Type/antitype 1883–2015

Elisha

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Also known as Eliseus · Elisha the son of Shaphat · Elisha class · The Elisha class · Antitypical Elisha · Modern-day Elisha · Elisha work · The Elisha work · Elisha period · Greater Elisha

Elisha's prophetic identification changed substantially between 1883 and 1985. In 1883 he was identified with the Great Company, a consecrated but less fully overcoming class distinct from the Little Flock represented by Elijah. In 1888–1889 his future activity was associated with the restitution of mankind. In 1904 a double application was proposed: Elisha first represented the Great Company and, after recrossing the Jordan, the Ancient Worthies administering the earthly phase of the Kingdom. The latter application appeared again in 1911, while the Great Company identification continued in 1916 and was still presupposed in 1918. In 1919 this identification was reversed: Elijah and Elisha were now said to represent the same Little Flock in successive phases of its earthly work. This interpretation was repeated throughout the 1920s. In 1932 Elisha's work was explicitly defined as witnessing in vindication of Jehovah's name rather than restitution. In 1933 the class was explicitly broadened to include faithful believers who had joined after the World War, rather than only those who had participated in the earlier Elijah work. The Elisha work was generally dated from 1919, with 1922 also identified as a more energetic phase of its development. During the early Knorr presidency the identification with the faithful anointed remnant continued, and in 1944 Christ Jesus was additionally called the Greater Elisha. In 1961 the principal historical changeover was reinterpreted as occurring in 1942, associated with the death of J. F. Rutherford and the succession of N. H. Knorr. This interpretation was repeated in 1965 and 1967. The Elisha class was also expected to survive Armageddon, as explicitly stated in 1961 and again in 1966. In 1974 Elisha was identified with the remaining members of Christ's bride, the anointed remnant of the 144,000, whose work brought spiritual healing to the great crowd. The modern-day Elisha class was still mentioned in 1985. No verified explicit prophetic type-and-antitype identification was found in the governing-body period from 1992 through 2000; this absence does not establish a formal abandonment of the interpretation.

15readings
47quotes
2changes

Key moments

  1. 1883–1889 Introduced Elisha represented the Great Company, a consecrated class distinct from the overcoming Little Flock represented by Elijah. After the glorification of the Elijah class, the Elisha class was expected to undertake work of restitution among mankind.
  2. 1904 Refined Elisha was interpreted as a double type. Before his return across the Jordan he represented the Great Company, but afterward he represented the Ancient Worthies, including Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophets, who would administer the earthly phase of the Kingdom and its restitution work. The interpretation was expressly presented as an inference rather than a positively established biblical type.
  3. 1919–1931 Reversal The earlier identification with the Great Company was replaced. Elijah and Elisha were now understood to represent the same Little Flock in two successive phases of the church's work. The Elisha phase began after the interruption of 1918–1919 and emphasized fearless public proclamation of Jehovah's Kingdom by the approved temple class.
  4. 1932 Refined Elisha's work was now specifically defined as a witness work vindicating Jehovah's name, including the announcement of divine judgments. The identification of his activity as a work of restitution was explicitly rejected.
  5. 1933–1941 Broadened The identification with the faithful anointed remnant continued, but the scope was expressly broadened to include those who had come into the truth after the World War and had not participated in the earlier Elijah work. Together they constituted the united Elisha class, devoted to fearless Kingdom witnessing and the vindication of Jehovah's name. The work was generally dated from 1919, although its more vigorous organizational development was associated with 1922.
  6. 1961–1974 Refined The Elisha class remained the faithful anointed remnant, but the principal historical transition was now associated with the death of J. F. Rutherford and the succession of N. H. Knorr in 1942. The Elisha work was depicted as intensified worldwide Kingdom preaching, ministerial education, and spiritual healing, benefiting the growing great crowd of other sheep. In 1974 Elisha was explicitly identified with the remaining members of Christ's bride, the anointed remnant of the 144,000.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

4 readings
  1. 1883–1889 Introduced

    Elisha represented the Great Company, a consecrated class distinct from the overcoming Little Flock represented by Elijah. After the glorification of the Elijah class, the Elisha class was expected to undertake work of restitution among mankind.

    3 quotes
    We have heretofore shown the Scriptural teaching that the overcomers, or Elijah class, will be a "little flock," and that there is also developed another class--"a great company"--and this last seems to be represented in part by Elisha.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1883
    After Elijah was gone, Elisha became bold and powerful, so that the theologians of that day ("sons of the prophets") said, The spirit of Elijah rests upon Elisha now! The meaning of the name Elisha is mighty deliverer, and the career of Elisha was one of restitution work. This doubtless foreshadows a work by a class which in the future will be the active agents among men in carrying on the restitution work in the power of the then glorified Church.
    The Time Is at Hand, 1888
    In some companies the Elijah class may predominate, but usually the Elisha will be the more numerous, and growingly so; for, evidently, though both classes are to be delivered from Babylon's bondage, the large majority of the "overcomers," being stronger, are already free.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1889
  2. 1904 Refined

    Elisha was interpreted as a double type. Before his return across the Jordan he represented the Great Company, but afterward he represented the Ancient Worthies, including Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophets, who would administer the earthly phase of the Kingdom and its restitution work. The interpretation was expressly presented as an inference rather than a positively established biblical type.

    1 quote
    But if Elisha was a type, we believe that we are justified in considering him a type of two classes.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1904
  3. 1911 Depends on context

    In an application of Elisha's miracles during the future Messianic Kingdom, Elisha represented the earthly princes, or Ancient Worthies, through whom restitution and disciplinary judgments would be administered.

    1 quote
    Those most to be favored will be those who will most thoroughly appreciate and best receive the "princes," represented by Elisha, even as the parents of this child whom Elisha raised from the dead had made gracious provision for the prophet's comfort.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1911
  4. 1916 Unchanged

    The identification of Elisha with the Great Company continued. Unlike the Elijah class, this class was expected to remain on earth until the Great Tribulation and undergo purification before receiving its reward.

    1 quote
    The Elisha class will be left until later, to wash their soiled robes in the blood of the Lamb in the "Great Tribulation" just before the world.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1916

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

4 readings
  1. 1918 Unchanged

    Before the 1919 reinterpretation, Elijah and Elisha were still discussed as distinguishable contemporary classes. The prospect of the Elisha class taking up the work after the departure of the Elijah class was retained.

    1 quote
    If the Elisha class is now smiting the Jordan, then it must be that all the Elijah class have gone up in the fiery chariot.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1918
  2. 1919–1931 Reversal

    The earlier identification with the Great Company was replaced. Elijah and Elisha were now understood to represent the same Little Flock in two successive phases of the church's work. The Elisha phase began after the interruption of 1918–1919 and emphasized fearless public proclamation of Jehovah's Kingdom by the approved temple class.

    12 quotes
    If Elisha was anointed to be prophet instead of or in place of Elijah, then it would manifestly follow that where the picture made by Elijah ceases, there Elisha would begin to picture or type the identical class, namely, the little flock.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1919
    Anointing means designation to office; therefore Elisha was designated to fill the same office filled by Elijah; hence of necessity both men must typify the same class, but doing separate works.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1920
    It is the message of truth with which the smiting is being done by the Elisha class. We remember that this smiting is not all done in a day or a week or a month, but covers a period of time such as the Lord sees fit it should cover.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1921
    They came to a knowledge of the fact that the church had before that time been doing the work pictured by Elijah, and for the first time had a clear understanding that Elisha pictured another work which the church must do.
    Bulletin, September 1922
    The antitypical Elisha class must likewise without fear have boldness in this day in the proclamation of the truth. The motive directing their action must be love for God. Referring to this St. John says: “Herein is our love made perfect, that we may have boldness in the day of judgment; because as he is, so are we in this world.”
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1923
    Also, only those who “see” the change from the Elijah phase of the Lord’s work can have the privilege of carrying on the Elisha phase of that work.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1924
    We understand it was in 1918 that the Elijah work ceased, and that in 1919 the Elisha work began; and those who discerned this fact, and appreciated the privilege of boldly declaring the message of the King and advertising his kingdom, received a double portion of the spirit; that is to say, their joy in the Lord was greatly increased.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1925
    It was in the year 1919 that the Lord permitted the church to see for the first time that Elijah pictured the work of the church prior to 1918 and that Elisha pictured the work of the church thereafter.
    The Watchtower, April 15, 1926
    It is into the hands of the temple class, the antitypical Elisha, that the Lord commits all his goods; to wit, his kingdom interests.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1927
    The work of the church from 1874 to 1918 was particularly pictured by the experiences of the Prophet Elijah. Thereafter the work of the church was and is particularly pictured by the experiences of the Prophet Elisha. Those who have failed to see this truth have had great difficulty in seeing other increasing light the Lord has given to his people.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1928
    At the same time the Elisha work of the church, foreshadowed by the Prophet Elisha, is in full swing and the remnant of the servant class is telling the people concerning God’s impending judgments upon the organization of the nations of this world, which is Satan’s organization.
    Light, 1930
    Those who are of the temple class have the spirit of God in the measure that came to Elisha, and they do the work which Elisha foreshadowed.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1931
  3. 1932 Refined

    Elisha's work was now specifically defined as a witness work vindicating Jehovah's name, including the announcement of divine judgments. The identification of his activity as a work of restitution was explicitly rejected.

    1 quote
    The Elisha work of the church is a witness work in vindication of Jehovah’s name. Elisha did no actual bloody work, but he did anoint Jehu to do that very work in his time, and therefore Elisha had a part in it. Elisha survived Jehu, which seems to say that the Elisha work of giving testimony will continue after Armageddon.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1932
  4. 1933–1941 Broadened

    The identification with the faithful anointed remnant continued, but the scope was expressly broadened to include those who had come into the truth after the World War and had not participated in the earlier Elijah work. Together they constituted the united Elisha class, devoted to fearless Kingdom witnessing and the vindication of Jehovah's name. The work was generally dated from 1919, although its more vigorous organizational development was associated with 1922.

    11 quotes
    That work has not been confined exclusively to those who had done the Elijah work and who were pictured by Judah and his companions.
    1933 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses
    The facts in support of the prophecy show that after 1919 Jehovah gave to his faithful remnant, which constitutes the Elisha class, “a double portion of [Elijah’s] spirit.” (2 Ki. 2:9)
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1933
    During the Elijah period of the church the faithful ones in a measure reflected the glory of the Lord, but, being transferred from the Elijah to the Elisha period of the Lord’s work, they have greater honor and glory of service, because the Elisha work is an unselfish devotion to the honor of Jehovah’s name.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1934
    It was in that year that a convention of consecrated ones assembled at Cedar Point, Ohio, and there it was made known to them, by the grace of the Lord, that the work done by the fearless Elisha foreshadowed work yet to be done on the earth, and that these faithful ones must go forward in a fearless manner and do the work that God had put in their hands and do it to his glory.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1935
    With intelligence and real earnestness the work of God’s people in the Elisha period began about 1922, which date marks the second outpouring of the holy spirit.
    The Watchtower, April 15, 1935
    The Elisha work in completeness or major fulfillment began approximately 1919. Such work was in fact a continuation of that work originally assigned to Elijah, and since the cessation of the Elijah work God’s true witnesses, the remnant, under the command and leadership of Christ Jesus, continue to give the warning “before”, as Malachi says, “the great and dreadful day of the Lord.”
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1936
    Elisha showed no fear of creatures, and pictured what must take place after 1919. The experiences through which the faithful servants of Jehovah have passed furnish an abundance of proof that the fear of man and of the Devil and his agents must not be permitted to deter them in their work or interfere with their maintaining their integrity toward God.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1937
    The “faithful and wise servant” class is doing the antitypical Elisha work, and therefore a part of that work has to do with the destruction of the city; but the constructive work takes precedence over the destructive work.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1938
    The facts that have since come to pass definitely prove that the Elijah work ended in 1918 and that the Elisha work began in 1919, after the pause or period of waiting, and that the Elisha work must continue until Armageddon.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1939
    God raised up the same body, therefore proving that the same faithful persons who finished the Elijah work were used of the Lord in beginning the Elisha work of God’s remnant of witnesses.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1940
    In due time he saw to it that his servants in various parts of the earth were released from prison that preparation might be made for the “Elisha work”, that is, the bold and fearless witness concerning Jehovah’s name and his Kingdom unto the nations of the earth.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1941

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

4 readings
  1. 1942–1955 Unchanged

    The identification with the faithful anointed remnant continued. The Elisha work succeeded the earlier Elijah phase and involved fearless Kingdom proclamation, spiritual education, and expanded house-to-house witnessing. Publications during these years generally still related the historical transition to 1918–1919.

    6 quotes
    Hence they said in effect: “My soul desireth the first-ripe fig.” In other words, they desired the Elisha work of God’s remnant to begin. Hungry to eat that meat which is to do the Lord's will, they yearned for the new season of receiving and bearing forth the fruits of Jehovah's kingdom to the peoples. — John 4: 32, 34.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1942
    First after the Lord came to the temple in 1918 and after the Elijah work was forcibly stopped that year and then the “Elisha work”, its successor, was opened in 1919, the general house-to-house witnessing began in the real sense.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1943
    God’s pleasure for them, as he caused them to know it through his unfolding Word, was and is for them to go forward and push through the waters of the peoples, as Elisha passed through the smitten waters of the Jordan river and took up the work of the prophet Elijah.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1944
    The work that Elisha thereafter did foreshadowed the work done on the earth by the faithful followers of Christ Jesus and done under the direction of Christ Jesus, God’s Elect Servant, from and after the time that he came to the temple of Jehovah in the year 1918.—Mal. 3: 1-3; 4:5, 6.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1945
    Jehovah’s witnesses now on earth must keep up the offensive against demonism in these closing days of the Elisha work.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1947
    Elisha asked for a “double portion" of the spirit that had rested upon Elijah. Pastor Russell personally, the Bible Students thought, had done a work parallel to that of Elijah. He had notified Christendom for forty years that she was coming to her day of judgment at the Kingdom’s establishment, in 1914. Now it was time for the “Elisha work”—with twice the spirit!
    Jehovah's Witnesses—The New World Society, 1955
  2. 1944 Depends on context

    In a contextual application of the prophetic work, Jesus Christ was called the Greater Elijah and the Greater Elisha, with the faithful anointed remnant serving under him as members of his body. This complemented rather than displaced the identification of the earthly Elisha class with the anointed remnant.

    1 quote
    He is the Greater Elijah and the Greater Elisha, and he associates with himself in this work the remnant of faithful members of his "body".
    The Kingdom Is at Hand, 1944
  3. 1961–1974 Refined

    The Elisha class remained the faithful anointed remnant, but the principal historical transition was now associated with the death of J. F. Rutherford and the succession of N. H. Knorr in 1942. The Elisha work was depicted as intensified worldwide Kingdom preaching, ministerial education, and spiritual healing, benefiting the growing great crowd of other sheep. In 1974 Elisha was explicitly identified with the remaining members of Christ's bride, the anointed remnant of the 144,000.

    4 quotes
    The anointed Elisha class undertook the responsibility of carrying out fully the divine commission as symbolized by Elijah’s official garment.
    Let Your Name Be Sanctified, 1961
    That prophetically pictured the end of the work by the Elijah class and the continuation of the same work, only intensified, by the Elisha class.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1965
    The years since 1942 have told their tale regarding the exploits of the anointed Elisha class, accompanied by an ever-increasing number of the "great crowd."—Rev. 7:9-17.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1967
    So he can be used as a picture or prophetic type of the remaining ones of the bride of Christ yet on earth, the remnant of the 144,000 who will be united with Christ in the heavens.
    The Watchtower, July 1, 1974
  4. 1961–1966 Depends on context

    In an additional prophetic application of Elisha's survival during Jehu's destructive activity, the anointed Elisha class was expected to remain alive on earth after the Greater Jehu, Jesus Christ, had executed judgment at Armageddon. This expectation was explicitly expressed in 1961 and repeated in 1966.

    2 quotes
    What a joyful privilege it will be for the Elisha class and their companions, the Jehonadab class, to witness the zeal and the jealousy of the Greater Jehu for Jehovah and to survive here on earth the battle of Armageddon and to behold the execution of the judgments of Jehovah God against the modern counterparts of Ahab’s house, Queen Jezebel and the prophets, priests and worshipers of Baal!
    Let Your Name Be Sanctified, 1961
    Also, as Elisha lived through the destructive work of Jehu of old, so too some of the anointed Elisha class of today will evidently survive the destructive activity of the Greater Jehu, Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1966

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

1 reading
  1. 1985 Unchanged

    The modern-day Elisha class continued to be mentioned as an example for Jehovah's Witnesses engaged in preaching and missionary service. No replacement identification was stated.

    1 quote
    Recounting the prophetic drama of Elijah and Elisha, he urged them to imitate the modern-day Elisha class and stick to their work to the finish.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1985

Governing Body

1992–

2 readings
  1. 2003 Unchanged

    The designation Elisha class was explicitly retained for anointed Christians. At the same time, the account’s practical encouragement was extended to all God’s servants who need holy spirit to carry out new or difficult assignments.

    1 quote
    Today, anointed Christians (sometimes called the Elisha class) and God’s servants in general can draw much encouragement from this Bible account.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 2003, p. 31, Questions From Readers
  2. 2015 Depends on context

    Elisha was applied as an example for brothers being trained for congregation responsibilities: accept humble assignments, remain faithful, and respect experienced elders. The article did not announce a replacement for the earlier Elisha-class identification.

    1 quote
    How can you imitate Elisha today? Promptly accept assignments, including humble tasks. View your teacher as a friend, and let him know how much you appreciate the effort he makes in your behalf.
    The Watchtower, April 15, 2015, pp. 8–13, How Elders Train Others to Become Qualified, pars. 12–17