Babylon; Babylon the Great
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Also known as Babylon · Babylon the Great · Mystic Babylon · Mystical Babylon
The identification developed through several distinct stages. In 1880-1905 Babylon was consistently associated with apostate or nominal Christian church systems: first apostate sects generally, then the great apostasy from Rome through Protestantism, and finally nominal Christendom as Babylon, with Rome as the mother and Protestant systems as her daughters. In 1918 the united denominational systems were still Babylon, mother and daughters. In 1921 Papacy was specifically called Babylon the Great in a contextual application, while in 1922 the term was contextually applied to the worldly nations collectively. In 1924 the standing identification remained modern Christianity. In 1926 Babylon was more precisely placed as the ecclesiastical wing of the Devil's organization. In 1930 the earlier apostate-church interpretation was explicitly rejected and replaced by a much broader identification: Babylon was the Devil's organization itself. This broader view was repeated in 1935, 1944, 1946, 1947, and 1950, with the 1944 and 1947 statements explicitly including Satan's entire visible and invisible organization. In 1963 the identification was narrowed to the world empire of false religion, including both professed Christian and pagan religion. That religious-empire identification remained stable in 1965, 1970, 1976, 1977, 1979, and 1980.
- Isa. 14:4
- 12-15
- Jer. 50:1-46
- Jer. 51:1-64
- Rev. 14:8
- Rev. 17:1-18
- Rev. 18:1-24
- Rev. 19:1-6
Key moments
- 1880 Introduced The great harlot was applied to apostate religious sects bearing the likeness of the mother of harlots.
- 1881 Refined Babylon the Great represented the entire great Christian apostasy, from the Church of Rome through the Protestant denominations.
- 1883 Refined The Babylonian harlot was identified as a false and apostate worldly church; Rome was treated as the mother system and other church systems as her daughters.
- 1926 Refined Babylon was now explicitly located within a larger Satanic organization as its ecclesiastical wing.
- 1930 Reversal The former identification of Babylon as an apostate nominal church was explicitly rejected. Babylon was instead identified with the Devil's religion and organization itself.
- 1963 Narrowed The identification was narrowed from Satan's entire organization to the worldwide empire of false religion, embracing both professed Christian and pagan religions.
- 2016 Refined Spiritual captivity to Babylon the Great was extended back from the brief 1918–1919 period to the apostasy beginning in the second century C.E. Release remained dated to 1919; the dry-bones vision was read in that longer setting.
- 2023 Refined Preparations for leaving Babylon the Great were traced through centuries before 1919, including printing, Bible translation, and earlier religious research. The figurative highway was still described as opening for both anointed Christians and other sheep in 1919.
- 2025 Reversal The “thought” of Revelation 17:17 was reinterpreted as the nations handing authority to the United Nations, rather than directly deciding to destroy false religion. That sudden transfer was expected to enable Babylon’s subsequent destruction.
- 2026 Broadened The proclamation of “peace and security” was no longer fixed before Babylon the Great’s destruction. Two timings were allowed: before or after that destruction, with the nations’ sudden destruction still following the proclamation.
Russell
Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916
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The great harlot was applied to apostate religious sects bearing the likeness of the mother of harlots.
1 quote
Hence, the symbolic description of the great harlot will apply to every apostate sect that bears her likeness, or semblance.
The Watchtower, December 1, 1880 -
Babylon the Great represented the entire great Christian apostasy, from the Church of Rome through the Protestant denominations.
1 quote
This is symbolical and expressive of all names and denominations of the great apostacy, from the church of Rome to the most extreme division of Protestantism who make void the truth by their traditions, and so fill up the measure of Paul's predictions, which is evidence that Paul spoke not of himself but as he was instructed by the Holy Spirit.
The Watchtower, June 1, 1881 -
The Babylonian harlot was identified as a false and apostate worldly church; Rome was treated as the mother system and other church systems as her daughters.
2 quotes
What then must the contrasted symbol, the Babylonian harlot, represent? Surely some false and apostate church, some church which, while professing to belong to Christ, is in reality given up to fellowship with the world, and linked in closest union with the kings of the earth; a worldly church, which has left her first love, forgotten her heavenly calling, sunk into carnality and sin, and proved shamelessly and glaringly faithless to her Lord.
The Watchtower, April 1, 1883 But the same (Babylon) applies to her entire family; her daughters inherit both her nature and name, for she is a "mother of harlots," and her works they do.
The Watchtower, April 1, 1883 -
The same identification was stated directly: nominal Christendom was Babylon or Mystic Babylon.
1 quote
The message now is that nominal Christendom is hereafter to be known as "Babylon," confusion, and that all who are truly the Lord's people are now to hear his voice and to flee out of Mystic Babylon, that they be not partakers of her sins, and that they receive not a share of her plagues from the vials of wrath which shortly shall be poured out upon her.
The Watchtower, October 15, 1898 -
Babylon, mother and daughters, continued to denote earthly church organizations.
1 quote
You have already suggested that the expression, "These are they which were not defiled by women" (Rev. 14:4) symbolically refers to earthly church organizations, represented as women--Babylon, mother and daughters.
The Watchtower, July 15, 1905
Rutherford
Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942
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The united denominational religious systems were still identified collectively as Babylon, mother and daughters.
1 quote
The thrusting in of that sickle of truth has had the effect of causing all denominations or religions systems to bind themselves together in bundles; thus uniting to oppose the message of truth. This binding together in bundles, according to the parable, must take place before the destruction of the tares. That these bundles have for some time been bound together cannot be gainsaid. The tacit union of the systems is complete, all together composing Babylon, mother and daughters. The doom of Babylon is sealed and has been announced.
The Watchtower, May 1, 1918 -
In this discussion Papacy itself was specifically denominated Babylon the Great and described as the fallen church and parent system.
1 quote
For this very reason, Papacy is denominated “Babylon the Great”; the Babylon of old was full of these abominations, and therefore well typified the fallen church of the gospel age.
The Golden Age, May 11, 1921 -
In a contextual use, the Gentile worldly nations collectively were described as great Babylon, contrasted with God's coming kingdom.
1 quote
The Lord acknowledges none of them, but describes them unitedly as great Babylon, which in due time will fall and give place to the glorious kingdom which the Lord has promised — the antitype of the Jewish kingdom under a still more favorable covenant, under a still better Mediator, under a still more grand and glorious King than David or Solomon or any other.
The Watchtower, February 15, 1922 -
The standing religious interpretation continued: ancient Babylon was said to be typical of modern Christianity and its denominations.
1 quote
That the preachers generally are blind is evidenced from the fact that they cannot see that ancient Babylon was typical of modern Christianity, which has gotten so far off the track of righteousness and truth as to be a blasphemous outrage in the sight of God.
The Watchtower, February 1, 1924 -
Babylon was now explicitly located within a larger Satanic organization as its ecclesiastical wing.
1 quote
These prison keepers up to this time have been able to keep many of you in the prisons, but the Lord has graciously provided that you can stay in your homes and hear the message of truth and study the message of truth regardless of the warden of the prison or of the guards that he, the warden, has appointed over you. The Scriptures use the term Babylon, which symbolically represents the ecclesiastical wing of the Devil’s organization.
The Golden Age, December 15, 1926 -
The former identification of Babylon as an apostate nominal church was explicitly rejected. Babylon was instead identified with the Devil's religion and organization itself.
1 quote
Therefore it could not mean an apostate religion; but it does mean that which it is and always has been, a devilish religion and devilish organization.
Prophecy, 1930 -
The 1930 interpretation was repeated, and the older Catholic-system identification was again explicitly called an error.
1 quote
Thus the old "whore", as the Scriptures call "Babylon", which is Satan’s organization, has defiled and debauched that which is called "organized Christianity".
The Watchtower, February 1, 1935
Knorr
Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977
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Babylon continued to be Satan's woman or organization, with a visible part on earth.
1 quote
“Enemy” here is in the female gender in the Hebrew, showing that it applies to Satan’s “woman”, his organization Babylon, which brings forth the 'seed of the Serpent’.
The Watchtower, June 1, 1942 -
The broad identification was made explicit: Babylon denoted Satan's entire organization, including both its invisible and visible parts.
1 quote
Because the city Babylon became the outstanding and dominant part of Satan’s earthly organization, his entire organization of invisible and visible parts is called “Babylon” in God’s Word.
The Watchtower, January 15, 1944 -
Ancient Babylon was still said to foreshadow Satan's worldly organization, in contrast with Jehovah's organization.
1 quote
Since then Jehovah God has revealed to his studious people the clear distinction between Satan’s worldly organization foreshadowed by Babylon and the organization of Jehovah God.
The Watchtower, April 15, 1946 -
Babylon again symbolized Satan's organization as a whole in heaven and on earth, not merely false religion.
1 quote
Hence the Bible uses that political, religious organization of Babylon to symbolize Satan’s organization as a whole in heaven and in earth.
The Watchtower, March 1, 1947 -
Mystic Babylon was still described as Satan's woman exercising worldwide oppressive power.
1 quote
ANCIENT Babylon sat astride the river Euphrates and extended her imperialistic power over peoples, nations and tongues. So Satan’s woman, mystic Babylon, has wielded its oppressive power over all mankind. Only Jehovah our God the Almighty could effect their deliverance by taking to himself his great power and again beginning to rule as universal King and destroying Babylon at the coming battle of Armageddon.
The Watchtower, December 15, 1950 -
The identification was narrowed from Satan's entire organization to the worldwide empire of false religion, embracing both professed Christian and pagan religions.
1 quote
It is a symbol for the world empire of false religion based on Babylon’s religion, be this professed Christian or pagan.
The Watchtower, October 15, 1963 -
The new religious-empire identification was repeated as the standing meaning of modern-day Babylon the Great.
1 quote
We read his judgment with great interest, with a view to a consideration later on of modern-day Babylon the Great, the world empire of false religion.
The Watchtower, June 15, 1965 -
Babylon the Great continued to mean the world empire of false religion, made up of both pagan and professed Christian religious systems.
1 quote
All the developments of these times show that the day draws near when Jehovah God will bring about the destruction of Babylon the Great, the world empire of false religion.
The Watchtower, March 1, 1970 -
The world-empire-of-false-religion identification was repeated without change.
1 quote
In our twentieth century, after the end of World War I in 1918, the anointed remnant were revitalized spiritually and marched out from captivity to Babylon the Great, the world empire of false religion, in order to resume their Kingdom service.
Holy Spirit—The Force Behind the Coming New Order, 1976
Franz
Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992
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Babylon the Great remained the whole world empire of false religion, explicitly including both Christendom and heathendom.
1 quote
First of all, it will have the capability of destroying the whole world empire of false religion, both Christendom's and heathendom's religious organizations, called in the Bible mystic "Babylon the Great"!
The Watchtower, January 15, 1977 -
The same interpretation was repeated in connection with the modern liberation of the spiritual Israelites.
1 quote
In modern fulfillment of that vision the remnant of spiritual Israelites were revived in the spring of 1919 and were liberated from Babylon the Great, the world empire of false religion, and from abject subjection to her political, judicial and military paramours who did her bidding during World War I.
The Watchtower, June 15, 1979 -
Babylon the Great still included all false religious systems, Christian and non-Christian alike.
1 quote
Such will just be going into another religious system that is doomed, for they all belong to Babylon the Great, the world empire of false religion.
The Watchtower, March 1, 1980
Governing Body
1992–
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Spiritual captivity to Babylon the Great was extended back from the brief 1918–1919 period to the apostasy beginning in the second century C.E. Release remained dated to 1919; the dry-bones vision was read in that longer setting.
1 quote
That spiritual captivity lasted from the second century C.E. to 1919. Why is this adjusted view warranted?
The Watchtower, March 2016, pp. 29–31, Questions From Readers: When were God’s people held captive by Babylon the Great? -
The claim that wartime lack of preaching zeal caused a new Babylonian captivity was rejected. Bible Students were described as actively separating from false religion. The Jewish exile’s similarities were retained without making it an exact prophetic type of Christian captivity.
2 quotes
the Lord’s people did everything they could to keep the preaching work going. There is strong evidence to support this testimony.
The Watchtower, November 2016, pp. 26–30, They Broke Free From False Religion, par. 5 and endnote 1 However, the Jewish captivity does not appear to be a prophetic type of what happened to Christians.
The Watchtower, November 2016, pp. 26–30, They Broke Free From False Religion, par. 5 and endnote 1 -
Preparations for leaving Babylon the Great were traced through centuries before 1919, including printing, Bible translation, and earlier religious research. The figurative highway was still described as opening for both anointed Christians and other sheep in 1919.
1 quote
You are likely among them. Although the road was opened some 100 years ago, preparatory work on that highway began centuries earlier.
The Watchtower, May 2023, pp. 14–19, Keep Traveling on “the Way of Holiness”, pars. 8–14 -
The “thought” of Revelation 17:17 was reinterpreted as the nations handing authority to the United Nations, rather than directly deciding to destroy false religion. That sudden transfer was expected to enable Babylon’s subsequent destruction.
1 quote
However, an adjustment is needed. The “thought” that Jehovah will put into the hearts of the nations is for them to give “their kingdom to the wild beast.”
The Watchtower, November 2025, p. 31, Questions From Readers: What “thought” will Jehovah put into the hearts of the nations in the near future? -
Babylon the Great was still identified with the entire world empire of false religion. Its future destruction was distinguished from the subsequent attack on Jehovah’s people and Armageddon.
1 quote
Babylon the Great, the world empire of false religion, which the Devil has used for centuries to spread lies about Jehovah.
The Watchtower, April 2026, pp. 8–13, “The God of Truth” Always Fulfills His Purpose, pars. 10, 14 -
The proclamation of “peace and security” was no longer fixed before Babylon the Great’s destruction. Two timings were allowed: before or after that destruction, with the nations’ sudden destruction still following the proclamation.
1 quote
Put simply, we do not know for sure the timing of the future proclamation of “peace and security.”
The Watchtower, February 2026, pp. 30–31, Questions From Readers: When will the nations proclaim “peace and security”?
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