Type/antitype 1881–2019

Baal

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Also known as Baalim · Baals · Baal worship · Baalism · Baal religion · Bel

In 1881, refusal to worship Baal was applied to faithful Christians who rejected the papal Beast and Protestant Image; this comparison was repeated in 1882, 1883, and 1899. In 1915, the prophets of Baal were more specifically identified with clergy serving false church institutions. The same interpretation continued in 1919 and 1927, when organized religion was compared with Baalism. In 1930, Baal worship was described more broadly as the Devil's religion, and in 1932 it was explained as submission to Satan's organization. This identification was repeated through 1939. Under Knorr, the 1942 publications maintained that Satan was the lord represented by Baal and that Baalism corresponded to false religion. This interpretation continued in 1944, 1945, and 1950. In 1955, modern Baalism was explicitly associated with materialism within Christendom, an application developed further in 1958 and 1961. In 1969, the destruction of Baal's worshipers illustrated the need to separate from Babylon the Great. Under Franz, the destruction of Baal's altar was applied contextually to Christian preaching in 1977, and the separation from Babylon the Great was reiterated in 1981. In 1984, Baal was explicitly reaffirmed as representing Satan, while modern Baalism included materialism, sexual immorality, spiritism, and false religious teachings. During the Governing Body period, publications in 1996, 1997, and 1999 used Baal worship as a comparison for apostate Christianity and contemporary immorality. In 1999, the ancient cult was described as extinct, while its characteristics were compared with modern society. No explicit rejection of the Baal–Satan identification was found.

13readings
31quotes
1change

Key moments

  1. 1881–1899 Introduced The Israelites who refused to worship Baal were compared with faithful Christians who rejected the papal Beast, Protestant Image, and religious Babylon. The seven thousand who did not bow to Baal illustrated faithful believers remaining separate from false religious systems.
  2. 1915 Refined The prophets of Baal represented the priests and religious representatives serving false church institutions, just as the ancient prophets served Jezebel and Ahab.
  3. 1930 Broadened Baal worship was identified more broadly with the Devil's religion, a satanic religious system extending beyond the clergy of professed Christianity.
  4. 1932–1939 Refined Baal was explicitly associated with Satan as lord of his organization. Baal worship represented submission to that organization, including false religious systems and their supporters. The prophetic destruction of Baal's worshipers represented judgment against those siding with the Devil, particularly the religious systems of Christendom.
  5. 1955–1969 Refined Modern Baalism was increasingly explained in terms of materialism and religious compromise within Christendom. It included the glorification of wealth, nationalism, and immoral conduct. The biblical example of Baal worshipers also illustrated the necessity of separating from Babylon the Great.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

2 readings
  1. 1881–1899 Introduced

    The Israelites who refused to worship Baal were compared with faithful Christians who rejected the papal Beast, Protestant Image, and religious Babylon. The seven thousand who did not bow to Baal illustrated faithful believers remaining separate from false religious systems.

    4 quotes
    Even so now also there are more than two or three who worship Jehovah and His Christ only, and are controlled only by His Word; and now there doubtless are 7,000 or more who neither worship the Papal "Beast" nor the Protestant "Image."
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1881
    We mention these things that you may be encouraged, for often we might feel like Elijah that we are measurably alone; but like him should know that there are others who do not bow either to Baal or Babylon.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1882
    I have been waiting and trusting, a little like the old prophet Elijah, almost thinking I was left alone, when to my astonishment I learn from the TOWER that a work is going on, and thousands are yet in existence who do not bow the knee to the image of Baal or Babylon.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1883
    Think of the possibilities, remembering that now as in Elijah's day there are probably more than seven thousand Israelites indeed who have not bowed the knee to Baal.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1899
  2. 1915 Refined

    The prophets of Baal represented the priests and religious representatives serving false church institutions, just as the ancient prophets served Jezebel and Ahab.

    1 quote
    As the Prophets of Baal were under the care of Queen Jezebel and under the patronage of King Ahab, so the priests and the religious representatives of a great church system have been the obedient servants of the great false institutions pictured by Ahab and Jezebel.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1915

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

3 readings
  1. 1919–1927 Unchanged

    The prophets and priests of Baal continued to foreshadow the preachers and religious leaders of false Christianity. The religious systems associated with Ahab and Jezebel represented organized religion, which claimed to serve God while behaving like ancient Baal worshipers.

    3 quotes
    Keeping in mind that the 450 priests of Baal represented the preachers of our day, we can see how appropriate the application is.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1919
    Since Jesus says that this must be a restitution of all things, it must mean that the work must result in restoring to the people of God that which was taken away by reason of the influence of Satan the enemy working through his priests, foreshadowed by the priests of Baal.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1927
    The kingdom of Israel under Ahab and Jezebel is a fitting representative picture of the great systems of organized religion which have professed to serve and represent God, but which, as the Scriptures show, have in spirit been as far from the worship of God as Baalism was.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1927
  2. 1930 Broadened

    Baal worship was identified more broadly with the Devil's religion, a satanic religious system extending beyond the clergy of professed Christianity.

    1 quote
    Baal worship, the Devil religion, became the established religion of all the nations aside from Israel, and in time Israel fell under the spell of that satanic religion.
    The Golden Age, October 1, 1930
  3. 1932–1939 Refined

    Baal was explicitly associated with Satan as lord of his organization. Baal worship represented submission to that organization, including false religious systems and their supporters. The prophetic destruction of Baal's worshipers represented judgment against those siding with the Devil, particularly the religious systems of Christendom.

    6 quotes
    Baal worship, therefore, is a religion or worship of the Devil by joining or uniting with the organization of which Satan the Devil is master, husband and owner and by which union the Devil is accepted as lord and master.
    Vindication, Volume II, 1932
    As Jehu caused all the Baal worshipers to identify themselves before he slew them, so likewise Christ Jesus, the Greater Jehu, will cause all the Devil’s representatives to identify themselves before He slays them.
    The Golden Age, March 29, 1933
    Then "Christendom", that is, the Baal worshipers, observed that Jehovah’s witnesses are challengers of Satan and his organization. The people have been plainly told that deliverance cannot come to them through the League of Nations or any other worldly scheme, such as the Catholic Guild Prayer Movement, launched by the Catholic hierarchy and endorsed by the "distinguished men" of the nation.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1935
    Jehu had not bowed and never did bow the knee in worship and obedience to Baal, symbol of the Devil.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1936
    The Hierarchy did not get anywhere, for their god, Baal, the Devil, can do nothing for his dupes when put to the test.
    The Golden Age, June 16, 1937
    Jehu was a captain in the army during the reign of the wicked king Ahab and his wicked wife Jezebel, who practiced the Devil religion known as Baalism, and which religion pictured the modern-day religion and religious systems commonly called “Christendom” or “the Christian religion”.
    Salvation, 1939

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

2 readings
  1. 1942–1950 Unchanged

    Baal remained identified with Satan as lord of his organization. Baalism represented false religion, including worship of religious organizations and unscriptural doctrines of professed Christianity. Its destruction illustrated the removal of false worship and religious teachings.

    4 quotes
    That worship represented the honoring and giving service to the organization of which Satan the Devil is Baal or lord.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1942
    As the Israelites had fallen to Baalism, the people today have turned from true worship and practice the misnamed “Christian religion”; and they suffer.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1944
    The commission given by God to Jehu to destroy Baalism shows that religion, which is demonism, is an abomination in the sight of Jehovah God.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1945
    As Gideon built up true worship after downing Baalism, so today the anointed remnant plant and build up correct teaching after clearing out the doctrinal rubbish of the supposed Christianized paganisms.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1950
  2. 1955–1969 Refined

    Modern Baalism was increasingly explained in terms of materialism and religious compromise within Christendom. It included the glorification of wealth, nationalism, and immoral conduct. The biblical example of Baal worshipers also illustrated the necessity of separating from Babylon the Great.

    4 quotes
    She divides her worship between what she considers God and the unclean, materialistic god Baal, whom the antitypical Ahab, Satan the Devil, has introduced into Christendom.
    You May Survive Armageddon Into God's New World, 1955
    Israel’s sad experience in falling victim to materialistic Baalism is reproduced today on an earth-wide scale by those who claim to be serving the Most High God.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1958
    There are, however, in the domain of Christendom a remnant, seven thousand as it were, who have not bent down to Baal or waved a kiss to his modern image.
    Let Your Name Be Sanctified, 1961
    If we do not want to be like those people who gathered at the temple of Baal in Jehu's time only to suffer destruction at God's command, then we need to make a clean break from any and all organizations of Babylon the Great.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1969

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

3 readings
  1. 1977 Depends on context

    Gideon's destruction of Baal's altar was used contextually as an example of the tact needed by Christians when exposing and overturning religious falsehoods through preaching.

    1 quote
    As Gideon cautiously pulled down the Baal altar by night, Christians must be "cautious as serpents" and be tactful in performing their witnessing and disciple-making work, which overturns religious falsehoods.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1977
  2. 1981 Unchanged

    The destruction of Baal worshipers by Jehu continued to illustrate the need for complete separation from Babylon the Great and its false religious organizations.

    1 quote
    If we do not want to be like those people who gathered at the temple of Baal in Jehu's time only to suffer destruction at God's command, then we need to make a clean break from any and all organizations of Babylon the Great.
    The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life, 1981
  3. 1984 Unchanged

    The identification of Baal with Satan was explicitly reaffirmed. Modern Baalism continued to represent false worship, including materialism, sexual immorality, spiritism, and unscriptural religious teachings.

    1 quote
    It seemed to be a glorious hour for Baal and for Satan the Devil, the false god whom Baal really represented.
    Survival Into a New Earth, 1984

Governing Body

1992–

3 readings
  1. 1996–1999 Depends on context

    Baal worship was used contextually as a comparison for apostate Christianity and modern moral corruption. The 1996 discussion associated the conduct of antitypical Jerusalem with Baal worship. The 1997 discussion compared the apostasy after the apostles' deaths with Baal worship in Elijah's time. In 1999, the ancient cult was described as extinct, while modern society was compared with it because of sexual immorality. These comparisons did not explicitly replace the earlier identification of Baal with Satan.

    3 quotes
    Furthermore, the inhabitants of antitypical Jerusalem mix so-called Christianity with astrology, spiritistic practices, and degrading sexual immorality, reminiscent of Baal worship.
    The Watchtower, March 1, 1996
    After the death of Christ's apostles, there was an apostasy from true Christianity, even as Baal worship flourished in Israel of Elijah's day.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1997
    Although the worship of Baal has long since disappeared, that Canaanite religion and today's society have one thing in common—the glorification of sex.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1999
  2. 2005 Unchanged

    Baal worship and the persecution led by Jezebel were compared with Christendom’s religious compromise and persecution. Jehu’s sudden eradication of Baal worship was used to illustrate the expected destruction of this world’s false religions.

    1 quote
    Baal worship was eradicated from Israel. Just as surely, this world’s false religions will come to a sudden, shocking end. On whose side will you be during that great day of judgment?
    The Watchtower, December 15, 2005, pp. 24–29, Now Is the Time for Decisive Action, pars. 4, 10, 17–19
  3. 2019 Depends on context

    Baal worship was used to explain tactics attributed to Satan: exploit normal desires, encourage sexual immorality, and obscure Jehovah’s identity. A present-day parallel was drawn between substituting Baal for Jehovah’s name and replacing the divine name with “Lord” in Christian religious teaching.

    1 quote
    Satan uses the same tactics today. He captures people by appealing to natural desires, promoting sexual immorality, and blurring people’s view of Jehovah.
    The Watchtower, June 2019, pp. 2–7, “Look Out That No One Takes You Captive”!, pars. 6–12