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    The Watchtower, June 15, 1946

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    The Watchtower—1946

    ^HeWATCHTOWER,

    Published Semimonthly By

    WATCH TOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY 117 Adams Street - - Brooklyn 1, N.Y., U.S A.

    Ofticeb-s

    N. H. Knorr, President W. E. Van Ambubgh, Secretary “And all thy children shall be taught of Jehovah; and great shall be the peace of thy children.” - Isaiah 34:13.

    THE BIBLE CLEARLY TEACHES

    THAT JEHOVAH Is the only true God, from everlasting to everlasting, and Is the Maker of heaven and earth and Giver of life to his creatures; that the Word or Logos was the beginning of his creation and his active agent in creating all other things; and that the creature Lucifer rebelled against Jehovah and raised the Issue of His universal sovereignty;

    THAT GOD created the earth for man, made perfect man for the earth and placed him upon it; that man yielded to unfaithful Lucifer, or Satan, and willfully disobeyed God’s law and was sentenced to death; that by reason of Adam’s wrong act all men are born sinners and without the right to life;

    THAT THE LOGOS was made human as the man Jesus and suffered death in order to produce the ransom or redemptive price for obedient men; that God raised up Christ Jesus divine and exalted him to heaven above every other creature and clothed him with all power and authority as head of God’s new capital organization;

    THAT GOD’S CAPITAL ORGANIZATION is a Theocracy called Zion, and that Christ Jesus is the Chief Officer thereof and is the rightful King of the new world; that the faithful anointed followers of Christ Jesus are Zion’s children, members of Jehovah’s organization, and are His witnesses whose duty and privilege it is to testify to Jehovah’s supremacy and declare his purposes toward mankind as expressed in the Bible;

    THAT THE OLD WORLD, or Satan’s uninterrupted rule, ended A.D. 1914, and Christ Jesus has been placed by Jehovah upon the throne, has ousted Satan from heaven, and now proceeds to vindicate His name and establish the "new earth”;

    THAT THE RELIEF and blessings of the peoples can come only by Jehovah’s kingdom under Christ, which has begun; that His next great act is to destroy Satan’s organization and establish righteousness completely' in the earth ; and that under the Kingdom the people of good-will surviving Armageddon will carry out the divine mandate to “fill the earth" with righteous offspring, and that the human dead in the graves will be raised to opportunities of life on earth.

    ITS MISSION

    HIS Journal Is published for the purpose of enabling the people to know Jehovah God and his purposes as expressed in the Bible. It publishes Bible Instruction specifically designed to aid Jehovah’s witnesses and all people of good-will It arranges systematic Bible study for its readers and the Society supplies other literature to aid in such studies. It publishes suitable material for radio broadcasting and tor other means of public instruction in the Scriptures.

    It adheres strictly to the Bible as authority for its utterances. It is entirely free and separate from all religion, parties, sects or other worldly organizations. It is wholly and without reservation for the kingdom of Jehovah God under Christ his beloved King. It is not dogmatic, but invites careful and critical examination of its contents in the light of the Scriptures. It does not indulge in controversy, and its columns are not open to personalities.

    Yearly Subscription Price

    United States, $1.00; all other countries, $1.60, American currency; Great Britain, Australasia, and South Africa, 6s. American remittances should be made by Postal Note or by Postal or Express Money Order or by Bank Draft Outside of the United States remittances should be made direct to the respective branch offices. Remittances from countries other than those mentioned may be made to the Brooklyn office, but by International Postal Money Order only.

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    Please address the Society in every case.

    Translations of this journal appear in several languages.

    ALL SINCERE STUDENTS OF THE BIBLE who by reason of infirmity, poverty or adversity are unable to pay the subscription price may have The Watchtower free upon written application to the publishers, made once each year, stating the reason for so requesting it We are glad to thus aid the needy, but the written application once each year is required by the postal regulations.

    Notice to Subscribers.* Acknowledgment of a new or a renewal subscrip, tion will be sent only when requested. Change of address, when requested, may be expected to appear on address label within one month. Old and new addresses must be given. A renewal blank (carrying notice of expiration) will be sent with the journal one month before the subscription expires.

    Printed in the United States of America

    Entered as second-close matter at the post office at Brooklyn, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

    “DEFENSE THROUGH KNOWLEDGE” TESTIMONY PERIOD

    The above-named Testimony Period coincides with the entire month of June. In casting up as strong a bulwark of defense as possible through the knowledge of God’s Word, Jehovah’s witnesses are, throughout this Testimony Period, making a special offer of Bible literature. On a contribution of 50c they offer and place from house to house the combination of three bound books and a copy of the booklet “Be Glad, Ye Nations". The three books may be any of the Watchtower series from The Harp of God to Religion, inclusive. Many of our readers see clearly that it is not good that the soul be without knowledge in this most crucial time of world history, and hence they want to join in spreading the life-saving knowledge through the distribution of this special offer of literature. We shall welcome any requests from such readers for information on how to have a part with others in this “Defense -Through Knowledge” Testimony Period. Write us without delay, and may you at the close of June be privileged to make your report of work accomplished along with all other faithful Kingdom publishers.

    “WATCHTOWER” STUDIES

    Week of July 21: “Installing the Everlasting Priesthood,” fl 1-20 inclusive, The Watchtower June 15, 1946.

    Week of July 28: “Installing the Everlasting Priesthood,” fl 21-40 inclusive, The Watchtower June 15, 1946.

    “CONSOLATION”

    Do you find enlightenment and joy in reading The Watchtower 1 Then you are certain to find enjoyment and profit in reading its companion magazine, Consolation, put out by the same publishers. With many thousands Consolation serves a vital and important need in building them up in faith, hope and courage in these days of spreading infidelity, hopelessness and fear, and thus brings its readers solid comfort. It does not, of course, take the place of The Watchtower, which is devoted exclusively to Bible study and instruction. Consolation actually complements this magazine by publishing true-to-fact, uncensored news concerning world conditions and happenings which the commercial publications fear and refuse to print but which the trusting public should leam so as to be warned of the operations and purposes of deadly enemies, and so be able to free themselves from these enemies’ power and influence and thus avoid disaster. Consolation further publishes in its issues several pages of unusual reports on the strange work and experiences of those throughout the world who are announcing to men of good-will the ideal government which the great “God of all comfort” is now setting up for the relief and blessing of all faithful and obedient humankind. Consolation is a 32-page magazine, published every other Wednesday. A year’s subscription, of 26 issues, is just $1.00 in the United States, or $1.25 abroad. Forward your subscription to Watchtower, 117 Adams St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y.

    ANNOUNCING JEHOVAH’S KINGDOM

    Vol. LXVII June 15, 1946 No. 12

    INSTALLING THE EVERLASTING PRIESTHOOD

    “It will take seven days to instal you"—Lev. 8:33, An Amer. Trans.

    JEHOVAH’S great High Priest has been installed. His sacrifice has been offered and its precious lifegiving value has been presented in the supreme courts of heaven. For centuries its benefits have been going out to those faithful few who are to be installed with the High Priest in the sacred service as his underpriests. But the benefits of the great sacrifice will not stop with the members of this priesthood. Necessarily the sacrificial benefits must go first to these, if they are to serve acceptably as priests in behalf of imperfect, dying humankind. However, the High Priest’s efficacious sacrifice has power to remove the guilt and condemnation which hang over mankind. It will shortly be applied for the benefit of all men outside the priesthood who turn to Jehovah God, seeking his favor through his great High Priest.

    2 The installation of a high priest whose services can benefit an entire -world of mankind is of such importance to us that it was prefigured in a living picture, by live actors, more than a thousand years in advance. Also the record of it was made and preserved that we might consult the shadow picture and compare it with the reality. Thereby we shall not err as to who is the rightful and genuine High .Priest whose sacrificial work really counts for us with God. In the last preceding issue of The Watchtower we began examining the typical picture and comparing it with the antitypical reality. The typical picture was made by the prophet Moses and the Levitic priesthood. It is recorded at chapter eight of the book of Leviticus; Therein we saw Moses acting as Jehovah’s representative, installing first his brother Aaron as high priest and then Aaron’s four sons as underpriests. Aaron as high priest of the nation of Israel cast a long shadow into the future. Its outlines fell upon .Jesus Christ, and in Him the Aaronic pattern found its perfect fit. Jesus Christ is therefore declared by the inspired Scriptures to be Jehovah’s great heavenly High Priest. In a like way, the sons of Aaron are declared to be, as underpriests, the foreshadowing of the faithful believers in Christ

    1. To whom have the benefits of the High Priest's sacrifice been going for centuries? but to whom also will those benefits be applied? 2. (a) How was the importance of the installing of the priesthood indicated to us by God? (b) Whom did the typical high priest and underpnests foreshadow ?

    Jesus who have dedicated themselves to God to follow in Christ’s steps and to be made like him. As concerning their High Priest, Christ Jesus, it is written:

    ’ “Now of the things which we have spoken this is the sum: We have such an high priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens; a minister of the sanctuary, and of the true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man. Foi’ every high priest is ordained to offer gifts and sacrifices : wherefore it is of necessity that this man have somewhat also to offer. For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are [Jewish] priests that offer gifts according to the law: who serve unto the example- and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount. But now hath he [that is, Christ Jesus] obtained a more excellent ministry [than Aaron’s].”—Heb. 8:1-6.

    4 Aaron was anointed with the holy anointing oil, picturing the anointing of Jesus with the holy spirit of Jehovah God, to sanctify him to the High Priesthood. Through him as their Head, Christ’s footstep followers receive this anointing with the spirit or active force of God. They are thereby sanctified or set apart to the sacred service as Christ’s underpriests. This anointing of them began on Pentecost of A.D. 33, which was the fiftieth day after the resurrection of their High Priest from the dead, or on the tenth day after his ascension to heaven to appear in the presence of God with the value of his sacrifice for them. Hence it is written to them: “Christ [as High Priest] entered not into a holy place made with hands, like in pattern to the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear before the face of God for us.” (Heb. 9:24, Am. Stan. Ver.) The bullock of the sin offering which Moses offered upon the altar in behalf of Aaron and his four sons pictured that sacrifice of Christ Jesus as the Sin-bearer. Aaron’s sons, by virtue of the sacrifice of the sin-3. What did Paul write concerning our High Priest at Hebrews 8:1-6’’ 4. What did Aaron's being anointed symbolize? and also the offering of the bullock for a sin offering?

    bearing bullock, were pictured as cleansed from sin and thereby made fit to serve as underpriests. In like manner his followers who are anointed to be underpriests of the High Priest Christ Jesus receive the first benefits of his sacrifice because of their faith during the present evil world. They are justified from sin through his precious blood and have his righteousness counted to them, and thus they are cleansed in order to be taken into the heavenly priesthood.—1 Cor. 6:11; 1:30.

    SACRIFICE IN ENTIRENESS

    “ The disposal of the sin-bearing bullock left two rams still standing alive in the court of the tabernacle, and there was also a basket of breadstuffs as yet untouched. One of those rams is for a burnt offering, and the other is for use as a “ram of consecration”, or installation ram. Moses now turns his attention to the rams. “And he brought the ram for the burnt offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram. And he killed it; and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about. And he cut the ram into pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat. And he washed the inwards [the entrails] and the legs in water; and Moses burnt the whole ram upon the altar: it was a burnt sacrifice for a sweet savour, and an offering made by fire unto the Lord ; as the Lord commanded Moses.”—Lev. 8:18-21.

    6 Like the sin-offering bullock, this ram for the burnt offering pictured the human sacrifice of Christ Jesus. The animals which the Levite priests of Aaron’s household offered did not actually take away sins, and therefore in obedience to God’s will Jesus offered his own life in the human body as the desirable, needed sacrifice. “For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins. Wherefore when he cometh into the world, he saith, Sacrifice and offering thou wouldest not, but a body hast thou prepared me: in burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin [in the form of animals or beasts] thou hast had no pleasure. Then said I, Lo, I come (in the volume of the book it is written of me,) to do thy will, 0 God.” (Heb. 10:4-7) In the case of the ram for the burnt offering, Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon its head, meaning to say by this that the ram was being offered and sacrificed for them for the sake of their becoming priests of Jehovah God. This foreshadowed (1) that Christ Jesus confesses that the real sacrifice is his own and (2) that his followers confess that Jesus’ sacrifice was offered for them in order that they might get the benefits opening up the way for them into the priesthood. Such priesthood has nothing to do with the so-called

    5. How did Moses deal with the ram of burnt offering?

    6. What did this ram typify? and what did Aaron and hi* laying their hands on its head typify?

    “priesthoods” of the many religious sects of “Christendom”; for these are not the true priesthood, but are merely a pretense, and not ordained by Jehovah.

    7 In all his parts Jesus was a clean sacrifice, as pictured by Moses’ washing all the pieces of the ram which had been cut up. And just as water is used as a symbol of divine truth, Jesus laid down his life in sacrifice in the service of the truth and he was clean because he was always in harmony with the pure truth. His blood represents his human life poured out, because God’s law pronounces that “the life of the flesh is in the blood”. (Lev. 17:11) Since his was a perfect human life, equal in value with that of the perfect man Adam in Eden, Jesus’ shed blood had power to serve as an acceptable sacrifice to God, and to foreshadow this Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about. Jesus offered his sacrifice in its entirety to God, as pictured by Moses’ burning all parts of the ram upon the altar. It was not a fraction of a sacrifice, but was complete, and was all consumed upon God’s sacrificial arrangement. This was what made it pleasing and acceptable to his heavenly Father, just as the burnt offering testified that the sin offering which had preceded it was acceptable to the Lord God. So the Bible speaks of the whole ram on the altar as a “burnt-offering for a soothing odor, as a sacrifice to the Lord”. (Lev. 8:21, An Amer. Trans.) Hence the underpriests believe Jesus’ sacrifice avails for them with God.

    SACRIFICE FOR INSTALLATION

    8 In the reality there is only the one sacrifice, that one made by Jesus “once for all”. But in the ancient ordination of the Levitic priesthood there were several sacrifices needed in order to bring to view the different benefits or things accomplished by Jesus’ one sacrifice. So Moses had to offer a third victim for sacrifice. “And he brought the other ram, the ram of consecration [or, the ram of installation]: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram. And he slew it; and Moses took of the blood of it, and put it upon the tip of Aaron’s right ear, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot. And he brought Aaron’s sons, and Moses put of the blood upon the tip of their right ear, and upon the thumbs of their right hands, and upon the great toes of their right feet: and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about.” (Lev. 8:22-24) The first Bible translation, the Greek Septuagint Version, calls this ram the “ram of completing or perfecting”, because it pictured God’s means for perfecting or qualifying his priesthood, namely, Jesus’ sacrifice. It filled their 7. What was typified by the washing of the pieces of the ram, and applying its blood to the altar, and burning all of It on the altar? 8. How did Moses deal with the ram of consecration? and why was it called the “ram of completing or perfecting"? hands full of power and authority to serve as His priests, and it filled their hands full of that which they could acceptably offer to Him in sacrifice. This gave them a standing with God as genuine, divinely recognized priests. Hence Aaron and his sons, in seeking a completion or perfecting of their installation into office, laid their hands upon the head of the ram of installation, the “ram of consecration”.

    “ The blood of this ram as applied to Aaron’s right ear, thumb and great toe has a pointed meaning. The shed blood stands for the sacrificed life of the High Priest Christ Jesus. Hence applying the blood to Aaron’s right organs of hearing, manual work and walking says that Jesus heard the Word of God, which prophetically told of his sacrifice, and he heeded what was written concerning him in the volume of God’s Book; he used his hands or applied his physical powers to fulfilling God’s Word which he heard telling of his sacrificial duties as High Priest; and, thirdly, he walked in the pathway of sacrifice, straight up to God’s altar, without turning to the right hand or to the left. And since it was the right ear, thumb and great toe that were blood-marked, this pictured that he thus heard, did and walked to the best of his physical powers. He trusted in God’s sworn oath, which prophetically spoke into his right ear, saying: “Jehovah hath sworn, and will not repent: Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek.” (Ps. 110: 4, Am. Stan. Ver.) That oath made certain a perfect, fully qualified High Priest not having any infirmity such as the priests under Moses’ law had. “For the law maketh men high priests which have infirmity; but the word of the oath, which was since the law, maketh the Son, who is consecrated [or, perfected] for evermore.”—Heb. 7: 28, marginal reading.

    10 The blood of the installation ram as applied to the right members of the underpriests bespeaks something as to the antitypical priests, Christ’s anointed followers. It bespeaks that what they hear, do and follow is affected by the blood of the ransom sacrifice of Christ. They hear with their best (right) hearing from God’s Word that "ye were bought with a price: glorify God therefore in your body”; and “ye were bought with a price; become not bondservants of men”. Then they put their hands and feet, to the best of their ability, to use in the service of God, not that of sinful men. Furthermore, since the blood applied to them is that of the antitypical ram of installation of consecration, it means they turn their blood-marked ear to hearing what God’s Word says regarding their duties in this priesthood to which God has consecrated or installed them. Then, having heard with the best of hearing, they obediently apply 9. What was typified by applying the blood to Aaron’s right ear, thumb and great toe?

    10. What does applying the blood to the right members of Aaron's sons typify?

    their right hand or best powers to carrying out those duties and they walk in the way of Jehovah’s service, in the footsteps of their High Priest whose blood redeemed them. This means, in simple terms, that they offer “spiritual sacrifices” to God by showing forth his praises: “So that you may declare the virtues of him who has called you out of darkness into his wonderful light.”—1 Pet. 2: 5,9, An Amer. Trans.

    11 The filling of the priests’ hands was illustrated in the typical procedure which was first performed by Moses. “And he took the fat, and the rump [the ram’s fat tail], and all the fat that was upon the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their' fat, and the right shoulder: and out of the basket of unleavened bread, that was before the Lord, he took one unleavened cake, and a cake of oiled bread, and one wafer, and put them on the fat, and upon the right shoulder: and he put all upon Aaron’s hands, and upon his sons’ hands, and waved them for a wave offering before the Lord. And Moses took them from off their hands, and burnt them on the altar upon the burnt offering: they were consecrations for a sweet savour: it is an offering made by fire unto the Lord.” (Lev. 8:25-28) “They were an installation-offering for a soothing odor, a sacrifice to the Lord.”—An Amer. Trans.

    12 Since Moses is spoken of as waving these things of the consecration offering, he evidently put his own hands beneath those of the priests as they waved the things of the consecration offering to and fro before the Lord. To conform to this picture, Christ Jesus was installed as High Priest in order to present the precious value of his sacrifice to God; and everything in connection with that sacrifice he waved before Jehovah God, in a continual presentation.

    13 In the picture it was the fat and vital organs of the installation ram that were waved. This foreshadowed that, in carrying out the priesthood into which he was installed on earth, Jesus presented his sacrifice with heated zeal, keeping his mind upon what he was doing according to the Word of God, with pure, wholesome thoughts. He did not pull away his shoulder from God and his service, but served God with the strength of his best shoulder. For such faithfulness, “the government shall be upon his shoulder.” But what about the cereal offering, that is, the unleavened cake, the oiled bread and the pancake (wafer) that were also waved? Jesus’ words explain them: “The bread that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world.” (John 6: 51) Like the high priest of Israel, who offered the

    11. How did Moses then fill the priests’ hands and thereafter make a burning upon the altar?

    12. What 1b pictured by Moses’ waving these things before the Lord with the priests?

    13. What did the waving of the fat, the liver and kidneys, and the right shoulder, and the cereal offering, picture? fruitage of the cereal grains, Jesus brought forth the ‘fruits of the kingdom’. He did so by expending himself in the flesh to bear the message and works of the Kingdom to the people. This fruit was free from the leaven of sin and religion such as the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees. His fruit was seasoned or permeated with the "oil” of God’s spirit; and it was of fine quality and well done, pleasant like a wafer.

    ” Aaron’s sons joined in waving the consecration offering. So, too, Christ’s anointed followers join him in serving God with zeal, and with attentiveness of mind and pure hearts, and with the strength of their united shoulders. Everything they can offer to God really comes through Christ Jesus, who is both the High Priest and the Greater Moses. From Christ Jesus they receive the testimony, or the “fruits”, of the Kingdom, and then, in the power of God’s spirit and free from the sinful leaven of this world, they bear forth the Kingdom fruits to the people of goodwill for their spiritual food. All this they continually wave before God in his service, to be at last consumed in His service. It is as an “installation-offering with a soothing odour, a fire-offering to the Eternal”. (Moffatt) Its acceptableness to God continually marks and distinguishes his true priesthood who serve him through Christ Jesus.

    1S The next action of Moses becomes understandable when we remember that God has raised up a prophet like Moses from his Israelite brethren, namely, Christ Jesus the Greater Moses. (Deut. 18:15-18; Acts 3: 20-23) “And Moses took the breast [of the installation ram], and waved it for a wave offering before the Lord : for of the ram of consecration it was Moses’ part; as the Lord commanded Moses.” (Lev. 8:29) The ram’s breast, containing the heart, was Moses’ assigned portion. His waving it before Jehovah corresponds with Jesus’ loving the Lord God with all his heart. He showed his love by keeping God’s commandments and faithfully carrying out his agreement to do God’s will. Here again he was an example to his followers.

    16 “And Moses took of the anointing oil, and of the blood which was upon the altar, and sprinkled it upon Aaron, and upon his garments, and upon his sons, and upon his sons’ garments with him; and sanctified Aaron, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons’ garments ’with him.” (Lev. 8: 30) Aaron had already been anointed in his high-priestly garments with the holy anointing oil, and both he and his sons had already had the consecration ram’s blood daubed on their right ear, thumb and great toe. Now the blood

    14. What was pictured by Aaron’s sons’ joining in waving the consecration offering?

    15. What was pictured by Moses’ waving the ram’s breast before the Lord God?

    1G What was taught by Moses’ sprinkling the officially clothed Aaron and his sons with the mixture of blood and oxi? and oil, evidently in mixture, are sprinkled by Moses upon the entire priesthood in their official garments. The garments are what serves to identify or distinguish an official servant or honored servant; and in this picture the garments distinguished the high priest and his corps of underpriests. Sprinkling, then, the blood and oil upon the officially clothed priests was a way of telling us in advance that Christ Jesus and his anointed followers would be identified by the blood of the ransom sacrifice and by the spirit of God; their service to him would be connected with the blood and the spirit and would be distinguished by these. The blood of Jesus’ ransom sacrifice and the holy spirit which comes from God through Jesus are two essential factors in the installing of Christ’s followers as his underpriests or members of his “royal priesthood”.

    COMPLETED IN FAITHFULNESS

    1T After the foregoing procedure there still remained some portions of the flesh of the ram of consecration. “And Moses said unto Aaron and to his sons, Boil the flesh at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and there eat it with the bread that is in the basket of consecrations, as I commanded, saying, Aaron and his sons shall eat it. And that which remaineth of the flesh and of the bread shall ye burn with fire. And ye shall not go out of the door of the tabernacle of the congregation in seven days, until the days of your consecration be at an end: for seven days shall he consecrate you. As he hath done this day, so the Lord hath commanded to do, to make an atonement for you. Therefore shall ye abide at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation day and night seven days, and keep the charge of the Lord, that ye die not: for so I am commanded.”—Lev. 8:31-35.

    15 That whole set of instructions shows that the consecration or installation or filling of the priests’ hands with power and authority to serve God must be carried out faithfully to a completion.

    ” First of all, the installation ram must be completely consumed, either by eating or by fire. The portions of the ram that had not been burnt upon the altar or given to Moses as his part were to be boiled and eaten by the newly ordained priests as their appointed portion. (Ex. 29: 27,28) They were to eat it “together with the bread in the installation basket”. (An Amer. Trans.; Rotherham) What they could not eat before the following morning was to be devoured by fire. Nothing was to remain. The fact that the Lord God commanded them to eat part of the ram boiled, together with most of the foodstuffs in the 17. What wm done with the remainder of the ram’s flesh, and how long must the priests abide at the tabernacle door?

    18. What do these instructions show?

    19. What was pictured by the fact that it was the portion of the priests to eat the ram's flesh boiled and from the basket of breadstulls? basket of installation, points to the comforting fact that Jehovah God would provide for the nourishment and sustenance of his “royal priesthood” while engaged in his service. Primarily, the nourishment would be of a spiritual kind, to keep them strong and healthy as new creatures begotten of God by his own spirit. However, their earthly provision while they were serving God in their fleshly bodies would also not fail, but would always be ample, with possibly some to spare. The apostle Paul, who was one of Christ’s underpriests, so states, saying: “Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things live of the things of the temple? and they which wait at the altar are partakers with the altar ? Even so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the gospel should live of the gospel.” (1 Cor. 9:13,14) Jesus said that workmen deserve their food or meat. —Matt. 10:10; Luke 10: 7.

    20 The installation requirements confined the priests somewhat. For seven days they must not leave the court surrounding the tabernacle, but must faithfully keep close to the tabernacle doorway, for they were tabernacle servants. God’s orders to Moses, at Exodus 29:36, 37, tell what was done on those days: “And thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for atonement: and thou shalt cleanse the altar, when thou hast made an atonement for it, and thou shalt anoint it, to sanctify it. Seven days thou shalt make an atonement for the altar; and sanctify it; and it shall be an altar most holy: whatsoever toucheth the altar shall be holy.” This meant that from Nisan 1 to 7 of that year 1512 B.C. those priests whose ordination or installation was being perfected or completed must abide at their posts at the tabernacle and never go outside the court inclosure. Day and night they were to keep at their posts. “For seven days you must never leave the entrance to the Trysting tent, till the days of your installation are over; the installation is to last for seven days.” (Lev. 8: 33, Moffatt) Even so, Christ Jesus on earth never forsook his post of duty till death; he completed a period of duty corresponding to the seven days of installation. Hence when he was raised from the dead he was perfected as High Priest in heaven for evermore. Likewise with Christ’s anointed followers: they must complete a perfect period of installation or consecration symbolized by the “seven days”. In ministering to others the Word of God, they must be “faithful unto death”. Then they will be perfected in the resurrection.

    21 “So Aaron and his sons did all things which the Lord commanded by the hand of Moses.” (Lev. 8: 36) At the end of the seven days or week of installation God completed his consecration of them to the priest-

    20. How long must the priests abide within the court enclosure without leaving, and what does this typify?

    21. When were they qualified priests, and ib what sense? hood: “for seven days shall he consecrate you.” (Lev. 8:33) They were then qualified priests, with their hands filled with power and authority to offer sacrifices and gifts to the Most High God and to teach and instruct his people in His law and Word.

    22 At the close of Jesus’ three-and-a-half-year ministerial work on earth, after having faithfully endured all the sufferings in order to vindicate his Father’s name and sovereignty, he was fully qualified as Jehovah’s High Priest. Therefore God fully consecrated or perfected him by raising him to life in the “first resurrection” to the highest heavens, to His very own right hand. Likewise, all Christ’s followers who will finally be perfected as his underpriests in the skies will be those who stay faithful at their God-given posts of duty on earth, serving God at his spiritual temple, ministering to others with His Word. When God’s kingdom is set up, and when the High Priest Christ Jesus comes to the temple for the judgment of the house of God, those having endured the trials and having faithfully finished their earthly service are raised from the dead to partake in Christ’s resurrection, “the first resurrection.” (Rev. 20:5) They will thus be fully consecrated or perfected as his underpriests in the heavens. “Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years.” (Rev. 20:6) During those thousand years of Christ’s reign the benefits of his ransom sacrifice and of his High Priesthood are due to come to mankind in full measure.

    THE INSTALLED PRIESTS BEGIN SERVING

    2S Whether that installation service was ever repeated at putting a new high priest in office, as, for instance, Aaron’s son and successor Eleazar, we do not know. There is no record. (Num. 20: 23-29) But it was not absolutely necessary to repeat it, because the one initial installation was sufficient to put the Aaronic house and all its male offspring into their priestly office once and for all, to continue down till the arrival of the true and everlasting High Priest. The thing to note is that, just as soon as the consecration or installation was finished and perfected, the Aaronic priests were set to work without Moses assisting them physically. Hence the day following their completed consecration Aaron and his sons undertook their sacrificial work, namely, on Nisan 8 of 1512 B.C. “And it came to pass on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel; and he said unto Aaron, Take thee a young calf for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before the Lord.

    22. When and after what are the antitypical priests fully qualified and perfected ?

    23 (a) Was that installation service ever repeated? (b) What began on the eighth day ?

    And unto the children of Israel thou shalt speak, saying, Take ye a kid of the goats for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both of the first year, without blemish, for a burnt offering; also a bullock and a ram for peace offerings, to sacrifice before the Lord ; and a meat [or cereal] offering mingled with oil: for to day the Lord will appear unto you.”—Lev. 9:1-4.

    24 It is true that Jehovah God had consecrated, installed, perfected or qualified Aaron and his sons as priests by the close of the week of installation. But now he must also confirm that fact before all the people for whom they were to minister as priests. He must confirm them in their priesthood before all those who expected to have approach to God through them. Hence if the Lord God would visibly appear or make a display before all Israel after the first sacrificial performance by Aaron and his sons, that would give the Israelites firm proof that these had been accepted and installed of God as His priestly servants. The first sacrificing that he had his newly installed priests do corresponds very closely with what he had prescribed for the yearly day of atonement.* (Ex. 30:10) But during the first year that the Israelites spent in the wilderness of Mount Sinai there had been no tabernacle of worship yet set up. Now indeed the tabernacle was erected, but the regular annual day of atonement was six months and two days off, namely, on the tenth day of the seventh month (Ethanim 10, 1512 B.C.). However, if the newly consecrated priests were to begin serving, there was no better service with which to start than an atonement service. Typically the Israelites were in an unclean state before Jehovah God. For one thing, during the previous year they had committed a national sin with the golden calf which they set up and worshiped during Moses’ being away for forty days in the mountain to receive the law of God. An atonement procedure was therefore very suitable now. Likewise to atone for mankind’s sin Jesus’ sacrifice was most suitable.

    25 Aaron the high priest took the “young calf”, or bull-calf, for a sin offering. It symbolized the perfect human creature who was marked for the ransom sacrifice, namely, the man Jesus, particularly because his sacrifice brings benefits first to the church class, pictured by Aaron’s sons and the. rest of the tribe of Levi. The "kid of the goats”, or he-goat, which the combined other tribes of Israel brought for sacrifice also pictured the perfect human sacrifice, Jesus, at the age of thirty years, at which time he was baptized in the Jordan river. But this he-goat pictured

    ♦See “Atonement for the New World’*, The Watchtower August 15 and September 1, 1942.

    24. (a) The installation of the priests being over, what must God now confirm to the Israelites? (h) Why was an atonement service now appropriate?

    25. What was symbolized by the young calf and by the kid of the goats for a sin offering? his sacrifice as bringing redemption from sin to all believing men of good-will outside the church of Jesus’ anointed followers or underpriests.

    28 The other animal victims that both Aaron and the non-Levitical tribes of Israel brought also pictured the one and only sacrifice of Jesus, but pictured it from various standpoints as to what it accomplishes or obtains. In support of this understanding are the apostle Paul's words: “But when Christ appeared as a High Priest of the blessings that are to come, He entered through the greater and more perfect Tabernacle (a tent not built with hands—that is to say, which does not belong to this material creation); and by means of His own blood, not the blood of goats and calves, He once for all entered the Holy Place; thus securing an eternal redemption. For if the blood of goats and bulls and the ashes of a heifer sprinkling those who have contracted defilement make them holy so as to bring about ceremonial purity, how much more certainly shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal spirit offered Himself to God, free from blemish, purify your consciences from lifeless works to serve the living God?”—Heb. 9:11-14, Weymouth.

    27 Once again, on this eighth day, the general congregation of Israel gathered to the east of the tabernacle, in front of the broad gateway of the court. The skillfully woven hangings of the gate were drawn aside, and now the Israelites can look inside the court and see their newly installed high priest and his attendant sons go into action, undertaking their first sacrificial service for the nation. Above the tabernacle there hovers the tall pillar of cloud betokening the invisible presence of Jehovah God. How will he appear before the children of Israel at the close of the sacrificial service? is the question. We watch to see. “And they brought that which Moses commanded before the tabernacle of the congregation: and all the congregation drew near and stood before the Lord. And Moses said, This is the thing which the Lord commanded that ye should do: and the glory of the Lord shall appear unto you.” (Lev. 9: 5, 6) Yes, Jehovah will confirm the obedient work of his priests.

    28 Listen, now, to hear for whom the bull-calf is to be offered as a sin offering. “And Moses said unto Aaron, Go unto the altar, and offer thy sin offering, and thy burnt offering, and make an atonement for thyself, and for the people [of the tribe of Levi]: and offer the offering of the people [of the other tribes], and make an atonement for them; as the Lord commanded. Aaron therefore went unto the altar, and slew the calf of the sin offering, which was

    26. What did the other animal victims that Aaron and the children of Israel brought typify?

    27. What did the congregation of Israel do at the opening of that eighth day's proceedings, and with what event in view?

    28. For whom was the bull-calf offered as a sin offering? and how did Aaron dispose of it? for himself [as representative of his house and tribe]. And the sons of Aaron brought the blood unto him; and he dipped his finger in the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at the bottom of the altar: but the fat, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver of the sin offering, he burnt upon the altar; as the Lord commanded Moses. And the flesh and the hide he burnt with fire without the camp.”—Lev. 9: 7-11.

    29 Here the disposal of the bull-calf of the sin offering has the same meaning as the disposal of the bullock which was used in the installation of the Aaronic priesthood.* Jesus is the true sin-offering, of whom those animals were advance types. “For him who knew no sin, [God] made a sin-offering on our behalf, that we might become God’s righteousness in him.” (2 Cor. 5:21, The Emphatic Diaglott) As the victim for the sin offering was slain at the right or north side of the altar of sacrifice in the court surrounded by white-linen hangings, so Jesus was slain upon earth but within God’s righteous arrangement. Jesus was righteous, being without blemish in a human sense, no less than the typical animal victim was without blemish as a bull-calf. His blood provided sin-atonement for all believers of humankind. “For,” says God, “the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul.” (Lev. 17:11) In harmony with this fact the victim’s blood was applied by the high priest Aaron to the horns of the altar and poured out at its base. Does this not well show that nothing can be offered in sacrifice to God except upon the basis of Jesus’ blood which washes away the believers’ sins?

    30 The burning of the sin-offering’s fat, kidneys, and flaps of the liver upon the blood-marked altar bore witness that Christ Jesus applied himself with strength and earnestness to God’s service, keeping it uppermost in his inward thoughts, and yielding to it the abundance of his weight and influence. The dragging of the rest of the carcass of the victim to a place outside the camp of Israel, and burning it there, bore witness that “thus it behoved Christ to suffer”. As he said to his disciples who were sorrowing at the unjust court trial, condemnation, sufferings on the tree, and death of Jesus of Nazareth: “Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into his glory?” (Luke 24: 26, 46) He underwent all such sufferings as an outcast in the eyes of the religious leaders of the congregation of Israel. He was an ill-smelling savor of death to them,

    •See The Watchtower of June 1, 1946, page 171, T37-40.

    29. What does this disposal of the bull*calf typify, particularly as to killing it and applying its blood?

    30. What was typified by burning its fat and vital organs upon the altar while its carcass, etc., were burned outside the camp? like a burning bull-carcass, and hence was condemned to death by them as a godless malefactor outside of the camp of God’s people. Such reproach and suffering were for a proof of his integrity to God, testing whether the Devil could turn him into rebellion against God because of the sufferings that God permitted the Devil’s crowd to bring upon him. But just as the rich fat and inward organs of the sin-offering victim were burned with acceptance on the altar while the carcass was burned outside the camp, Jesus was faithful to God in his inward parts while he was undergoing all such reproach, abuse and suffering even to the death. From Jordan to Calvary he was yielding up a sweet, soothing, acceptable odor of sacrifice to God from amid the fires of the altar.

    31 That Jesus’ sin-atoning sacrifice was successfully rendered to God and was pleasing to Him was foreshadowed by what next followed in the type, namely, the sacrifice of the “ram for a burnt offering” which Aaron the high priest had provided. “And he slew the burnt offering; and Aaron’s sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled round about upon the altar. And they presented the burnt offering unto him, with the pieces thereof, and the head: and he burnt them upon the altar. And he did wash the inwards and the legs, and burnt them upon the burnt offering on the altar.” (Lev. 9:12-14) This sacrifice was offered up in connection with and after the sin offering for Aaron and his household. It confirms God’s full acceptance of the sin offering, the same as in the case of the ram for a burnt offering sacrificed during the installation of the Aaronic priesthood. (See page 180, fl 5-7.) Christ Jesus as High Priest ascended to heaven with the value of his human sin-offering and presented it in the personal presence of Jehovah God, and God’s acceptance of this was markedly made evident by his outpouring of His holy spirit upon Jesus’ faithful followers, to make them his underpriests. (Acts 2:22-36) These gain spirit life in heaven.

    BENEFITS FOR NON-PRIESTLY HUMANKIND

    52 Next in the order of that ancient day in the wilderness of Mount Sinai came the sin offering made by the installed priests for the non-priestly tribes of Israel. Their he-goat was slain by Aaron as the qualified high priest. “And he brought the people’s offering, and took the goat, which was the sin offering for the people, and slew it, and offered it for sin, as the first [the bullock for the Levites’ sin offering]. And he brought the burnt offering [a calf and a lamb], and offered it according to the manner [of burnt offerings]. And he brought the meat offering, and took an handful thereof, and burnt it upon 31. What was typified by the disposal of the ram for a burnt offering? 32. What was then offered for the children of Israel? and whom do they therefore typify?

    the altar, beside the burnt sacrifice of the morning.” (Lev. 9:15-17) Now, this sin offering was for the sins of the tribes of Israel outside of the tribe of Levi. Hence the camp of Israel pictured all those of humankind, outside of God’s “royal priesthood”, who will avail themselves of Jesus’ ransom sacrifice by faith and obedience. The camp, therefore, represents those of humankind who are brought into harmony with Jehovah God by means of Christ’s redemptive sacrifice and his millennial kingdom and who thereby gain eternal life on the paradise earth.

    53 Just as the people’s sin-offering came after the one for Aaron and his household, so all believers of humankind outside of the “royal priesthood” receive the benefits of Christ’s sin-offering after the members of His priesthood. Those of the priesthood get the atoning benefits now, during this period from Pentecost down to the end of this world at Armageddon, for God now justifies them to life by reason of their faith in Jesus’ blood and its worth. But the benefits of the one Sin-offering do not halt with qualifying these for the royal priesthood; the benefits therefrom are extended afterward to believers of humankind during the thousand-year reign of Christ Jesus as God’s King-Priest. That would mean, after the battle of Armageddon, which rids the earth of Satan’s wicked organization and clears the way for Christ’s rule over mankind without interference.

    34 The people’s burnt offering of the young calf and lamb gave evidence of Jehovah’s acceptance of the sin offering in their behalf. In the anti typical sense the evidence of God’s acceptance of the greater Sin-offering in mankind’s behalf will shortly be given, after Armageddon. To add to the evidence of God’s acceptance there was a meat offering, or cereal offering, of which Aaron burned a handful on the altar together with the animal victims. This pictured that the sin offering bears fruit or produces acceptable results, for the life-nourishment of the people. Those of humankind who gain everlasting life on earth in the New World of righteousness exercise faith in God’s acceptance of the propitiatory sacrifice of his dear Son, and they partake of its precious life-benefits the same as the church of the underpriests have done. The apostle John shows such benefits will be available to mankind gaining earthly life in the new world, when he writes to the church: “If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: and he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world.”—1 John 2:1,2.

    35 One further fact must be shown with regard to

    33. What was pictured by the fact that the sin offering for Aaron and his house was offered first and the people's sin offering after that? 34. What was typified by the offering up of the people’s burnt offering and their cereal offering?

    35. Why were the peace offerings so called? the great Sin-offering from which humankind gets everlasting benefits. This fact was foreshadowed by the final set of animal victims which the high priest Aaron slaughtered. These made up what were called “peace offerings”. Some prefer to call them the “thanksgiving sacrifice”; others, the “recompense offering”. A peace offering could be sacrificed as an expression of thanksgiving. It was to be an “offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the Lord”. (Lev. 7:11-15; 3:1-5) Thanksgiving would be a due recompense to the Lord God for the everlasting good derived from the sin offering; and the peace offering testified that thanksgiving was recompensed to God for having brought the sinner into peaceful and spiritually prosperous connections with Him through the sin offering of Christ Jesus.

    33 Accordingly the high priest Aaron proceeded to the peace offerings, now that the sin offering and the burnt offering were taken care of. “He slew also the bullock and the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings, which was for the people: and Aaron’s sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled upon the altar round about, and the fat of the bullock and of the ram, the rump [the ram’s fat tail], and that which covereth the inwards, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver: and they put the fat upon the breasts [of the bullock and the ram], and he burnt the fat upon the altar: and the breasts and the right shoulder Aaron waved for a wave offering before the Lord; as Moses commanded.”—Lev. 9:18-21.

    37 This typical sacrifice gives certain promise that the believers of humankind, typified by the nonpriestly tribes of Israel, will continually offer to Jehovah God their thanksgiving for opening up the way to peaceful relations with him by Jesus, his Sin-offering. They cannot enrich him any, but they will be anxious to recompense him by manifesting their gratitude through Christ Jesus, giving themselves in full dedication to God through him. And the High Priest Christ Jesus will present their thankful dedication before the Supreme Being. Already, the thousands of “men of good will” who are hearing the message of God’s kingdom by Christ Jesus are expressing their thanksgiving to God. They do so by dedicating their lives for all time to Him and daily singing forth his praises by preaching the Kingdom gospel. This brings them advance blessings now.

    38 “And Aaron lifted up his hand toward the people, and blessed them, and came down from offering of the sin offering, and the burnt offering, and peace offerings.” (Lev. 9:22) What this blessing asked

    36. How did Aaron dispose of the victims for the peace offerings? 37. What did the offering of such peace offerings typify9 and how are “men of good will” already offering thanksgiving to God?

    38. After having finished with all the offerings, what did Aaron then do and what did this symbolize? for upon those accepting redemption through Christ Jesus is shown by the following: “Speak unto Aaron and unto his sons, saying, On this wise ye shall bless the children of Israel, saying unto them, The Lord bless thee, and keep thee; the Lord make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: the Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. And they shall put my name upon the children of Israel; and I will bless them.” (Num. 6:22-27) This blessing will come upon humankind in its fullness during the thousand-year reign of Christ Jesus, who is the Seed of Abraham in whom all families of the earth are to be blessed. As Aaron gave the people Jehovah’s blessing after having done with the people’s sin offering, burnt offering and peace offering, so this Kingdom blessing upon mankind will accompany the release at that due time of the benefits of Jesus’ precious Sin-offering. It will lead believing humankind eventually to justification to everlasting life.

    M To crown that ancient day of the opening activities of the newly installed priesthood Jehovah manifested his confirmation of them in office. “And Moses and Aaron went into the tabernacle of the congregation, and came out, and blessed the people: and the glory of the Lord appeared unto all the people. And there came a fire out from before the Lord, and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat: which when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces.” (Lev. 9: 23, 24) If Jehovah had not accepted this ordained priesthood as true and qualified, he would never have sent out his miraculous fire from the pillar of cloud above the tabernacle and devoured the remainder of the sacrifices upon the altar. Since the tabernacle had been standing just eight days, that was the first entry by Aaron, accompanied by Moses, into the Most Holy of the tabernacle, before God’s presence represented there. Hence their entry foreshadowed Jesus’ ascension to heaven and his appearing there in Jehovah’s glorious presence with the merit of his earthly sacrifice. Their coming forth alive and blessing the people pictured 39. (a) What did Moses and Aaron then do, and what then followed? (b) What did Moses and Aaron's movements at that time typify? the coming of Christ Jesus, who is both the High Priest and the Greater Moses, into his thousand-year kingdom of blessing for humankind. “And as it awaits men [the priesthood] to die once, but after this a judgment; so also the Anointed One, having been once for all offered for the many, to bear away sin, will appear a second time without a sin-offering, to those who are expecting him, in order to salvation.”—Heb. 9:27,28, Diaglott.

    40 About 485 years after that fiery demonstration of God’s accepting the Aaronic priesthood, he caused fire to fall from heaven and to burn up the sacrifices upon the altar at Jerusalem, proving that he accepted the temple then being dedicated by King Solomon; and the glory of Jehovah filled the temple and the people fell down and worshiped him, saying: “For he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever.” ( 2 Chron. 7:1-3) Jehovah’s miraculously enkindled fire consumed all the sacrifice, demonstrating that he had accepted it and would make full use and disposal of it for the benefit of those worshiping there through Christ Jesus. At Armageddon, fiery destruction from heaven will consume the Devil’s organization, but during the thousand-year reign of Jehovah’s royal High Priest God will manifest to a completeness, to all that live on earth, His acceptance of this faithful High Priest and his sacrifice. The manifestation will be by means of the blessings which will then descend upon the people, relieving them of sin and its deathdealing effects, till at last they arrive at human perfection in God’s image and likeness, with perfect ability to refrain from sin and to do His perfect will. Then no reHgion or worship of false gods will be permitted on earth by the reigning High Priest and King. Hence their deliverance from sin and death will not be ascribable to any but to the true and living God, who accepts the atoning work of his Royal High Priest, Christ Jesus. For this reason believing and faithful humankind will accept the life-giving ministrations and teachings of this anointed Priest of the Most High and will worship Jehovah as God for ever and ever, shouting His praises.

    40. What was typified by Jehovah's fiery manifestation, and by the people’s shouting and falling upon their faces?

    ISLAND-HOPPING—FROM BRANCH TO BRANCH

    OUR last report on the tour of the president and vice-president-of the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society in the Caribbean sea area left them suspended in mid-air in a Pan American Airways plane over the Windward Passage between the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. Just before sighting Haitian territory the Society’s officers, N. H. Knorr and F. W. Franz respectively, ran afoul of rough air currents and a squall of rain. About 9:50 o’clock of this morning of Tuesday, March 19, Haiti’s island of Gonave comes to view on their right. Then mountainous territory of Haiti proper appears to their left, and later land becomes visible to their right. Soon we (as if traveling with them) are passing across the coastline, with Port-au-Prince, capital of Haiti, to our right down below.

    It is not long now, and our plane comes safely to earth at the airport. Here we are expecting two of the Society’s American representatives, Roland Fredette and Harold Wright, both graduates of the Watchtower Bible College of Gilead and now stationed on Haiti for missionary work. They are at the port to meet us, and with them three native brethren. Despite our inability to speak French we easily get through customs and are quickly on our way in a taxi toward town and the Grand Hotel Oloffson on the mountainside. As we drive into town it is just teeming with native life, mostly dark-skinned and jabbering either in French or the more popular Creole speech. What would you think of a capital city of 150,000 inhabitants without omnibus or streetcar! Such is Port-au-Prince. Here transportation is either by passenger-hungry taxis or by shaggy burros. Oho! see those native women perched not very ladylike aback those burros and saddlepacks, slung on either side of those plodding beasts. See those open shops and the many handicraft industries that are going on. There, too, are the ubiquitous beggars, and children half-clad or naked for this hot climate. There is the market, where the natives set out their wares and the products of the earth and sell by the penny’s worth because the common people cannot afford to buy in larger values from day to day. Many of them are hardened to going hungry for a day or two at a time.

    …