Elijah
Also in Русский · Українська
Also known as Elias · Elijah the Tishbite · Elias the prophet · Elijah the prophet · Antitypical Elijah · The Elijah class · Modern Elijah · Modern-day Elijah · The Elijah work · The greater Elijah
In 1877, Elijah was identified as a type of the Gospel Church, the body of Christ. From 1883 through 1916, Russell-era publications repeatedly identified the true Church of overcomers, or little flock, as the antitypical Elijah, with John the Baptist serving as a preliminary fulfillment. Elijah's persecution, wilderness experiences, and departure were applied to the Church's history and expected glorification. In the transfiguration vision, Elijah represented the Gospel-age Church, explicitly including Jesus and his followers by 1912. In 1916-1918, Elijah and Elisha were distinguished as two classes, but in 1919 this interpretation was reversed: both prophets were said to represent the same little flock in successive phases of its work, separated by the crisis of 1918. This interpretation continued through 1931. In 1934, a separate contextual interpretation identified Elijah in the transfiguration vision with Christ Jesus performing a preparatory work. Publications in 1942, 1943, and 1947 still placed the Elijah work before 1918 and the succeeding Elisha work after 1919. In 1952 and 1955, John the Baptist was again explained as a first-century counterpart of Elijah. A major chronological reinterpretation appeared in 1961: the Elijah work was said to have continued until 1942, when the Elisha work succeeded it. This was repeated in 1965, while the modern Elijah was identified with the anointed faithful and discreet slave class. In 1974, the transfiguration interpretation changed again: Elijah represented the Hebrew prophets rather than Christ Jesus as in the 1934 explanation. Publications from 1982 through 1991 distinguished John the Baptist's first-century fulfillment from the greater modern fulfillment associated with Jehovah's Witnesses. In 1995, the modern Elijah was explicitly identified with the faithful and discreet slave class of anointed Christians, an identification reinforced by the description of their preaching activity in 1997. Verified interpretations were found in all five periods: Russell, Rutherford, Knorr, Franz, and the Governing Body.
- 1 Kings 17:1-24
- 1 Kings 18:1-46
- 1 Kings 19:1-21
- 1 Kings 21:17-29
- 2 Kings 2:1-14
- Mal. 4:5-6
- Matt. 11:14
- Matt. 17:1-13
- Mark 9:2-13
- Luke 1:17
- John 1:19-21
- Rev. 11:3-6
- Rev. 12:6, 14
Key moments
- 1877 Introduced Elijah typifies the Gospel Church, the body of Christ, throughout its humiliation, persecution, wilderness experience, and final victory.
- 1919–1931 Reversal Elijah and Elisha are reidentified as the same little flock or anointed class performing successive works. Elijah pictures the restoration and witness work before the 1918 interruption; Elisha pictures renewed, fearless witness activity afterward, especially from 1919. The two prophets no longer represent two separate classes.
- 1961–1965 Reversal The Elijah-to-Elisha changeover is reinterpreted chronologically. Instead of ending in 1918 and giving way to the Elisha work in 1919, the Elijah work is now said to have continued through the subsequent decades and ended in 1942, around Rutherford's death, when the anointed Elisha class continued the same commission.
- 1989–1991 Refined The first-century fulfillment in John the Baptist is distinguished from the greater fulfillment preceding Jehovah's day. The modern work of Elijah and Elisha is associated with Jehovah's Witnesses restoring pure worship and preaching God's Kingdom.
Russell
Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916
-
Elijah typifies the Gospel Church, the body of Christ, throughout its humiliation, persecution, wilderness experience, and final victory.
1 quote
As Elijah was a type of the gospel church, there should be a correspondence, as there always must be between type and antitype.
The Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World, 1877 -
Elijah represents the true Church of overcomers, particularly the faithful little flock while still in the flesh. His experiences foreshadow its persecution, preservation, testimony against false religion, and ultimate heavenly glorification. Elisha is distinguished as a less fully overcoming class.
12 quotes
But if we look backward and compare the life of Elijah with the history of the true church of overcomers, we shall see such a marvelous coincidence as will convince us of the correctness of our supposition that he was the type, and the church the real Elijah.
The Watchtower, November 1, 1883 John was called the Elias because he was another figure, as Elijah was, of the real Elijah, antitypical--the true church in the flesh.
The Watchtower, September 1, 1887 And the fact that Elijah was to come before the great day, and that now we have found in the Church the antitypical Elijah to whom Malachi the prophet referred and whom John the Baptist further typified, should be esteemed another evidence that the time is at hand--that the great Day of the Lord has come.
The Time Is at Hand, 1888 In some companies the Elijah class may predominate, but usually the Elisha will be the more numerous, and growingly so; for, evidently, though both classes are to be delivered from Babylon's bondage, the large majority of the "overcomers," being stronger, are already free.
The Watchtower, August 1, 1889 The beheading of the one, and the whirlwind and fiery chariot which bore away the other, probably indicate violence to the last members of the body of Christ.
Thy Kingdom Come, 1891 They will not hear the voice of the antitypical Elijah Class--the Church in the flesh (See Millennial Dawn, Vol. II., Chap. viii.)--and hence the earth will be smitten with the great disaster so clearly foretold in Scripture.--`Mal. 4:6`.
The Watchtower, March 15, 1892 Elijah, as one of these prophets, will be honored and blessed after the antitypical Elijah (the Gospel Church) has been glorified.
The Watchtower, July 15, 1898 The real Elijah, who for nineteen centuries has been fulfilling the predictions of Malachi, the prophet, has been composed of the many faithful witnesses for Christ throughout this Gospel age.
The Watchtower, December 15, 1904 Slaying of false prophets--overthrow of false doctrines, etc.--`I Kings 18:40`. (3) Subsequent flight to save his life--the complete separation of a class from the power of Jezebel in the interest of the new life, 1829 to 1846, corresponding to the Cleansed Sanctuary Class.--`I Kings 19:1-4`; Vol. III., pp. 83-119. (4) Elijah's first awakening (`19:5`) corresponds to the spiritual awakening of this class, known as the "Miller Movement."
The Watchtower, July 15, 1908 The antitypical Elijah, God's saintly people, are today learning to discriminate between different manifestations of Divine power through different agencies.
The Watchtower, January 1, 1911 Similarly, Elijah the Prophet and his dealings with Ahab, Jezebel and the affairs of Israel, was a type of the true Church of Christ in the flesh--this side the veil.
The Watchtower, August 15, 1915 The three and a half years, 1260 days, of Elijah's experiences while hiding in the wilderness from Queen Jezebel were symbolic, and corresponded to the 1260 years of the true Church in the wilderness condition, where she had fled from the antitypical Jezebel.
The Watchtower, February 15, 1916 -
John the Baptist is acknowledged as an antitype of Elijah in a limited first-century fulfillment, while a larger antitypical Elijah is still associated with the Gospel Church.
1 quote
Our Lord's answer was that Elias had already come (John the Baptist, the antitype of Elijah), and that the Jews knew him not, recognized him not, but had done to him whatsoever they pleased--imprisoning him and ultimately beheading him in prison.
The Watchtower, December 15, 1903 -
In the transfiguration vision, Elijah represents the Gospel-age Church, the overcomers and spirit-begotten sons who will share Christ's Kingdom. By 1912 the Elijah class is explicitly described as including Jesus and all his earthly followers.
3 quotes
He is now, and ever will be, a glorious spirit being of the highest order—the divine nature: and the transfiguration was intended to convey to the minds of his disciples a faint conception of the glory which excelleth. Moses represented the faithful overcomers who preceded our Lord, described by the Apostle ('Heb. 11:39,40'), who cannot be made perfect until the Kingdom shall have been established. Elijah represented the overcomers of the Gospel age.
The New Creation, 1904 Elijah represented the Church of this Gospel Age, which will end her earthly career by being taken to heaven, even as Elijah typically was carried into the heavens.
The Watchtower, October 1, 1911 In other words, the Elijah class is composed of Jesus and all of His footstep followers throughout this Gospel Age--in their earthly or fleshly condition, spirit-begotten, but not yet spirit-born.
The Watchtower, October 15, 1912 -
The fiery chariot separating Elijah and Elisha is applied to a future separation between the faithful little flock and the great company, regarded as two distinct classes.
1 quote
Fire always represents destruction, and a chariot of fire would seem to signify some very trying experience that will separate the Elijah class from the Elisha class, and bring the deliverance of the Elijah class.
The Watchtower, February 1, 1916
Rutherford
Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942
-
The earlier distinction between the faithful Elijah class and the less zealous Elisha class continues. Elijah's departure is expected to foreshadow severe persecution and the heavenly deliverance of faithful saints.
2 quotes
Then the picture seems to indicate that the Elijah class will be taken up — changed in the great whirlwind of anarchy, indicating that some of the Lord's true saints may suffer some special persecution.
The Watchtower, January 1, 1917 If that is true, then it follows that it is the message of truth sent far and wide amongst the people that will cause the division or separation ; and it is manifest beyond the question of a doubt that it is the Elijah class that uses it, and not Elisha.
The Watchtower, February 15, 1918 -
Elijah and Elisha are reidentified as the same little flock or anointed class performing successive works. Elijah pictures the restoration and witness work before the 1918 interruption; Elisha pictures renewed, fearless witness activity afterward, especially from 1919. The two prophets no longer represent two separate classes.
9 quotes
Another evidence that Elijah and Elisha represented the same class is found in the fact that Elijah was commanded by the Lord to anoint Jehu king over Israel.
The Watchtower, August 15, 1919 In other words, the same people at different times, moved by a different degree of the spirit of love and confidence are pictured by these two prophets.
The Watchtower, July 1, 1920 As heretofore suggested in The Watch Tower (August, 1919), Elijah pictured the work of the church up to a time certain; and thereafter Elisha pictured the work of the church this side the vail.
The Watchtower, November 1, 1921 As we have heretofore observed, Elijah was a type of the church doing a work under its Head, Christ Jesus.
The Watchtower, November 1, 1922 Elijah pictured the work of the Church on this side the vail, done under the leadership of the Lord’s faithful and wise servant.
The Watchtower, April 1, 1924 It was in the year 1919 that the Lord permitted the church to see for the first time that Elijah pictured the work of the church prior to 1918 and that Elisha pictured the work of the church thereafter.
The Watchtower, April 15, 1926 It seems therefore clear that both Elijah and Elisha represent the work of the church, and not individuals in the church.
The Watchtower, March 15, 1927 It may well be said, then, that Elijah represented the anointed of God who earnestly and zealously engaged in the work of the church during the Elijah period.
The Watchtower, March 1, 1930 The two prophets must therefore represent identically the same class of anointed ones, while their separation represented the end of a specific work and the beginning later of another work in the name of the Lord.
The Watchtower, October 15, 1931 -
In the specific setting of the transfiguration vision, Elijah is said to picture Christ Jesus carrying out the preparatory work connected with the Kingdom. This is a contextual identification distinct from the standing Elijah-class interpretation.
1 quote
In that transfiguration scene Elias (Elijah) pictured Christ Jesus doing a certain work concerning the kingdom which concluded at a specific time, to wit, the work of ‘preparing the way before the Lord’; and Moses pictured Christ Jesus the great Prophet, Priest and King and who therefore is the Executive Officer of Jehovah.
The Watchtower, July 15, 1934
Knorr
Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977
-
The Elijah work continues to be identified with the earlier restoration of Bible truths by faithful Christians, particularly the period from 1878 to 1918. Elijah's work is said to have ended with the 1918 temple judgment and wartime interruption, with the succeeding Elisha work beginning in 1919.
3 quotes
With the Lord’s coming to the temple in 1918 the work pictured by Elijah's activities came to an end and was taken away as by a war-chariot of fire and in a whirlwind.
The Watchtower, May 15, 1942 John’s course, in fact, foreshadowed the “Elijah work”, from 1878 to 1918, of Jehovah’s witnesses, during which forty years there was no house-to-house witnessing by word of mouth except for a few hundred pioneers devoting all their time to door-to-door testimony.
The Watchtower, June 15, 1943 Other physical facts show that for forty years prior to 1918 faithful Christians did a work of restoring fundamental Bible truths and turning the hearts of many toward God, thus preparing the way before the second coming of the Lord.
The Watchtower, April 1, 1947 -
John the Baptist is explained as a first-century counterpart of Elijah who carried out a similar preparatory work of calling Israelites to repentance before Jesus' ministry, not as the resurrected historical prophet.
2 quotes
In the days of Jesus John the Baptist had completed the work as a forerunner. Also this reconciler worked hard to turn the people into the way of righteousness and if possible bring about their conversion. He well knew that if they were unconverted when the day of wrath was ready to be poured out they would be utterly destroyed. John the Baptist was performing a kind of service similar to that of Elijah.
The Watchtower, August 1, 1952 The Jews questioning John thought that Elijah would be resurrected to return and fulfill Malachi’s prophecy that Elijah would come and do a preparatory work before the arrival of “the great and terrible day of Jehovah.” (Mal. 4:5, 6, AS) But John was no resurrected Elijah; so he correctly denied that he was Elijah.
The Watchtower, November 1, 1955 -
The Elijah-to-Elisha changeover is reinterpreted chronologically. Instead of ending in 1918 and giving way to the Elisha work in 1919, the Elijah work is now said to have continued through the subsequent decades and ended in 1942, around Rutherford's death, when the anointed Elisha class continued the same commission.
2 quotes
In 1942, in the throes of World War II, the Elijah work passed. It passed away, fighting for the interests of the spiritual “Israel of God.” The Elijah class was not then in flight from the face of modern King Ahab’s house nor of Jezebelian religion and its clergy.
Let Your Name Be Sanctified, 1961 In between those two miracles another notable one occurred, when Elijah ascended to the heavens in a windstorm after being separated from Elisha by a fiery war chariot and horses. That prophetically pictured the end of the work by the Elijah class and the continuation of the same work, only intensified, by the Elisha class. The historical events occurring early in the war year of 1942 marked the fulfillment of this changeover.
The Watchtower, August 15, 1965 -
The faithful and discreet slave continues to be identified as the modern counterpart carrying out Elijah's foretold work of preparing people for Jehovah's day.
1 quote
True to the prophecy, in modern times the "faithful and discreet slave" has appeared to perform the foretold work of Elijah.
The Watchtower, October 1, 1967 -
In the transfiguration vision, Elijah is identified as representing the prophets of the Hebrew Scriptures, while Moses represents the Law covenant. This differs from the 1934 interpretation of Elijah in the same scene as Christ Jesus performing a preparatory work.
1 quote
Also, the conversation of the visionary Moses and Elijah about Jesus' exodus was proof that his humiliating death was not something to avoid, as Peter had desired. In this tableau, Moses, who was used by God to give the Law to Israel, represented that Law covenant. Elijah represented the other prophets. Both the Law and the prophets had foretold Christ, his life, his suffering, his sacrifice, his glory.
The Watchtower, May 15, 1974
Franz
Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992
-
John the Baptist is identified as fulfilling the Elijah prophecy in the first century through a work similar to Elijah's ministry, without being the resurrected prophet himself.
1 quote
John would not be Elijah; but he would do a work similar to that accomplished by the long-deceased prophet Elijah.
The Watchtower, October 1, 1982 -
The first-century fulfillment in John the Baptist is distinguished from the greater fulfillment preceding Jehovah's day. The modern work of Elijah and Elisha is associated with Jehovah's Witnesses restoring pure worship and preaching God's Kingdom.
2 quotes
However, "Elijah" was to be the forerunner of the "day of Jehovah," indicating a further fulfillment in this time of Christ's "presence."
The Watchtower, July 1, 1989 And for over a century, Jehovah's modern-day Witnesses have been carrying on a work involving the restoration of pure worship and the exalting of God's name.—Psalm 145:9-13; Matthew 24:14.
The Watchtower, September 15, 1991
Governing Body
1992–
-
The modern Elijah is identified specifically with the anointed faithful and discreet slave class. Its work involves spiritual feeding, Kingdom preaching, and courageous witness in a hostile world.
2 quotes
Thus "Elijah" is identified as the faithful and discreet slave class of anointed Christians on earth, to whom the Master, Jesus, has entrusted all His belongings.
The Watchtower, April 15, 1995 During the first world war, anointed Christians performed powerful works, just as Moses and Elijah had done.# (Revelation 11:5, 6) Since 1919 they have preached the good news in a hostile world, doing so with the courage of Elijah. (Matthew 24:9-14) And since 1922 they have proclaimed Jehovah's judgments on mankind, just as Moses brought God's plagues upon ancient Egypt.
The Watchtower, May 15, 1997 -
The modern Elijah-class interpretation remained explicit: its restoration of pure worship before Jehovah’s day was distinguished from John the Baptizer’s initial fulfillment. Millions with an earthly hope were described as supporting that class, rather than replacing its identification.
1 quote
the modern-day Elijah class, supported by millions of fellow Christians with an earthly hope, enthusiastically carry on the work of restoring pure worship, exalting the name of Jehovah, […]
The Watchtower, May 1, 2002, pp. 19–24, Who Will Survive the Day of Jehovah?, pars. 13–14 -
Elijah was presented as an example of faith, exclusive worship, and courage for individual Christians. The account did not supply a replacement modern antitype. It explicitly distinguished Christian conduct from Elijah’s execution of Baal’s prophets, rejecting religious violence by Jesus’ followers.
1 quote
However, Elijah was no fanatic. He was acting on Jehovah’s behalf in a just execution. Furthermore, genuine Christians know that they cannot follow Elijah’s course in taking a sword to the wicked.
The Watchtower, January 1, 2008, pp. 18–21, He Stood Up for Pure Worship -
Jehovah’s dealings with distressed Elijah were applied to comforting fellow believers: listen patiently even to repeated concerns, visit when possible, and correct mistaken thinking kindly. This is a practical application to Christians generally; the article does not announce a new modern antitype.
1 quote
Our loving God listened to Elijah as he expressed his concerns even though He already knew what was troubling him. Jehovah even listened patiently as Elijah repeated himself!
The Watchtower, April 2026, pp. 20–25, Learn From “the God of All Comfort”, pars. 4, 6, 10
Thank you!
Your suggestion has been sent. New topics are added as they are researched.