Type/antitype 1918–1992

Abaddon (Apollyon)

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Also known as Apollyon · Angel of the abyss

No verified identification of Abaddon/Apollyon was found in the Russell period (1879–1916). In 1918 The Finished Mystery identified the king of Revelation 9:11 as Satan the Devil. In 1930 Light reversed that reading and applied the titles Abaddon and Apollyon to Christ Jesus as Jehovah's authorized destroyer. The Christ identification was repeated without a change in 1933, 1934, 1939, 1940, 1948, 1961, 1969 and 1971, with later wording emphasizing Jesus as the angel of the abyss, royal Executioner, and Destroyer. In the Franz-period material through 1980, the 1979 Watchtower occurrence only explains the meanings of the names and gives no identification of the antitype, so no verified Franz-period reading is included.

11readings
14quotes
1change

Key moments

  1. 1918 Introduced Abaddon/Apollyon, the king over the locusts of Revelation 9, was identified as Satan the Devil.
  2. 1930 Reversal The former Satan identification was reversed: Abaddon and Apollyon were now applied to Christ Jesus as Jehovah's authorized officer to destroy.
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Russell

Charles Taze Russell · 1877–1916

No statement filed for this period.

Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

6 readings
  1. 1918 Introduced

    Abaddon/Apollyon, the king over the locusts of Revelation 9, was identified as Satan the Devil.

    1 quote
    But in plain English his name is Satan, the Devil. As a means for preventing people from seeing the Truth, Methodism has been as efficient as any of the five systems previously described, or any that follow.
    The Finished Mystery, 1918
  2. 1930 Reversal

    The former Satan identification was reversed: Abaddon and Apollyon were now applied to Christ Jesus as Jehovah's authorized officer to destroy.

    1 quote
    Christ Jesus being the chief executive officer of Jehovah, to whom is committed all power in heaven and earth, and being authorized to act as Jehovah’s officer to destroy, the titles Abaddon and Apollyon therefore properly apply to him.
    Light, 1930
  3. 1933 Unchanged

    Christ Jesus continued to be identified as the king named Abaddon/Apollyon, acting against Satan's organization.

    1 quote
    Christ Jesus is that king, and as such he commands his organization and he inflicts punishment, which is evil, upon Satan’s organization.
    The Watchtower, April 1, 1933
  4. 1934 Unchanged

    The identification of the king Abaddon/Apollyon with Christ Jesus was repeated.

    1 quote
    Christ Jesus is that king, and as such he commands his organization and he inflicts punishment, which is evil, upon Satan’s organization.
    Jehovah, 1934
  5. 1939 Unchanged

    Abaddon/Apollyon remained Christ Jesus, with the names explicitly connected with destruction of Satan and his organization.

    2 quotes
    And they had a king [the Lord Jesus Christ] over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit [into which Christ Jesus flings the Devil], whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon [destruction for Satan’s crowd], but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon [destroyer of Satan and his organization].
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1939
    Christ Jesus being the chief executive officer of Jehovah, to whom is committed all power in heaven and earth, and being authorized to act as Jehovah’s officer to destroy, the titles “Abaddon” and “Apollyon” therefore properly apply to him.
    The Watchtower, August 1, 1939
  6. 1940 Unchanged

    The Christ identification was again repeated, with Abaddon/Apollyon presented as the destroyer of Satan and his organization.

    2 quotes
    And they had a king [the Lord Jesus Christ] over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit [into which Christ Jesus flings the Devil], whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon [destruction for Satan’s crowd], but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon [destroyer of Satan and his organization].
    Religion, 1940
    Christ Jesus is that king, and as such he commands his organization and he inflicts punishments, which is evil, upon Satan’s organization.
    The Watchtower, October 15, 1940

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

4 readings
  1. 1948 Unchanged

    The established identification was retained: Christ Jesus was the Destroyer or Exterminator represented by Abaddon/Apollyon.

    1 quote
    That is what Christ Jesus, the “woman’s” Seed, is to Satan the Devil and all his wicked seed, namely, the Destroyer or Exterminator.
    The Watchtower, October 1, 1948
  2. 1961 Unchanged

    Jesus Christ was again identified as Abaddon, now explicitly described in this setting as Jehovah's royal Executioner.

    1 quote
    When Jesus was on earth as a man, he was a Hebrew, and now in his capacity as Jehovah’s royal Executioner he is called by the Hebrew name Abadʹdon, which means Destruction.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1961
  3. 1969 Unchanged

    Both the Revelation commentary and The Watchtower continued to identify the Abaddon/Apollyon figure, the symbolic star and angel of the abyss, as the glorified Jesus Christ.

    2 quotes
    In Hebrew his name is Abaddon, meaning "Destruction"; and in Greek it is Apollyon, meaning "Destroyer." All this plainly identifies the "angel" as picturing Jesus Christ, the Son of Jehovah God. About a century before John's vision this Son of God had descended from heaven to earth to be born as the man-child Jesus. At his sacrificial death and burial he descended into the abyss.
    Then Is Finished the Mystery of God, 1969
    In Greek its name is Apolyon, which means Destroyer. In Hebrew it is Abaddon, which means Destruction. All these features about this symbolic "star" reveal him to be the glorified Jesus Christ. When, as a man on earth, nineteen centuries ago, he died as a martyr for God's kingdom, he went into the abyss. On the third day God released him and seated him at His right hand.
    The Watchtower, December 1, 1969
  4. 1971 Unchanged

    The reference work retained the identification of the Abaddon/Apollyon figure with Christ Jesus as God's appointed Destroyer or Executioner.

    1 quote
    At Revelation 19:11-16 he is clearly represented as God's appointed Destroyer or Executioner.—See APOLLYON.
    Aid to Bible Understanding, 1971

Franz

Frederick W. Franz · 1977–1992

No statement filed for this period.

Governing Body

1992–

1 reading
  1. 1992 Unchanged

    Abaddon and Apollyon were again identified as names of Jesus Christ, the angel of the abyss directing Revelation’s symbolic locusts. The earlier identification with Christ as Jehovah’s appointed Destroyer was retained.

    1 quote
    Revelation 9:1-12 also speaks of a plague of locusts, sent forth by Jehovah under "a king, the angel of the abyss," who is none other than Christ Jesus. His names Abaddon (Hebrew) and Apollyon (Greek) mean "Destruction" and "Destroyer." These locusts picture the anointed remnant of Christians who, now in the Lord's day, go forth to devastate Christendom's pastures by completely exposing false religion and proclaiming Jehovah's vengeance upon it.
    The Watchtower, May 1, 1992, pp. 8–13, Keep Close in Mind the Day of Jehovah, par. 10