Type/antitype 1936–1975

The scapegoat

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Also known as Scapegoat · Scape-goat · The live goat · The goat for Azazel · Azazel goat · The goat of removal · The antitypical scapegoat

The scapegoat of Leviticus 16 underwent two major reversals in Watch Tower interpretation. Under Russell, the earliest verified identification in 1880 associated it with the Great Company, consecrated Christians who failed to sacrifice willingly but would be saved through tribulation. This interpretation continued through 1913. Under Rutherford it was repeated from 1918 onward, with increasing emphasis in 1926–1928 on spirit-begotten Christians held captive by Christendom's clergy. In 1930 the identification was refined by distinguishing spirit begetting from anointing: the scapegoat class was said never to receive the anointing of the holy spirit. In May 1936 the former identification was explicitly rejected and the scapegoat was reidentified as the evil servant class, destined for destruction. This interpretation was repeated in 1937. Under Knorr, a second reversal began in August 1942: both goats were said to picture Jesus Christ, with the living goat for Azazel representing his continued integrity under persecution and his role in bearing away sins. This Christological identification was repeated in 1943, 1953, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1975. Under Franz it remained identifiable in 1984 and 1988, and under the Governing Body in 1995 and 1998. All five presidencies examined yielded verified statements.

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Rutherford

Joseph F. Rutherford · 1917–1942

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  1. 1936–1937 Reversal

    The former identification with the Great Company was explicitly rejected. The scapegoat was now said to represent the evil servant class, including unfaithful spirit-begotten individuals who had once been in line for the Kingdom but proved disloyal. The wilderness signified separation from God's organization, spiritual darkness and destruction. The same identification was repeated in the 1937 Yearbook.

    2 quotes
    The scapegoat prophetically pictured or foretold a spirit class that form the “evil servant” class, the members of which go into perdition.
    The Watchtower, May 15, 1936
    The bringing of the live goat and sending him forth for Azazel pictures the “evil servant” class, the chief of that class which is the “man of sin”.
    1937 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses

Knorr

Nathan H. Knorr · 1942–1977

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  1. 1942–1975 Reversal

    The scapegoat was reidentified as Jesus Christ rather than an unfaithful class of Christians. In August 1942 both goats were said to picture aspects of the one sacrifice and earthly course of Jesus. The living goat for Azazel represented Jesus after his baptism and acceptance for sacrifice, carrying the merit of his offering while enduring persecution, maintaining integrity and bearing away sins. Later publications continued the identification with Jesus as the great Sin Bearer, connecting the type with Isaiah 53, the forgiveness of sins and Christ's high-priestly services.

    8 quotes
    Hence, together, the two goats beautifully pictured the “man Christ Jesus”, unblemished, possessing life-merit that could be freed in behalf of others, while at the same time he was able, while in the days of his flesh, to serve a purpose respecting “Azazel”.
    The Watchtower, August 15, 1942
    Hence this “live goat” had atoning merit resting upon it and hence power to bear away sins. This fact is shown at verse 10: “But the goat over which came up the lot for Azazel shall he cause to stand alive before Jehovah, to put a propitiatory-covering onn him, to send him away unto Azazel, towards the desert.” (Rotherham’s translation) This goat with atoning merit upon it therefore pictures Jesus.
    The Watchtower, September 1, 1942
    By enduring the reproaches and suffering without yielding sinfully to the Devil and his organization, Jesus could fulfill the picture of the “scapegoat" or "goat for Azazel” and could perform the part of the sin-bearer to bear away the sins of those who repented and converted and devoted themselves to God.
    The Watchtower, April 15, 1943
    Therefore, although still alive in the flesh as was the “alive” goat, Jesus carried with him throughout his ministry in the wilderness of Satan’s world the value of this sacrifice and, along with incense of praise in integrity, could use it as a sign in further praise to Jehovah by demonstrating this power and authority he had received from the great Giver of Life, Jehovah God.
    The Watchtower, March 15, 1953
    All that was prophetic of how God's great High Priest would offer up a sacrifice to atone for mankind's sin and would serve as a real Sin Bearer to carry away mankind's sin into oblivion.
    The Watchtower, November 1, 1965
    In this manner he made atonement for the sins of the twelve nonpriestly tribes of Israel. A scapegoat, the goat for Azazel, upon whose head the sins of the nation were confessed, was sent away into the trackless wilderness, to disappear forever with the sins of the people. Jesus Christ as God's High Priest will do something like that but more real.
    Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, 1966
    The day continued into the year 33 C.E., during which time he served as the goat "for Azazel," keeping perfect integrity under test and cruel persecution to death by Satan, bearing the sins of the people off into the "wilderness," into oblivion forever.
    The Watchtower, July 15, 1967
    According to Isaiah's prophecy, chapter fifty-three, Jehovah's "Servant" is the sin-bearer who was typified by the scapegoat of the Atonement Day that continued being observed at Jehovah's temple until the destruction of the city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E.
    Man's Salvation out of World Distress at Hand!, 1975