Awake!, September 8, 1946

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WAKF/

Atom Bombing at Bikini

The Music of Modern Times

Enemy Defeats by God's Spirit

Bromides Are Killers

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

News sources that are able to keep you awake to the vital issues of our times must he unfettered by censorship and selfish interests. "Awake!" has no fetters. It recognizes f^Ms, faces facts, is free to publish facts. It is not bound by political ambitions or obligations; it is unhampered by advertisers whose toes must not be tread upon; it is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that it may speak freely to you. But it does not abuse its freedom. It maintains integtity to truth.

"Awake!'' uses the regular news channels, but is not dependent on them. Its own correspondents are on all continents, in scores ofnations. From the four corners of the earth their uncensored, on-the-scenes reports come to you through these columns. This journal's viewpoint is not narrow, but is international. It is read in many nations, in many languages, by persons • of all ages. Through its pages many fields of knowledge pass in review—government, commerce, religion, history, science, social conditions, natural wonders—why, its coverage is as /'road as the earth and a.s hiQh as the heavens.

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CONTENTS

Atom Bombing at Bikini

Eyewitness Accounts

What About tho Animals?

The Second Test at Bikini

Why These Tests7

Political Repercussions

Atomic Age of Fear

Fixing Boundaries

On the Religious Front

The Music of Modern Times

The "Popular Soug"

Ragime

Jazz and Its Variations

Vanity in SeJms Mwc

Africans in a World Upside Down

The Wutcbtowej' School's Seventh Closs

Majesty the Onion

Mysterious Movements of the Eel

Did the .Aicients Usc Electricity 1

Martin Luther on the Soul Question 24 "Thy Word Is Truth"

Enemy Defeats by God's Spirit

Bromides .Are Killers

Watclring the World

©/“Now it is high time to awake.’—Romans 13:11

VMut-n# XXVj: Brooklyn, N. V., September 8, 1M6 Number 703

ATOM BOMBING AT BIKINI

" OMBS AWAY!" Those were the words that were broadcast to the world a few seconds after 9 a.ni. on Julv l. Tho::;e were the words uttered from. a B-20 bomber flying some 30,000 feet above the peaceful Bikini atoll located in the Pacific. Far below 42,000 people Jiad assembled to witness the explosion of the fourth atomic bomb as it "burst among 73 naval vessels. "The greatest single experiment in nU history," it was called. No other event, natural or man-made, has ever been so extensively measured, gauged, photographed and reported. No other event evor had such a ljuild-up by radio and press. It was a great show and the whole world was the audience.

Shortly after Japan was defeated the idea of testing the power of the atom bomb on warships was conceived. Elaborate preparations were made during the months that followed. By January of this year it was announced that the Bildni atoll was the stage for this joint army and navy display known as ''Operation Crossroads’’.

Congressional approval was obtained and May 15 was set as the date of the first test in whieh an atomic bomb would be exploded in the air over various types of warships. President Trti-man later put the first test off until .T uly L The second test was to be a shaJlow-water explosion, 18 to 30 feet under the surface. Sometime in 1947 a third test will be held with a deep-sea explosion. Tentatively, the date for this third test, named “Charlie Day"7 is set for March 1, 1947.

The "guinea pjg" fleet itself consisted of 7:3 ships totaling 335,000 tons. There were battleships, aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, submarines and transports; also German and Japanese ships. These were set out within a circle of 4,000 yards radius. In the middle was the 30-year-old battleship, Nevada, ancli painted an international orange color, it made a fine bull's-eye for the target. In addition to these sacrificial ships were over 100 others used for operational purposes. More than 130 airplanes, including helicopters, were also used.

Amy equipment such as tanks, ammunition and poison gas was placed on board the ships. Also quartermaster supplies, like canned food, soft drinks, beer, candy bars and clothing were on deck. Cereal seeds, vegetables, Howers and cotton specimens were also included. Insects thai carry yellow fever, spotted fever and dengue were not overlooked. Yes, even hcdhugs were there! Additionnlly tlwre were th ousands of rats nn<l nti(e, and hundreds of goats and pigs distributed on tile vessels as a grisly reminder that they were to die instead of men. 1n the waters of tho lagoon itsplf some 400 different kinds of fish were intlucled in the oh:,:ervations.

By J nne 24 all the preliminary arrangements were !h:ed and a full-<lTess rehearsal was held, using a dimiiiiy bomb. The indications were that this was to he a $pectncular show, and so every publici ty agency was brought into play. A special ship, the Appalachian, was rigged up with a maze of intercommunication P.qnipment. .More than 200 journalists and newspapermen were aboard. RepresentativeH from the eleven member nations of the UN security counsel were invited. Rpnce was reserved for 60 members of Congress. All together there were about 6,000 observers that were given sperial polaroid goggles so that they could actually look at the blast. And there were radio commentators too. Their job was to feed the four major networks of America as well as the foreign stations . AH together over 1,000 stations devoted 48 minutes of their time, at a cost of $200,000.

"Able Day," the name given July 1, arrived. At dawn the special B-29 called "Dave's Dream" raced down the runway on Kwajalein island and suecessfullv raised its lethal lond into the air. Meanwhile, at Bikini, the ment hat had been keeping up the pressure in the boilers of the target ships were removed, but not before the last man on each sliip had hoisted a special red and yellow hag indicating that nonf' was left on board. The failure of any ship to show the special fiag would have caused the test to come to a standstill. Outside the lagoon were 42,000 anxious men, watching and waiting. Admiral Blandy's sh ip, the Mount McKinley, wns 10 to 15 miles away. It was the closest. Beyond, in the

18-to-20-mile zone, were the reporters and visitors.

As the listening world waited intently they could bear in the background the ticking of a metronome that bad been placed before a microphone on the deck of the Nevada. Louder than the metronome was the cracking and static and off-stage voices intermingled with the shoutings of nervous radio commentators.

The climax bad been reached. Dave's Dream had made two runs over the target to check its radar equipment and get its range. Now it was swinging into the third or live run.

Eyewitness Accounts

On board the Appalachian miles away some watched the blaHt on the television screen. Others nn deck looked through colored glasses as the violence of the atom was released on veternn battleships. For the majority, the show was a disappointment, since many of them had expected to get a thrill similar to that received if standing on tle deck of a battleship when it fires a 16-ineh broadside in a hurricane. But nothing like that occurred. First, thf're was a flash, said by some to be disappointingly faint. Then, a few minutes later the sound like distant rolling thunder. Many :cientists, Congressmen and UN observers expressed their actual feelings and impressions from what they saw and heard, while others were carried away witl; their imagination and told the sto ry as tf they were actually standing on the deck of the Nevadu.

One observer said that it was iio more spectacular than the colorful cloud that accompanies a forest fre in British Columbia. The RusRian representative, pointing at the elond, said: ••Not so much." A senator first looked at the sun through his colored glas::;es and then at the blast and said: "My estimation of tile .flash is thai it was not as large or as bright as the sun."

In contrast with these statements are the reports of newspapermen like William L. Lawrence, of the New York Times, who wrote:

It was an awesome, spine-chilling spectacle, a boiling, angry, super-volcano struggling toward the sky, belching enormous masses of iridescent flames and smoke and giant rings of a rainhow, at times giving the appearance of a monster tugghig at the earth in an effort to lift, it and hurl it into space.

The spectacular cloud, made up of billowv, creamy-white clouds sb^eaked with pastel eolors of pnk and saffron and salmon, towered five miles into the stratosphere. At a height of two miles it swelled into a great knot; at three miles there was another knob; and at the top it spread out like a great mushroom or cauliflower head estimated to have been 12,000 feet in dliameter. Meteorologies explained that the pecuhar cap was due to the steam cloucVs suddenly freezing at 18,000 feet into ice crystal. First reports were that the cimid rose to 50,000 m^ 60,000 feet. Later, these figures were pared down to 24,000 to 35,000 feet.

The high-speed earn eras (there were sixty of tlicm installed on steel towers five and ten miles from the explosion} gave a more accurate picture of what actually happened in that split-second when atom particles started splattering the lagoon of Biki ni. These cameras were operated by radio and some of them took 8,000 pictures per second with about onemillionth of a Recond exposure for each. These pictures showed that at first streamers of bright light shot out from the center. Then, an instant later, a huge ball of fire, more than n mile wide, seared and blaekencd the ships. A moment later this was replaced by a fog bank of steam, caused when water is suddenly heaterl ahowe 3,100 degrees Fahrenheit. Tn the center an atomic tornado of extreme violence was generated which surged upward thousands of feet.

This caused the wind to rush in at a speed of 500 to l ,000 miles an hour.

In the extremely ::;hort time that it took the bomb to explode, one-tenth of a millionth of a second, radiant energy was released that ltad at the <'enter an estimated temperature of 100,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit, ten thousand times hotter than the surface of the S\n. In the first 5000th of the frst second some of this data was recorded. Also spectrographic measurements were captured. A short time later pilotless drone boats and planes were steered into the target area to take samples of the radioactive water and air. Thousands of pressure, velocity and temperature gaitges were used to record the effects or the blast. Geiger counters wen,. installed in all the planes and hoats to measure the radioactivity, Individual '‘secur'd y badges" told i{ tlje personnel had 00cr:. subjected to overdoses of the deadly rays.

Some of the Damage Done

The blast slapped the water with such force that it momentarily depressed it like a saucer. Great damage was done, though not of such magnitude as predicted. Five ships were sunk; nine were heavily damaged; forty-five others suffered badly. The hlnst "damaged more ships than have en^r before been damaged by a single explosion", said the official report. Blnndv ::;aid, though, that one should not he too hasty in drawing conclusions from these meager facts.

Because few ships were sunk outright and the palm trees and Rteel towers on Bikini islancl three and a Italf miles away withstood tlie blaRt, many people were prone to pas:; it off us n miserable failure. Granted tltat the bomb was not as great as the one dropped on Nagasaki, which was rated ns 15,000 times that of a 500-pound bomb, yet one thing is certain, and Umt is, the atom bomb is still the most monstrous and polf'nt weapon of destruction so far exhibited.

In time of war the ships would have been crippled to the point of uselessness by losing their radar, radio and fire equipment. Yet more damaging than fire and blast pressme were the invisible rays of radioactive substance, consisting of gamma rays and particles of neutrons, electTons and alpha particles. This form of radiation is equivalent to that of tbousands of tons of radium. Bomb-burst radiation, mililie radium, is extremely fierce and lasts but a millionth of a second. but death may follow weeks later. Though at 18 miles distance on the Appalachian this radiation amounted only to that of one-twentieth of a second exposure under ordinary X-ray, which is harmless to hmnans, yet jf those crea-ttii’es of flesh and blood who were disappointed at the show had been on board the ships in the taTget area there would have been a heavy loss of ]ife. Mnny would have died from the blast within 3,000 yards of the center, and witLin 1,000 yards few would have survived.

Lingering radioactivity in the area was somewhat proportional to the distance from the burst. Forty-eight hours after the blast the beach of Bikini was safe for sunbathers. But some ships closer to the blast were still dangerous on July 4.

First reports said that the bomb was dropped with very good accuracy and that ''it could not have been hettet'". But later it was shown that the bomb f€'11 1,500 to 2,000 feet west of the target ship and to its stern. This expinins why the transport Gilliam was sunk '‘in a matter of seconds"', whereas the Nevada escaped. Though Bl8Jidy said that the bomb exploded ••at exactly the intended height”, others claimed that H did not go off at the intended height. It was supposed to have been the same type as that used at Nagasaki, that is, a Plutonium bomb instead of a Uranium 235 type as used at Hiroshima, yet it was "somewhat less powerful” than the Nagasaki bomb. The fact that the cloud did not rise to 60,000 feet was proof of that. Nevertlie-less, it was terrible enough in its destructive force to set the Saratoga afire two miles away.

No tidal wave was created, and the earth was not shaken as predicted. Magnetic and radioactive gauges stationed in such scattered places as Hudson Bay in Canada, Peru and Australia failed to respond, and tidal gauges and seismographs in California and Hawaii were not disturbed. This was because an atomic bomb is only oiie-thousandth as powerful as a moderate earthquake.

What About the Animals?

Only ahout ten pencent of the goats and pigs were killed outright. So the firHt corielusions were that radioactivity was not as bad as predicted. The second day goats were found munching hay on the forecastle deck of tlte hard-hit Pennsylvania. But mice under the gun turrets on the stern of the Nevada a few hundred feet from the center of the blast were all dead. This led Colonel Wan-en to the belief that ships cannot he built thick enough to protect their crews from the lethal radiation of nearmiss atomic blasts. It was also learned' that white mice flown through the cloud in drone planes after the bla::;t turned brown. Reports showed that many of those found alive were sick and later died. Some of the animals were given a special hath to remove the radiation, hut two weeks nfter Able Dav it \vas reported from the animal sJilp, Burleson, that the survivals of the mitia\ blast were "dying like flies". Blandy later denied this as an overstatement, and said mortality was at the ''expected rate".

The Second Test at Bikini

PreciseJy at 8:35 a.m., July 25, called "Baker Day'', tlie first underwater atomic bomb exploded beneath a fleet of 87 naval vessels of varions types. Thon-sands of mile s away the listening world heard by radio w!iat sounded like the continual roar of a pouncling surf, or more accurately descrihed as the amplified sound of escaping excess steam from a ship.

Once again n great ball of fue lighted the lagoon. Then thousands of tons of water gf'yserprt skyward out of the howels of the lagoon to n height of 5,000 feet. Intermingled with this water was a gray-blue cloud of radioactive mist and steam. It was peach-colored on the edges and continued to rise to an altitude of two miles. hut was higger at the base thaji former atomic explosions, resembling a gigantic, shimmering mushroom. Estimated to have a diameter at the base of 2.000 feet, it fogged out and obscured the television screens.

The wvawes that this explosion raised on the lagoon were said to he all the way from 2 to 10 feet high. Mere ripp les they were comp nr ed with the predicted 100-foot waves. NevertheJess, this explosion was no firecracker nffair. Tt tossed giant battle-wagons around as if they were toys, and caused considerable damage. One obBf'rver said that the atom bomb No. 5 was equal to 50,000 tons of rNT.

The next day early reports indicated ten slrips had been sunk, including a battleship and an aircraft carrier, while six others were hadly damaged. No ship snrvivert within a radius of a half a mile of the explosion. Double proof has thus been given to show that the atomic bomb is a df'adly weapon of destruction to both life and ships. whether it is exploded above or below the surface of the sea.

Why These Tests?

These atom-bomb tests were not sponsored by the UN organization, but were an undertaking by the United States only. The pnrpose, Mcording to Admiral Blandy, was primarly to determine the effects of the atomic bomb npon naval vessels to gain information of value to the national defense . . . Secondary purposes are to afford training for Army Air forces personnel n attack with the atomic bomb against ships and to determine the effect o£ the atomic bomb upon mJlitary installations and equipment.

It was "to improve the defensive features of combatant ships"', it was "clearly as a defensive measure”, said the brass-buttoned admirals. Afore is revealed by these sta.tements than appears on the surface.

To say that the tests were "scientific experiments”, as $ome 8aid they were, Is not altogether true. Th<' scientists that gave the world the atom bomb did not approve of these tests, and said that nothing new was to be learned from such. The thousand scientists that took part in the test, it is said, did so "with heavy hearts and without enthusiasm". The Federal American Scieuti;ts said that "nothing of scien tific value and lit-tl? of technical Yalue to peacetime use of atomJc energy'’ would be learned from the tests. The f'cientistR were not enthusiastic about these purely "defensive" tests.

The Joint Chiefs' Evaluation Board erred when it said that these tests were to enable "the UUnited States to retain its present position of scientific leadership''. Military leadership is what many believe they meant. Huge amounts of quartermaster ?upplies were placed on decks of yessels Just to "see what happens''. Noth-mg was learned ahout the effect radiation had on the great stores of valuable material that was destroved hv fire or went down with the 8unken ships. Far more scientific control, and heiice more valuable information, could have been obtained by subjecting those materials to radiation in the laboratory, and at a fraction of the cost.

And speaking of expense, the navy said that the experiment would cost onlv about $100,000,000. Bnt others placed the cost more nearly where it belonged, around a hall billion dollars. 1t depends 011 the bookkeeping system used. According to the n avy the ships were junk.

Political Repercussions

The mvaluation Board said that "the test was well conceived and executed". And secretary of the navy, ForrestnJi denied that it was a threat of war to the other nations. However, others doubt the sincerity of these statements. In fact, an atomic bomb test at a time when peace conferences are in order touched off a nmnber of repercussions in different parts of the earth. Many observers see in it a theatrical exhibition before the world of the military strength of the .United States. They see in it, too, a political move on tlte chessboard of international diplomacy.

The French press poked fun at the great publicity that was given this event. If it was a purely military experiment, why aU the publicity! ls it customary for the iiavv to invite hundreds of newspaper reporters and radio announceTs and representatives of foreign governments to witness military experiments at its proving grounds? Not at all. A French scientist said: "The ^American atomic bomb test in the Pacific is a miserable idea and a poor example to give the world."

The Italian Socialists paper said: «The atomic bomb is on a level with the evil deeds of the Nazis and places conquerors and vanquished 011 the same plane." .Another Italian newspaper said that the test was the "most startling, monstrous and at the same tinme tragically grotesque experiment".

One British comment about the test comes from a member of Parliament. He was loudly cheered when he rose in the House of Commons and said: "Wbv choose innocent animals when there are so many guilty men available?"

Russian comment on the Bikini tests jg worthy of: note. ‘'(An aggressive gesture against all people of the world," said a Soviet newspnj)er. Another Russian writer commented about the fact that atomic energy for peaceful purposes is sulwrUinated to military use.

Another commented on the fact thatt although the bomb failed to sink all the warships, it, nevertheJess, "fundamentally undermined the belief in the seriousness of American talk about atomic disarmament". It is a means of "blaQk-mail that Cc.'tD be used against those wlio do not agree with, or submit to" the United States, is the foreign impression made. Even Russian scientists showed "profound anxiety at the fact" that atomic energy was being used by the United States, <<not foi’ the good of manland but to its detriment as an instrument for oppressing and enslaving other peoples.’'

Not only abroad, but here at home, many people were and are opposed to such "experiments". Senator Huffman is quoted as saying that "the United States cannot escape the accusation that it is acting in a most unsuitable and hypocritical manner". Scientists too have opposed holding such sword-rattling demonstrations at a time when there is sup^ posed to be a peace in the making.

America stands at a gTeat vantage point in history because of her heritage, resources and skill, but she does not use these to inspire confidence in her ability to establish peace. .Maybe the explanation for this deplorable condition is given by Dean Gildersleeve. She said, not so long ago , ’’We have been [ailing because our leaders and representatives bave lacked brains that see the goal and think straight. They have lacked wisdom, and they have lacked courage.”

Notwilhstanding t h j s unfavorable comment following the ftrst test on July 1, preparations with dress rehearsals went on apace for the next one held on .July 25. The admirals try to justify these •’experiments" by saying that the data gathered will prevent another 'Tearl Harbor". But as far as developing a defense against the atomic bomb Dr. J. Hobert Oppenheimer, director of the atomic bomb laboratory at Los Alamos during the war, says: “There are no specific counter-measures for atomic liombs."

AWA{E/

It is for this reason that men like Oppenheimer and Trey wlto developed the bomb now tear it more than anything else. They see in these bomb tests the gathering of data for use by the militarists, and not for peaceful scientific use. The scientists say they labored under an illusion in developing the bomb in the first place. As one of them put it; ''VVe thought the democracies would use it wisely to end the war to end all wars." But uo’v they see that the atom bomb of the future will not have tlte killing power of 20,000 tons of TNT, as the one used at Hiroshima, but rather, an atomic bomb of the future will he equal to one or two million tons of TNT. Furthermore, these bombs will be relativelv cheap when compared with other types of weapons. One estimate is tliat in the not-too-distant future an atom bomb will cost no more than $1,000,000. More than two billion was spent developing the first one.

Those who see beneath the surface and iltink in tetins of the third dimension find no peace of niliid or consolation in the fact that these atomic tests are promoted by the militarists. Those who hope and pray for peace find no guarantee that such military leaders will establish a lasting peace through their bomb research. No, not when tliey read concerning the war-crime.s trials in Japan that it was the militarists tliat set the stage and promoted the China incident that eventually embroiled half the world's population in a long and bloody conflict.

Atomic Age of Fear

Originally scientists were experimenting with atomic energy with the view in mind of using it for the benefit of man, but tliejr efforts were diverted into destructive channels. Instead of spending hundreds of millions of dollars on a bomb test, why not spend a little in developing the peaceful possibilities of at?mic energy? "V1ty not use it to cure sian cancer on a large scale? There are also many other applications for atomic energy that are now known. Up to the time of the war over 400 radioactive isotopes had been discovered. Why not develop their possibilities?

It is true. a few days hefore the first Bikini bomb was released the government finally made available a small quantity of atomic by-products for medical purposes. _But in doing so they said : "It probably wiiJ be impossible to meet all of the demands of the country until additional pile facilities are built specifically for radioactive isotope production."

All right, why not spend some of Uie money that was sunk in the Bikini lagoon in building such piles? No! say the militarists, such "is not contemplated in the irmnediate future". Instead, they say that millions will now be spent in redesigning and improving naval vessels for the future.

Instead of perverting this yainahle source of energy, as bas been done in the mid-Pacific, why not use it for legitimate purposes? Why not, for example, heat a great city like New York next winter by atomic energy? It is claimed that the harnessing of the atom for the generation of power is already in the blueprint stage. Why, then, does the government not give such experimental work its full support and financial aid instead of giving it to some fish-killing, mousedestroying, nation-frightening show of military might f

Does it not seem inconsistent for a nation to spend hunclreUs of millions of dollars on these admittedly military preparations for a third world war, and at the same time send its delegates to what is called a “United Nations" peace conference f .And yet this is what is done, and both events are reported in the same newspuper. The United States finds herself in this ridiculous position because in reality slie does not have faith and confidence in the ^UN organi-zati.oji. She believes what Trygve Lie says: ''The immediate job of the United Nations is to forestall actual war between nations." In other words, it is admitted that s\ich factional organization can only delay war. If the United States7 without faith in the LUN organization, busies herself perfecting machinery for the next war, how can she inspire other nations to have faith that the ('United Nations" will outlaw war?

Great fear has seized the rulers and the ruled. Tliey admit the atomic bomb offers no guarantee against war, with the exception of the Vatican, which says that the atom bomb is more important as an instrument of peace than as an instrument of war. Imagine! Neither does the announcement that a method is being worked on for detecting an experimental atomic bomb explosion anywhere in the world give any comfort or peace of mind. It is a case of "'men's hearts failing tliem for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth".—Luke 21: 26.

- ■

And so, driven by this fear, the nations prepare for war. Even while the preparations were going forward for the Bikini tests announcement was made that the United States ltad developed other terrible weapons besides the atomic bomb. Fear, too, was increased when it was disclosed that the Russians tried out an atomic bomb on December 18, 1945, that made obsolete the .American type. F’rom now on it is a race between these so-called “brotherly" nations whose foreign ministers sit around the peace tables while their scientists build bigger and better bombs.

If an atomic explosion is the greatest manifestation of power that man can produce, and yet it is only one-thousandth as powerful as a moderate earthquake, tlien the nations that have forgotten God should surely tremble and fear, for shortly now Jehovah God, the Almighty and Infinite One, will shake this earth with such destnwtive violence that the atomic bomb tests of Bikini will pale into insignificance.

Fixing Boundaries

THE sovereignty of a nation, as history shoW!, is no ruore secure than its borders.

If its territorial boundaries are called in question a nation, to show its right, must display its might. "ifigbt makes right/' so they say, in this world of brutal force. }'or example: Wm. Philip Simms, editorial commeutator of the New York World-Telegram once mxite :

^Tbere is scarcely a frontier in Europe, it is pointed out, tliat has not dumged hands ho.lf a dozeu times n past centuries. Scotland could clam England or England elnim Scotland, or Britain claim F:rauce or France claim Britain, or Rome claim, everything, if you delve back far enough. Or Mexico might take back Texas, or Russia take Alnskn, or France take LouisiAna, or Spain take Florida, or the Indians tnke- had Manbattan on the grounds that we hnd taken advantage of them when they were weak."

All the talk about satisfactorily securing the territorial hoonclariea of a so-called "brotherhood of nations'' is sm to fail. J?or of a truth, "the eaulh is Jtobovah's, and the fulness thereof" nnd present govemments have no legal claim thereto. (Psalm 24: 1, Am. Stim. Ver.) Consequently, tenitoties of stat.cs lind boundaries of nations will continue to clliiuge hands in the open market of international barter, the medium of exchange being cliplomatic intrigue with force, antil He who is the rightful Owner of the eadb rises up at ^Armageddon and squashes all these "squatter" nations who presumptuously and arrogantly druw imaginary boundary lines on the errth'a surface.

AWAKE I

On the Religious Front

Prayer far the World

fl. The heads of ull so-culled "Chnstinn"

churches in Britain issued a call on July 28,

1946, for prayers on behalf of the peace con- J ference at Paris, starting July 29. A statement Is signed by the archbishop of Canterbury, the Roman Catholic wchRshop of Wcstmnster, (L the moderator of the General Assembly of the Jj Chureh of Scotland and the modejofor .of the Free Church Fedetal council said: lj

"The coming peace conference ^1 murk Y another and important step in the long process 1 of makiug the peace. The constant duty of j?

Christian people is to he steadfast in prayer S for the p110ples of the world and for those who bear the respolliihility of leadership among them. That duty is indeed recognized; yet, having in view the critical importaoce of the com- y

ing conference anti of all to which it will lead

on, we call upou al who put their trust n the

will and grace of God io be instant in prayer

at this time."

The following comment is immaterial to such Jj political religionist-s, but it will gaw the ear of ij, those sincerely trying to be Christians, because jj their Leader, Christ Jesus, said it: "I pray not n_ for the world."—John 17: 9. )■

Catholic Priests War Criminals Ji

fl. The Yugoslav Ministry of Jnforruo.tion in (f Belgrade on .July 26, 1946, said some priests had been executed in Yugoslavia since Tito y took power, hut "they were tried as war criminals, not as priests". A spokesjunn at the min- i istry said reports that Tito had launched n y terroristic nnti-Cathulie policy were "olfl acen- s* sations renewed to coincide with the Paris peace conference''. Religious rabble-rousers in J) democratic lands should remember, before they (L unleash their windstorms, that the .Allies thew- J selves are holding the Roman Cuthoic priest (L Tiso of Czechosluvakiai Cntholic Hitler's pup- J pet ruler, for trial n the war ciimina.l dock. 0

Double or Nothing

fl. The following appeared in the New York Worltl-Telegrw r on May 25, 1946: “Brussels, May 25.—A Belgian priest named Callewaert appealed from a stmtence of six yeru:s' imprisonment imposed after his conviction for collaboration. The court of appeals today made it 12 years." Had the court read in the Bible God's , judgment against snch religious organizations as tills priest serves, nirnely, ''DouOle unto her double" Y—Reve!ation 18: 51 6.

Consolidating Religion

€ In a document of some 4,000 words, a basis for union of the Protestant Episcopal and the Presbyterian, U.S.A., churches bas been officially submitted by a joint committee of the two bodies. 'fhe preamble to the proposed union rends as follows :

"Through the events of our time as well as through his revelatinu of his will iD Jesus Christ, God il imperatively calling npon all who believe in him to become one Hock under one Shepherd, so that the world muy believe in its Creator, Redeemer and Sanctifier. .Al the churches stand at the bar of God's judgment. The city of Christians is not merely a pious aspiration; ii is essential if the church is to live and to fulfill is mission both at home and abroad. It is not remote from the needs of onr age. Upon us the end of a.world has come, and the events of the lust decades have shown that unless the church becomes increas-ngly efectve in human affairs as a united comnnmity of faith whicli transcends nationality, race and cluss, and thezofore etm hold divided groups in co-operation, further and more destructive ideological wm'S are nevita-ble."

Tba document shows that, finally, some religions have recognized that the eud of the world is at bnnd. Their eSorts to hold it together wil surely fail, according to the Bible.

"Associate .yourselves, 0 ye people, amd ye shall be broken m pieces; . • • Take counsel together, and it shall come to nought.: speak the •word, and it shall not stand: • • • Bay ye not, A confederacy."—Isaiah 8:9-12.

An analysis of the musical merits of he "popular song", ragtimp ana jazz, plm a few observations on the vanity that often attends serious music

THE primary purpose of music is to bring praise to Jehovah God, as the Bible so abundantly testifies, and its secondary purpose is to delight and benefit man. It may wen be termed the language of the heart, the speech of our emotions. When filled with superlative joy, intense longing or keen grief, words seem inadequate, and the soul breaks forth into song, in music. A case in point is the Psalms, which were originally sung, and which run the whole gamut of human emotion.

Not only is music the expression of the heart, Jut also food and even medicine for it. Man has a hunger for beautiful sounds just as he Ju1-s a hunger and thirst for food and drink, for heauty that is visual, and foi’ truth and knowledge. Music satisfies that hunger for beauty in sound. And music has been found to be good medicine for troubled spirits from tile time physicians prescribed it for King Saul down to our day. Edison, some thirty years ago, made many experiments demonstrating the value of music in changing one's moods. It htt:) been found that when sorrow depresses the heart, or bitterness, anger or resentment arises in the breast, the hearing of beautiful and cheerful music will help restore peace and calm. Because of this. good music is an aid to the Christian who seeks to have eontrol of his mental disposition and to have his mind and heart filled with such things as are pure, honest and of good report. Such is particularly true of music written in praise of Jehovah God and about the joys of His service. But there are many different types of music, and not all have a good effect.

The "Popular Song

About a hundred years ago in this country such men as Stephen Ji'oster wrote songs that appealed to the multitude and which became very popula e. Such were really folk songs, and are still popular today because they Jiad both sincerity of thought and musical merit. However, about the same time, and moTe and more so as tJie years rolled by, another song was being composed, the •'popular song''. Its authors and composers were not men who .felt the mge to give their fellows something beautiful and had the gift to do soi but were such as had but one concern, that of making money; and this they would do by catching the popular fancy with some-' thing seemingly new. For years they sentimentalized over the sorrows caused by the unfaithful lover, the drunkard father. the 'dead mother in the baggage car ahead', etc. Excessive weeping over the woes and wrongs of others brought a certain amount of emotional relief; the people enjoyed it, and so it was worked to the limit by these tune smiths.

When the country went to war the peddlers of this type of entertainment found it profitable to become patriotic, and so patriotism became the last refuge also of musical ( 1) scoundrels. When prohibition came along they sang of the «alcoho1ic blues'' because someone had stolen their booze. Since then the popular sougs have continued to deteriorate, until toda v they have reached an alltime low. the popular song is puerile, childish: "Shoofly Pie/' "One-zy, Two-zy, I kiss You-zy; Two-zy, Three-zy, You kiss Mee-7.y" ad infinitum, ad nauseam. It is vulgar: “I'm nobody's moo cow now; Sunken hips and fnz^* lips"; it is blasphemous in its references to God and the Scriptures; it is filled witU creature worship, idolizing "heroes" aud romance; and when it is not brazen in its appeal to the desires of the flesh, it does so by . means of the "double entendre", using seemingly innocent words to convey evl thoughts. It is told of a leading young lady in a Broadway musical, who had recently come to the "Great White Wav'' frorn Texas, that she actually cried when told the sjgnificance of the words she was singing. But slie evidently soon got over her grief, as she kept on singing the words. 'l.'he popular song reflects the mind of this world, a world under the control oi the Devil and plunging liead-Jong toward destruction.

Nor should it be thought strange that this is so. Today tJe writing of popular songs is a highly commercialized business, Big Business. Ability is so scarce that we often -find three or more listed as "composers" of an inane melody, while a like number claim credit for tlje lyrics; the former being as ignorant of tlte grammar of music as the latter are of the possibilities of the English language. One on the "inside'' of tliat business opined that the reason that no hits were emanating from ‘Trn-pan alley" these days was that its composers never go hungry, they being well paid regardless of whether or not they produce!

Tin-pan alley. That place is well namecli as oue writer not so long ago observed: "Tin. the one metal that suits the dull reverberatiom; of the passing song. Pan, the one instrument to send out its flat repetitions, its tiny monotony. Alley, not eveu a street. It is a place of crassnessi of sentimentality and cynicism." No wonder they have to hire ''plnggers” and bribe artists to bring their wares before the public!

Ragtime

What is ragtime? and where did it originate? How the name got its start is anybody's guessj not much being ]mown except that when playing music a certain way, they sj)oke of it as "ragging" it. One thing is certain, there was ragtime before it was called by that name. Ragtime i!:l generally acceded to be syncopation. And what is Ryncopa-tion 1 Well, it is a form of rhythm, aiid. in music rhythm is the "regular recurrence of strong and light accents". ITs-mal!y the stress falls on the first note of a bar of music, a seconchwy stres!:l being given at the half-way murk, such as: One, and, Two, and; or One, two, Three, four. To get the effect of syncopation the stress is reversed, and we have: one, A-xn, two, And; or, one, Two, three, F'our. By means of tJjis novel use of rhythm, music has a spice, a piqnancy all of its owri. Composers of "good" or seiions music have kept this in mind mid therefore nse it very sparingly, it being found chiefly in musical noveltie-s. Many ' of l;he advocates of ragtime point to this fact to argue that there is nothing wrong with ragtime. But in ragtime we do not have just the nse of syncopation, hut its abuse; it is syncopation ridden to death, he come, as it were, a disease. In ragtime the rhythm is the all-important factor, melody, harmony and musical ideas being slighted for its sake. The overdoing of this novel form of rhythm has semething exciting about it, and its effect upon the listener is to make him reckless.

To appreciate the difference between the use of syncopation by composers of serious music and of Tagtime one might liken it to the nse of alcoJjolie beverages. At dinner there mas' he a little Burgundy wine on the table- to go with the steak. Thjis may add to the enjoyment of tltH meal and also aid the digestion ; for is it not written: ''Wine maketli glad the liea.rt of man," and, "Take a little wine for thy stomach’s sake''? In moderation it serves a good purpose, and its actual volume as compared with the meal as a whole is very small. That compares to the use of syncopation in serious music.

lint, tin-pan alley with its ragtime is comparable to the sa]oonkeeper who

keeps coaxing his customer on payday to have one glass after another of cheap whiskey, having nn eye only on his own profits and not at all concerned about what happens to his customer's healtJi and family. Or it may be likened to the reckless young set of today wJio imbibe a lot of liquor because it makes them feel "good", irresponsible, and arouses their amorous impulses.

This is easily appreciated when we remember that Tagtime (not just syncopation) "harkens back to darkest Africa and is derived from tribal open-air exuberance". It was the music of savages, who, having no appreciation of melody" not to say anything of harmony, knew music only as rhythm plus noise. It served to give expression to their primitive instincts as well as to arouse them, and was always associated with dances having either a religious (demonic) or sexual significance. In fact, in many of the pagan ceremonies the two go liand in band, even as recorded in the Scriptures regarding Baal-peor.

Those savages were highly skilled in their rhythms, some of the rhythms being so complicated that the white man could not imitate them. When kidnaped and sold as slaves to the cotton growers of the "Old South”, they brought with them the beginnings of ragtime. Their skill in rhythm and sense of humor soon produced the Negro minstrel, that form of entertainment so widely imitated by the white man. It has been said that ragtime began with the Negro's restless feet, and that it is nothing more than a pepped-UJ) version of the Negro spiritual. it has been said that in his spiritual be yearns after God but in ragtime he yearns after the Devil; his spiritual being for Sundays, bis ragtime for the other six days of tJie week

When ragtime first took the country by storm, a prominent musical educator gave it a withering blast of invective, stating that it was, among other things, •<the musical attitude toward life only

too familiar to us alL An attitude shallow, restless, av’id of excitement, incapable of sustained attention, skimming the surface of everything, finding nowhere satisfaction, realization and repose. It is a meaningLess stir-about, u commoti on without purpose, an epilepsy simulating controlled muscular action. It is the musical counterpart of the sterile cleverness we find in so nmch of our centemporary conversation:''

Viewed from a strictly musical standpoint, our critic of ragtime is correct, hut in other respects his definition falls short. It is not without meaning and purpose save in so far as it is without a good meaning and purpose. This is supported by the testimony of welfare ageJi-cies who claim that ragtrne and jazz have caused as inauy young people to go wrong as has liquor. Yes, ragtime is of, by, and for those who are bored and discontented, of whose lives it eau be said, "All is vanity." But the music-makers must not be made to bear full responsibility for ragtine. Remember that music is tJie gpeech of the emotions, and if this old world's bosom is filled with sentimentality and restlessness, the musicians merely express it.

Jazz and Its Vmriations

"What is jazz 7 Is it an art, a disease, a manner, or a dance? Has it any musical value? After twelve yeai’s of playing jazz, I don't lmow.'' Bo, at one time, spoke the so-culled "king of jazz". Some insist that jazz is not music, but merely a form or manner or metlioil of playing music. riiere seems to be considerable argument in favor of this view, as any piece of music can he “jazzed up".

Jnzz being the natural development of ragtime, it is not surprising to find that it too got its Rtart with the African Negro transplanted to this country. While both New Orleans. La., and Memphis, Tenn., aTe mentioned as the birthplace of jazz, it seems that the latter has the better claim to this distinction.

A WAKE!

History lias it that a political candidate used a band of Negro minstrels in his campaigning, whose reckless and noisy playing and emphasis on rhythm so struck the popular fancy that their can* clidato was elected.

As a rule, these colored musicians who pioneered in jazz coulcI nut read a note, hut played entirely by ear. Being naturally gifted improvisors (ana that such is a gift cannot he denied) they could not resh;t the temptation to fly off on a musical rampage. Theirs was an outpouring, savage and exulting, noisy and unashamed, and was just what a world with the jitters, such as was the case in days of World War I and shortly thereafter, wanted.

.Jazz may have first seen the light of day in Memphis, bnt its ‘blues” were, without a doubt, born in St. Louis. The hl'les are another ijistance of the abuse of a musical elfect, an<l were also originated by our colored minstrels. In music we have the major and minor keys, the distinguishing featnue of the miuor being primarily the "flatted'' third and sixth notes of the scale which tends to give it a "minor'' or melancholy hue. In the blues the music is written in the major keys and is given a sad or wailing quality by repeatedly fiattiiig the major third, the strongest note in the scale. Thus we have a music that is neither minor nor major, but a mixture of both. The Negro's rn;e of this device can, doubtless. be laid to the fact tliat his 'lot was not a happy one'. However, he had his sense of Immor always with him, and in his blues we find both present. The popularity of the bluest no doubt, is due to the fact that the modern American likewise fintls in it tut expi’essiou ior his discontent and longing.

As time went on jazz hecame mor e and Diore a science, shoJI we call it, for the public was ever wanting something new. Jihis is particularly shown in its use of color and rhythm. In jazz, rhytlun also gets the lion’s share of attention; and, SEPTEMBER 8, 194U while it is generally associated with rag* time, it has reacbed the point of development where it is possible to have jazz without the nse, or rather the abuse, of syncopation. How so? By the clever means of clashing t\vo definitely and regularly marred rhythms with each other. There is no limit to the possibilities of novelty and excitement by such interplay of contrasting rhythms, in comparison with which ragtime seems rather tmne.

True, composers of serious music also make use of this effect, as wlien a melody in waltz time is played with an accompaniment in common time, 3/4 nnd 4/4 time Leing played simultaneously. But here again tin-pan alley does un effect to death for the many who crave novelty and excitement. Such use of contrasting rhythms requires a great deal uf emphasis, and so we find that the rhythm section, with its banjos, bass fiddle (wbiclt is "slapped" instead of bowed), drums und the many traps, is the most important section in u jazz band. .

In their quest, for novelty and variety the jazzmen have not overlooked the possibilities of color, and most of their works abound in ''loud'' and clashing hues, although there are also some of a more subclued nature. In jazz the brasses reign supreme and undisputed, Jiving up to the colloquial meaning of their name. In the symphony orchestra the brasses are used very sparingly, particularly the trumpets and the trombones; and even in a baud, the brasses aTe employed as if' ever aware that there are s\ich instruments as the woodwinds (flutes, clarinets, etc.), which must also be heard. But in jazz lie brasses blare to their hearths; eontent, and for the sake of novelty mutes are used; producing an endless variety of effects, nasal, whining, etc., all in keeping with the jazz spirit.

However, the most distinctive instrument of jazz is the "moaning"' saxophone.

This instrument ltaH a color so different from that of other orchestra instruments that it ever calls attenlion to ih;eJf. It may he termed a brash and rugged in-dividnalist wlio refuses to nwrge hi::; personality with others for the sake of harmony; which explains wlty repeated efforts to include it in symphony orchestras have been unsuccessful. J3ecause of this, in most jazz bands they replace the strings and are harmonized to furnh:lt the background for the trumpets, which effect. can be and at times is pleasingly and skillfully used. As a solo instrument 1t also has some merits.

The quest fur variety in color bas brought forth "hot') and “sweet" jazz. Hot jazz is played by a raucns aggregation of instrumentalists and is the symbol of u world •with the jitters which says, 'Let ns eat, drink, and be jazzy, for tomorrow we die/ Some men drown their cares with drink; hot jazz helps others to do it with noise. On tho other hand, "sweet" jazz is subtle and languoj:ons, the language of sentimentality, of insinuation ami double meaning. "\¥hen the public got tired of one extreme, tin-pan alley turned to the opposite extreme, and today it gives out bot.li.

Recent variations of jazz are "swing'', ‘‘boogie woogie," "jive," the "jam session" of tlte “jitterbugs", etc. But regardless of the variation, they all fall into the same category of lawless expression so far as tlje rules of musical composition are concerned. As someone ltas well said, jazz is a ‘•tripartite agreement [of melody, barmoiiy and rhythm] to disagree, taking over in the one place [music] that was to he forever free from noh;e and confusion".

Concerning the spirit of jazz, none other than Paul 'Viiteman, the "king of jazz", wrote this indictment:

'•I thlnl{ it is- a mistake to call jazz cheerful. The optimism of jnzz is the optimism of the pessimist who says, 'Let us eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die.' This cheerfulness of despair is deep in America . , . Behind the rush of achievement is a restlessness of dis-satif’action, a vague nostalgia and yeanling for something indefinable, beyond our grasp. . . . that is the tiling that is expressed by that wail, that longing, that pain, behind all the surface clamor and rhythm and energy of jazz . . . It is the expression of the soul of America."

But, is there nothing good about the popular song, ragtime and jazz? Have our jazzmen and tlieir associates produced nothing but chaff, filth and poison l It would hardly be fair to put it tlta t sti'ong, yet, compared witlJ the quantity that they produce, that which has itwrit is so smaJl as to be negligible. Occasional!y there is a rneJody, a musical work, a popular production that gives evidence of ti'ue beaut}*. Such a notable exception is Ocrslrvin’s ''Hhap-sody in Blue''. Another composer’ who may also be singled out is the late Jerome Kern. some of whose melodies have been likened to folk music.

Vanity in Serious Music

Tn justice to all it must l)e admitted that there is much vanity associated with serious music. Not all serious and so-culled "good music" iR of worth and merit, deserving to live. Those old boys, known as the "greai masters", tlu:-y also had to make a Jiving; and so they also Jtad to furnish musical compositions on demand, even tltougJt they were without new musical idea$ at the time. And if jazz is aRsociated with one form of religion that incites passion and liits wide of the mark of the purpose of music, se-rious music is verv much contaminated with anotlH?i‘ form of religion, creature worship, and lands wide of the mark in other resjiects. Most or its devotees bow at the shrines of ‘‘great’’ composers, “great" artists, both voc;*al and instrumental, and “great" conductors, give them reverence and speak of them with bated breath, at the same time affecting il WAKE ! a disdain for the "ignorant and unlearned'' multitude who do lint join tlwm hi their "worship”. And muelt ci' serious music is composed fur tile n^y purpose of eliciting such homage. lieing written so as to exhibit t lie skill of tlw artist. Snell indicates a ww‘l'ul Itwk of under;tauding lint only of tilt: purpose of music, but also ol' the I'aet that no creature i::; to he singled, out for praise and elevation on a pedestal.

All of which hi’i 11g::; home 1 he fad that with music, us \rillt everything eb:e that affects man, u proper evaluation of it must be made. There nri* piernty of compositions that Juwe Ute right kind of appeal, folk music, light classics, serious music (when not taken too seriously), and not to overlook the Kii2!](lom 8prricr‘ Song Book. The Christian is nnt craving excitement, he i:-; not hored with ti l'c, 111- does not think that the height of living is "sdf-expression", lawlessness or selfish enjoyment; but lte knows tltat 1 he real joy and satisfaction comes from knowing Jehovah Hod, learning about Him, and in doing I:ljs will. There i:-; much joy, deligltt and satisfaction in suelt things, and if' we are hut wise enough to teed on them WE' shall find true contentment. And Ruch things carry with tltem the promise of nn eternity of hlp::H-ihigs in .Jehovah'::; riglt teous new world wltere mankind will e:mjor Teal music. wltile> the indulgence of the base stuff the:; world ltu:-; to oifer ends with death. Is it not true't Time will answer, Yes.

Africans in a World Upside Down

In a world where so much Hi upside down, due Tnar£'g warriors of the Sahara enter with n few more complications which are perhaps best described by stating, with I’escrYutiom;, that tht> UJeii air* thr women awl the wolli(!n ure the men. Elsewhere in tlm Arab world, uiul Lhese people are Bergers who arc uudt’r Arab domination, llw women, until recently, woru veils. while the men exposed the beauties of their own cotmtenamces to the lil'ht of day. Y<‘t among the Tuaregs the women wear no veils, but the men wear ••ithl'i' dark-blue ont>s or while ones, leaving vJsible only the eyes nml the tips of their noses; and this makes the nwu either "black" or "white" Tuaregs, tlwngh the art nnl euloi- ii< n ri‘ddi:<h yellow. 'l'llii tall, well-huilt women are famous for their lioauty ami their intelligence, mul because, iu various parts of the world. it 'l'l easier to tlel ermine who are the mothers tluiii t hw fathers, the Tuaregs trace their fumily descent in thu female lne; the community is run l>y the wouum and they own all the property except. the nwn\; clothes and weupons. Some more contrary things have come to light regarding African nwu anrl women. Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, has decreed that nobody may convert u member of tlte Ethiujjiruj Church tu any other belief, except in certain open areas, such as Addis Ababa, where people iiiuy bclil'vo ns they wish. That sounds m; if Huile hud come ilown tu the lewl of (be Ronum Catholic Hierarrhy. The Hierarchy llops not want anybody to believe anything except wbat they Lell Ihem, this tn keep the stream of “purgatory bribery” intact. Haile's idea is to keep thew in ehcek1 so that they won't connive with snnw future Mussolini to gmb his country again nml ehnrchify it a Ia Vaticana. '

I11 Africa the wages of the natives n.te impossibly unfrur. In America, ut the outbreak of the wui’ unskilled lulwr, colored, was receiving twelve-lifti'l'nths as much pay as skilled labor, while in South Africa the poor nntives wi’j’e reeeiviug only onr.-seveutb as much. There is nothing even remotl'ly fair ill sueh discrepancy. Instead of :;ending mssiontl.ries to the natives, wlry uot Sllnd n few to those that hire tlwm l

Left I< riKht: Fio^st .-ow: Fountain. I-: , Ethrhle'f, R. L Gough, L. 11!.. Guorl. F. 1;.. .\rnoiO J'.. Thompson. L., Crum. D., Durdohan, A.. Fr‘<\7.i<:r, S.. KuiodllkA-zyh <\uly>'kYi. s.. iJihman, ll.. Thiecle ill., Ikninll. •-••• Knmslcti. )II.

Seeond row: Smith. V., "'lilt,., F;. E.. Juhnt.'pit, H. E., J-ki‘rti>£,, L.^ fi"'^s. l\1.. ••••ntlll, E.• Hlmim" A., f!alntnt>nt\s, l'd., \VaterfaJI, E., <:re.ii, L. 1\f.. 1'ldnwn. J,, }•;., fatrh-l:, llf . BkoW. V.. Onooj. 1::. \\'., W<4kr. lil. 111

Third row: lL<Jtci>-ilo. A. R., nruwn. E.. HootTntan. Z., Haiik^. I: .. l'lri:h. 1{. L., Uv,. G. A .. Bn.llfY. E- Toelk, l\1., f:lrund. M.. Bley,

KrilC"i!"cr. 1".. Plkips, ll. . Ja<ksjn, H.. Fn-tEr. r.... Manning. E.. Gregory. U.

Fourth row: Atkinyort. G., .\ll._sn, J. f',, Arnold, E.. RmcJ1:1t:ui, 11.. llfa.nn, r.. Krii»:g.,r. E. F.. Mo:rlau. li:. F.. Doyd, D., nhyne, n.

Alltl<"lu^, L., E"i'‘'^'ito. It. 'IIl., Otiitili . A., Hro\\‘ii, O. H.. Heomanu, .T. . J,un.ksn. ,\, I'., Y<>il!'t. E.

Fifth row: Hc.,d. J .. l:‘he)jis, rr. H. Broad. K R.. Bctia.ntl, C.. Mcltbun. A, Fino:h. H., Tbl.-de. D. R.. Harlinlln, II. D.. Barb.-r, N. H.,

.Manning. W. ll.. Rjchnrds. R . "'•. Hanltr*. E. O., !'indus, P. •I.

Sixth row: Pal rirk. F,. \\'.. rr„:coy, J. V.. Kc^n. G. S.. KvYalak. ::-:.. Hillman, U. B .. Silva. )f. da, Brown. P.. Oja IMar:<yla). JL, Yo!)<t, W. E., Wien><. f. F., Sk<‘Ij^ari.:k. :-.1.. Chirniltlis. M.. Tuttie. II. L.. Houh;s<>n, K

Seventh row: Brultakr,r. T. l. 1..:!‘i\i<>n • •J. n„, ilhirtin. II., Fi‘:.:ait.-r, L. l\1., Burd<,hnn, 111 .. sparck. W. (;., Fsnoer, D. "'.• Daih^Y^ G. B., Korrt.st, H., Brro<jit+?r, G. JJ., Alltn, 1'. A.. llnffman, A. 'M.. Htrr!nr. ll. J., Jamcz. T., 1.'h"mpson. R. D.

The Watchtower School's Seventh Class

ON A wintry day in February, 1946, the seventh class of the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead started on its way of five and a half months of intensive ministerial training for foreign missionary service. Fifty-eight men and 47 women comprised the class of 105 fulltime ministers that had been called in for special training. The passing months saw winter crowded out by spring, and that delightful season in turn give way to summer. The fleeting term of joy and Jtard work had sped by and now the students stood on the threshold or July 28, graduation day. Hu: elapsing time had piled up in the minds of the students many memories as well as much Imowl-edge, memories of days spent at Gilead tltat will endure as a rich treasure. Once the instructors of the seventh class were humorously charged with committing something like that described at Revelation 9 : 5, which reads: “And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months.'3 But in earnest tone others spoke of theii- school days at Gilead ns a foretaste of harmonious living in .Jehovah's new world.

…