that he had resisted applying the title to himself and had suggested the Watch Tower publication instead.

    3 quotes
    The intimation here seems to be, that at the particular time indicated by the prophecy—namely, during the Lord's presence, and at the time of the gathering of the elect—our Lord, the great Servant of his people, will make choice of one channel for dispensing the meat in due season, though other channels or "fellow-servants" will be used in bringing the food to the "household."
    The Battle of Armageddon, 1897
    Brethren and sisters, let us be energetic in handing forth the bread of life, the "meat in due season," to the multitude,--to whoever is hungry enough to desire to partake.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1899
    Some little objection was aroused by her interpretation and I urged great moderation in the making of any personal application, suggesting that the WATCH TOWER rather than its editor might be considered "that servant."
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1906
  4. 1916 Narrowed

    After Russell's death, the publications explicitly identified Russell personally with the office of the faithful and wise servant. His responsibility was described as supplying spiritual food to the household of faith, and believers were encouraged to distinguish the individual from his attributed official capacity.

    2 quotes
    Thousands of the readers of Pastor Russell's writings believe that he filled the office of "that faithful and wise servant," and that his great work was giving to the Household of Faith meat in due season.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1916
    We must make the distinction between Brother Russell as a creature and his official capacity as "that servant" of the Master to give out the "meat in due season."
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1916

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

4 readings
  1. 1917–1923 Unchanged

    Russell continued to be identified as the particular faithful and wise servant and as the channel used to deliver spiritual food. His attributed office included supervision of the harvest work and Kingdom interests. The Society was presented as continuing the organized work after his death.

    3 quotes
    The Lord Jesus, in his great prophetic statement in Matthew 24:45-47, made known the fact that at the end of the age he would be present and would have a special servant whom he would "make ruler over all his house to give meat in due season to the household." For many years Christian people of all denominations have been looking for the manifestation of that promised servant. For several years some have recognized, and now many more are recognizing, that Pastor Russell is that servant.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1917
    Satan has attempted by many attacks upon this fact to break it down; to cause the Lord’s people to believe: (1) that Brother Russell was not the only channel by which the Lord would lead his people; and (2) that the Society in its organized capacity could not be a channel for the Lord.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1922
    The duties of “that servant,” then, would mean that he must look after the public proclamation of the truth and supervise the work of gathering together his saints and feeding the proper meat at the proper time, and that he would do so according to the Lord’s way during the period of the harvest.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1923
  2. 1927 Reversal

    The identification of the servant with one particular individual was replaced by a collective servant class. The appointment over earthly Kingdom interests was linked to Christ's coming to his temple in 1918, and faithfulness was required of individual class members.

    2 quotes
    The inference must now be drawn that when the Lord comes to his temple he finds a faithful and wise Servant class.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1927
    The answer to this is, Those found faithful when the Lord comes to his temple. The goods of the Lord are all his interests. The Lord has made this faithful and wise class ruler over all his goods, or kingdom interests, on earth. Continued faithfulness unto death is required of each one who remains in this wise and faithful Servant class.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1927
  3. 1933–1939 Unchanged

    The collective servant interpretation was maintained and applied to the faithful anointed remnant of Jehovah's witnesses. The publications denied that any individual man occupied the position and retrospectively identified the February 1927 explanation as the rejection of the individual interpretation.

    2 quotes
    No individuals are singled out and given a preferential place, but all together the remnant constitute the servant, that is, Jehovah’s witnesses, to declare his name in the earth.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1933
    The February 15, 1927, issue of that publication clearly pointed out the Scriptural evidence proving that the “faithful and wise servant”, to whom the Lord commits all his goods and makes him ruler, is not any individual man on the earth, and never was, but that Christ Jesus himself, pictured by Joshua, is the head of the “faithful and wise servant” class.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1939
  4. 1940 Refined

    The collective interpretation was given a more explicit organizational distinction: the anointed remnant constituted the spiritual Society or servant organization, whereas the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society was a legal entity established to meet legal requirements.

    1 quote
    That does not mean the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society as a legal corporation, because that corporation is organized to meet certain legal requirements.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1940

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

5 readings
  1. 1943–1944 Refined

    The servant was reaffirmed as the anointed remnant rather than an individual man. A further distinction was made concerning Biblical interpretation: the class was not described as an independent interpreter of prophecy, but as the instrument used to publish interpretations made known through Christ after the relevant facts became evident. The approved anointed remnant was assigned the responsibility of Kingdom preaching.

    2 quotes
    No; Christ Jesus the King has not entrusted that office to them. The Supreme Court still interprets, thank God; and Christ Jesus, the Court's official mouthpiece of interpretation, reserves to himself that office as Head of Jehovah’s “faithful and wise servant” class. He merely uses the “servant” class to publish the interpretation after the Supreme Court by Christ Jesus reveals it.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1943
    He adjudged these faithful anointed servants of Jehovah God to be the “faithful and wise servant” class under himself as Head.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1944
  2. 1950 Refined

    The organization responsible for administering Christ's earthly Kingdom interests was explicitly identified as the anointed remnant operating through the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.

    1 quote
    The answer, clearly, is by his anointed remnant through the organization he has so richly and unmistakably blessed during these 66 years, the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1950
  3. 1952–1969 Unchanged

    The faithful and discreet slave remained a single collective body of anointed Christians, distinct from competing religious organizations. The Watch Tower Society was presented as its legal servant and means of distributing spiritual food. Cooperation, respect, and obedience to the organization were emphasized.

    4 quotes
    It must also be noted that God does not have several discreet-slave classes, several theocratic organizations among which the work is divided.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1952
    That channel is the “faithful and discreet slave”; it is made up of the anointed remnant of Jehovah’s witnesses, who have long used the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society of Pennsylvania as their legal servant.—Matt. 24:45, NW.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1956
    At times there are heard from immature ones slighting remarks, careless talk or outright criticism of the Society’s operations. Such is outright lack of respect for the means Jehovah is remarkably using to perform his will in this pre-Armageddon time. Truly the Society as directed by God’s holy spirit merits our deepest respect and wholehearted obedience.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1960
    These persons keenly appreciate any contact they have with the temple class and show this by cooperating fully with the "faithful and discreet slave," made up of all anointed Christians on earth as a class.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1969
  4. 1971 Refined

    The relationship between the Governing Body and the Society's legal corporation was clarified. The Governing Body of the anointed slave class was described as appointed by Christ rather than by corporate voting, with its responsibilities and chairmanship distinct from the offices of the Society's directors and president.

    2 quotes
    The members of the governing body are not elected annually, but are in their positions of responsibility permanently as long as they live and continue faithful as disciples of Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1971
    Any member of the governing body can be chairman thereof without being at the same time the president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1971
  5. 1975 Refined

    The relationship between the collective slave and its domestics was described more explicitly. The anointed Christians constituted the slave as a group while participating individually as domestics. The publications also distinguished associates with earthly hopes from the anointed slave class and identified them as recipients of its spiritual food.

    2 quotes
    But as individuals they are workers in producing and serving food, as "domestics" in a household. A similar illustration given by the apostle Paul at 1 Corinthians 12: 12-27 is that of a physical human body and its members.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1975
    They have vigorously provided spiritual food from God's Word, keeping up their own spirituality. Moreover, the modern-day "slave" has brought into association with himself about 2,000,000 other persons. He has indeed proved to be Jehovah's "servant," his witnesses. The associates of this "slave" have hope of living forever in a paradisaic earth. They are bountifully fed by the "faithful and discreet slave."
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1975

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

1 reading
  1. 1977–1990 Unchanged

    The collective slave interpretation was maintained. Publications identified the slave with all anointed Christians as a group, distinguished the same anointed Christians as individual domestics, and described the slave as the approved channel providing spiritual instruction and Scriptural study material. The Governing Body continued to be described as exercising oversight on behalf of the anointed slave class.

    6 quotes
    Yes, for over thirty years until 1914, a small group of devoted Christians had been serving as the modern-day "faithful and discreet slave" in providing spiritual food for fellow servants of the household of God.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1977
    Witnesses of Jehovah understand that the "slave" is comprised of all anointed Christians as a group on earth at any given time during the 19 centuries since Pentecost.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1981
    Indeed, this "slave," or spirit-anointed congregation, is the one approved channel representing God's kingdom on earth in the "time of the end." (Dan. 12:4) Witnesses of Jehovah understand that the "slave" is comprised of all anointed Christians as a group on earth at any given time during the 19 centuries since Pentecost. Accordingly, the "domestics" are these followers of Christ as individuals.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1981
    Its prophetic meaning is made known to us through "the faithful and discreet slave," that group of anointed Christians whom the Master, Jesus Christ, is using now to provide spiritual "food at the proper time" for all of God's people.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1984
    Rather, Christ appointed the "faithful and discreet slave" class to provide Scriptural study material and timely counsel to Christians throughout the world.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1988
    The Governing Body of the anointed slave class and of their millions of companions among the other sheep has been progressively equipped to take care of its office of oversight.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1990

Governing Body

1992–

3 readings
  1. 1992–2000 Unchanged

    The collective identity of the faithful and discreet slave was retained. Publications connected its modern history to the Bible Students before 1914, retrospectively acknowledged Russell's personal identification and its rejection in 1927, and affirmed that the slave comprised all anointed Christians as a group. The slave was described as a channel for spiritual food without being infallible. The publications distinguished the slave from the Society's legal corporation, encouraged clearer terminology, and identified printed literature and meetings as means of spiritual instruction.

    10 quotes
    In our century, it was the few thousands who responded to the preparatory work of the Bible Students during the years leading up to 1914.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1992
    However, as the light of truth progressively shone even more brightly after Brother Russell's death, and as the preaching that Jesus had foretold became even more extensive, it became evident that the "faithful and wise servant" (KJ), or "faithful and discreet slave" (NW), had not passed off the scene when Brother Russell died.
    Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993
    In 1881, Brother Russell himself had expressed the view that that "servant" was made up of the entire body of faithful spirit-anointed Christians. He saw it as being a collective servant, a class of persons who were united in doing God's will. (Compare Isaiah 43: 10.) This understanding was reaffirmed by the Bible Students in 1927. Jehovah's Witnesses today recognize the Watchtower magazine and kindred publications to be the ones used by the faithful and discreet slave to dispense spiritual food.
    Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993
    They do not claim that this slave class is infallible, but they do view it as the one channel that the Lord is using during the last days of this system of things.
    Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993
    The facts indicate that this faithful and discreet slave class comprises all anointed Christians as a group on earth at any given time.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1995
    They were designated as "the faithful and discreet slave," accepting the responsibility of caring for Jesus' earthly belongings, a privilege that they still enjoy as the 20th century nears its conclusion.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1996
    Directors of the Watch Tower Society are elected, whereas Witnesses who make up 'the faithful slave' are anointed by Jehovah's holy spirit.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1998
    Instead of saying, "the Society teaches," many Witnesses prefer to use such expressions as, "the Bible says" or, "I understand the Bible to teach."
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1998
    The faithful and discreet slave also supplies food through our regular meetings. […] These include local congregation meetings, semiannual meetings at a circuit level, and larger annual conventions. What faithful Christian does not value such gatherings?
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1999
    The information provided by "the faithful and discreet slave" is designed to strengthen our faith and train our perceptive powers.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 2000
  2. 2013 Narrowed

    The slave was narrowed to the small anointed Governing Body, with all recipients as domestics. Its appointment over domestics was placed in 1919; appointment over all Christ’s belongings was moved to the future heavenly reward.

    1 quote
    that slave is made up of a small group of anointed brothers who are directly involved in preparing and dispensing spiritual food […]
    The Watchtower, July 15, 2013, pp. 20–25, “Who Really Is the Faithful and Discreet Slave?”, par. 10
  3. 2017 Unchanged

    The identification of the faithful slave with the Governing Body was reaffirmed. Its members decide matters collectively and remain fallible; the publication acknowledged that doctrinal and organizational errors are possible.

    1 quote
    The Governing Body is neither inspired nor infallible. Therefore, it can err in doctrinal matters or in organizational direction.
    The Watchtower, February 2017, pp. 23–28, “Who Is Leading God’s People Today?”, pars. 10–12