Golden Age, December 24, 1930
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Golden Age
A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND. COURAGE
ill this issue
MOUNTAINS!
AND MOUNTAIN CLIMBING
ANOTHER FOOD POISONING
LIFE OF A TRACKMAN
ANOTHER COMMUNITY CHEST
WAR RESISTANCE
UNDERSTANDING PROPHECY Full text of an address by Judge Rutherford, broadcast in vcatchtowee national chain program
every other WEDNESDAY five cents a copy one dollar a year Canada & Foreign 1.25
Vol. XII - No. 294 December 24, 1930
LABOR AND ECONOMICS
The Life of a Trackman . . . 213
Five-Day Week in Czechoslovakia 240
Government Control of Industry 205
No Canadian Harvest Call , . 205
Alameda’s Municipal Electric Plant........ 206
Farms for Britain's Unemployed 206
POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN
Germany Tired of Reparations . 205
Break-up of British Empire . . 206
Prison Reform in Germany . .209
The World’s Outlook .... 210
SOCIAL AND. EDUCATION AL
Olla-podrida...... . 204
Ullstein Publishing Company . 205
Among the Osages . > 206
The Telephone War in Cuba <, . 207
Philadelphia Memorial Park . . 207
War Resistance in the Offing . 212
A Study in Nines ...... 212
Another Ohio Community Chest 214
No Testimonials Printed . . 9 216
MANUFACTURING AND MINING
The Power Trust in New York
State ......... 208
FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION
Why Dominies Should Have
Free Passes ...... 203
Russian Soap in Cardiff . . . 204
What the Power Trust Costs . . 206
Business Conditions in Detroit in
August ........ 208
Safety of Automobile
Transportation ..... 211
SCIENCE AND INVENTION
Diesel Engines for Motor Cars . 204
Sensitiveness of Receiving Sets 204
Photography Through Steel . , 206
Effect of Smoke on a Drouth . 209
HOME AND HEALTH
How Many Psychiatrists Have We? ”, / . . . . . . .206
Are the Doctors Rkally So
Dumb? ........ 210
Homemade Whole Wheat Bread 212
Disemboweling Dogs in Canada 215
Practical Case of Grape Cure , 216
TRAVEL AND MISCELLANY
Mountains and Mountain
Climbing . . . , Modern Roads of Korea
Japan’s Aviation Expanding
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY
A Preacher in Skirts Understanding Prophecy Respecting Tithes . .
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The Golden Me
Volume XII
Brooklyns FL Y.g Wednesday,, December 24.. 1930
Num beg' 294
Mountains and Mountain Climbing
THE principal mountains of the world extend in an almost unbroken chain from Patagonia to the Cape of Good Hope, embracing in order the Andes, the Rocky mountains, the great central chain through the Himalayas and Alps to the western coast of Europe, and thence across the Sahara and down the central part of Africa to the bold escarpment at Cape Town.
There are various kinds of mountains, described as “folded”, “fault,” “volcanic” and “'residual”. Folded mountains are huge compressions of the earth’s surface, and these account for all the great mountain systems. They have been principally due to the contraction of the crust of the earth as a result of the gradual cooling -which took place thousands of years ago.
Sometimes great breaks occur in the earth’s crust, one side of a fracture dropping hundreds of feet, and leaving the elevated block as a mountain. Many of the ranges of western Utah and Nevada are of this origin. These are the “'fault” mountains.
Volcanic mountains are usually great single piles of lava and ash, of which Mounts Shasta and Hood are excellent examples. The recently formed cones are often beautifully symmetrical, but as soon as activity ceases the cones become gashed with valleys.
When great plains are lifted up and become plateaus, and subsequently become worn down until they are mountainous in topography, what are left are said to be “residual” mountains. The mountains of the Alleghany plateau are of this type.
Frost, wind and water are continually changing the mountains. If given sufficient time, erosion will reduce high mountains to featureless plains. There are many high mountains in the beds of the oceans. A number of submerged peaks have been located and their elevations determined.
If a mountain extends to considerable length it is called a range or chain; if short, a ridge. A group of ridges or ranges is a mountain system, and several combined systems constitute a cordillera. A level-topped mountain of considerable area is a plateau. A mesa is a large section of a plateau; a butte is a small one. The parts of a mountain are summit, base, slope, crest, pinnacle, needle and knob.
The mineral wealth of the world is found chiefly in the mountains. The dimate is profoundly affected by them, on account of their decided influence on the rainfall. They constitute earth’s great water-reservoirs. Lakes and springs are common in. them. Their natural boundaries have served to protect, the weak from the strong and have thus markedly affected human history.
Mountain Climbing a New Art
Unless hunting or other business takes them there the natives who live in the neighborhood of great mountain peaks never climb them. The art of climbing these difficult peaks has been developed by others, but as it has become more widely practiced thousands of Swiss, Italians and Tyrolese have taken up the work as professional guides, and because they are at it constantly their skill exceeds that of the enthusiasts who climb under their direction.
Though hundreds of visitors and guides have lost their lives in mountain climbing, accidents rarely occur nowadays when guides are employed and reasonable precautions are taken. Climbing offers no rewards except that of achievement.
Strong limbs, a sound heart and good lungs are essential to become a mountain climber, but even the frail have latent powers in this direction which are often far in excess of what they imagine. Most people fail in achievement of any kind because they do not make the effort.
There are various kinds of mountain climbers.
qOLDEN AGE
Some are merely club mountaineers, others are trail riders, others are nature lovers, and others are just plain hikers. America has not many real mountain climbers outside of regularly organized clubs, such as the American Alpine Club of New York, the Mountain Club of Denver, the Sierra Club of San Francisco, etc. American climbers have a peculiarity of spurning the aid of guides in finding their way up precarious mountain sides. -
Mountain climbing as a sport is only about seventy-five years old. Once engaged in, it seems to hold its devotees. The effort, endurance and skill required make it a sport for manly men. Oddly enough, most of the mountain climbers are city men, who just somehow feel the urge to seek nature in her most majestic phases and awe-inspiring moods.
Dangers of Mountaineering
There are eight main dangers in mountain climbing. Rocks, ice or snow may fall on the traveler, or he may fall from any one of them, or into a crevice in the ice, or he may be endangered by the weather. The disintegration of mountains above the snow line is constant, the rocks gradually falling to lower levels.
Rockcraft consists in the intelligent choice of a line of route, and in the activity and gymnastic skill necessary to follow the line chosen. In snowcraft the choice of a route is the result of a full understanding of the behavior of snow under a multitude of varying conditions, and depends largely upon experience rather than agility.
A skilled rock climber knows the kind of rocks to choose, and how much weight they will bear in the location in which they are at rest. He is expert in his choice of handholes and footholds and knows how to transfer his weight from one rock to another without jerking.
Climbers usually start with the first daylight. At that time the snow is generally good. A light sprinkling of snow overnight puts climbing out of the question, as it make the rocks so cold to the fingers. Only the easiest rocks can be climbed with fresh snow upon them.
Water for a mountaineering expedition is a vital question. Nothing knocks a man out more quickly than an intense thirst which cannot be slaked. Feeding a mountain climber is a real problem. Altitude impairs the power of the system to assimilate food, and the strongest constitution may be laid low by gastritis. A little alcohol is a great aid to digestion under mountaineering conditions. At heights of 20,000 feet jams, biscuits, chocolates, sugar and condensed milk are found excellent. Hot ruin is taken at night to promote sleep.
The Dreaded Avalanche
In the afternoon some mountainsides are death traps. The snow is soft and the stones which in the morning are firmly held by the frost are loosened by the sun and begin their flight to the valley. An avalanche is a dreadful spectacle to witness, either as it occurs or afterwards.
The sweep of an avalanche from the top of a mountain to the bottom may occur in as little as two and a half minutes. Forests are carried away and broken up into match sticks. Stones many feet in diameter go tearing through the air, bounding from crag to crag. The snow lands in the valley, covering it perhaps twenty-five feet deep.
Snow avalanches have their easily recognized routes, and can be avoided in times of danger by experienced mountaineers. In districts where avalanches are liable to occur the tourist loosely drags behind him a thin tape of red color, called avalanche tape. If an avalanche overtakes him and the snow’ covers him completely, this red tape will stick out of the snow and indicate to the rescue party where they must start their digging work.
Any number of things may start the movement of an avalanche: a falling tree, the vibration of a passing train, or the detonation of a gun. Sometimes a forest fire burns up the trees, the pegs that hold the snow in place. When spring comes the sun gradually melts it down until a rush carries stumps and all before it.
The best mountain climbers are those whose pulses at sea level beat below the normal and are thus able to work at high elevations without too great an increase in pulse beat above the normal. They must have a delicate sense of balance, be cool-headed, fearless, imperturbable, and have abundant muscular strength. Out of eight or ten men in a climbing party only two or three are fit to make the final attempt on the summit.
The terrific winds are demoralizing, and there are scenes of gaunt, disintegrating black cliffs that can be contemplated without horror only’ by a mind under rigid self-control. The power to keep onward when every muscle of the body says “Stop” is essential to success.
Mountain climbing is often a fight to save seconds. There is but an exceedingly limited time in which to do what must be done. It is now proven that oxygen apparatus is an unnecessary burden, as men have gone to 28,000 feet without it.
Acclimatization at high altitudes is considered essential to those who would conquer the highest peaks. An ascent of three thousand feet is considered a full day’s work. Goggles are needed to prevent snow blindness. Leather masks and face cream are needed to protect the face. There is a possibility of sunstroke. Clothing must be warm, but light.
As mountain climbers ascend they find water boils at a progressively lower temperature. At the summit of high mountains it is possible even to put one’s hand in the water while it is actually boiling. No matter how hot the fire may be at such heights, it is impossible to prepare a really hot drink.
Motoring in the Mountains
Motoring ip the mountains is quite a different thing from motoring elsewhere. A big auto with a long wheel base is a menace to- life on steep and crooked mountain roads. Autos run differently in the rarefied atmosphere of the mountains than they do at lower elevations. The radiators boil like teakettles. Chains are a necessity, because the roads are often slippery. The condition of the brakes may mean life or death.
Horns, and good ones, are a necessity, because many autoists go temporarily deaf from sudden changes in the altitude. This deafness can be overcome by holding the nostrils shut with the fingers and then blowing hard. The more noise one makes with his horn, the safer he is.
The responsibility for collisions on a mountain road always rests with the driver who is coming down. On long hills a descending car may get out of control and can be kept in safety only by gently pulling the car against the wall and losing some paint from fenders and running board.
In some instances motorists have been known to save their brakes and the strain of holding their cars in check by dragging a small tree tied to the rear of the vehicle. In some sections of the country, particularly the high western mountains, numbers of persons lose their lives each year because they enter the mountains without knowledge of what to do in case of the sudden emergencies there liable to confront them.
It is customary, in tight places, for the descending machines to take the outside of the road. Most accidents in the mountains are the result of some misguided individual’s trying to make too much speed. Any attempt to make fast time over mountain roads is foolish and futile.
The Appalachian Mountains
The Appalachian mountains extend from the northern part of the state of Alabama to the state of Maine. The Alleghanies, Blue Ridge, Cumberland, Black, Catskill, White and Green mountains are all included in the Appalachian system, which constitutes the watershed between the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi valley.
Throughout much of its extent the Appalachian system consists of long ridges in parallel lines, fifty to a hundred miles apart, enclosing some of the most fertile land in the country. Its slopes are heavily wooded throughout. Where the lands are poorer, evergreens flourish, which on account of their dark foliage covering the summits of the Black mountains, have given this range its name. The panthers and wolves have about disappeared, but bears, deer and wildcats are quite common, even in Pennsylvania.
Iron ore, and hard and soft coal are found in the Appalachians in abundance, and gold, silver, copper and lead are found in small quantities. The deposits of marble, limestone, fire clay, gypsum and salt are abundant and valuable.
The Appalachians show no remarkable elevations, those in Pennsylvania being rarely more than 2,000 feet in height. The culminating point of the whole system is Mount Mitchell, in the Black mountains, near Asheville, North Carolina, with an elevation of 6,711 feet.
There can hardly be said to be any mountain climbing in the Appalachians, though in winter the ascent of Mount Washington, in New Hampshire, is attended with considerable danger. The first trail up Mt. Washington (elevation 6,288 feet) was opened in 1819 by Ethan Allen Crawford, for whose family the Crawford Notch was named.
There is much beautiful scenery in the Adi-rondacks, always a fertile ground for hunters. However, the name “Adirondacks” means “tree eaters” and was a name used in contempt by the warlike Iroquois to designate the aborigines who subsisted on birch and other barks when game ran low.
The Rocky Mountains
The Rocky mountains, or the Cordilleran system, extends from the Arctic ocean to South America. Indeed, under the name of the Andes, it extends all the way to Patagonia. At its greatest breadth this system is about 1,000 miles wide and includes the Cascade, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges, though these are far removed from the Rocky mountain chain proper.
Many of the peaks of the vast Rocky mountain system, especially in the Cascade range, are extinct volcanoes. In Mexico and Central America there are a number of active volcanoes, including Orizaba, 18,300 feet; Popocatapetl, 17,887 feet; and Iztaccihuatl, 17,343 feet. Occasionally there is a volcanic eruption farther north, as Mt. Lassen in California, recently. Alaska has many active volcanoes.
The great rivers of America flow from the Rockies, and include the Mackenzie, Yukon, Columbia, Colorado, Mississippi and St. Lawrence, flowing into the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans and the Gulf of Mexico. Fish of great size are plentiful in these waters. There are numerous lakes, including Great Salt lake and Crater lake, the latter the only crater lake in the United States.
On the western slopes of the Rockies are found the largest trees in the world. The shrub of the Atlantic region becomes a tall tree on the Pacific slope. The buffaloes and beavers of the Rockies have become well-nigh extinct, but there are still grizzlies, moose, caribou, bighorn sheep and Rocky mountain goats. The white color of the latter persists throughout the year.
The Rockies a Treasure House
The Rocky mountain gold mines have been worked in a crude way since 1680. Some of the gravel containing coarse gold has been found at a depth of a hundred feet below the surface. There are rich deposits of silver, copper, iron salt, coal, lead, petroleum, gas, building stone, fire clay, gypsum and cement rock.
Mt. Whitney, California, 14,496 feet, is the highest point in the United States outside Alaska. In Colorado there are forty peaks which are over 14,000 feet in height. Many of these are higher than the well known granite rock, Pike’s peak. In the Canadian Rockies there are forty-four mountains of more than 11,000 feet.
The Sierra Nevada, California, 400 miles long and 100 miles across, is the world’s largest single mountain. Mount Rainier, Washington, is another great mountain, with a base area of 3,000 square miles and embracing on its bosom more than thirty glaciers. There are eighty glaciers in Glacier National Park, Montana. Mount Rainier National Park is one of the world’s paradises for flower lovers. Some 600 species have been found there, and when they all burst into bloom they produce an effect which many people come thousands of miles to see.
The Rockies are world-famous for the coloring and sculpturing of the rocks. In Glacier National Park there are laminated piles of yellow, red, blue, buff, green and gray. In the Garden of the Gods, Colorado, the rocks are sculptured to the most fantastic shapes conceivable. Less than ten percent of the Rocky mountain region is forest-clad.
About twm-fifths of the whole area of the United States is arid, due to the dry and foodless deserts of the Utah basin which, so to speak, lie upon the top of the Rocky mountains. On account of this wide arid belt, the plants and animals common to both Colorado and California are few.
There is not much mountain climbing in the Rockies, though there are a few trained guides in the Canadian Alps. Practically all the peaks over 11,000 feet have been ascended. Mt. McKinley, highest mountain in the United States, is one which anybody can climb. Mt. Robson, 13,068 feet, monarch of the Canadian Alps, has been scaled by two women (in the company of five men).
In the ascent of Assiniboine there is said to be one point where one can crawl to the verge and look down a sheer wall to a great shining glacier 6,000 feet below. The climbing of this mountain presented considerable difficulties.
The Andes Mountains
The central Andean plateau is second highest in the world, being exceeded only by that of western Tibet to the north of the Himalayas. Of the mountain mass of the Andes themselves Humboldt said that it constitutes “the largest mountain chain of the globe”. The derivation of the word signifies copper or metal in general.
Most of the isolated peaks of the Andes are volcanic cones. Among these Cotopaxi, the highest in the world, is still active. Another famous peak is El Tronador (‘The Thunderer’), 11,533 feet. The waters in the Andes constitute one of the principal natural features and, gathering in beautiful lakes or in great rivers, determine the future of the region to be one of manufacturing industries based on water power.
The mountain chain of the Andes attains altitudes of more than 23,300 feet in the highest peaks. At first it was supposd to be a dividing ivall nowhere easy of passage, but when Chile and Argentina came to be more thickly settled it developed that some of the rivers rising in the extreme west of the mountain belt flow to the Atlantic, while others, rising in the pampas, themselves east of even the eastern Cordilleras, flow westward across the entire zone of the Andes to the Pacific. Southern Chile and southern Argentina are labyrinths in the Andean region.
The Andes are marked by lakes with shores everywhere picturesque and in many places precipitous, by bright-colored rocks, chiefly red and purple, by utterly bare and precipitous hills, by grand and continuous wall-like dikes, by wild pinnacles and massive mountains, and by smooth conical piles of fine and bright-colored detritus at the bases of the mountains, some of the piles having a height of more than 2,000 feet. "
The quantity of crumbling stone on the Cordillera is very great. Occasionally in the spring masses of such slide down the mountains, and cover the snow drift in the valleys, thus forming perpetual icehouses the elevation of which may be far below the natural snow and ice limit.
The Alpine Mountains
. The Alps lie at the northern border of Italy, in semicircular form, from the Gulf of Genoa to the Adriatic Sea. From left to right they are divided into the Maritime Alps, from Savona to Monte Viso, a distance of a hundred miles; the Cottian Alps, extending from Monte Viso to Mont Cenis, sixty miles; the Graian Alps, from Mont Cenis to Mont Blanc, fifty miles. This contains the Mont Cenis pass, 6,765 feet, the most frequented of all the passes, on the main railway line from Paris to Turin and Genoa.
The Mont Cenis pass is famous for the winding road, nearly forty miles in length, constructed in 1803-1810 by Napoleon I, which leads over it from France to Italy, and for an immense railway tunnel, 42,145 feet, or nearly eight miles long, opened in 1871. The determination of .the exact direction and height of this tunnel occupied a full year, and the work of piercing the tunnel was carried out with so great precision that the borers who had begun simultaneously from both ends met exactly, after nearly fourteen years of labor.
Next are the Pennine Alps, the loftiest range of the whole system, having Mont Blanc at one extremity and Monte Rosa at the other, sixty miles. This section contains the double-tracked Simplon tunnel, twelve and a quarter miles long, at 2,313 feet above sea level. It also has, at 6,595 feet, the carriage road thirty-six miles long and 25 feet wide throughout, built by Napoleon. This road is carried over steep precipices and through six galleries hewn in the rock.
Next are the Lepontine Alps, the principal pass in which is the St. Gothard, 6,936 feet. A railway tunnel more than nine miles in length was driven under this pass in 1882, and a carriage road runs over it, from Bellinzona, Italy, to Altdorp, Switzerland.
Other sections of the Alps are the Rhaetian, Bernese, Noric, Carnian, Julian, Venetian, Dalmatian, Pannonic and Oetzthaler Alps. Some of these names are alternates referring to the same sections.
The vegetation of the Alps is divided into six zones: olives,vines, cereals, coniferous trees, pasture regions and perpetual snow. The term “Alp” signifies high pasture grounds. The snow line is usually from 8,000 to 9,500 feet, but flowering plants have been found as high as 12,000 feet.
From the slopes of the Alps the great rivers of Europe, Danube, Rhine, Rhone and Po, flow to the Black, North, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Waterfowl, trout and other fish are found far up on the mountain streams, though the highest elevations are entirely destitute of fish.
Alpine Scenery
The Alps are famous the world over for their exhilarating and invigorating climate and unequaled scenery. There are fifty passes recognized, and many others more difficult and dangerous with only a local reputation. The finest panoramic view in the Alps is said to be from the Becca di Nona, 8,415 feet, south of Aosta.
The Rigi, which can now be ascended by railway, is one of the points of vantage from which extensive views of Alpine scenery can be had. There are hotels at the top, 5,905 feet above sea level and 4,468 feet above Lake Lucerne. A favorite Rigi spectacle is that of sunrise over the Bernese Alps.
In the German Alps travelers are hauled to the top of the Zugspitze, an 11,000-foot peak, in cars suspended from a strong steel cable, Twenty persons can ride at once in these passenger cars.
In the Austrian Alps a funicular railway leads from Innsbruck Dolomites to a fine mountain range. The passenger is taken 5,500 feet above sea level within an hour. Thence he can walk to a plateau 7,000 feet high, the view from which is one of the most beautiful in the Alps.
In Switzerland a great ’Tift” carries tourists to the top of the rugged Wetterhorn. The passenger is carried up by two stages, each about 2,000 feet high. The cages are lifted by a drumwound rope and guided by two pairs of steel cables, each 1% inches in diameter and possessing a tensile strength of ten times the maximum put upon them. The cars are attached to these cables in such a way that they would not fall even if the lifting cable should break. The cars weigh 5| tons, carry 20 passengers apiece, and are lifted vertically at a speed of about five feet a second.
Alpine Mountain Climbing
Mountain climbing as a sport began in the year 1786 in the ascent of Mont Blanc by Jacques Balmat and Michael Paccord. 'This mountain, 15,781 feet high, is the culminating peak of the Alps, a cornerpost, so to speak, of Switzerland, Italy and France.
The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayas, “abode of the snow,” are in some places six hundred miles wide and stretch for two thousand miles from northwest to southeast across the heart of Asia. The mountain peaks of this stupendous system rest upon a table land which is itself higher than the highest peak in Colorado.
The Himalayas include seventy-five peaks above 24,000 feet in height, forty-eight above 25,000, sixteen above 26,000, five above 27,000, and three above 28,000. The highest peak of all is Mount Everest, 29,002 feet; the next is K-2,
which is 28,250: and the third is Kanchaiqanga, 28,146 feet, '
The passes in the Himalayas are the highest in the world. The five highest ones range in elevation from 20,457 feet to 17,750 feet. The snow line ranges from 15,000 to 17,400 feet.
The great rivers of Asia, the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmapootra, the Yangtse, the Hoangho and other mighty ^streams get their start on these highest elevations of the earth.
Minerals abound, copper, lead, iron, coal, gold, zinc, sulphur, plumbago and salt. Vegetation is luxuriant and there are forests of pine, spruce, silver fir and cedar at varying altitudes.
Most of the Himalayan peaks remain unsealed. Those who reached the highest elevations never returned to tell the tale, but the Duke of Abruzzi returned from a height of 24,600 feet on Bridge peak in the Karkorams, made in 1919. He was stopped by adverse weather conditions.
Local thunderstorms rage among the foothills of the Himalayas almost every day, but seldom attack the great peaks. The ice on the groat elevations is unusually tough, on account of the tropical sun heat by day and the zero temperature at night. The avalanches, when they break away, are in great masses.
Alpine training is of little avail in the Himalayan mountain climbing. The scale, snow and 'weather conditions, route finding and general organization necessary for success are so different from anything met with in Europe that the Alpine-trained man has everything to learn except the actual technique of climbing.
Gallant Attacks on Everest ,
The highest mountain in the world was named after Sir George Everest, one time surveyor-general of India. It is considered possible that its summit was scaled by Mallory and Irvine in June, 1924. The last point at which these two indomitable men were seen was determined by theodolite as 28,277 feet, less than 800 feet from the top. Two men of the party, Somervell and Odell, climbed to 28,128 feet and returned alive.
The climber Mallory was believed to be as likely to reach the summit as any man that has lived. It is thought possible that on their return trip the two men, Mallory and Irvine, may have fallen asleep and experienced a painless death, due to the excessive cold at that altitude.
Much was learned in the last attempt on Everest. It was found that oxygen is not necessary, but acclimatization is necessary. It is believed that if the mountain is ever scaled a camp must be made at 27,300 feet, just under the northeast shoulder; and it is believed such a camp can be made.
Before his last attempt on Everest George Leigh Mallory made a lecture tour of the United States, and filled in his spare time by climbing fire escapes hand over hand, some of the time head down. He estimated that his chance of conquering Everest and coming away alive was one in fifty.
In the year 1822 Mount Everest was scaled up to the elevation of 27,300 feet, mentioned in paragraph above, by Captain George Finch, Noel and Gurkha Tejbir. On this trip seven courageous and cheerful porters were swept to their death by an avalanche, and the others only came to a halt on the very edge of a 500-foot drop.
The wind in the Himalayas must be experienced to be appreciated. It seems to have the double quality of penetrating any kind of clothing and of almost blovzing the person away at the same time. The preparation of meals at the high elevations is a trial, as all the water has to be obtained by melting snow, which, at 23,000 feet, is extremely dry.
A Mental Problem Too
Perhaps you would not think that mountaineering is a mental problem, as well as a tremendous physical one, but that is said to be the fact. The work is so difficult that a man who dislikes it is liable to become ill and unable to go on. The men who gain the great heights are those in whom the joy of combat and of victory outweigh all other feelings.
A man who has had experience in the work makes the statement that above 23,000 f eet every upward step means an agony of breathless panting, such as a mile runner feels at the end of his race. A pulse of 72 rises to 108 and with exertion goes up to 144. Memory and reasoning and purpose are impared; taste and hearing are lost. Snow7 blindness, double vision, raw throats, frostbite and sunstroke all occur at one and the same time. .
Even to reach the base of Mount Everest, where the ascent proper can begin, is said to be a task to daunt the heart of any but the most courageous of explorers. For miles in every direction are great glaciers which must be crossed under conditions calling for the highest skill and endurance.
The terrific blizzards which rage around the summit of Mount Everest or play about its sides are viewed as one of the very greatest hazards of all. In a moment a whole section of the mountain’s surface is hidden by a dense whirling cloud of rain, sleet and snow driven by the wind of a cyclone. The storm subsides as quickly as it begins, only to break out again elsewhere.
On Everest several layers of light clothing were found preferable to one layer of heavy clothing. It was found that three or four light sweaters weighing but a few ounces each beneath a light waterproof jacket withstood the wildest winds. Light shoes, if they were large enough to receive several pairs of socks, proved more effective than the heavier boots, heavily nailed. The more nails there are, the colder the feet.
Far up on Everest the wild sheep came to within twenty yards of the camp and showed not the slightest fear. Rooks and pigeons came to the campers and fed out of their hands, and so did other birds.
It is considered doubtful if further efforts to climb Mount Everest will be permitted for some time, owing to the objections of the Tibetan and Nepalese authorities. Everest itself is not in British territory and the Tibetans have the widespread belief that the mountains are the dwelling place of evil spirits and resent intrusions by7 men. Accordingly the authorities dislike granting entry into their country if mountain climbing is the objective.
The Attempt on Kanchanjanga
Mount Kanchanjanga, third highest mountain in the -world, it is believed offers greater difficulties to its ascent than any other peak on the globe. It is not a single peak, but a mountain mass with two summits. As seen from Darjeeling, fifty miles away, it seems to hang in the sky, like a celestial vision, apart from the earth.
Describing this scene a writer in the New York Times says:
The most rationally minded of men cannot gaze from Darjeeling upon Kanchanjanga without experiencing something of the same emotions of the simpler minded Sherpas and Lepchas who dwell in the valleys below. He will find himself wondering, half in shame, whether there is anything- in the tales told him of the god Kang Mi whose throne rests upon its inviolable summit, and whether the snowfields and glaciers, that seem almost suspended in midair above a misty ocean, are indeed the abiding places of the abominable snow men, the Mi-go.
In 1899 the first European to approach close to Kanchanjanga, Douglas Freshfield, circumnavigated the mountain. It took him seven weeks. One of the passes which he crossed was at 20,000 feet. He said, “The whole face of the mountain might be imagined to have been constructed by the demon of Kanchanjanga for the express purpose of defence against human assault, so skilfully is each weak spot raked by the ice and rock batteries.’’ Four abortive attempts have been made to ascend it. Several lives we-re lost.
The so-called “Holy Llamas” of Tibet claim that there are five paths to the summit of the mountain and that it has been ascended by natives, but they are careful not to give names or dates, and no natives can now be found who wish to assume responsibility for guiding Europeans to its summit.
The worst feature about the climbing of Kanchanjanga is the terrible avalanches. Glaciers a thousand feet thick stretch for miles across the face of the mountain. They break off in masses weighing millions of tons, and sometimes sweep for half a mile across the level glaciers beneath. The sound produced by the descent of such avalanches is nerve-wracking in the extreme.
The latest attempt on Kanchanjanga 'was made early in April, 1930. The expedition included 300 porters. After five and one-half weeks of gruelling work it had ascended to a height of 24,400 feet and then bad weather forced a retreat. The mountain is 150 miles nearer the sea than Everest, and this makes weather conditions less favorable even than on the higher peak. Experience showed that there were too many porters and others in the party.
On the way back to civilization two sections of the Kanchanjanga party climbed Jonsong peak, 24,340 feet in height, in itself no mean achievement. By the way, it is said that it is always an unpleasant job to welcome a mountainclimbing expedition back to civilization. The men are like raging bulls when they arrive and their explosiveness does not quiet dowm for months. It is a fact well known among scientists that at high elevations men get irritated with each other almost beyond the point of endurance.
Marine fossils were discovered on Kanchanjanga at a height of 20,000 feet above the sea, showing that at that height the range had once been under water.
In 1856 a party of English tourists succeeded in ascending Mont Blanc without a native guide. In 1857 the first Alpine Club was formed in London. The membership in European Alpine clubs now runs over 120,000. In 1921 two boys, 13 and 15 years old, succeeded in climbing Mont Blanc in the company of guides.
The last Alp was climbed in 1910. The most difficult of all the Alps to master was the Matterhorn. Its successful ascent was followed by a disaster in the descent in which five persons lost their lives. The students of Berne and Zurich universities are famous for their mountaineering exploits.
In August, 1921, an airman landed on Mont Blanc at an elevation of 14,436 feet, a point wdiere there is a fairly wide plain of fairly flat snow. In 1928 another aviator flying over Mont Blanc saw two amateur French climbers in trouble. One of them had rolled 600 feet down an embankment, sustaining serious injuries. The aviator was enabled to put in motion a successful plan for the rescue of both men.
There is not much mining in the Alps. Iron and lead are found in abundance, and rock salt, mercury, gold, silver, copper, zinc and coal are mined to some extent.
The Aussee Sandling, rising over 5,000 feet, is collapsing before the eyes, its cones and pinnacles of rock constantly crashing and tumbling, and its forests either moving slowly and steadily forward into the valleys or else already there flat and prostrate. It is believed that the presence of an abnormal quantity of water in the chalky limestone core has caused the collapse of great caverns and the slipping of strata. This strange occurrence is taking place near Vienna.
African and Insular Mountains
In January, 1926, after a second attempt within a month, Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. 18,700 feet, was conquered in a blinding snowstorm. This mountain, near the equator, is covered a third of the way down ’with perpetual snow.
Near Pretoria, South Africa, is a mountain containing a salt deposit and other material which seems to provide a satisfactory food for cattle. The cattle have eaten a cave ten feet high and fifty feet wide deeply into the mountain and are still eating. They seem to have almost given up eating grass, but have the appearance of being thoroughly well fed.
The two most famous mountains in Japan are Fuji and Asama. The latter draws hundreds of thousands each summer, but Fuji is much harder to climb and has perhaps a thousand visitors to its summit in a season. A native proverb remarks that “there are two kinds of fools in Japan: those who have never climbed Fuji, and those who have climbed it twice”.
The highest peak in Australia is Mt. Kosciusko, in New South Wales, 7,328 feet. The highest peak east of the Rockies is said to be Mount Tina, in Santo Domingo. A large area of the Dominican Republic is mountainous and of a grandeur beyond the scope of the imagination.
Mount Hercules, on the island of Papua, or New Guinea, discovered by Captain Lawrence in 1881, is said to be 32,763 feet in height, or 3,781 feet higher than Everest. There is no evidence in support of this claim that the highest mountain in the world is on an island.
Though the highest mountain of New Zealand attains a height of not more than 12,350 feet, it is claimed that its glaciers are more imposing than any to be found in Switzerland, France or Italy, and that their beauty is greatly enhanced by the rich vegetation through which they flow. At the foot of some of these glaciers are natural hot springs and, in some instances, little boiling lakes. -
Other Mountains and Glaciers
The mountain of Vanua Lava, in the Banks Islands of the.New Hebrides, is said to be a vast mass of sulphur, 99 percent pure, about 1,600 feet in height and covering an area of a hundred square miles. Thirty years ago some of this sulphur was mined and shipped to France, but the company engaged in the work of extraction suddenly left the island, giving as a reason that malarial fever made it impossible for -white men to live there.
California’s Mount Santa Ana has moved seven feet to the southeast in the last twenty-five years; Point Reyes has moved more than ten feet northward; Mount Diablo has moved about two feet southeast and Mount Soma-prieto about six feet in the same direction.
The moving mountain at Troedriwfuch, Glamorganshire, Wales, has developed cracks on the top eighty yards long and twelve feet wide, into which many sheep have fallen and been lost. Roads are subsiding, and the whole mountain seems to be slipping down into the coal mines beneath it.
A range of mountains 10,000 feet high has sprung up in the Pacific ocean off the coast of Lower California. A new range of mountains has just been found in the Yakutsk region of Siberia. How little we know of Siberia may be judged from the fact that this heretofore unknown range is said to be a thousand miles in length and three hundred miles wide, with many peaks 11,000 feet high.
The glaciers of Greenland are said to make the record time of as much as a hundred feet in twenty-four hours. The velocity of the swiftest part of the Alps glaciers is perhaps three feet a day. The Muir glacier of Alaska travels about ten feet a day in its lower central part. Sixty-five small glaciers still linger in California, none of them over a mile in length.
Mount Ararat (the name means “mother of the world”) was first ascended in 1829. It was ascended again in 1850. Its precipitous sides present difficult problems in climbing. Fragments of the ark are said to be near the summit. A railroad to the top was planned in 1924, but not carried through. The altitude is over 17,000 feet, and the climate delightful in the hot southern Asiatic summer.
Why Domimes Should Have Free Passes By II. P. Garrett (Ohio)
TN THE GOLDEN AGE No. 288, under the J- headline, “Passes on Nev? York Central,” I believe you are too severe on “'Right Rev.” Jos. F. Smith. I, being an employee of the B. & O. R. R., believe you are not quite right on the requirements for one to receive free transportation. On the B. & O. you must be an employee or one who is solely dependent upon an employee for support.
Novy there are many places where there are no industries except railroad shops and transportation yards in the city, such as Willard, Ohio. If the “Right Rev.” was the minister of a church in Willard, then he would be rightly entitled to free transportation, because a minister is never willing to earn his own support, and in this case -would be dependent upon railroad employees.
011a»padrida
London Newspapers in 'Africa
PERHAPS just to show what it could do the
London Daily Herald recently delivered a quantity of its papers in Tangier, Africa, 1,200 miles away, on the day of publication.
Arabs Must Wed at 15
THE Advisory Council of the Moslems, at
Mecca, has promulgated a decree ordering every male and female Moslem to marry at fifteen years of age. Those who disobey must go to prison, and the parents as well.
Chinese Faces on Aztec Urns
URNS recently found in Mexico, and known
to be relics of Aztec civilization, are said to be decorated with faces unmistakably Chinese in character, and thus to afford fresh evidence of Asiatic settlement of America.
Five-Day Week in Czechoslovakia
Thomas Bata, prominent shoe manufacturer of Czechoslovakia, has introduced a five-day week in his factories. The law requires that the week be one of forty-eight hours’ work, so Mr. Bata is making his employees work 9% hours a day during the five days when they work.
Blessing the Nets
WE DO not know what the fishermen of Boulogne have done to merit such a thing, but the Manchester Guardian prints a picture of the blessing of their nets, which took place on a Sunday recently. Probably the poor fellows do not realize what is ahead of them.
Diesel Engines for Motor Cars
A SMALL automobile with a Diesel engine as its power unit vzas recently driven from London to Brighton and back, a distance of 112 miles, on something less than two gallons of fuel oil. The cost in fuel for the trip is calculated at 9d., about 18 cents.
Modern Roads of Korea
TpHE seizure of Korea by Japan has at least given Korea better roads. There are now six thousand miles of modern roads in the hermit kingdom, and another five thousand
miles of what are called third-class roads, 'total lost is in the neighborhood of 300 men. roads twelve feet in width. The first-class roads This means that about 600 children are left are twenty-four feet in width. fatherless.
20-1
A Use for Baby Golf .
AT LAST a real use has been found for the
baby golf that has turned every vacant lot ' into a Tom Thumb golf course. A course will be opened in connection with an insane asylum on Long Island. This seems a peculiarly appropriate use to make of this glorified croquet ground.
Sensitiveness of Receiving Sets
OF THE 50,000 watts sent out by WHY and other stations it is stated that less than one watt is picked up by all the millions of listeners who tune in. All the rest of the power is wasted. It is said that a good modern receiver wull operate on about two-billionths of a watt.
Origin, of Disk-Lipped Ubangis
MANY have wondered why the women of the
African Ubangi tribe mutilate their faces by inserting great disks in their lips. This was originally done, so it seems, to discourage Arab traders from carrying off the women into slavery. No longer necessary, the custom persists now as a habit.
Russian Soap in Cardiff
RUSSIAN soap of high quality has recently been sold in Cardiff, Wales, at $100 a ton cheaper than it can be produced in England. Fresh invasions of British markets by Soviet goods are reported constantly. Russian coal is sold in Greece at 5s. a ton less than Welsh coal can be landed there.
Japan’s Aviation Expansion
THE Japanese naval air force is to be expanded from sixteen to thirty-two squadrons and there are to be 100 additional planes for the aircraft carriers. The plan, which involves the expenditure of $100,000,000, makes provision for the training of aviators and the establishment of aircraft industry.
Cost of Tunny Salad
THE next time you have tunny salad on your table, think for an instant that in a single storm recently off the coast of France forty-two little fishing vessels engaged in looking for tunny fish went down with all on board. Each boat had six or seven men on board, and the
Government Control of Industry
Rudolf Spreckels thinks that immediate steps should be taken by the government to regulate competition as it did during the World War. by allocating to each manufacturing company its legitimate share of the existing demand, and requiring them to sell at a fair price to consumers.
Lightning Cuts Vessel in Two
OFF the coast of Nova Scotia, in the latter part of September, a bolt of lightning cut the schooner Carranza in two as if cut with a knife. The ship sank in two minutes. Ten lives were lost, but six 'managed to escape. It is believed this incident. clears up some hitherto unexplained marine disasters.
/Vo Canadian Harvest Call
J TNTIL the year 1930 Canada has always had to call for additional help at harvest time, but so many combines (machines which ent, thresh and load the wheat on trucks at one operation) are now in use that there were actually thousands of unemployed in the prairie provinces during harvest time itself.
Germany Tired of Reparations
TIRED of paying reparations, and not seeing how Germany is going to get along with further payments, about one-half her voters have recently indicated by their votes that they must have a revision of the Young plan, the burdens of which they no longer feel able to bear. Germany seems on the verge of going Fascist.
Eucharistic Congress at Omaha
IF THE angels took any interest in the sixth
National Eucharistic Congress held at Omaha September 25 it must have been what could be designated as a “liquid” interest; for when the procession, which is the big event, took place, it involved the discomforts of 25,000 persons marching through a cold drizzle and kneeling on wet grounds. The usual rich vestments of the clergy got soaked again, as they did at Mundelein. On the last day of the congress fire broke out in the choir gallery, but firemen put it out without causing a panic. These celebrations seem to have about played out in their pulling pow’er on the imagination of the people, and certainly they give no evidence of having the blessing of Almighty God.
Ullstein Publishing Company
fTTLlE Ullstein Publishing Company, of Berlin, has 10,000 employees. It publishes five daily papers, three weekly papers, three weekly or biweekly periodicals, three monthly magazines and three technical journals and has, besides, a huge book-publishing plant. In a year it consumes 3,000 carloads of newsprint and 2.000,000 pounds of ink.
Socialists Eject Austrian Chancellor
AS A RESULT of exposes made by a socialist . paper the anti-socialist chancellor of Austria, Johann Schober, has been compelled to resign. Schober, though in office but a year, contrived to make a birthday present to himself of $9,000 of Austrian railway funds, besides huge sums to the Austrian Jockey Club, in which he was a prominent figure.
Brazil Goes Back to the Mule
BRAZIL has not wholly gone back to the use of the mule, but it has made a big start in that direction. 'What with coffee prices away down, and revolution rampant all over the country, and pretty generally over South America as a whole, the auto business in Brazil is playing in hard luck and the mules are coming-back.
Aniakchak and Veniaminoff
UNTIL recently rve supposed that Mount Katmai, Alaska, eight and a half miles around the rim of the crater, was the largest volcano in the world. But it seems such is not the case. An expedition has just returned from the Alaskan peninsula reporting the discoveries of Aniakchak volcano, which is twenty-one miles around the rim, and Veniaminoff volcano, which is twenty. Both volcanoes are active, though not violently so.
Success of Georges Claude Power Scheme
THE success of the Georges Claude power scheme of bringing cold water from the depths of Matanzas bay, a mile from shore, and using it to flow about vacuum tanks filled with warm sea water from the surface, thus creating steam, has been completely demontrated. The initial installation produced sufficient power to light forty 500-watt bulbs and keep them lit permanently. The end of the coal mine is in plain sight.
Photography Through Four Inches of Steel
A FEW years ago who would have thought it possible to take photographs through four-inches of solid steel. However, it has been done recently at the University of Michigan. It requires a tube capable of carrying 230,000 volts. The device is used to determine the extent of fiavvs in metal, and to perfect methods of making castings flawless.
Alamedafs Municipal Electric Plant
JN ALAMEDA, California, the tax rate is ■A. coming down, instead of going up. The reason is that Alameda enjoys a good steady income from its municipal electrical plant. The city has excellent public golf courses, baths, etc., and gives the best kind of civic service, which it could not do if its electric plant were in the hands of the Power Trust thieves.
The Murdered Babes of Luebeck
OUT of the 246 babies who were given the deadly Calmette tuberculosis serum with their food, only seventy-one had died, the last we knew, but there were fifty-one still ill. Some of the parents of the dead babies have said that these innocents were slain without their knowledge that dangerous experiments were to be performed upon them. Somehow this vivisection of humans does not appeal to us. If the serum squirters feel such confidence in their potions they should be made to take them all first; and yet, oddly, there are physicians who absolutely refuse to have any serums injected into their veins.
How Many Psychiatrists Have We?
TN VIEW of the gratuitous offer of the Med-ical Trust to take over the disposition of all offenders or supposed offenders against law, and to place them temporarily or permanently in madhouses, as they please, it is interesting to quote here the words of George Van Ness Dearborn, M. D., Ph. D., an eminent physician and scientist, on this subject. Dr. Dearborn says:
In 1926, in the United States, 3,211 physicians declared themselves psychiatrists, and of these probably not a dozen were technical, professional, i. e., real psychologists, truly scholarly in science. Psychiatrists, as a group, not only have no detailed knowledge of the mental process, but, what is far worse, they have never developed an interest in the absorbing and almost mystic intricacies of the mind.
Farms for Britain’s Unemployed
HOPELESS of solving the problem of unemployment in any other way, Britain has officially decided to acquire land and organize committees throughout the country to give the unemployed an opportunity to cultivate land and thus have something to do. The unemployed will be given the best of material and stocks and will receive financial help as unemployed until they can get on their feet.
Break-up of British Empire
THROUGH its duly accredited spokesman, J. H. Thomas, minister of dominions, the British Empire has formally recognized the absolute right of South Africa or any other of the British dominions to secede from the Empire. Mr. Thomas said on this point, “You cannot prevent a man from shooting himself if he wants to. You can only advise him that it is an unwise thing to do.”
What the Power Trust Costs
rpo MAINTAIN the Power Trust in its en--®- vious position of purchaser of newspapers, college professors and statesmen is estimated to cost the American people at least $700,000,000 a year in excessive rates for electricity in their homes. This would give living wages to a million workers. As it is now, all this money goes to a few fat Wall Street hogs who already have so much that they do not know what to do with it.
Two Priests Killed on a Blessed Plane
ON JUNE 28 the Right Reverend Joseph R.
Crimont, Roman Catholic bishop of Alaska, blessed the mission plane “Marquette”, and, of course, on October 12, the plane crashed, up in Alaska, killing the aviator and two priests. If the bishop had consulted us we would have told him to keep out of this and give these poor fellows a chance to live. But maybe it is just as well as it is.
Among the Usages
WHEN oil was found under the lands of the
Osages and they became the richest of Indians, things began to happen right away. Lizzie Q. owned a valuable oil tract. She was found dead in 1922. Anna Brown inherited the estate; she was found dead a few months later. Only a little later Henry Roan, cousin to Anna, was found near his home, dead, with a bullet through his back. Then Charles Whitehorn, one of the few remaining relatives of Anna, was found dead. George Bigheart was the son of the last hereditary chief of the Osages; soon he was carried in a dying condition to a hospital in Oklahoma City, He sent for his lawyer, Charles Vaughan; next morning Vaughan was found dead alongside a railroad track. One W. E. Smith married a rich Osage; his home was destroyed with dynamite, and himself, wife and servant slain. These are a few of the suggestions that American oil men do not like to pay royalties to Indians.
A Preacher in Skirts
SOME preacher whose mother should never have put him in rompers, and thus encouraged him to go ahead and dress like a man, sent the following unsigned letter to the editor of the Morganfield (Union County, Kentucky) Advocate. Had the editor been broken to street cars at the time the letter was received he would never have published it. He probably thinks the World War is still raging.
"Will you thru columns of your paper warn our people against buying too hastily the so-called Christian literature from the people going about from house to house?
At the present time there is a band of workers going over the country 1,200 strong. Thej’ have maps of roads and on each road a dot indicates every house. So thoroughly do they canvass our country that scarcely a home is not visited.
The forces of evil are so organized that the seed of Eussellism and false doctrines in the name of Christianity are being sown all over our fair land.
It behooves us as Christians and lovers of the truth to warn the people against such doctrines and especially to beware of those people who speak disrespectfully of the clergy.
Yours truly,
A Subscriber
The Telephone War in Cuba
THE porcine Telephone Trust, known in Cuba as the Cuban Telephone Company, has been having its own troubles in the “Pearl of the Antilles”. Charges were set by the telephone company at $9 a month for commercial phones and $5.50 for private phones, and the people felt as if this was more than they could pay, and more than they would pay, and a boycott followed.
According to statements of the boycotters more than 10,000 users of telephones discontinued their service. One druggist, Sarra, had 80 telephones ripped out, called a hearse to pack them on, and sent it, beautifully decorated with flowers, to the company, demanding the return of his $10 apiece. Grocers and liquor dealers hung them on the ceilings, with wreaths of flowers.
The gentleman who gives us this information says: “The telephone company is mostly American capital. Electric light bills here are outrageous. The electric light company is also run by Americans, but President Machado holds a large interest. President Machado just cut his own wages in half, to $1,200 annually.”
Philadelphia Memorial Park
TWENTY miles out of Philadelphia a group of business men are engaged in bringing into existence a cemetery without tombstones that will be a work of art and, so far as we know, absolutely unique, a place that it will be a pleasure to visit.
Wealth will not flaunt itself in this new cemetery. It cannot. Bronze tablets, artistic, inexpensive, permanent, will mark every grave. The plates, -twelve by twenty-four inches in size, anchored in stone and concrete will be set flush with the turf at the head of the grave, and they will all be alike.
The custom of erecting costly monuments carries the distinctions of class and property into a cemetery. These belong nowhere, but least of all in a cemetery, where all at last are on a common level. The bronze plate does everything for the grave that the most expensive monument can do; it beautifully and permanently identities the grave.
The general adoption of the plans of the Philadelphia Memorial Park will put all the monument and tombstone makers out of business, but their business is one of the most unhealthful businesses in the world, on account of the flying dust. And, anyway, they must get new occupations soon, for God’s kingdom is here and death itself is about to cease.
Indeed, it is more than likely that the Philadelphia Memorial Park was started too late, and that it will never house but a fraction of the people contemplated in the plans of its founders.
Business Conditions in Detroit in August
A FAIRLY good idea of the business conditions in Detroit in August, 1930, compared with August, 1929, may be gained from the following data contained in the Weekly Bulletin of September 13, 1930, published by the Auto Appraisal of that city. This showing of 3,202 cars sold in August, 1930, in the same territory that absorbed 9,082 cars in 1929 does not necessarily mean that business in all lines is only 35]A percent as good this year as it was last, but it does mean that in Detroit that is a fair estimate of the conditions prevailing in the automobile business, and these conditions are bound to seriously affect all other enterprises. Uncle Sam and the rest of the world are in mighty bad shape just now.
Auburn
Lincoln
Austin
Marmon
Buick
Marmon-
Cadillac
Roosevelt
Chevrolet
1,086
Marquette
Chrysler
Nash
Cord
Oakland
DeSoto
172 .
Oldsmobile
Dodge
Packard
Durant
Peerless
Elcar
Pierce-Arrow
Essex
Plymouth
Ford
1,668
3,738
Pontiac
Franklin
Reo
Graham
Studebaker
Hudson
Viking-
Hupmobile
…