The Watchtower, June 1, 1920
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Vol. XLT
Anno Mundi 6048 —June 1, 1920
CONTENTS
tine Rehabilitation Fund iMh-o and Pabulum
. "ROCK-OF AGES
i; Other foundation can?4
'no man lay r'<z
A RANSOM FOR AL
Ivn vast on 1 *<* I
A (riant of Faith
The Great Dancini:
■he Toner, and iviU irateh to w h hot to me, and what ansirei I shall mul.< E/jo'c me.”—Jfabakkuk 2.1.
TTnon the earth distress of nations with perplexity; the sea and the waves {the restless, discontented) roaring; men’s hearts failing them for fear and tor looking ♦y> tbA &a coming upon the earth (society): for the powers of the heavens (eccieaiaeticism) shall be shaken. . . . When ye see these things begin to come»to mF
thenknowtbat theKingdomof God is at hand. Lookup, lift up your beads, rejoice, for your redemption drawetb nigh.—Matthew 24.33; Mark 13:29; Luke 21:25^
THIS JOURNAL AND ITS SACRED MISSION
THIS journal is one .of prime m-his <>r iu>t i urnenis in the system of Bible instruction, or “‘Seminary Kxtension”, now beinff presented in al) parts at the rhihzed world bj the Watch Tmn Bible & Tract Society, chartered A. D. 1NN4, “For the Promotion of Chrisimn Kno\v ioiije”. Ir not (/hi. mtvps as .1 class room where Bible students may meet in the study of the divine Word but also as a channel of cotnmnun atmn ihroii' h which they nuiy be reached with announcements of the Society’s conventions and of the coining of its traveling representatives, staled “Pilgrims”, and refreshed with reports of its conventions.
Our “Berean Lessons’’ are topical rehearsals or reviews of our Society’s published Studies most entertainingly arranged, and very helpful to all who would merit the onl.v hororar.v degree which the Society accords, viz., V'-rbi J)ei Minister (V. I>. M.), which translated into English is Minister at Cod's Word. <nir Treatment of the International Sunday School Lessons is specially for the older Bible students and teachers. B,v .some this feature* is considered indispensable.
This journal stands firmly for the defense of the only true foundation of the Christian's hope now being so generally repudiated — redemption through the precious blood of •'the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself a ransom [a corresponding price, a substitute] for all’’. (1 Peter 1:19; 1 Timo th v 2:6) Building up on this sure foundation the gold, silver and precious stones (1 Corinthians 3:1115; 2 Peter 1 : 5-11) of the Word of Cod. its further mission is to “make all see what is the fellowship of the mystery which. . .has been hid in Cod, ... to the intent that now might bo made known by the church the manifold wisdom of God”—“which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men as it is now revealed”.— Ephesians 3:5-9,10.
It stands free from all parties, sects and creed'' of men. while it seeks more and more to bring its every utterance into fullest subjection to the will of God in Christ, as expressed in the holy Scriptures. It is thus free to declare boldly whatsoever the Lord hath spoken—according to the divine wisdom granted unto us to understand his utterances. Its attitude is not dogmatic, but confident; for we know whereof we uflirni, treading with implicit faith upon the sure promises of God. It is held as a trust, to be used only in hi« service: lienee our decisions relative to what mav and what may not appear in its columns must be according to our judgment of his good pleasure, Ilie teaching ot his Word, for the upbuilding of his people in grace and knowledge. And we not only invite but urge our readers to prove all its utterances by the infallible Word to which reference is constantly made to facilitate such testing.
TO US THE SCRIPTURES CLEARLY TEACH
That the church is “the temple of the living God”, peculiarly “his workmanship” ; that its construction has been in progress throughout the gospel age—ever since Christ became the world’s Redeemer and the Chief Corner Stone of his temple, through which, when finished, God's blessing shall come “to all people”, and they find access to him.—1 Corinthians 3:16, 17; Ephesians 2:20-22; Genesis 2S : 14 ; Galatians 3 : 29.
That meantime the chiseling, shaping, and polishing of consecrated believers in Christ’s atonement for sin, progresses ; and when the last of these “living stones”, “elect and precious,” shall have been made ready, the great Master Workman will bring all together in the first resurrection : and the temple shall be filled with his glory, and be the meeting place between God and men throughout the Millennium.—Revelation 15:5 s.
That the basis of hope, for the church and the world, lies in the fact that “Jesus Christ, by the grace of God, tasted death for every man,” “a ransom for all,’’ and will be “the true light which hghteth every man that cometh into the world”, “in due time”.— Hebrews 2:9; John 1:9; 1 Timothy 2 : 5, G.
That the hope of the church is that she may be like her Lord, “see him as lie is,” be “partakers of the divine nature’,’ and share his glory as his joint-heir.—1 John 3:2; John 17:24; Romans S : 17 ; 2 Peter 1:4.
That the present mission of the church Js the perfecting of the saints for the future work of service; to develop in herself every grace; 1o be God’s witness to the world; and to prepare to be kings and priests in the next age.—Ephesians 4:12; Matthew' 21: 14 ; Revelation 1:6: 20.6.
That the hope for the woHd hes in Gm? blessings of knowledge and opportunity to be brought to all by Christ’s Millennial kingdom, the restitution of all tli.it v\ lost in Adam, to all Ilie willing and obedient, at the hands of their Redeemer and his glorified church, when all the mindly wicked will be destroyed. — Acts 3:19-23; Isaiah 35.
pUBLISK&D By
watch tower. BIBLE g-TRACT society
124 COLUMBIA HEIGHTS □ o BROOKLYN, N Y.U S A
Foreign Offices : British: 34 Craven Terrace, Lancaster Gate, London W. 2 ; Australasian: 495 Collins St., Melbourne, Australia; South African: 123 Plein St., Cape Town, South Africa.
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Editorial Committee: This journal is published under the supervision of an editorial committee, at least three of whom have read and approved as truth each and every article appearing in these columns. The names of the editorial committee are: J. F. Rutherford, VV. E, Van Amburgh, F. H. Robison, G. II. Fisher. W. E. Page.
Terms to the Lord*9 Poor: All Bible students who, by reason of old age or other infirmity or adversity, are unable to pay for this journal, will be supplied free if they send * postal card each May stating their case and requesting such provision We are not only willing, but anxious, that all such be on our list continually and in touch with the Berean studies.
ATa/i a« /a • We do not. as & rule, seed a card of acknowledgment for n renewal or
notice tv OU 8 I via. ^Of a new 8Ub8Crit>tion. Receipt and entry of renewal are indicated within a month by change In expiration date, as shown on wrapper label.
fwfersd as Second ClnM Matter at Brooklyn, N. Y , Poatoffice under the Art of March Srd, 18'9
THE PROSECUTION ENDED
For two years past the following brethren have been either in prison or under bond: J. F. Rutherford, IV. E. Van Amburgh, R. J. Martin, F. H. Robison, G. H. Fisher, C. J. Woodworth, A. H. Mac-mtllan and G. DeCecca. The indictment was returned May 6, 1918. On May 5, 1920, on motion ot the United States District Attorney tor Brooklyn, New York, a nolle prosei/ui ot all the indictments against these brethren was entered and they were discharged.
Their trial on the indictment began the first week in June, 1918, and lasted for three weeks ; and on the 21st day of June of that year. Judge Harland B. Howe sentenced the seven first named to twenty years on four separate counts, or an aggregate of eighty years, in the United States I’enitentiary at Atlanta, Georgia. Brother De Cecca was sentenced for ten years on each of the counts. They applied for bail, pending appeal, which was denied. They were held in jail for nine months without bail.
Friends circulated a petition for their release, and 700,000 people signed that petition inside of two weeks, and a great many letters were written to the Department of Justice. They were released the latter part of March, 1919, on bail, and in May of the same year the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the District Court, announcing that a fair trial was not given to them. They were still held under the iginal Indictment to appear in the District Court Five times thereafter they were required to appear until the Sth of May, 1920, when the cases were dismissed.
During the course of this trial Brother W. F. Hudglngu was committed to jail for contempt of court for being unable to answer a question in the manner that the trial Judge thought he should answer. At the same time the trial Judge ordered his Indictment for perjury for saying that he could not answer a certain question. After six months in jail the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the judgment of the trial court, discharging Brother Hudgings, but he was still held under the indictment for perjury. His case was also dismissed May 5.
During the past few months we are advised that there has been a strenuous effort on the part of our enemies to have the case retried; while a large number of people throughout the United States, many of whom make no pretense of being interested in the Bible with us, asked that the case be dismissed. To all of our friends who have thus manifested an interest in our behj.lf we express the deepest gratitude and appreciation.
The trial was unfair and illegal. Imprisonment for nine months was illegal, as the Appellate Court decided. Dismissal of tin case on motion of District Attorney is an exoneration of the brethren.
Since the prosecution is ended, we hope to proceed with the Lord’s work with renewed zeal and energy, looking always for opportunities to do good, even to those who are our persecutors.
DEATH OF BROTHER W. HOPE HAY
Word has reached us of the demise of former Pilgrim Brother W. Hope Hay, well known to many of the older friends in the truth as an earnest and zealous worker on the mystic walls of Zion. Brother Hay came to a knowledge of Bible truth as we see it in 1894 while residing in Manitoba, Canada, and very, quickly became active in witnessing to others within his reach.
In 1896 his affairs were so shaped that he found it possible to give all of his time to the service of the truth, and accordingly entered the Pilgrim work, in which he continued until 1906, at which time he became very ill with nervous and mental disorders and was placed in a hospital in Hamilton, Ontario, where he continued to be until his death April 26. Brother Hay was born and reared in England; his earlier religious training was Episcopal.
CAUTION RE. TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGES
Class secretaries or other friends who find it necessary to send us night letter telegrams often add their addresses after the signature, even though the fifty words allowed by the minimum are not used up. An address so written costs, often, as much extra as the message itself cost. If It is your usual address, it is not necessary to add It to message; but If you must send address, it is usually possible to be Included before signature at no extra cost.
AND HERALD OF CHRISTS PRESENCE
Vol. XI.I
Jine 1, 1920
No. 11
VIEWS FROM THE WATCH TOWER
GUILDS, SOCIETIES, REFORMERS
ROMAN Catholic newspaper writers have formed a guild, according to a report in the New York American:
“Five hundred Catholic writers connected with the newspaper and periodical press in New York and vicinity have been invited to a meeting in the Hotel Biltmore this evening to form a Catholic Writers’ Guild of New York.
“It is understood that the meeting is called at the instance of Archbishop Hayes, who has consented to accept the honorary presidency of the organization, and that the guild (s intended to be an important unit in the reconstruction work of the Catholic Church in this country.”
Another society is organized to fight the Catholics, as we are informed by an item in the New York Times: “Speaking before the Sons and Daughters of Washington, a recently formed ‘militant, fighting organization for Protestantism.' at the Pennsylvania Hotel yesterday afternoon, J. W. Forrest, a lawyer of Albany and a descendant of Colonel Thomas Forest of the Revolutionary War, made a ■bitter arraignment of the Catholic Church and of those of that faith. The Catholic Church is a wheel, the hub of which is the Pope, the rim is political control and the spokes are the Knights of Columbus and the various other Catholic societies and organizations, he said. More than 300 persons attended the meeting.
“He declared that 75 percent of the people in the government service were Catholics, from Joseph Tumulty, Secretary to President Wilson, down to the man who delivers the mail, although there are in the United States, according to the Catholic Directory, only 17,000,000 Catholics, while there are 80,000.000 Protestants. In New York State, he said, 00 percent of the officials and employes are Catholics, headed by Governor Alfred E. Smith, while the remaining 10 percent are distributed among the other religious beliefs.”
The New York Civic League has been trying to legislate Christianity onto an unappreciative public. Tt finds the task very difficult and discouraging, according to a recent number of The Reform Bulletin:
“These are anxious times here at Albany and also in many other legislatures. Everything seems to be going against us. Wo fear many bad bills are going to be passed and no import ant good bills will be enacted. Perhaps we have all trusted loo much in human efforts and in human organization and failed to ‘look unto the hills from whence comoth our help. Our help cometh from the Lord.’ We should never forgot that fact. ‘Except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain.’”
They are particularly downcast over the Dickstein Bill, which is a bill to legalize Jewish business on Sunday. The bill has already passed the House and gives some evidence of passing the Senate. As long as the erroneous idea prevails in these good peoples’ minds that this or any other country is a Christian land, there is nothing but discouragement ahead for them. The Constitution of this country specifically says: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion'’: and the New Testament, the constitution of the church, just as specifically says that the followers of Christ shall ‘do their own business’, and not try to meddle in earthly politics and reform the world ahead of God’s time for real and lasting, not reform but, renovation and restitution.
PALESTINE REHABILITATION FUND
Seeing the general tendency among religious bodies to make drives for financial objectives, the Jews are falling in line and arc having a campaign for funds for the restoration of Palestine. The sum aimed at is modest in contrast with some of the other great sums—it is onlv ten million dollars. Upon this “drive” we can surely ask God’s blessing. The Appleton (Wis.) PostCrescent has this to say regarding the local quota:
“Appleton is to do its full share in helping to raise the $10,000,000 fund for the restoration of Palestine. Monday, the executive committee of the Appleton District of the American Zionist movement, headed by I. Kiss, chairman, will meet to formulate plans for raising $3,000, which is the allotment for this city.
“Mr. Kiss states that many Wisconsin cities are already at work raising funds, and mentions especially Green Bay, where the total sum of $10,000 is to be collected. The Jewish people themselves have pledged $5,000, and the bankers of the lower valley city have set out to raise the balance, among the non-Jewish people.”
“It is pointed out by experts that the climate and soil of Palestine greatly resemble that of California. Due to Turkish misrule the country has been devastated, but with proper drainage and reforestation it can once more be made ‘a land of milk and honey'. The money now being collected is to be used to make the land fertile and to eradicate malaria and other diseases which are now prevalent.”
Another similar item we take from the Washington Times:
“Inaugurating the campaign for Washington’s quota of $80,000 of the. proposed $10,000,000 Palestine resto'-.ilion fund, leading Hebrews of the city at a meeting held hi the Eighth Street Temple last evening raised over $42,000.
“Work of securing subscriptions to complete the quota will bo continued daily and it is expected that the sum desired will be secured before the scheduled campaign of three weeks has been expended."
“One subscription amounting to $21,000 it is announced has been made by a man prominent in Washington official life, while Mr. Berliner gave $10,000.”
The moving picture is about to be used for Zionistic purposes, according to a clipping from the Oklahoma News:
“Two directors of the Cosmo Film corporation, John Ezra and Joseph J. Calder, have sailed for Palestine and Egypt, where important scenes in some new movies will be located.
“They are working on an eight-reel feature, visualizing the age-old dream, of Israel, the redemption of Palestine from servitude and her creation as an independent state and power among nations.
“American players of the Jewish race will join directors in New York to make up the cast of the play, which will probably be called ‘Judarael’, and the mass scenes will be taken in the Holy Land, composed of types chosen from the natives.
“Elaine Sonia, who played star parts in foreign films before the war, will join the company in Erance.”
PALESTINE BOUNDARY LINE
Another test of faith is before the Zionists; for the Versailles treaty has disclosed as the latest example of diplomatic ineptitude an arrangement for an arbitrary line to separate the French sphere of influence in Syria from the British in Palestine. This boundary, stipulated by representatives of the powers involved, is so drawn as to deprive Palestine of the control of the head waters of the Jordan and Litani Rivers. This involves the jeopardizing of Palestine’s economic future; for these waters are a potential source of engineering power.
But these difficulties cannot interfere with the Lord’s purposes, that we may be sure. If necessary the Sykes-Picot Line, with all of its attendant arrangements, may, like the hosts of Sennacherib, be smitten on the very eve of victory. There it transpired that
. . . “the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword, Huth melted like snow in the glance of the Lord.” A bit of news in the New York American shows that some Jews, otherwise unable to get to the Holy Land, have marched thither on foot:
“After a 1500-mile journey on foot a group of Jewish mountaineers have just reached Jerusalem from Persia, according to n report received yesterday by the Zionist Organization of America. A group of 120 Jews from Casablanca, intent upon making the Holy City their future home, are marching in that direction.”
PESTILENCE AND PABULUM
Some of the highly favored sections of this country are being threatened with serious loss, according to an Associated Press dispatch of recent date:
“Millions of army worms, reported traveling toward the green fields of Imperial Valley from the desert west of Dixie Land, . . . were met and fought by ranchers who were prepared today to place poison on the bridges across the irrigation ditches and prevent the entry of the worms.
“Where the worms came from is not known. The desert is reported covered witli them over an area of several square miles. They are moving in what those who have seen them declare seems a never ending migration to the growing crops of the valley.
“Where the worms have crossed paved highways automobiles skid as on a greasy pavement.”
There is nothing new in the following item. It has been known as a matter of course that poorly nourished people, either old or young, are less happy, if not directly troublesome. But the state of Pennsylvania is trying experiments in this connection which are interesting, as reported by the Chicago Daily News:
“ ‘Bad children,' according to the theory of the Henry Phipps Institute in Philadelphia, ‘may be only underfed children or improperly fed children. Maybe young Adam isn’t stupid and mischievous at all. Perhaps he is only hungry.’
“It looks as though the theory were proving true on trial. The state of Pennsylvania is paying the cost of upholstering a group of small children and the Henry Phipps Institute is contributing the know-how. It is possible that the plan may be enlarged to take in the entire state. It has been suggested that the worst little boy in Philadelphia can be-converted into one of the best little boys by a proper course of feeding.”
“It would be a shame to give the names of youngsters who have been fattened into good behavior at Phipps. Those interested can go direct to the record. But the books show that many fifty pounders have been made over into fifty-three and four pounders in a little more than a week. At fifty pounds the child was a peril to the community and a net loss in school. Four pounds added made it quiet and happy and well behaved. It became a good scholar instead of a bad one.”
WAGES AND LIVING COSTS
But economic conditions do not encourage the thought that all the world will be made happy at once by proper feeding. The Chicago Daily News has another bit of information on the relation of wages to living costs:
“Chicago men who have been working under the direction of E. O. Griffenhagen, of Arthur Y’oung & Co., in the reclassi lication of salaries of government employes in the District of Columbia have concluded their work and their report i< now in the hands of the congressional joint committee on reclassification.
“Their work, which has consumed a year's time, is similar to that undertaken for Canada--namely, to investigate the rates of compensation paid to civilian employes of the government and the various executive departments other than the navy yard and postal service.”
“They discovered that while the payroll had grown from some 14,000 in 1893 to more than 100,000 in 1919, the averagewage increase was only 40 percent while the cost of living had increased 159 percent during the same period.”
Added to this burden are the rapidly increasing taxon and the seeming need for more. The Greensboro (N. ) Daily News devotes some space to the condition as summed up by Senator Freylinghausen:
“Senator Freylinghausen declares that whereas the estimates of government expenditures from June 30, next, to June 30, 1921, are a little over *9.000,000.000, the highest estimate of government income for the same period is a trifle over $6,000,000,000. In other words, the United States is proposing to spend 50 percent more than it can possibly receive,
“It is enough to appall the least observant to reflect that the government is proposing to spend $9.000,000,000, not in time of war, but in the second year of peace. Outside loans to the allies, the two years of war witli Germany Increased our national debt less than $15.KJ,000.000. Five years of such peace expenditures as the government is proposing would plunge us more deeply into debt than our greatest war.
“The United States is enormously rich, but it cannot stand that drain. It can stand it the less in view of the fact that an enormous percentage of this , dossal sum is pure waste. We have no budget, we have no purchasing department, we have no national system of accounting. We keep no books worthy of the name. For years unavailing efforts hate been made to get a law through Congress requiring the construction of a budget to cover the government’s expenditures through the year, but political considerations have hitherto always succeeded in defeating the measure.
“But now the time is at hand when we must act, or go bankrupt. The people, who have the enormous taxes to pay must take a hand. The politicians, left to themselves, will never work out any better system. The people must compel’ them to do something. The orgy of spending will go on unchecked until the moment when the taxpayers rise in. wrath and demand that it be stopped.”
The Carnegie Endowment has spent considerable time and money in getting out facts relative to the total cost of the great world war. They place the total outlay at I:’.', billions of dollars. The economic loss from death <>l own is very high, and the value of land property destroyed comes next. The New York Times has published a statement which reads in part as follows:
"All the wars of the nineteenth century, from the Napoleonic down to the Balkan wars of ]912-I9i:>. show a loss of life of 4,449.300, acconlina Io the report, while the known and presumed dead of the world war reached 9.998,771. The monetary value of the individuals lost to each country is estimated, the hishesf value on human life being given in the United States, where each individual's economic worth is placed at $4720, with England next at $4140; Germany third, at $3380; Franco and Belgium, each $2900; Austria-Hungary, at $2720; and Russia, Italy, Serbia, Greece, and the other countries at $2020. With a loss of more than 4.000.000 the estimate puis Russia in the lead in human economic loss, the total liemg more than $8,000,000,000; Germany is next with $G.7.j0,Oo0,000; France, $4,800,000,000; England, $3,500,000,000; Austria-Hungary, $3,000,000,000; Italy, $2,384,000,000; Serbia. $1,500,000,000; Turkey, almost $1,000,000,000; Rountaniu, $800,000,000; Belgium, almost $800,000,000; the United States slightly more than $500,900.000: Bulgaria a little more than $200,000,000: Greece, $75,000,000; Portugal $8.31*1.000, and .Tapan $600,000. On this basis the total in human life lost cost the world $33,551,276.280, and the loss to the world in civilian population Is placed at an equal figure.”
GENERAL INCREASE IN CRIME
Dre of the New York papers recently carried a contribution by Mr. Harry V. Dougherty, Chief of the Now York City Detective Agency, regarding the increase <>f crime in Europe. We quote a few of his remarks:
‘‘Crime is on the increase. There is no doubt of that. There is a wave of lawlessness sweeping over the world which at present we seem powerless to combat. It seems universal. I have been in the principal cities of the western world during the past year and the record is the same.
“At \arious times in a decade some alarmist looms up and tells us that a wave of erime is passing over the city or country, whichever it may be. Sometimes these calamity howlers are right ; again, it is a sort of hysterical cry of the chronic kicker. However, considering the numerous serious crimes that 1 have seen described in the London papers since my visit here [London |. it appears that violent crime is spreading rapidly."
This country has nothing to boast of in this connection; for the Pathfinder gives us the following data on crime in the United States, claiming that this country leads the world in criminal acts:
“Crime statistics show that in thirty years crime has increased 50(1 percent in the United States, four times the increase in population. There were as many murders in Omaha last year as m London, with its five million people. Kansas City, with a 300,000 population, had more murders than the English capital. Murders in Kansas average one every other day. Authorities often fail to get the criminals, and many are acquitted even when witnesses of the crime are found.”
The Albany Journal thinks that if the world is to be made' better the Almighty will have to do it, although between the lines its comments seem to imply that the present world suits its purpose fairly well. It says:
“V>o those who are declaiming about the creation of a ‘new order of the world’ by human agency never stop to think that if there were Io be a new order the Supreme Power which created the old world would bring it into being?”
THE COURT: TYPE AND ANTITYPE
QUESTION: On the typical day of atonement what did the court of the Tabernacle and its furnishings represent, or picture?
In answering this question -ome statements herein may apparently be at variance with ‘‘Tabernacle Shadows’’, but are in fact in full harmony with the main leachings of that book and The Watch Tower. God has promised that the pathway of the righteous shall shine brighter and brighter as we come near to the day of perfection. (Proverbs 4: 18) We are daily drawing nearer to that time. While we fully recognize and appreciate the fact that at the end of the age the Lord was pleased through his wise and faithful servant to grant the church a clearer vision of his plan, yet we find that even that wise and faithful servant progressed and made some changes in what he had to say with reference to the divine program ; and therefore, instead of our argument being in contradiction of anything he has written, rather the purpose is to amplify and harmonize (and we hope these statements will so do) some of his teachings in the progressing light of the new day.
CONDITION TYPED BY COURT
At one time we were taught that justification must precede consecration. Now we find that exactly the icvorse is the order. This clearer light on justification am! consecration ha-, made it necessary to reexamine and harmonize mine of the statements relating to this question as set forth in "Tabernacle Shadows”.
We are not to use a type or shadow at any time, for the purpose of establishing a doctrine; but rather, we should use definitely settled and determined doctrines to show the harmonious beauty between type and antitype. With this general observation, then, let us proceed to the question at issue.
Reasoning from antitype back to type sometimes gives us a clearer vision of a picture and its meaning. In considering what the court pictures, we cannot overlook the fact that inside the enclosure was the Tabernacle proper—the Holy and Most Holy. This at once suggests the thought that the enclosure forming the court must represent a condition of righteousness. The Most Holy pictures heaven itself, the condition of the glorified Christ; and of this we are not left in doubt, for St. Paul states: ‘‘Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us". (Hebrews 9:24) Neither is there doubt as to what the Holy pictured; viz., the condition experienced by our Lord as a new creature, after his consecration and until Calvary, during which period the divine creature was bmng perfected. The member- of bi- bodv - -new creature- in Christ Jesus art' identified with Jesus in that condition, being I here made to “sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus”, as St. Paul sets forth in Ephesians 2: 6. The Holy is described as a place where sanctification is in progress, “For both he that sanctifieth and they who are sanctified [Greek, those being sanctified] are all from one: for which cause he [the Lord] is not ashamed to call them brethren”. (Hebrews 2:11) It is a condition in which the followers of Jesus are being transformed, or made meet for the inheritance of the saints in light.
We define, then, the Holy and Most Holy in order to get a clearer understanding of what the court must represent. Clearly these places represented conditions of divine favor, the Most Holy particularly the condition of divine approval. The court is so vitally connected with the Holy and the Most Holy that it must picture a condition of divine favor leading to divine approval. God enters into relationship with no one except the righteous—either in the inherent or in the reckoned sense. If God, then, is in relationship with those in the court on the antitypical day of atonement, it must mean that the court in the type pictured that which is perfect from some viewpoint.
THE ANTITYPICAL CAMP
The court, as we remember, was a place wherein the animals for the sin-offering were sacrificed, picturing the sacrifice of Jesus and his body members; and since God accepts nothing short of a perfect sacrifice, the court of necessity must represent a condition of perfection or righteousness.
Justification means to be made right. The Scriptural meaning of that term relating to man means “made right with God”. Jesus was always right with God. At the age of thirty he is pictured as standing in the court; and he immediately went forward to the door of the Holy, surrendering himself, and was by the Father accepted as a perfect sacrifice for the purpose of taking away the sin of the world. For three and one-half years his humanity remained on the altar in the court, there being consumed in sacrifice.
The Law Covenant made at Mt. Sinai was broken immediately after being made, for the reason that the house of Israel (one of the contracting parties) was unable to keep and perform it. God provided that once each year this covenant relationship should be reestablished'. The sacrifices on the typical atonement day were for that purpose and for the greater purpose of establishing a picture foreshadowing the great sin-offering to be made on behalf of all mankind.
The nation of Israel, encamped around the Tabernacle, really desired to be in harmony with God--feeling after God. if haply they might find him and come again into relationship with him, as they had been at the institution of the Law Covenant. Therefore the camp would more particularly represent in antitype nominal church-ianitv, having the spirit of the world and yet a form of godliiness, and expecting, in some measure at least, to come into harmony with God. Outside the camp of Israel were the Gentiles, and all who were wholly without God and without hope in the world; and these would picture, we believe, those who have no present desire to come into harmony with God, or at least those who do not expect benefit from Christ’s work.
STEPS TO JUSTIFICATION
Let us, then, trace the course one would take from, the time of leaving the world until he reaches the condition of holiness, taking the antitypical side of the question (and this will illuminate, we believe, the type andi definitely settle the proposition as to what the type pictured); and for convenience we designate the one-pursuing this course as Honest Heart.
The first essential God requires before he can deal with one is an honest heart. Surrounded by sin and its baneful influence, weary and sick of the world, Honest Heart hungers and thirsts for righteousness. Conscious that he is a sinner and out of harmony with God, he begins to seek the Lord and to feel after him, if haply he might find him. (Acts 17:27) He hears of Jesus and would like to know him. Of such Jesus said: “No man can come to me, except the Father which hath sent me draw him”. (John 6:44) God then draws Honest Heart to Jesus; and how ? He draws him by giving him some knowledge of his great love, of what he has done for him. Honest Heart now begins to draw nigh to God and God draws nigh to him. (James 4: 8) As he journeys on, Honest Heart is heavy and sighs for relief from his burden. Then he hears the sweet and consoling words of Jes_.3, “Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest”. (Matthew 11: 28) Then Honest Heart comes to Jesus, desiring to be in harmony with God; and to him Jesus says: “1 am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father but by me”. (John 14: 6) In other words-Jesus states to him, I am the way of entrance; there is no other.
A gate is a way of entrance and in this instance the-gate of the court pictures the Lord Jesus, the gateway that leads to life and back to harmony with Jehovah. Jesus says in substance, if not in terms: 'Honest Heart, I was never out in the camp where you are. I began here (in the court) and I trod the path alone and opened the way for those who will follow and who will ultimately come into full harmony with God, according to his purpose. If any one would be my disciple he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me.’ (Matthew 16: 24)—thereby meaning, of course, that Honest Heart must make a consecration.
IMPUTATION OF CHRIST’S MERIT
Learning something of the sacrificial life of the man Christ Jesus, and believing the words he hears Honest Heart in substance responds: T have faith in Jesus, and I gladly surrender my will to the will of God’. This, then, is his consecration. He here takes the step through the gate. He cannot be accepted on his own merit, but some one must stand sponsor for him. Then Jesus, as the antitypical high priest, receives Honest Heart and-presents him to God. which presentation is pictured by the goat’s being presented at the door of the Tabernacle. In substance Jesus says to Jehovah: 'I impute my merit to this one because of his faith in my sacrificial work, that he may be made holy’. Before that God could not accept Honest Heart at all, but now he may accept him by reason of the imputed merit of Christ Jesus; and redoing, justifies him. He is thus made right with Jehovah, justified and accepted as a part of the sacrifice of Jesus, to be made a part of the sin-offering in behalf of mankind.
Aaron’s work on the typical atonement day exactly agrees with this, as we read in Leviticus 16:7-9: “And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the Lord at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats [thus indicating that the Ix>rd has made no arbitrary choice as to which shall sacrifice, but all are called in one hope of their calling—every one now presented and accepted is justified and made an acceptable sacrifice, but casting the lots indicates a class that will make a voluntary sacrifice]. . . . And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the Lord’s lot fell, and offer him for a sin offering.”
PROGRESS OF NEW CREATURE
Since all sacrifices must be holy, no sacrifice being acceptable save that which is holy, right with God; and since the animals for the sacrifice were slain in the court, this is further proof that the court represented perfect humanity—actual or counted so— resulting from the imputed merit of Christ Jesus, actual in the case of Jesus himself, and subsequently counted so to others by virtue of his merit imputed to all of his joint-sacrificers.
The Lord's goat was killed and the blood taken into the Holy, thus picturing that, from the time of acceptance as a member of the body of Christ, Honest Heart is from God's viewpoint a new creature, the humanity, first perfected by the imputed merit, now being counted dead. The Holy pictured the new creature, or spirit-begotten, condition. “Xow are we the sons of God.” (1 John 3:2) “Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature."—2 Corinthians 5: 17.
These are the steps, in the order named, taken by one who seeks the Lord and progresses to sonship, being begotten to that place. And he proceeds from there to divine approval, at which time he is born to sonship. Scripturally, it is definitely settled that consecration precedes or goes before justification, the order being thus: (1) seeking harmony with God; (2) being drawn to Jesus; (3) consecration; (4) imputation of the merit of Christ and the presentation by the high priest to Jehovah, pictured at the door of the Tabernacle: (5) acceptance and justification by Jehovah ; (6) spirit-begetting to sonship; (7) spirit-birth.
The consecration of Honest Heart, therefore, in this illustration is pictured at the gate* of the court; presentation and justification, at Ilie door of the Tabernacle.
The antitype being thus clearly shown l>y the Scriptures. this definitely settles the question as to the type; for type and antitype must always be harmonious. Hence the conclusion is that on the typical day of atonement the court pictured the perfect hiim/ni condition. made so on the antitypieal day of atonement by the imputation of the merit of Chri<t Jesus. During the antitypieal day of atonement, no one remains in the court except the justified, spirit-begotten ones. Some may seek to get in there and their consecration be not accepted and they would not be justified, as was the case with Simon Magus. If once justified, they must finish their course in one of three ways: by passing into the (1) second death, (2) great company, or (3) little flock. There is no other alternative. This seems to be in exact harmony with statements made in “Tabernacle Shadows”. We know that from time to time some apparently conflicting statements have been made.
On page nineteen we read, “The court represented the condition of justification entered through faith in Christ —the gate”. On page fifty-four: “The bullock was slain in the court, which we have seen typified the condition of faith in and harmony with God, the highest attainment of the flesh, the human nature”. In the explanation appearing immediately beneath the chart of the tabernacle on the chart of the ages in Volume I, Studies in the Scriptures, we read: “The entire ground of the Tabernacle enclosure was called ‘holy’. Outside the court all was unholy. . . . The court enclosure parallels the justified or perfect human plane.”
UNDER-PRIESTS IN THE COURT
This question is apropos to another one closely related : Who was in the court on the day of atonement ?— in the type, as well as in the antitype. The word Levite as used herein refers to those of the tribe of Levi aside from those composing the priesthood. The priests were selected from the tribe of Levi and, of course, they were Levites, but we use the term Levites in this connection to distinguish a certain class from the priesthood. There is no Scriptural proof that the Levites were in the court on the typical day of atonement. The teaching of the Scripture is to the contrary. That Aaron, the high priest, was there is admitted without question. 'Who was there with him ? This question can be definitely answered by reference to the eighth chapter of Leviticus, which deals with the consecration and inauguration of the priesthood. Anointing is the authoritative designation to official position. When one is officially elected and duly installed into office the presumption must follow' that he performs the duties of that office, unless positive proof to the contrary is produced.
In the inauguration of the Levitical priesthood, the Lord instructed Moses thus: “And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying. Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments, and the anointing oil. and a bullock for the sin offering, and two rams, and a basket of unleavened bread.....\nd lie [Moses | poured of the anoint
ing oil upon Aaron’s bead, and anointed him, to sanctify him. And Moses brought Aaron’s sons, and put coats upon them, and girded them with girdles, and put bonnets upon them; as the Lord commanded Moses ” (Leviticus 8: 1. 2. 12. 13) If God anointed some man to perform the duties of a certain office, the presumption must be indulged that he performed those duties, unless there is positive proof to the contrary; and that being true, it would definitely settle the question as to who was in the court on the typical day of atonement. The mere fact that the Lord was dealing with the sons of Aaron in connection with Aaron in the inauguration of the priesthood would definitely show that they were being used together with Aaron in some official capacity. Aaron, being the head of the priesthood, clothed in the garments of glory and beauty, pictured the high priest. Christ Jesus, including, of course, his body members in antitype. The anointing oil poured on the head of Aaron and running down upon his garments, as set forth in Psalm 133:2, showed that the under-priests receive their anointing through the high priest, their head. Their wearing bonnets pictures that they have for a head another than themselves.
JUSTIFIED HUMANITY ON THE ALTAR
In antitype, then, it would show that all who come into Christ Jesus receive their anointing through the Head, Christ Jesus, who himself received the anointing without measure. In other words, looking back to the type we would see that Aaron had the oil poured upon his head and it ran down upon his garments, and through him his sons were anointed also as priests; and being anointed as priests, we must indulge the presumption that they performed some official duties as under-priests with Aaron.
The court represented those in harmony with God, pictured by the priesthood. Aaron and his sons alone wore in the court on the day of atonement. This shows that during the antitypical day of atonement none are in the court except the justified, spirit-begotten ones. Their justified humanity remains on the altar in the court until consumed, the new nature being shown elsewhere, of course, as we shall see presently.
On the typical day of atonement there was no one in the Holy except the high priest ; and this shows that on the antitypical day of atonement only the high priest, Christ Jesus, is in the Holy, and the members of his body are shown in him, because each one loses his individual identity (viewed from an official standpoint) as soon as he is immersed into the body of Christ. He is no longer treated as John Smith or William Jones, but he is shown as in Christ: therefore it is the high priest that is in the Holy. The under-priests, still having the new creature treasure in an earthen vessel, remain in the court, assisting the high priest to the extent of presenting their bodies a living sacrifice, as admonished by the Apostle in Homans 12: 1. “I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service.” This is another proof that the court did not picture “tentative” justification, but real justification—“in harmony with God”. There is no such thing taught in the Scriptures as “tentative” justification. It is either justification or it is not. This, then, would definitely show that on the atonement day in the type Aaron and his sons (the two sons who remained faithful) were together in the court, Aaron himself going into the Holy and the Most Holy, the sons remaining in the court to help perform the sacrifice.
The humanity of Jesus was in the court condition for three and one-half years. The members of his body are there so long as they are being offered up as a part of his sacrificial body, and none but the justified can be there because the place is holy.
APOSTLES JUSTIFIED AT PENTECOST
Since consecration takes place at the gate and justification at the door of the Tabernacle, this shows that one may be consecrated for some time before being presented to Jehovah by Jesus and accepted and justified by Jehovah. On this point confusion has arisen in many instances. Wc once thought that one stands in a justified condition before he consecrates. The very reverse is the order. This is proven by the experiences of the disciples of Jesus. For three and one-half years, or from the time they left all to follow the Master, they were consecrated as fully as anybody could be; but they could not be justified nor accepted until the presentation of the merit of Christ in heaven. Hence their justification took place at Pentecost and not before. This proves that it is the imputation of the merit of Christ that makes justification possible, and no one has been justified since Pentecost otherwise than by the imputed merit of Christ.
Cornelius was another example. Being consecrated, he waited outside the gate until it was opened for him.
Since the age of sacrifice began, no one has been accepted, approved, or justified for any purpose other than as a part of the sacrifice for the sin-offering. Of course that is the purpose of accepting one in the first instance. The scapegoat pictured another phase of the matter, which developed later.
Everything in the court must be in harmony; hence every part of the furnishings must picture that which is in harmony with God. The linen curtains, forming the wall for the court, were white, picturing the righteousness of Christ furnished to the members of his body while on earth; “for the fine linen is the righteousnesK of saints”.—Revelation 19 :8.
The posts supporting the curtains were of wood, set in copper sockets. The wood pictured the imperfection of our humanity, but standing in copper sockets pictured or foreshadowed the fact that wc have a justified standing, or are counted whole by virtue of our standing in the merit of Christ; therefore “right with God”. The hooks of the posts were of silver. Silver is a symbol of truth or verity. Seemingly, then, this represents the justified one as saying, 'This righteousness which I have is not a camouflage, not a subterfuge; but in truth and in fact, in verity, it is the real thing. I possess the robe of Christ’s righteousness, which makes me acceptable to God.’
The altar, being entirely covered with copper, pictured the perfect human being--fully so. It pictured the perfect man Jesus at the age of thirty years. The total lineal measurements of the four sides equal thirty feet, indicating the age in years required of a priest, and the age at which Jesus consecrated. Nothing could be sacrificed upon that altar except a perfect animal, picturing that nothing is accepted for sacrifice except the justified—perfect in fact, or perfect by virtue of the imputed merit of Christ; therefore, this is another proof that the court represents the perfect human condition and not a “tentative” one.
The laver was made of polished copper and contained water for the cleansing of the priest; and would properly represent Jesus holding forth and magnifying the Word of God, which serves to cleanse the child of God. The fact that the priests cleansed themselves at the laver after they were consecrated and installed into the priestly office, shows that the laver is used by the fully justified, spirit-begotten ones, for cleansing from all filthiness of the fie.Ji and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God. (Exodus : 8) Being of highly polished copper, it served as a mirror to all who gazed into it, to wit, the priests; for no one else gazed upon it on the day of atonement. Standing before it, the priest would see reflected his own imperfection' from the natural viewpoint, and at the same time the mirrored etlect would show to him the vault of heaven above and the pillar of cloud nearby, all these latter bespeaking the glory of Jehovah.
THE ANTITYPICAL LAVER
Referring, then, to the antitype, the spirit-begotten one having his mind illuminated, his face is open. i. e.. he is enabled to understand, see. perceive, and grasp spiritual things. St. Paul seems to have had this thought in mind when he wrote: ‘‘We all. with open face beholding as in a glass | really mirror] the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the spirit of the Lord". That is what we do when we note his majesty, power, love, and justice, by looking into his Word; beholding this, we are changed by that image that which we see in the mirror—from glory to glory, even as by the spirit of the Lord. And thus the lav er would picture perfection.
Again the words of the Apostle indicate that he had in mind the lavin’ when he wrote: “When the goodness ■of God our Savior, and his love to man. dawned upon us. not in consequence of things we. as righteous men. had done, but as the re-tilt of his own mercy he saved us by means of the washing of the regeneration and renewal of our natures by the holy spirit, which he poured out on us richly through Jesus Christ our Savior.’' Tnu- 3: J. 5. Wei/monfk,
'thus he pictures Hu new creature, dwelling in the organism of flesh, the mgain-m being in the court condition (and there by virtue' of the covering of Christ’s righteousness), undergoing the transforming influence which results from imbibing or appropriating to himself the Word of God.
In conclusion we would say, then, that on the typical day of atonement no one was in the court except the priests — high priest and under-priests — justified human beings begotten to the divine nature, in antitype. All things in the court must be in harmony with this : therelore the court and its furnishings on the typical day of atonement represented justification actual, or by virtue of the imputed merit of Christ.
With reference to the three fires: In the Holy the incense was being burned by the high priest; in the court, the fat was burned upon the altar ; and outside the camp were burned the hide, flesh, etc. That which was burned outside sent up a detestable stench, and shows how the world views the sacrifice of Jesus and his body members. To them it is a distasteful thing. Inside the court, the burning fat gave forth a sweet savor, picturing how beautiful it is to those in that condition to see others sacrificing to the glory of God. Inside the Holy the incense on the golden altar yielded a sweet fragrance unto the Lord, which passed beyond the vail into the Host Holy, showing how Jehovah views that sacrifice.
In harmony with the foregoing, we quote the following from the pen of Brother Russell, appearing in Thi Watch Tower of 1916, page 281:
“The justification of the gospel church is an instantaneous work, ‘If is God that justifieth.’ But the basis of this .justification is the sacrifice accomplished by Jesus, finished :ir Calvary. Before the Savior will impute to us the merit of his sacrifice we must know o/ him and trust him and accept lit- terms of discipleship and consecrate ourselves fully as his disciples, even unto death. The moment he imputes the merit of his sacrifice to us, covering our blemishes, we are acceptable to the Father, received into in's family by the begetting of the Holy spirit, and thus, thereafter. members of the church of the* firstborns, whose names are written in heaven.”
SEVENTH VOLUME CORRECTIONS
BIBLE student- MiAe that the infallible Word of God is ati inexhaustible storehouse, always yielding more and more food and treasure for the truth-hungry. 'They believe that the path of the just shines brighter and brighter unto the perfect day. They believe it is our privilege now to see more clearly than a year ago or ten yearn ago or a hundred years ago, and that a year from now we -hall see more clearly than now.
During the past three year- vve have been studying together the books of Revelation, Canticles, and Ezekiel. These studies have brought us great blessings. We have seen manv treasures in our Father's Word that we did not know were there. We have found the explanations of the Seventh Volume helpful, and are convinced that they contain meat now due to the household of faith, and that thi.- meat came from the Fathers storehouse. However, this food was arranged and placed upon the table by imperfect servants ami contains some blemishes which it is the purpose of the following notes to correct. None of the corrections are vital, few of them are important, and many of them will be regarded by our readers as unnecessary, but we give them all. all that we have been able to ascertain as having any merit, and those who wish to alter their textbooks to suit are invited to do so.
We trust that none will be stumbled by these notes. We feel sm? that the humble and the honest-hearted will be glad- -glad that we are not afraid to walk ini the light, and glad that they have a like privilege.
Pane 12. line 13: Insert “Herein and” before “Previously".
Page 12. line 33: After “Singular" add “The Elijah class”.
Page 26. line -IS: After “Z. ’16-346” add “Christ is the tree of life here specifically indicated".
Page 44, line 40: Instead of “October 31, 1517, end Oct, 31. 1017 ’. insert "Luther's time are just now ending”.
Page 5.8. line 8: Instead of “have" insert “has”.
Page 58. line 23: Instead of “Zion's" insert “The”.
Page 5S, line 33: After “1874” insert “to the demise of the last spirit-begotten one. One by one the last members of the body are now passing” instead of remainder of sentence.
Page GO, line 24 : Omit “Foreshown”.
Page 62, line 6: Instead of “prove” insert “suggest”'.
Page 62, line 12: After “glorj” insert “See pages 594, 595".
Page 63. Une 3 : After “comes” insert in brackets “The birth of the body of Christ had its beginning with the inauguration of the tirst resurrection in 1878, before the trouble on Christendom began in 1914. Likewise the birth of the body will tie completed before the end of the trouble on Christendom.”
Page 64, line 9 : Instead of “seven years from 1914 to 1921” Insert “seven literal days or seven years”.
I’age 64, line 14: Before “would” insert “The great company class may be cut off at its end. If we see the first half of this week distinctly marked, it” Instead of preceding words.
Page 71, line 33: After “Z '04-124” insert sentence now occupying lines 34-37.
Page 71, line 34: After “voice.—” insert “Recognize my message”.
Page 72, line 47: After “epochs” insert “described in the two preceding chapters”.
Page 113, line 7: Instead of “voice” insert “message”.
Page 125, line 10: After “voice” insert “With an emphatic message”.
Page 125, line 11: Instead of “voice” insert “mouthpiece".
Page 127, line 40: After “is” insert “about”.
Page 129. line 26: After “draw” insert "See argument on pages 61-64” and omit next sentence.
Page 136, line "20: After “winter” insert in brackets “the time for the burning of the tares” instead of matter now in brackets.
Page 145, line 35: Instead of “never” insert “seldom”.
Page 154. Jine 26: Before “(Matt. 24:28)” Insert “Pastor Russell’s humble followers, as a class,” instead of preceding words.
Page 154, line 27: After “woes” insert “See comments on Rev.8:2 and 9:12 as to why this statement is appropriate in this place. This verse is a parenthesis, as is also Rev. 8: 3-5, which is synchronous with it. Both were seen by the Revelator after the opening of the seventh seal.”
Page 163, line 24: After “voice” insert “The message through”.
Page 167, line 30: After “voice” insert “With an emphatic message”.
Page 167. line 31: Instead of “voice” insert “mouthpiece”.
Page 167, line 39: Instead of “Were” insert “Gave out their messages
Page 169, line 16: After “angel" insert “Our Lord, by his servant Pastor Russell” instead of the remainder of the line.
Page 172, line 11 : Insert period after “wilderness" and omit balance of sentence.
Page 177. line 17: Omit matter in brackets.
Page 177, line 24: Instead of last sentence in paragraph insert “But it is well to remember that prophecy is not given with a view to satisfying curiosity but with a view to enabling the Lord’s people to identify events ns they transpire, For this reason any advance view of dates is liable to be blurred, and the experience of the church has abundantly shown this to be so. But this fact would be no adecuate reason for Indifference toward chronology.”
Page 178. line 43: Instead of “occur” insert “begin”.
Page 179, line 2: After “will” insert "follow in due course" instead of remainder of sentence.
Page 197, line 42: Before “see” insert "Some students of prophecy expect to” instead of the preceding words.
Page 226. line 35: After “himself” insert “at the closing time of the harvest period” instead of “after the harvesting of the saints was finished”.
Page 228. line 47: Insert “After the fall of Babylon" instead of “In the spring of 1918".
Page 229. line 8: After “wineckess” insert “The facts on which the Seventh Volume of Scripture Studies is founded, which bring to light the spirit of ecclesiasticism” instead of the sentence now in place.
Page 230: Instead of paragraph 4 insert “Official Railway Guide time table distance Scranton to Hoboken Terminal. 133.0”.
Page 23(0: Instead of paragraphs 5 to 8 insert "New York City Engiineer’s Official distance Hoboken to the Bethel via Barclay Street Ferry. Fulton Street and Fulton Ferry. 8.850. 4.950, 2,5410, and 1,460 feet respectively, or a total of 3.4”.
Page 230: After last paragraph insert, “The treading, be it remembered, is a mental process. As rapidly as the erroneous doctrines and practices which have been the lifeblood of christendom are recognized in their relationship 1&-the true kingdom of Christ, and as rapidly as those ideas1 are discarded by the individual, just so rapidly is the bloo® trodden out of Christendom's false systems. This book lathe result of such laborious treading, and is a means to-enable others, in their turn, to do some treading.”
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