Type/antitype 1906–2024

Assyria

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Also known as Asshur · Assyrian · The Assyrian · Assyrian Empire · Assyrian World Power · Land of Assyria · Land of Nimrod · Modern Assyria · Modern-day Assyria · Modern Assyrians · Modern-day Assyrian · Assyrian ax

In 1906, during Russell's presidency, the prophetic Assyrian was used to symbolize Satan himself. Under Rutherford, Sennacherib's Assyrian army was identified in 1926 as a type of the Devil's organization. In September 1929 Assyria was assigned specifically to the political element of Satan's organization, alongside Egypt as commerce and Babylon as religion. From October 1929 through 1934, modern Assyria was also explicitly identified with Christendom, embracing political, commercial, military, and religious elements. In 1934 the political interpretation was restated, and from 1936 through 1941 Assyria was again emphasized as the political component of Satan's organization, especially totalitarian rule. Under Knorr, the interpretation broadened in 1942 when the land of Assyria was identified with Satan's entire organization, visible and invisible. During 1942-1945 modern Assyria was also applied to religious-political totalitarianism, while in 1945, 1946, and 1949 the Assyrian king was identified with Satan and Assyria with the Devil's world. From 1953 onward Assyria was repeatedly identified as the second head of the symbolic wild beast representing successive world powers. In 1962 the modern Assyrian aggressor was connected with the totalitarian king of the north, particularly the Soviet-led Communist bloc, and in 1968 with nationalistic and totalitarian persecuting powers. In 1976 the Assyrian ax was applied to political authorities acting internationally in connection with the United Nations, while Sennacherib's identification with Satan was explicitly reaffirmed. Under Franz, a 1981 explanation compared Assyria with militaristic political powers, and in 1988 the interpretation involving the seven heads of the wild beast continued. Under the Governing Body, the seven-world-power interpretation was repeated in 1993 and 1997. In 2000, Isaiah 11:16 was applied to modern Assyria as Satan's world, whereas Isaiah 19:23-25 used Assyria to represent heavily militaristic nations, contrasted with more liberal nations represented by Egypt. Verified interpretations were found in all five presidencies. These explanations sometimes overlap or differ according to prophetic context rather than representing an explicit rejection of an earlier identification.

21readings
36quotes
7changes

Key moments

  1. 1906 Introduced The prophetic Assyrian, used interchangeably with the king of Babylon in this interpretation of Isaiah, symbolizes Satan himself.
  2. 1926 Broadened Sennacherib's Assyrian army typified the Devil's organization, whose destruction was foreshadowed by the defeat of the Assyrian forces.
  3. 1929 Narrowed Assyria symbolized the political factor of Satan's organization, distinguished from Babylon as religion and Egypt as commerce.
  4. 1929–1934 Broadened Modern Assyria was identified with Christendom, understood as a combined system of political rulers, commercial interests, military power, and false religion.
  5. 1936–1941 Narrowed Assyria and Nineveh particularly represented the political side of Satan's earthly organization, including the political rulers and totalitarian powers. This reaffirmed the earlier political interpretation.
  6. 1942 Broadened In Micah 5:6, the symbolic land of Assyria was broadened to represent Satan's entire organization, both visible and invisible.
  7. 1968 Broadened The modern Assyrian represented nationalistic and totalitarian persecuting powers, including Nazi, Soviet, and Chinese Communist regimes, which were expected to fail in their attack on true worship.
  8. 2000 Broadened In the modern application of Isaiah 11:16, Assyria was identified broadly with Satan's world, from which anointed Christians and their companions had come out.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

1 reading
  1. 1906 Introduced

    The prophetic Assyrian, used interchangeably with the king of Babylon in this interpretation of Isaiah, symbolizes Satan himself.

    1 quote
    And from thence after destroying the enemy, its blessings will extend through Israel to all the world. Isa. 25:6; Rom. 16:20. "Then shall his yoke depart from off them, and his burden depart from off their shoulders." "The Assyrian" is another name for the king of Babylon - after Assyria had gained the ascendency over Babylonia. The two appellations are therefore used interchangeably to symbolize Satan. Verses 26, 27.
    The Eternal Purpose, 1906, The Invasion of Sin

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

5 readings
  1. 1926 Broadened

    Sennacherib's Assyrian army typified the Devil's organization, whose destruction was foreshadowed by the defeat of the Assyrian forces.

    1 quote
    The Assyrian army, under Sennacherib, was a type of the Devil’s organization. Now at this time the Devil is gathering all of his forces to make war against the Lord. (Revelation 17:14) Satan and his visible representatives, to wit, big business, big politics, and especially big preachers, arrogantly assume that the earth is theirs, that they are for the earth, and that they shall control the earth.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1926
  2. 1929 Narrowed

    Assyria symbolized the political factor of Satan's organization, distinguished from Babylon as religion and Egypt as commerce.

    1 quote
    He saturated the entire organization with a religion. The leaders in the commercial and political parts of his organization he made the principal ones of the flock of the religious part of the organization, and thereby formed a combination of all three parts. Babylon well represents the religious, Assyria the political, and Egypt the commercial factor of his powerful organization.
    The Watchtower, September 15, 1929
  3. 1929–1934 Broadened

    Modern Assyria was identified with Christendom, understood as a combined system of political rulers, commercial interests, military power, and false religion.

    4 quotes
    "Christendom," so called, is modern Assyria, corresponding so exactly that it seems certain that God caused the record of ancient Assyria to be made prophetically foretelling the condition on earth at the present time.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1929
    “Christendom,” so called, is modern Assyria, corresponding so exactly that it seems certain that God caused the record of ancient Assyria to be made prophetically foretelling the condition on earth at the present time.
    Prophecy, 1930
    “Christendom,” so called, is modern Assyria, corresponding so exactly that it seems certain that God caused the record of ancient Assyria to be made prophetically foretelling the condition on earth at the present time.
    The Golden Age, January 7, 1931
    "Christendom" so called, is modern Assyria, corresponding so exactly that it seems certain that God caused the record of ancient Assyria to be made prophetically foretelling the condition on earth at the present time.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1934
  4. 1934 Depends on context

    The Assyrian world power was again applied specifically to the political element of Satan's organization, with false religion serving the political rulers and commercial power supporting them.

    1 quote
    The prophetic books of Jonah and Nahum are devoted exclusively to Assyria and Nineveh, its capital city, and strikingly foretell a state of the Devil’s organization in which a political class will be in the saddle and adopt and follow a false religion because it is thought expedient in carrying out the political purposes.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1934
  5. 1936–1941 Narrowed

    Assyria and Nineveh particularly represented the political side of Satan's earthly organization, including the political rulers and totalitarian powers. This reaffirmed the earlier political interpretation.

    5 quotes
    Hence Nineveh, and also Assyria, of which it was the capital, are used in the Bible prophecies to represent Satan’s organization as it exists in our day, particularly the political side of the earthly part of the Devil’s organization.
    The Watchtower, June 15, 1936
    Assyria is one of the names of the same Devil’s organization with the political rulers made prominent; and Babylon is the name of the Devils organization with religion made prominent.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1936
    In its issue of January 1, 1921, the League of Nations was identified as the “image of the beast” and the “abomination of desolation” (Rev. 13:14,15; Matt. 24:15), and therefore the preaching of the witnesses of the Lord was directed against politics and politicians, pictured by Assyria, and who are therefore the modern Assyrians.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1938
    The modern Assyrians must be wiped out at Armageddon just as the Ammonites and Moabites will be destroyed, as shown in the type where they destroyed Edom and then destroyed each other.
    The Watchtower, June 1, 1940
    In 1929 the book Prophecy was published, which identified these three elements as symbolized by Egypt (militaristic commerce), Assyria (politics), and Babylon (religion).
    Consolation, February 5, 1941

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

8 readings
  1. 1942 Broadened

    In Micah 5:6, the symbolic land of Assyria was broadened to represent Satan's entire organization, both visible and invisible.

    1 quote
    That sword is the destructive forces of the battle of Armageddon, ‘the war of the great day of God the Almighty.’—Rev. 16:14. 7 The “land of Assyria” which is wasted by that “sword” represents Satan’s entire organization, visible and invisible. Gog of the land of Magog is Satan’s chief demon prince therein, and all the nations gone totalitarian are the visible part thereof.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1942
  2. 1942–1945 Depends on context

    In specific prophetic applications, modern Assyria represented religious-political totalitarianism and the nations adopting totalitarian rule, whose aggression threatened Jehovah's Witnesses.

    3 quotes
    Concerning the offensive action and carrying of the war into the enemy territory Jehovah by his prophet foretold: “And they shall waste the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in the entrances thereof: thus shall he deliver us from the Assyrian, when he cometh into our land, and when he treadeth within our borders.” (Mic. 5:6) It was the first totalitarian dictator Nimrod that organized religion and built Nineveh, the chief city of Assyria. Hence the land of Assyria is called “the land of Nimrod” and pictures the nations now going totalitarian.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1942
    Jehovah’s faithful witnesses brandish the “sword of the spirit” and expose the ‘desolating abomination’ of modern Assyria as a demonic counterfeit of God’s holy Kingdom.
    1943 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses
    Likewise, the modern Assyrians of religious-political totalitarian rule, in committing their depredations against Jehovah’s witnesses on earth, have really been offending against Jehovah’s capital organization Zion, and against Zion’s King, Christ Jesus.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1945
  3. 1945–1949 Unchanged

    Assyria was again presented broadly as the Devil's world or organization, while its king Sennacherib symbolized Satan himself.

    3 quotes
    King Hezekiah’s aggressive opponent, Sennacherib, pictured Satan the Devil, whom Sennacherib worshiped and served in the interest of Satan’s world domination.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1945
    It is used in the Bible as a symbol or picture of the Devil's world, Satan the Devil being himself pictured by the mighty king of Assyria.
    The Prince of Peace, 1946
    Just as Nahum had the divinely given vision of the utter destruction of Nineveh and the Assyrian, and proclaimed it, likewise Jehovah’s witnesses today have in God’s Word the written record of His inspired visions and prophecies which give them the assurance that Jehovah will completely destroy the modern-day Assyrian, Satan, and his entire organization.
    The Watchtower, January 1, 1949
  4. 1953–1973 Depends on context

    In the interpretation of the seven-headed symbolic wild beast of Revelation, Assyria was consistently identified as the second of seven successive world powers, with the political power operating under Satan's influence.

    4 quotes
    In course of time the spirit prince over Assyria, represented by the second head of the Dragon's wild beast, became dominant and began attacking the northerly tentribe kingdom of Israel.
    The New Heavens and a New Earth, 1953
    The second head of the wild beast, Assyria, tried to take the entire people of Israel captive but succeeded in capturing and leading into exile only ten unfaithful tribes of that people.
    You May Survive Armageddon Into God's New World, 1955
    It is a composite organization, for its seven heads symbolize the seven world powers of human history, namely, ancient Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome and the Anglo-American dual world power.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1970
    That is why Revelation, chapter thirteen, pictures this symbolic wild beast as having seven heads, to represent seven world powers in succession, namely, (1) Egypt, (2) Assyria, (3) Neo-Babylonia, (4) Medo-Persia, (5) Greece, (6) Rome, and (7) the dual world power of Britain and America.
    God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached, 1973
  5. 1962 Depends on context

    In Micah 5:5-6, the modern Assyrian aggressor was linked to the totalitarian king of the north, identified after World War II with the Communist bloc led by the Soviet Union, acting under the unseen leadership of Gog of Magog.

    1 quote
    The battle against the modern-day Assyrian aggressor under the unseen leadership of Gog of Magog has continued beyond the end of World War II in 1945.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1962
  6. 1968 Broadened

    The modern Assyrian represented nationalistic and totalitarian persecuting powers, including Nazi, Soviet, and Chinese Communist regimes, which were expected to fail in their attack on true worship.

    1 quote
    As the modern Assyrian maneuvers to plant his nationalistic tents in the land devoted to Jehovah's praise, so he, too, finds himself impotent as an opponent of the divine will.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1968
  7. 1976 Unchanged

    The identification of Sennacherib as a prophetic picture of Satan was explicitly reaffirmed, preserving the explanation published in 1945.

    1 quote
    King Hezekiah's aggressive opponent, Sennacherib, pictured Satan the Devil, whom Sennacherib worshiped and served in the interest of Satan's world domination.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1976
  8. 1976 Depends on context

    In Isaiah 10, the modern Assyrian ax was applied to the political authorities of the nations acting against false religion and subsequently against Jehovah's Witnesses. The predicted international action was connected with the United Nations wild beast.

    1 quote
    Such a refusal would certainly move the Assyrian "ax" of today to take drastic action against the Society and the Christian witnesses of Jehovah whom the Society represents and serves.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1976

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

2 readings
  1. 1981 Unchanged

    Assyria's modern counterparts were particularly militaristic political powers relying proudly on military strength. This continued the application to oppressive political and military authorities.

    1 quote
    Also, we should remember that those prophecies are very much alive today, and that their climactic fulfillment hastens on. It is not for a mere historical record that Jehovah, the living God, has preserved them down to this day. Those ancient nations have their modern-day counterpart, particularly in the Assyria-like politico-military powers that boast in their armed might.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1981
  2. 1988 Unchanged

    Assyria continued to be counted among the world powers represented by the heads of Revelation's symbolic wild beast, an interpretation inherited from earlier publications.

    1 quote
    It is noteworthy that the Bible does name five world powers in the Hebrew Scriptures, namely, Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece, while the Greek Scriptures name a sixth, Rome, ruling in John's day.
    Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 1, 1988

Governing Body

1992–

5 readings
  1. 1993–1997 Unchanged

    Assyria continued to be identified as the second of the successive world powers represented in the symbolic wild beast and associated biblical prophecies.

    2 quotes
    So the seven heads of the symbolic wild beast stand for world powers —Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome, and the Anglo-American combine of Britain and the United States of America.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 1993
    Following the pattern of Nimrod, the rulers of the world powers did not worship Jehovah, a fact reflected in their cruel, violent deeds. These world powers are symbolized in Scripture by wild animals, and through the course of the centuries, the Bible identifies six of them that had a powerful impact on Jehovah's people. These were Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1997
  2. 2000 Broadened

    In the modern application of Isaiah 11:16, Assyria was identified broadly with Satan's world, from which anointed Christians and their companions had come out.

    1 quote
    Opposers will attempt to stop them, but their God, Jehovah, will be with them. Anointed Christians and their companions today likewise come under vicious attack, but they go forward courageously! They have come out of modern Assyria, Satan's world, and they help others to do the same. They know that pure worship will succeed and flourish. It is not man's work, but God's.
    Isaiah's Prophecy—Light for All Mankind, Volume 1, 2000
  3. 2000 Depends on context

    In Isaiah 19:23-25, Assyria represented heavily militaristic modern nations, contrasted with more liberal nations represented by Egypt. People coming out of both classes of nations were understood to unite in true worship.

    1 quote
    Some of these nations are like Assyria, heavily militaristic. Other nations are more liberal, perhaps like Egypt—at one time "the king of the south" in Daniel's prophecy. (Daniel 11:5, 8) Millions of individuals from the militaristic nations and the more liberal nations have taken up the way of true worship. Thus, people from all nations are united in 'rendering service.'
    Isaiah's Prophecy—Light for All Mankind, Volume 1, 2000
  4. 2013 Depends on context

    In an application of Micah 5, the modern Assyrian was associated with the future attack intended to wipe out Jehovah’s people. The article linked it with the attacks described under Gog, the king of the north, and the kings of the earth. This was a separate prophetic context from Isaiah 19’s nations.

    1 quote
    The citizens of ancient Jerusalem were attacked by the Assyrians. In the near future, Jehovah’s apparently vulnerable people will come under attack from the modern-day “Assyrian,” whose intent will be to wipe them out.
    The Watchtower, November 15, 2013, pp. 16–20, Seven Shepherds, Eight Dukes—What They Mean for Us Today, par. 16
  5. 2024 Depends on context

    The 185,000 Assyrian soldiers killed by an angel were explicitly included among people whose eternal condemnation cannot be established with certainty. Their resurrection was not promised or categorically ruled out. This concerns ancient individuals’ prospects, not a new identification of a modern Assyrian antitype.

    1 quote
    In these cases, does the Bible give us enough information to determine that Jehovah sentenced all those individuals to eternal destruction, with no hope of a resurrection? No, it does not.
    The Watchtower, May 2024, pp. 2–7, Trust in the Merciful “Judge of All the Earth”!, par. 6