Type/antitype 1881–2009

Abraham

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Also known as Abram · Greater Abraham · Heavenly Abraham

From 1881 onward Abraham was consistently treated as a prophetic type of God, first described as the heavenly Father and later explicitly as Jehovah God or the Greater Abraham. The identification remained stable through the Russell, Rutherford and Knorr periods. During the 1960s and 1970s it was repeatedly applied to particular prophetic scenes, especially Abraham's offering of Isaac and Jesus' illustration of the rich man and Lazarus. In 1976 the standing identification was again stated directly: Abraham was used as a type of Jehovah God. The same identification continued under Franz in 1978 and 1980, where Jehovah was called the Greater or Heavenly Abraham. No verified reversal or abandonment was found through 1980.

23readings
23quotes
0changes

Key moments

  1. 1881 Introduced Abraham was presented as a type of the heavenly Father, with Isaac corresponding to God's Son and Rebekah to the church.
  2. 1944 Refined The identification was stated more precisely by calling Abraham a prophetic pattern of Jehovah.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

2 readings
  1. 1881 Introduced

    Abraham was presented as a type of the heavenly Father, with Isaac corresponding to God's Son and Rebekah to the church.

    1 quote
    We have often noticed many ways in which Abraham was a type of our heavenly Father and Isaac the son of promise a type of God's Son, our Lord: Rebecca, Isaac's wife, was a type of Jesus' bride--the church, who soon will become joint-heirs with him to our Father's inheritance.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1881
  2. 1913 Unchanged

    The identification was repeated more explicitly: Abraham represented Jehovah.

    1 quote
    Following up the same line of reasoning, he shows (Gal. 4) that Abraham was a type of Jehovah, Sarah a type of the covenant or promise, and Isaac a type of Christ (head and body); and then adds, “We, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.” (Verse 28.)
    The Divine Plan of the Ages, 1913

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

5 readings
  1. 1918 Unchanged

    Abraham continued to typify Jehovah God.

    1 quote
    In this picture Abraham typified Jehovah God, Isaac typified Jesus Christ, and Rebecca the church. The New Testament teaches that this spiritual seed of Abraham is yet to be God's agency in blessing all the nations of the world.— Galatians 3:8, 16, 29; 4:22-31.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1918
  2. 1922 Unchanged

    The Abraham-Jehovah identification was repeated in connection with Isaac as a type of Jesus.

    1 quote
    In this wonderful picture Abraham was a type of Jehovah, while Isaac was a type of Jesus, the beloved Son of Jehovah.
    The Golden Age, August 2, 1922
  3. 1928 Unchanged

    Abraham was again said to picture Jehovah God.

    1 quote
    On that occasion Abraham pictured Jehovah God, while Isaac pictured Jesus, the only begotten and dearly beloved Son of God.
    The Golden Age, November 14, 1928
  4. 1932 Unchanged

    The same type was retained while Sarah was identified with God's organization.

    1 quote
    Abraham pictured Jehovah ; Sarah his woman pictured God’s organization; and Isaac was a type of God’s beloved Son, Christ Jesus, and the birth of Isaac foreshadows a time of rejoicing when the kingdom should come in.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1932
  5. 1939 Unchanged

    Abraham continued to picture Jehovah God, with Isaac picturing Christ Jesus.

    1 quote
    In the picture made and recorded in the last above cited text Abraham offered his son Isaac in sacrifice. There Abraham pictured Jehovah God and Isaac pictured Christ Jesus, who is the real seed of promise. That picture foretold that God would permit his beloved Son, whom Isaac foreshadowed, to be offered as a sacrifice.—Gal. 3:16, 26-29; 4: 28.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1939

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

13 readings
  1. 1943 Unchanged

    Abraham's standing antitype was still Jehovah.

    1 quote
    He knew that God’s spirit was to be poured out upon all consecrated flesh of this kind and that these would be begotten of God’s spirit to become his spiritual children, spiritual Israelites, the children of the One whom Abraham typified, Jehovah.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1943
  2. 1944 Refined

    The identification was stated more precisely by calling Abraham a prophetic pattern of Jehovah.

    1 quote
    For that reason Abraham was simply serving as a type or prophetic pattern of his Friend and God, Jehovah, forasmuch as the Seed would be Jehovah's Seed in actuality and would be by Jehovah's "woman".
    The Kingdom Is At Hand, 1944
  3. 1945 Unchanged

    Abraham was explicitly identified as a type of Jehovah God the Father.

    1 quote
    Abraham was a type of Jehovah God the Father; and the true Seed of Abraham is therefore the Son of God, that is, Jesus Christ.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1945
  4. 1951 Unchanged

    The Abraham-Jehovah identification was reaffirmed as the basis for the promised blessing of all families of the earth.

    1 quote
    This proves that Abraham pictured Jehovah God, who is the real One in whom all the families of the earth will be blessed.
    The Watchtower, February 15, 1951
  5. 1956 Unchanged

    In the prophetic drama Abraham still pictured Jehovah, while Sarah pictured Jehovah's organization.

    1 quote
    In this prophetic drama Abraham pictured Jehovah, and his wife Sarah pictured Jehovah’s organization, through which he accomplishes production. Though childless, aging Sarah was assured by Jehovah’s angel that she would have a child.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1956
  6. 1960 Unchanged

    Abraham continued to picture Jehovah God.

    1 quote
    Jacob is further honored in that he served to picture the Christian congregation of 144,000 members. Just as Abraham pictured Jehovah God and Isaac pictured Jesus Christ, so Jacob pictured the bride of Christ. (Matt. 8:11) It is to these especially that the words of Jesus apply: “Happy are the mild-tempered ones, since they will inherit the earth. Happy are the peaceable, since they will be called ‘sons of God’.”
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1960
  7. 1961 Unchanged

    The sacrifice of Isaac was again treated as a prophetic drama in which Jehovah was the Greater Abraham.

    1 quote
    Here the Greater Abraham, Jehovah God, gave his only-begotten Son in sacrifice, that by means of him all the nations of the earth might bless themselves.
    Let Your Name Be Sanctified, 1961
  8. 1965 Depends on context

    In Jesus' illustration of the rich man and Lazarus, Abraham specifically pictured the heavenly Father, Jehovah God.

    1 quote
    Such readers see that Jesus was using Abraham as a picture of the heavenly Father, Jehovah God, who made the promise to his earthly friend Abraham to bless all the families of the earth by means of Abraham's seed or offspring.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1965
  9. 1966 Unchanged

    Jehovah God was again called the Greater Abraham in connection with the spiritual seed and heavenly Zion.

    1 quote
    They look to the great Rock, Jehovah God, the Greater Abraham, and to the free woman, their spiritual mother above, who is the spiritual Zion, and to his theocratic organization for direction.
    The Watchtower, February 1, 1966
  10. 1967 Depends on context

    In the modern application of the rich man and Lazarus illustration, God as Judge was identified as the Greater Abraham.

    1 quote
    In Paul's inspired description of the Theocratic setup at "Mount Zion . . . heavenly Jerusalem," after mentioning the "miraids of angels . . . and the [Christian] congregation of the first-born," he then names the most important figure, the Greater Abraham, "God the Judge of all."
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1967
  11. 1968 Depends on context

    The rich man and Lazarus illustration again identified Abraham's symbolic counterpart as Jehovah God.

    1 quote
    A death, or change from former conditions, happened when Jesus fed the Lazarus class spiritually, and finally by Pentecost they came into the favor of the greater Abraham, Jehovah God.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1968
  12. 1974 Depends on context

    The Lazarus interpretation again described Jehovah as the Greater Abraham whose spiritual seed enjoyed his favor.

    1 quote
    The "Lazarus" class had indeed come into the favored situation by becoming the spiritual seed of the Greater Abraham, Jehovah.
    Is This Life All There Is?, 1974
  13. 1976 Unchanged

    The standing interpretation was stated directly once more: Abraham was a type of Jehovah God, the heavenly Father of the promised seed.

    1 quote
    Because Abraham became like a spiritual father to the disciples of his natural Descendant Jesus Christ, Abraham was used as a type of Jehovah God, who is the heavenly Father of all the "seed" by means of whom all the nations of the earth will be blessed.
    The Watchtower, December 15, 1976

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

2 readings
  1. 1978 Depends on context

    Under Franz, the same identification continued in the interpretation of reclining with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob: Abraham represented Jehovah.

    1 quote
    Jesus spoke of such a meal with Jehovah as the Greater Abraham, when he foretold that many Gentile believers (like the believing Gentile "army officer") would come from all parts of the earth and "recline at the table with Abraham [Jehovah] and Isaac [Jesus Christ] and Jacob [the spirit-begotten Christian congregation] in the kingdom of the heavens."—Matt. 8:5-12.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1978
  2. 1980 Unchanged

    Jehovah was still identified as the Greater or Heavenly Abraham, with Jesus as his principal spiritual seed.

    1 quote
    In directing the attention of his disciples to the approaching Jesus, John was not pointing to a mere circumcised Jew and fleshly descendant of earthly Abraham. No, he was pointing to the Anointed One, the spirit-begotten descendant of the Greater Abraham, Jehovah God. He was the principal or primary one of that "seed" of the Heavenly Abraham by means of whom all the families of the ground will bless themselves.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1980

Governing Body

1992–

1 reading
  1. 2009 Unchanged

    Jehovah was again called the Greater Abraham. Abraham’s willingness to offer Isaac illustrated Jehovah’s provision of his Son, with the Memorial presented as an occasion to praise the Father who made the sacrificial arrangement possible.

    1 quote
    Therefore, while honoring Christ by commemorating his death, we should never forget that the one who made the sacrificial arrangement possible was the Greater Abraham, Jehovah.
    The Watchtower, January 15, 2009, pp. 25–29, Jehovah’s Servant—“Pierced for Our Transgression”, par. 12