Golden Age, March 21, 1928
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OLD Yl
VWlLD ' DYING
RECONSTRUCTION
$ '100 a Year
Canada and. ForeigiaCouiliries $ £50
ALUMINUM POISONINI
AT PUNXSUTAWNEY
THE STAR THAT
GUIDED THE MAGI
WHAT ABOUT THE HEATHER?
WORLD
BEGINNING
5^ a copy
VoL IX Bi-WeeWy No. 222
March 21,1928
Contents of the Golden Age
j-< .............< Labor and Economics It
Bits of tits World's News ......... . . - . . . 393
Pitiful ’Condition of British Miners ............ 393
Vast Hordes ot Unemployed .............. 394
' CogI Mining in a Baft Way .............. 394
Eight and One-half^ Million Women Workers .-. . .... 396
ss„: ' ■ ' SOCIAL AND EdVCATTONAL ’
Safety of Ford Planes .......... 393
Perils to Children .................. 394
Horrible Famine in China ................. 395 Items Relative to Radio ........... .... .... 395
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Coinkb^.....Oi'NW|ssAO::Wsi®iN......itOiWII. ■ ' .■ . :K::l5’svs:...........
Origin of the Dollar ................. 388
The Making of Paper Money .............. 390
Redion in Size of Bills ............... 891
Ihcomes ar a Million os Mose ............. 398
Political—Domestic and Fort-.ion
British and American Taxes ......... 393
111 Witt ■ I . . ||| llllll,|: ||l:;. |||||i||||95
A. Cry Heard Around the 5V<wl<j ............. ilDtf lUiy’s Mew Penal. Code ................. 8I>3
Home and Health .
Aluminum: and Increased Stomach Tboubi.es ........ 397 ®m Aluminum PoisoNnto at Punxsutawndt ........ 397 siiill'MoBB AbouSs-Ba^bi^^'Bakk .................................. ,s . . . . . . . .398
BWGIOJT AND X’niLOSOPHY
:BstW^RtICTI0N||®MSt|:i': . . • ss||:s|:s::lsss:.:ss .... . s,.y.sg99
IWhat/About Part 5:g:yl«||||« |. . . . .s''|s.s'. syryioS
Camden Has a Boom in Religion ............. 407
Doctob Hawkins Dtstutbs Cubist ............ 407
.Tas Stab that Guided ths Magi ......... 408
The Risen Lord (Poem) ................ 408
When the Desert Blossoms as the Rose! ......... 409
Bible Questions and Answers .............. 413
Studies in :ist. ................ . 411
Tins Children's Own Radio Stow ............ 415
Published every other Wednesday sr. 117 Adams Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., XT. S. A... by . WOODWORTH, KNORR ft MARTIN
tfoporttiefs and Proprietors AdSreas: lit Adotsts Street, Brooklyn, V. T., U. S. A. CLAYTON J. WOODWORTH . . Editor ROBERT J. MARTIN . . Business Manager ■ NATHAN H. KNORR . . SePy and Treas.
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Bnteredsas <seeoiid-clas#s mattersafe Brooklyn, N. Ysrsunder the Act o£ March 3, 1878
vke Golden Age
VoJrama DC Brooklyn, N. Y,,s WWaesday, Mareft 2?, 1928 Number 222
Uncoined? Coined, Printed, and Written Money
FROM the time of Abraham uncoined silver money was in general use in Egypt- an<l Canaan. Inscriptions on the monuments show that this silver was kept in the form of rings. As it had to be weighed when its value was to be determined, it is presumed that the ring money first in use was not of any settled weights.
The four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant, which Abraham weighed to Ephron for the cave of Machpelah were no doubt the rings of silver such as are shown on Egyptian monuments. Survivals of this form of money are to be found in the rings, earrings, bracelets, etc., which, are still in more or less common use.
The earliest distinct mention, of coins in the Bible is in Ezra 2:69, where the Persian daric is mentioned. This is fifteen hundred years after Abraham’s time. It is in this interval that coined money had .its rise. It is probable that it originated with the Chinese.
The first money in use in China is called sword money because of its general resemblance to a sword. It was of about the size and shape of a key to a modern lock, with, a square hole in the hilt or handle. Eventually the blade -of the sword was dropped and the remainder is in circulation in China to this very day, a round coin, witih. a square hole in it, a cash.
The directness and honesty of the Chinese mind is brought to light by the earliest samples of their coins which have been discovered. These coins showed by their shape that they were intended to represent swords, spades, garments or other articles and were thus tokens of actual values which were also stamped upon them.
The word money comes from a building, the Moneta building, ©f anoie^t Rome, in which were stored the precious metals taken from on© of the armies which the Roman legions conquered. This building was turned into a mint and accordingly the currency which was there manufactured was naturally called Moneta, whence comes the French nian/naie and ths English money.
Haw Coins Came to He Used
‘OURS, grains and shells have all served -L their turn as money. Opium passes for money in some parts of the world. Bricks of tea are acceptable in Mongolia. Cowrie shells are still, current in Siam and beads in parts of Africa and Oceania. Gold is the currency of war.
In Rome the first, currency was based on the bronze as or aes, which weighed a pound. It was the value of an ass. Live stock often figured in early money values. The word pecuniary comes from the Latin pecwiia, and is derived from pecu, meaning cattle. Obviously, in a live stock transaction, it was an advantage to a buyer or seller to be able to carry in his pocket the equivalent of an. ass or an ox, and not be obligated to have the creature itself actually with him.
In Greece the first money was in the form of small bars of silver. Six of these could be held conveniently in one hand, so drachma? a handful, was applied to the standard coin of the Greeks. Other coin values were divisions of the drachma.
The first monarch whose portrait can b@ recognized on. coins was Alexander the Great. Indeed, our only knowledge of the features of Alexander the Great and many other important personages of history is derived from coins.
_ The word coin is from the Latin cuneus, a di@ , or stamp: the word cash is the Hindu word for ■ coin.
The Greeks made the finest wins of antiquity. The coins were “struck”; i. e., a blank was placed between two dies, the lowmr let into ar anvil, producing the obverse, the other in the end of a bar, producing the reverse. The bar was then hammered so that the blank received, at the same time, the impression of both dies. Most of the dies which have been found are of bronze, but some are of iron and steel.
The First Greek Coins
HE first Greek coins of note were made of electrum, a natural alloy of gold and silver found in considerable quantity in Asia Minor. They were minted about' 700 B. C. Crcesus at first minted electrum coins and subsequently divided the two metals. This was in 561 B. C. Croesus was regarded the wealthiest man of ancient times. Thirty of the coins which he minted just before his capture by Cyrus the Great have recently been found in his ancient capital of Sardis. They are as bright as new-minted United States gold coins, but are of lighter hue, as they are pure- gold.
On one of the earlier Greek coins there was stamped a tortoise. This was because the tortoise was a revered object. It was considered sacrilege to abuse or desecrate it in. any way. In the use of the tortoise the state authorities had a guard against counterfeiting.
The Greek and other ancient coins contain the best preserved representations of monarchs, gods and goddesses, temples, fruits, grains and other products of ancient times. Gold and silver gradually came to be the recognized mediums of exchange, because they comprised such great value in such little bulk. Gold was considered best of all, because of its durability, portability, divisibility and ease of recognition.
'During the ignorant and. barbaric period of human history known as the dark ages, money became practically unknown; but in the days of Charlemagne the general standard of value was fixed on the basis of the silver pound. Prior to that time, by several centuries, the British people had used the silver pound as the basis of their currency. The pound sterling was then about three times as heavy as now, and contained twelve troy ounces, or one pound of silver. The shilling was the twentieth part of this weight. The troy ounce is supposed to have been brought from Cairo during the crusades.
Origin of the Dollar
HE first dollars were made in 1486 in what is now St. Joachim’s Valley, Czechoslovakia.
The old High German name for a valley is thal, from which we get our words dale and vale. The coins there made by Graf or Count von Schlicken were about the size of the modern dollar and because of their high degree of purity soon became popular in every part of Europe.
Having 'been made in a, thal or dale they were first called Joachimthalers. This was subsequently shortened to thalers or dalers. In the sixteenth century, through trade with the Dutch, these coins became common in England, where they were variously known as dalers, dolors or dollars.
The Spanish thaler or dollar was the most popular coin in the 'western world for two hundred years, from 1650 to 1850. It was called “pieces of eight”, being of the value of eight reales. In English the term “'eight bits” was used, and in California the term “bit”, as representing 12^^, was in common use a g-eneration ago, and may be still for aught we know. The real was formerly the unit of the Spanish monetary system. .
The popular impression that the dollar sign is a combination of the capital letters IJ and S is not borne out by the facts, because the dollar mark as we have it was used by the Spanish long before there was any United States of America. As the Spanish dollar was of the value of eight reales, the dollar mark lias as its foundation the figure 8, the vertical mark being P for Peso, the Spanish name .for dollar. Peso of 8 became contracted into P8, with the P superimposed on the 8,
The American. Dollar
HE .American dollar was authorized in 1792 and although lighter than 'the Spanish dollar was accepted as equal in value until some clever financiers laid the foundation for one of the great American fortunes by exporting American dollars to the West Indies, exchanging them for Spanish dollars, melting the Spanish coins and having the United States mint
Mabch 2!. 1;>2S
Th. golden age
recoin the silver into .American dollars. Jef ferson stopped this by ordering the mint to stop making dollars, and the order remained in force from 1805 to 1836, when the weight and fineness of the coins were changed and coinage was resumed. '
At one time the American silver dollar was very popular, especially in. the South, where it was supposed, to be more valuable than other forms of money, and in the West, where it was supposed that its circulation helped the mining industry.
R 'eeiitly the Government made an attempt to repopularize the general use of the silver doRar, but the public has become accustomed to paper money and is unwilling to carry around, the extra weight. Oddly enough, it is cheaper for the (soverjimeiit to circulate silver dollars and lose the wear and tear on them than it is to circulate paper dollars and have to go to the expense of making new ones.
While the peso or dollar is no longer the monetary unit of Spain, yet it is still the unit of a large part, of the western world, Canada, Newfoundland, United States, Cuba, Mexico, British Honduras, Colombia, Chile, Argentina ami Uruguay. It is also the unit in Liberia, Africa, and in the Philippi ties.
The Work of Coinage
Queen Elizabeth lias been called, the 'mother of modern coinage’. The coins previously made had irregular edges and would not stack properly. She had the coins struck within a collar, made circular and with the edges milled, so that they would be uniform in appearance.
Any American citizen can take gold, to the United States mint and have it coined. The Government does the work at cost. The metal is first freed of all impurities, then hardened by an alloy, heated and rolled. The ribbons or bars of bullion, a little wider than the coin to bo made, are fed into a punch press where the blanks are cut, each, of which is to be made into a coin.
The blanks, ready to he coined, are placed in a huge machine, specially designed, which submi ts them to pressure from every di red ion, top, bottom and sides. This pressure of 275 tons perfects the coin and when it emerges from the machine it is ready for circulation. Other metals for other coins are treated in the same manner.
Id. the days of the California gold rush, bars of the metal which had their value stamped on them by the Government’s assayer passed as money. A little later many private coins wer® in circulation. These were retired by law in. 1864.
On all coins except gold coins the Government makes a profit, being the difference between Ilie actual value of the metal in the coin and its face value. This profit is called seigniorage. The Government thus makes a profit every time a coin is lost or destroyed, and hence it makes no laws against the total destruction of coins.
There is a hew, however, against the mutilation or defacement of coins, the object being to protect the public against the circulation of coms vdiicdi have been robbed of part of their contents and which can not therefore be submitted to the Government for redemption.
It is an interesting thing to know that if the wealthiest man in the United States should decide to turn all his property into gold dollars he could absorb all the gold coin in the country. The United States holds $2,500,000,000, or 30% of the world’s monetary gold.
An Avalanche of Pennies
TT IS estimated that from five to ten million pennies are lost in the United States every year. The making of new ones goes on by the million, but still there never seem to be enough to go around. To date over three and one-half billion pennies have been put in circulation, enough to make a train of 378 earloads of 30 tons each. Uncle Sam’s seigniorage profit on each $1,000 worth of pennies is $800. so he is not much worried over these lost coins. The number of those made last year was 176,000,000. "
Frank J. Conway, of De Witt, near Syracuse, N. Y., was ordered to pay $8.00 alimony every week to his wife Margaret. The first time he came to make his weekly payment he left a bag with. 800 pennies in it, but he found that would not do. Pennies are legal tender up to $5.00. .After that legal tender must be provided in some, other form.
The American one-cent piece and American dime are much, admired in other lands and,;, are considered two of the most artistic and beautiful coins in existence. We used th hav® a two-cent piece, about the size of a British penny, but it was always getting confused in dim light with the nickel and the quarter and when it disappeared nobody grieved.
The familiar motto, “In God we trust,” was placed on certain coins in 1865 and has remained there ever since.
The Government’s four mints are at Phila-'delphia, New Orleans, Denver and San Francisco. Last year these mints coined 310,980,019 pieces of American money, besides coining the money used in four South and Central American countries. .
A Few Numismatic I terns
NUMISMATICS, the collection and study of rare coins, has a fascination for many people, but not many of us can gratify our tastes in that direction. We consider ourselves well favored if we can get enough ordinary coins of the realm to keep the constable and the sheriff from being too familiar.
Petrarch, the Italian poet, who lived in 1374, was a famous numismatist. So was Henry VIII; so is King Victor Emmanuel III. One of the most notable exhibits in the Western world is the Morgan collection of United States coins, now in the custody of the American Numismatic Society.
The most comprehensive collection of coins, tokens and medals in the world is said to be the one nowT in. the National. Museum, at Washington, which Avas made for it by the Philadelphia mint, beginning Avith the establishment of the mint in 1792. The collection comprises 1,688 coins minted and used in the United States, Avith thousands of other coins, representing forty or more nations.
In the collection are Benjamin Franklin’s copper cent, bearing the expression ‘Mind your business’, three silver dollars of 1804, a half dime of 1792, and many other rarities too numerous to mention. The first coins to bear the phrases “E Phxribus Unuin” and “God and our Country” are included in the collection.
The rarest gold coin known in the United States is the United States $50 gold piece of 1877, of which only Xavo were ever minted.. A bill for the minting of these coins was before Congress. It Avas expected that it Avould pass, and the dies were prepared, but the bill did not pass. In some way two samples were made. They were sold at public auction and brought $10,000 each, by far the highest price ever paid for any coins.
Another rare American coin is the Confederate half dollar of 1861, of which only four genuin.es Avere made. They are considered Avorth $500 each, and restruck coins, made Avith the same dies, sell at $10 to $12 each. There AATere only 300 even of the restruck coins. The souvenir silver half dollar issued by the Government in commemoration of the Panama Pacific Exposition is also noAv a rarity.
Many times unintentional errors in the cutting of dies add to the numismatic value of coins. There is an instance of this in the $10 gold piece of 1907. It aatss designed by a noted artist but Avhen the first issues of the coin appeared there Avere periods before, in between and after each of the Avords E Pluribus Unum.
Ireland’s neAV coins are interesting. There is the half-crown horse, the florin salmon, the shilling bull, the sixpenny hare, the penny hen with brood, the halfpenny pig Avith litter and the farthing woodcock. These are all designed to illustrate Irish products.
The Making of Paper Money ■
TT DOES not seem to require any great stretch of the imagination to see that if copper AA’orth one-tenth of a cent can be stamped so that it will readily pass for ten times its value, a piece of paper might accomplish the same result, and it is even so. But there is a risk involved.
The risk is that people in all countries and .in. all times s!ioaat a tendency to hoard good money and to reject inferior money. So long as they feel sure that their paper money can be exchanged for gold or silver they prefer the paper, because it is more convenient to handle; but if too much paper money is afloat they suspect it and avoid it and a panic ensues. Cheap money is bad money.
All paper money for general circulation in the United States is, by law, printed from steel engraAred plates and by hand. The human hand alone can wipe an engraving plate sufficiently clean to obtain the sharp and distinct impressions required. The surfaces of the plates are chromium plated, making them exceedingly hard and durable.
The engravings on the bad? of American money are considered masterpieces of. the engraver’s art. To appreciate them fully they should be examined with the aid of a magnifying glass. The Baptism of Pocahontas, on the back of the $20 gold certificate, is considered especially beautiful.
Germany and France print their own money; but several continental countries, Greece, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc., have their money made in America. France has a four-franc note which is perforated and may he torn into single or double or triple franc sections as desired.
The Use of Paper Fdoneif
npHERE are fifty-four kinds of bills in cir-•*' eolation in the United States: of ones, twos and one thousands there are five kinds each; of fives, fifties and one hundreds there are six kinds each; of tens and twenties there are seven lands each; of five hundreds there are four kinds; of ten thousands two kinds and of five thousands one kind. Most of us 'will never need to worry about losing or misplacing any of our $5,000 or $10,000 bills.
The average circulation life of paper money is fourteen months. In the larger cities, where new money is more easily obtained, this period is much shortened. One-dollar bills get the hardest usage. Cases are on record where currency has been, issued one day and has been turned back the next day for redemption, too soiled and greasy for further use.
Uncle Sam’s laundry for money is an important part of the furniture at Washington. Nine-tenths of the bills returned for redemption are thoroughly washed, bleached, rinsed, dried, ironed, and sized with alum and glue and go back into circulation looking and feeling like new bills.
A woman living near New York left $1,000 in bills on the seat, of a buggy while she went into the barn for the horse. The cow came along, liked the looks of the new feed and reached out for the whole roll. While she was still masticating it the lady returned, pried the cow’s jaws open and rescued a lot of bills that surely needed laundering. ’
In some cities the stores have adopted the method of handing out all paper money change in -waxed envelopes, so as to protect customers
from the germs. This custom is popular in Paris, whore stamps are thus included in the change. ■
There is a larger demand for American currency now than was the case before the common usage of the automobile. Most drivers of cars carry considerably more money with them than they would otherwise do and this money remains permanently out of circulation. Also, American bills are in great demand on the Continent, where they are considered the best form of money to be had, and are subjected to hoarding.
The Turn-Dollar Bill
THE Treasury Department is perplexed to know what to do with the $2 bill. The bill is unpopular and at times the Department. has considered its abolition, but. it takes the load off from the $1 bills, which at present are in such great demand as to be embarrassing.
The proposition was even made to abolish the $1 bill, with a view of making the publio carry silver for all change less than $2, but the public does'not like that either. It likes the $1 bill and it does not like the $2 bill It makes us think of a story.
Albert was a good boy but he did not lik® the family breakfast food of oatmeal. His father tried to encourage him to eat it, saying, "Albert, if you will only eat it for a while you will learn to like it.” But Albert was like the American public on the $2-bill proposition. His reply was, “But I don’t want to learn to like it,” and that was all. there was to it, for he never did. The $2 bill is considered a Jonah. Foolish, of course, but when were the public ever any thing else? ■
Reduction in Size of Bills
rp\VENTY-FlVE years ago, when the United -*■ States took over the administration of the Philippines, the new currency provided for the islands was made enough smaller than the American bills that twelve of them could be engraved at one time on the standard plats used for eight of the domestic bills.
This smaller currency for the Philippines has been found so convenient in actual use that the Secretary of the Treasury has now decided to make all American bills of that size, involving a. complete new line of currency, the greatest change since the Republic was founded. -
GOWEN AGE
The one-dollar bills will be the first to be changed. This means that in the near future the average citizen who has more than $3 to his name is apt to have in his pocket two different sizes of bills. The reduction in size, when in full operation, will save the country $2,000,000 a year. The new bills will be one-half inch narrower and one and five-eighths inches shorter than the present ones.
The Counterfeiting Business
IN THE past it has frequently occurred that expert engravers, having noticed with, what apparent ease the Government makes money and lots of it, have concluded to go into business on their own account, but nobody has ever made a success at it yet, and the business is now more difficult than ever before.
In the first place all the Government money is printed on a special paper which has a silk fiber woven into it, and nobody has ever succeeded in duplicating that paper. It is all made at one plant, under Government supervision.
In the second place most of the skilled engravers who have gone bad have been locked up and there are few today to take up the work where they left off. Photographic processes have so rapidly replaced engravers that few'young men are attracted to the business.
In the third place every bank teller is an unconscious detector of counterfeit money. He becomes so used to handling true money that the instant a counterfeit bill falls into his hands both his hands and his eyes make him conscious of the difference.
Some raising of bills is still done. One method of doing this is to skilfully split new bills in half, gin lag the face of one to the back of another and passing out as two twenties, for example, what had originally been one twenty and one ten.
Some years ago a gang of counterfeiters was found hard at work in the Ohio State Reformatory, not the first time a prison has been used as a training school and workshop for crime. High officials in Hungary have recently been found engaged in counterfeiting.
Only a few weeks ago the German Government found 100 or more persons in Dusseldorf, Cologne and Gladbach working day and night in the manufacture of false money. They were a part of an international organization scattered over the western part of Germany and adjacent parts of Holland, with their work divided up among small factories so as not to attract undue attention.
Your Personal Money, Your Cheek
WHEN you draw a check for $1 and get somebody to accept it, you have, to all intents and purposes, issued money to the amount of $1.00, for until that check is returned to you it serves all the purposes of money in the hands of whoever possesses it. Most large transactions are made by checks. Gold is almost never risible in a business transaction. The New York Times says of it: “Its chief present use, apparently, is as gifts for children and servants.” Certainly nobody east of the Rocky Mountains ever carries it as money.
One advantage of cheeks over other forms of money is that after a check has passed out of the hands of its drawer the payment on it can still be stopped if due reason exists why the payment should not be consummated.
The raising and the forging of checks costs the American people about $60,000,000 a year. Retail merchants are the principal sufferers. The ‘captain’ makes a small purchase in a store. The next day he returns it and asks for a refund of the money. The store gives him a check. The ‘captain’ then turns it over to the ‘scratcher who raises the amount of the check. The •'middleman'’ then takes the check to the ‘presenter whose difficult part of the work is to get the check cashed. As an illustration of the way a ‘presenteri works, the following story is told:
In an interior town one summer day a man rushed into a bank, hatless and coatless, and presented a check made out to ‘bearer’ for several hundred dollars, explaining that the drawer, his employer, a substantial merchant of the town, had but a few minutes before received a wire summoning him to the bedside of his dying mother in a town several hundred miles distant. The merchant, he explained, had hurried home to pack a bag and go direct to the station, where the clerk would meet him with the money for his traveling expenses. The clerk got the money, but everything else about the transaction was fiction from beginning to end.
In an article on forgery the New York Tinies has the following:
In the halcyon days of forgery which have furnished the legends of this branch of crime, J. H. Stoddard was the “hero” of many picturesque exploits, one of which resulted in his sentence to a term in the Tennessee State Prison at Nashville. He was a man of resources and invoked the same art that had got him into trouble to get him out. Stoddard forged the signature of the governor of Tennessee to a document pardoning him, had it presented to the warden, by a confederate then at liberty, and walked out of the prison gates to freedom.
“Ten Commandments for Check Users” recently were formulated by the Forgery Prevention Bureau:
1. Keep blank cheeks and canceled vouchers under lock.
2. Write cheeks with safety ink or with a check-writing machine that shreds the paper and impregnates it with the amount in ineradicable ink.
3. In writing cheeks leave as little space as possible between the figures of the amount and start the written amount as dose to the left hand margin as possible, drawing heavy parallel lines through the unfilled space.
4. Use only alteration-proof check paper.
5. Destroy all checks marred in drawing and never, permit a check to be issued with, any erasures on it.
6. Do not, issue cheeks to unvouched for strangers and never make them out to “cash” or “bearer”.
7. Do not sign blank checks.
8. Scrutinize all certified checks, as the stamps ar® not difficult to duplicate.
9. Be careful where and how you sign your banking signature.
10. On cheeks you deposit add to your signature “for deposit only”, thus making it impossible for them to Ire cashed without alterations by a thief.
Bits of th© Woi-MPb News
All the World Going in Debt
INSTALLMENT buying, which has been such a pronounced feature of life in the United States in the past few years, is spreading to other countries. Britain, France and Germany are now following the American example and encouraging all classes of people to buy on credit, with the result that almost everybody is getting into debt. When the bubble bursts all will be involved.
Sf rs. .Hooper’s Proposition
IN THE effort to end war Mrs. Ben Hooper, one time democratic candidate for United.
States senator from Wisconsin, advocates a law providing that in case of war no individual should receive more than $30 a month during the war, no exceptions to be permitted, even to the professions or members of Congress. Such a law would have a fat chance of ever being passed.
Pitiful Condition of British Miners
S A result of losing their strike British miners who were liberals are being refused employment, rents are being charged to miners while mines are idle, widows are evicted when their husbands are lulled in the mines, and wages have been cut in some cases to 50% of the base rates.
Safety of Ford Planes
HE safety of .Ford planes has been well demonstrated. The distance flown by th© Ford planes operating between Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland and Buffalo amounts to a grand total of more than thirty times around the earth, at the equator. Almost five million, pounds of freight has been carried. Not an accident of any kind marked the operation of Ford planes during 3 927.
,.Lr Express Hates
IB express rates to and from all the principal airports in the United States have been put in effect. They vary from $1 to $3 per pound, which does not seem an unreasonable charge when, the vast distances, the speed, the costs and the risks are considered. The American Bailway Express Company operates pick-up and special delivery service for air express packages.
British and American Income Taxes
IN THE United States income taxes begin at incomes of about $4,000 and are then about 1.2 cents on the dollar. In Great Britain the income taxes begin at about $675 and are then 20 cents on the dollar, which is surely soma considerable difference.
Vast Hordes ef Unempl&ffed
T PRESENT there are vast hordes of unemployed is. almost all parts of the Umted States. The Boston Central Labor Union estimates that there were 50,000 out of work in Greater Boston at the middle of January. The greatest producers in the world produce so much that they produce for themselves unemployment, poverty and suffering. Surely this is the Devil’s own system, and is inevitably working its own ruin. '
Coal Mining in a Bad Weg
OAL mining is in a bad way. The anthracite business was greatly injured by the long cessation of production two years ago, as a result of which many people turned away permanently from anthracite as a fuel, resorting to oil, coke, soft coal, gas, and electricity as substitutes. The bituminous business is rapidly getting into the same.condition. When ail the bituminous mines are working they produce 15,000,000 tons of coal a week, but the average weekly consumption is only 10,500,000 tons and water power is taking the place of coal of any kind in many parts of the country.
Bailwags Out t& Break Miners .
ub Sr&bles, editor of the Mine Worker^ Journal, is authority for the statement that the Pennsylvania Bailroad, the New York Central and other large railroads have served notice that they will buy only non-union coat The effect of this, and perhaps the object of it, is to destroy the unions and bring down the American wage level.
Power Trust Getting More Than Their Share
JN THE most matter-of-fact manner possible, the National Electric Power Company, a branch of the Power Trust, advertised in the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin that its gross earnings for the year 1927 were $25,746,808, while its operating-expenses, maintenance, depreciation and taxes were $15,550,811, leaving net earnings of $10,195,997. In the face of a showing like this is it any wonder that the money hogs are moving heaven and earth to get all the country's power umts into their possession!
Part of Sahara ENow Sea Lael
a. Johk Baijc, director of the Egyptian
Desert Survey, has reported to the Egyptian Government that there is a vast area, thousands of square miles in extent, west of the Siwa Oasis, which, is below sea level and can easily be flooded by waters from the Mediterranean. He believes that the cutting of ths contemplated canal would create a vast sea in the heart of the Sahara region and completely change the climate, so that instead of being the roost forbidding region of the world it might become one of the most attractive and populous.
The C&nowingo Bam .
HE Conowingo dam, one of the dams thrown across the Susquehanna River by
the power trust, has a greater installed horsepower capacity than Niagara and is second in the United States, being next to Muscle Shoals. The construction of this dam puts an end to-shad fishing in the Susquehanna, as when the dam was built there was no provision made for a fishway. Seems too bad for the people to lose their power inheritance and their fish at the same time, but such is the way of Big Business.
Super-Power in New Zealand
ITH hardly an exception all the water powers of New Zealand are owned by the Government, the exact opposite of the situation in the United States, where, with, very rare exceptions, they are all coming into the hands of a. few men of the general type of Sinclair, Doheny and company, into one colossal trust. New Zealand hopes to develop the whole country and make farming a congenial and profitable occupation by selling electric current to all the people at a very slight margin above actual cost
Perils to Children
EVEN children, walking on .the ice on the shore of the North Sea, were suddenly carried far out to sea and rescued only after six hours of exposure in the midst of total darkness. In Hungary a band of twenty girls, passing from one village to another, 'was attacked by a huge pack of huiiger-maddened wolves which completely devoured eleven of them.
The B&ffa &f the Navy
r. W. Armistead Gills, retired Navy surgeon, in an address before the Lions’ Club, Washington, pointed out that besides the forty men drowned in the S-4, 819 other American youths have been drowned in the Navy since 1920. He also mentions that during the year 1927 more than one-half of all the officers and men in the Navy were on the sick list.
Liver Diet Proven Huge Success
XPERIMENTS have demonstrated the complete success of a liver diet for use in the case of anajmic persons. Liver contains some substance which results in a marked increase in the number of red corpuscles in the blood, replaces lost vitamins and stimulates the formation of healthy blood.
Zaro Agha Getting Well
aro Agha, the Constantinople porter, over
150 years of age, well known for many years as the world’s oldest man, has been ill but is recovering his usual health. Offered a fine home in Washington, D. C., he declined, fearing the long trip would be too much for him.
Horrible Famine in. China.
IN TWO provinces of China, Shantung and Chihli, it is estimated that at least nine million persons are wholly without the means of livelihood, as a result of failure of the crops. In twrenty-two counties the houses have been torn down for fuel and hundreds of thousands have been feeding on roots, dried grass and the bark from trees, so that a vast area is now entirely denuded of anything that would support- life.
Yehudi Menuhin Ten-Year-Old Violinist
OB the first time in forty years New York has gone wild over a prodigy, a little Hebrew7 boy, born in New York, but now a resident of San Francisco. Imagine a boy of ten years of age playing in Carnegie Hall, and playing to standing room only, with the ablest musicians of New York wiping their eyes because this little boy, who has been playing the violin since he was three years of age, expresses so perfectly the emotions which charge their beings. Best of all the little fellow is said to be quite unspoiled.
Still Stealing from the Indians
ESPITE the tremendous increase In values everywhere in the United States the Indian Bureau manages to make a showing of decreased values for the Indians. In 1926 the Indian Bureau destroyed one-fifth of the Indian wills in which action was taken that year. An article in The Nation, showing the frauds practised on the Indians, is enough to make any decent American hang his head, for shams.
Russia Has Forty-Five Radio Stations
USSIA has forty-five broadcasting stations, having the largest number of stations in operation of any European country. The equipment used is principally of American make. In number of broadcasting stations in. operation in Europe Sweden comes second with thirty; Germany has twenty-four; Britain has twenty; France has eighteen.
Fairfield Determined to Listen In
AIRFIELD, Iowa, is determined to listen in. It has passed an ordinance making it
unlawful to charge batteries or operate washing-machines or vacuum cleaners between the hours of twelve o’clock noon and twelve o’clock midnight on the ground that it interferes with radio reception. g
Nigeria Being Rapidly Developed
IGERIA is being rapidly developed. This year will see the construction in that part of the world of a railroad bridge 2,548 feet long over the Benue River, built at a cost of about five million dollars. The new bridge will open up valuable coal fields hitherto unworked.
War Profits Have Passed
BETWEEN 1906 and 1922 the Amoskeag
Manufacturing Company of .Manchester, N. H., increased its capitalization from $4,000,000 to $44,500,000 from the profits alone and now winders that it has difficulty in paying interest on its $14,000,OCX) of bonds. In the effort to atone for this error it has cut the wages of its employes 10%. Would it not have been better to squeeze a few million dollars’ worth of water out of the stocks instead of taking it all out of the poor workers!
Dates F-xr Tk&mand T’eara Oid
IN THE fourth chamber of Tutankhamen8® tomb, recently opened by Howard Carter^ ©ne of the finds was a package of dates deposited there four thousand years ago to help the King on his journey. He seems not to have needed them, because, strange to relate, after all this time, they are still in good preservation. But somehow the idea of eating dates four thousand years old that have been sealed up with a corpse all. that time hardly appeals to one’s sense of hunger very much.
Hirsute Regulations in Hedjaz
IN THE kingdom of Hedjaz, one of the baby kingdoms manufactured by the League of Nations, it is illegal to trim or shave the beard, and if the hair of the head is cut at all-it must be shaven clean. Barbers who disobey the laws of the kingdom are punished. Whoever named that, kingdom the kingdom of head-jazz seems to have named it right
Dieselization of Skipping
OBE than half of the present shipbuilding of the world is being devoted to motor
ships. which means that coal will soon cease to be the propelling power of steamers the world over, and oil will take its place. The speeds and economies of Diesel propulsion make it the logical form of sea power. Incidentally, ft makes the coal mining business that much more hopeless. h
Honors to an Austrian Woman
AN AUSTRIAN woman, Olga Rudel-Zcynek, presided at the opening of the .Austrian senate, the first woman ever to preside over a legislative body in Europe. Mrs. Rudel-Zeynek is a member of the Christian Socialist party, a former school teacher.
A Cry Heard Around the World
DINTING out that seventy percent of the population of India is engaged in agriculture, and that only two percent of the population. of the country have the right to vote, The Index, published by the New York Trust Company, makes the significant remark that rinore prosperity for agriculture, a cry now heard around the world, has become a vital element in the Indian situation.”
8fi00ft00 Women Workers
IT IS claimed that eight and one-half milli©® American women are regularly employed in business and that one-fourth of them are at the same time maintaining families of their own. The curious claim is made that the more children working women have the better they are able to handle their complex problems.
Lions on Rampage in Kenya
IN THE British African colony of Kenya fiv® hundred lions have suddenly become maneaters and are spreading death and terror m all directions. The word seems to have spread around among the lions that human beings make good food and hardly a night passes but a pack of a dozen or two dozen lions and lionesses destroys a native village and all in it
Italy’s New Penal Code
NDEB Italy’s new penal code whoever uses words or commits acts offensive t@ those who profess cults acknowledged by the State is to be imprisoned for one year, and if the offense is against the Catholic Church, punishment may be lengthened.
Will Hmie t& Cramp It Some
octob Cadmaw, head of the Protestant Federation of Churches, is alleged to haw said that it will possibly b® a million, billion yeara before the Judgment Day. "When the Doctor wakes up and finds that the world ha® been in the Judgment Day a decade and ar® in it now, won’t he be a surprised man? And lie will have plenty of company, but it is the truth, nevertheless.
Wants-Another St. Bartholomew*8
TN HIS Christinas talk to the cardinals Pop® J- 'Pius wonders why all the governments do not unite to put the church back in power in Mexico. We suggest a reason. The governments have found that these little St. Bartholomew parties do not pay. In. the end the people get tired of them, and, in the end, governments and churches are only human beings. On New Year’s Day the Pope replaced horsedrawn vehicles at the Vatican with motor cars. The visitors got to laughing at the old gilt coaches and the fat and powdered coachmen and so they had to go.
Aluminum and Increased Stomach Troubles By Mrs. A. H. Shencood
WHEN your last issue came to me I had been in bed then with what the doctor pronounced intestinal poisoning. With eagerness .1 read the article on “Early Grave by Way of Modern Kitchen”. I had been using nothing but aluminum for the last fifteen years. Everything I cooked, even to raising bread, was done in aluminum. After reading the article I felt quite convinced where I got my poisoning.
When my doctor came to see me I showed him the article. He read some of it and asked to take the paper home, stating, ‘T think you have struck the key-note”; and remarked that he would not allow any food which he ate to be cooked in. alnniinum.
When he came again he still wanted the paper and was deeply impressed -with what he had read. lie stated he had noticed in his practice the steady increase in certain ailments in proportion to the increase of aluminum ware, and that he was satisfied as to what was the cause, yet the people do not like to have the doctor come into the house and tell them what they should, cook their food In. He advised me to abandon all aluminum for the present.
The Aluminum Poisoning at PoiixsHtawney
HpHE first account of the aluminum poisoning A at Punxsutawney, Pa., as it appeared in the afternoon edition 'of the • Pittsburgh Sun-Teleyrayh of December 3, 1927, was as follows:
POISON 200 AT CHURCH
Punxsutawney, Pa., Dec. 3.—Two hundred people, who attended a. chicken supper at the First Baptist Church, today are recovering from ptomaine poisoning. A dozen or more are seriously till, but so far there have been no deaths.
Women of the church prepared the supper at their homes and served it in the church auditorium, and every person who partook of the supper became 'ill.
Physicians stated that; the entire supply of gravy had been poisoned, as the result of one of the .women leaving the gravy in an aluminum container too long before taking it to the church. All the gravy was collected into one container to heat and in that way the entire supply was contaminated.
The Rev. E. L. Safford is pastor of the congregation.
This was, without a doubt, a perfectly accurate statement of what occurred, but by the time the closing stocks edition of the, same paper, the same day, was ready for circulation the managing editor had evidently seen a great light. This .light may have come from some of the dealers in aluminum ware, of whom there are many in Pittsburgh, and some of them advertisers in the Sun, or it may ha<,ve come from owners of aluminum, stock, of whom there are certainly some in Pittsburgh.
Anyway, when the dosing stocks edition of the Sun came out, the scare-head had been changed to read “Dinner at church poisons 200” and the word “aluminura” had teen omitted from the next to the .last paragraph.
The light in the editorial sanctum continued to grow brighter and brighter on this aluminum question, however, and when Monday’s edition of the Sim came out ths following item was ready for the streets:
200 POISON VICTIMS BECOMES
Punxsutawney, Pa., Dec. 5.—All of the 200 victims of ptomaine poisoning that resulted from the Baptist Church supper in this city have recovered.
The unanimous opinion here today, after an. investigation, backed by the verdict of three responsible physicians, who were sick themselves, is that the rickneta was not due to metal poisoning, but. rather from • chicken that had been dead too long and had gotten mixed with the good ones presented to the Baptist ladies for their supper.
According to the statement of these three physicians, decayed chicken, is one of the most prolific sources ©f ptomaine poisoning.
The word “aluminum” had been whitewashed in to the word, “metal”; and those grand and useful custodians of public health, “three responsible physicians,” always to be had in a ease like this, “after an investigation” had come forth, with “the unanimous opinion” that each of the two hundred victims had, in some mysterious manner, managed to get hold of a piece of the same chicken, so dead that it was rotten, that in some other mysterious manne® had found its way in among the good ones.
that Was’albffiefe was to if. about the way these two hundred people got sick, and the alvuiinum had . nothing to do with it, and they ah ge-i wed. and lived happy ever after; and the next time the managing editor of the Gun sees that word aluminum coming he will probably remember- the panning that he got
PunxsutaOBy'hffair, andsdurn^white as a sheet, and fix that dispatch so that its own mother would not recognize it. y
We American people love truth, yes we do, Inu we are not going to let it interfere with business, not by a jugful, and people that butt into this aluminum business had better look out Olllfhey do notiWii-llHir scalps. •<,
Several subscribers for The. Golden Age . make their living selling aluminum ware, or at any rate they .were subscribers, but they have intimated that since we have said something about their business we are no longer any good,-and never were any good, and they are surprised at us, because they have at hand the necessary opinions of “three responsible physicians” who know it all, and even if millions are made sick. and die. ■ lingering deaths, we must, not say a w.-md on the subject. AU of which scares us very much, and we promise not to publish anything more on this question until we get the next chance. -
Still More About Bayberry Bark By Eric F. Powell, Herbalist
SJNCri hr 1 mb'odncvd bayv^ry bar.: as a curative a go; it as j coders c-f 17<e Golden Age I have received letters from various parts of America. Africa, Europa awl England in upraise of its vi”mes. This fotvw agent lias also been mentioned in several past issues of The Golden Age, and I feel constrained to give a little more information ] r ’ , .ra rone-ohd praJAra. Until fj.-.v raaA-ra ■Lave used it mainly as a remedy for c-am An lh“re are several other uses to which it can be ap-iplie®||| ■ > ..........T...........
Concerning bayberry the National Botanic Pkarmacopiiia says: “If not absolutely the most useful article in. the botanic practice, it is certainly nearly In eases of coldness
of the extremities, chill, elanunine&s, etc., it will produce that action in the system whicl; generates heat, and will cause perspiration.”
I have used bayberry in my practice for many years and have proved it to be a medicine of profound value in colds, fevers, influenza, catarrh, catarrhal deafness, prolapsed organs, indigestion, general debility and in every eon di t ion. of internal unclcanliness (toxaemia), It must be borne in mind that a toxin-clogged blood-stream and organism is the root cause of disease, physically speaking; therefore an agent which will remove the filth from the body will promote good hcalfh in practically every known disorder.
Bayberry bark is a. powerful, but perfectly harmless stimulant, It is astringent, cleansing and tonic in action. The powdered bark for any of iLe <1 s.n- i .rs I rave raenyoii'X' is taken in one-quarter to One-half teaspoorffnl doses in a large wineglassful of warm water, three or four times daily. When chill or fever exists, a little rncor ■' ’ cayenne should be added, as these elements aid the action of the bayberry. ' The following iscithe best medicine I have ever dispensed for. - toning and ©leaning -the whole system and building vitality. I give the prescription hoping that it may be a means of enabling all readers who suffer to enjoy better health astd to become more active units for good in th? world.
. PRESCRIPTION
Bayberry Bark in powder --------------1%. os, ■
Ginger Krat_____________...............________________EI oz.
Americra Windrake .......................„E4 oz*
DOSE: One-quarter to one-half teaspoonful in a wineglasaful of warm water twice or three times daily.
Incomes of a Bfillicm or More
AT THE close of the year 1926 there were in the United States 228 persons each having an income of $1,000,000 or more per year. Fourteen of these persons had incomes of $5,000,000 or more per year. The average income of the 228 persons was in excess of $2,000,000.
[Broadcast from Station WBBK, New Yor-k, by Judge Rutherford.] Part I . ■
Reconstruction means to make over something that is unsatisfactory. The 'Apostle Peter gave a prophetic description of how the old world of unrighteousness shall pass away amidst a great trouble. Then he says • "Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness."—2 Pet. 3:13.
To understand this scripture we must keep before the mind the proper definition of world. It means the organization of men into a form of government under the supervision of an invisible overlord. Reconstruction of the. world would therefore mean the making over of the government of men for men. The world wherein dwelleth righteousness would mean that the invisible overlord that controls the nations and the peoples of earth must be righteous. The organization of men on earth must be righteous. The invisible ruling part thereof is properly called heaven, while the visible part of the organization is called earth. The two taken together constitute and are designated the world. That will be a new world wherein dwelleth righteousness.
The Scriptures show that the new heaven is to be entirely new and that it is substituted in the place of the evil heaven that has long con-troled the nations of earth. The new earth will consist of righteous men being made the representatives on earth of the invisible righteous ruling power, and the reconstruction will be confined exclusively to the peoples of earth. That work is to be carried on by the kingdom of God. The kingdom for which Jesus taught His followers to pray is for the benefit of mankind on the earth and ultimately it will lead to God’s will being done on earth even as it is done in heaven.
The reconstruction of the human race, and the restoration of man to perfection, is a tremendous task. Only divine power could accomplish it. This task will be accomplished in God’s due time, and that time is now about to begin. '
Reconstruction means to make over again; that is, to make anew. Restoration of man means the act of bringing man back to the original strength and beauty of perfect manhood. One of the primary purposes of the new heaven and new earth, which constitute the new world, is that, man might be reconstructed and restored and righteousness for ever established amongst men. The sacrificial death and resurrection of Christ Jesus made available the great ransom price, w’hereby is removed the legal disability which prevents man from coming back to God. The overthrow of Satan’s empire and the restraining of the enemy will remove the powers that were actively hindering man from making progress in righteousness.
Can not man then, unaided, bring himself back into harmony with God? He can not Evolutionists say yes! It must be borne in mind that for more than six thousand years the human race has been traveling the broad road of unrighteousness that leads to degradation and destruction. After such a long period of sin and debauchery the race is wicked and depraved. Visit the slums of the great cities and gain some idea of the vice, immorality, corruption and wickedness that is practised there. Observe the filth and muck and poverty-stricken conditions. Note those afflicted with loathsome disease, the weak of mind, the wretched, the lame, the halt and the blind, all herded together in a small ill-ventilated hovel, and no proper food or clothing. They have nothing elevating upon which to feed the mind. Many of them appear to have reached almost a state of total depravity. This is the result of the work of the Devil.
Visit then the insane asylums, and there see hundreds of thousands whose minds are turned entirely in the wrong direction, and who are blind to all reason and truth. This also is the enemy’s work.
Go to the hospitals and there look with pitying eyes upon the lame and halt and blind and sick and afflicted. This, too, is the result of Satan’s work.
Go into the prison houses and observe the marks of crime upon the faces of poor unfortunates who there drag out a weary existence. This is the work of the evil one.
Visit the financial centers and see the harsh, cruel countenance of the profiteer who hesitates not to make war and hurry millions of youths isato th.® tranches. &®re to meet an untimely, cruel death. This too is the work of the Devil.
Make the rounds of the sweat shops, where poor widows, friendless girls and impotent men labor under the most adverse condition®, to eke ©nt a mere existence. This is the DeviFs work.
Consider also the brothels, where once beautiful girls have been turned into demons by reason of evil practices. This is a part of the Devil’s work.
Look deep into the salt pits and other mines and there see poor, miserable creatures, toiling in the darkness for a pittance that others might roll in wealth or earthly gain./This is part of the Devil's work.
Go into the crowded streets and subways, the boats, the restaurants, the dance halls and like places and observe the young boys and girls, old men and old women, slaves to nicotine and drugs, momentarily breeding vice and crime......These tilings are also works of the
Devil.
The death and resurrection alone of Jesus Christ will not undo these evils. The overthrow of Satan’s empire and the restraint of the enemy 'will not relieve them from their miserable conditions. There is something else . that must be done. It will be done. It is written; “He that eommitteth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son. of God was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil.” (1 John 3:8) “He [God] shall send Jesus Christ, which, before was preached unto you: whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the 'world began.”—Acts 3: 20, 21.
Six thousand years of misrule by Satan, the rebellious and wicked one, has wrought all the evils among humankind. Now God will demonstrate to all of His intelligent creatures that one thousand years’ rule by His beloved Son, • Christ Jesus the righteous One. can and will undo all the evil that has been done, and will restore all the willing and obedient ones to the full glory and beauty of perfect manhood. This blessed and glorious work will make a name for Jehovah in the minds of all, that can never be effaced. All who learn the lessons intended will never again depart from the path of righteousness.
With heaven and earth made up of perfect, glorious creatures, all under one Head, Christ Jesus, that will. be an eternal monument, for ever testifying to the wisdom, power and loving kindness of our God. That the great Eternal One intends to use His Christ for the purpose of reconstructing and restoring the peoples of earth, finds abundant support in His Word: “Behold my servant, whom I uphold, mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him; he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. I the Lord have called thee in righteousness, and will hold thine hand., and will keep thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, for a light of the Gentiles.” (Isaiah 42:1, 6) ‘T will preserve thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, to establish the earth.” (Isaiah 49:8) “And in thy seed shall all. the nations of the earth be blessed.” (Genesis 22:18) “Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made, . . . which [seed] is Christ. . . . And if ye be Christ’s, then are ye Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise.” (Galatians 3:16, 29) “Ye which have followed me, in the regeneration, when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (Matthew 19:28) “For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet. The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death.”—--1 Corinthians 15: 25, 26.
The Scriptures show that the reconstruction and restoration work will embrace a period of one thousand years. Millennium means one thousand years; hence the reign of Messiah, is called the Mil.leD.nium. During that time the entire human race will be under the control of Christ, who will gradually lead the obedient ones back into harmony with Almighty God. Furthermore, the Scriptures show that this blessed work will begin with the ousting of Satan the enemy from the earth and the establishment on earth of the kingdom, of God. That marks the beginning of the judgment day for the., individuals of the human family.—Acts 17:31. ■
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