Awake!, August 8, 1960

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wlon, the Resplendent Isle

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Children Have Legal Rights?

AUGUST 8. 1960

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

Newt source! that are able to keep you awake to the vjtql Issues of our times must be unfettered by censorship and selfish interests. "AwakeJ" has no fetters. It recognizes facts, faces facts, Is free to publish facts. It Is not bound by political ambitions or obligations; It ts unhampered by advertisers whose toes must not be trodden on; it is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that it may speak freely to you. But it does not abuse its freedom. It maintains integrity to truth.

"Awake!" uses the regular news channels, but Is not dependent on them. Its own correspondents are on all continents, in scores Of nations. From the four corners of the eorth their uncensored, on-the-scenes reports come to you through these columns. This journal’s viewpoint Is not narrow, but is international. It is read in many nations, in many languages, by persons of all ages. Through its pages many fields of knowledge pass in review—government, commerce, religion, history, geography, science, social conditions, nature! wonders—why, its coverage is as brood os the earth and as high as the heavens.

"Awake!" pledges itself to righteous principles, to exposing hidden foes ond subtle dangers, to championing freedom for all, to comforting mourners and strengthening those disheartened by the failures of a delinquent world, reflecting sure hope for the establishment of a righteous New World.

Get acquainted with "Awake!" Keep awake by reading "Awake!"

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CONTENTS

Are You Intelligent but Unintelligible? 3

Can the Dead Help in Time of Need? 5

Harvesting the Oceans

Nagging Wives and Heart Disease

German Protestants on the

Horns of a Dilemma

Ministers Treated Worst of All

Ceylon, the Resplendent Isle

Weapon of the Uneducated

Do Children Have Legal Rights?

What Has Happened to the Caribou? 24 “Jehovah’s Witnesses Mold

Constitutional Law"

“Your Word Is Truth”

No Resurrection for the Wicked

Watching the World

IF YOU are a well-educated person, do you make yourself understood by those with less education? If you do not, what benefit can they get from your knowledge? What contribution can you make toward improving public knowledge for the betterment of civilization? How can others benefit from what you know if your speech or writing is so obscure and complex that few can understand you?

It is a foolish mistake to think that great intelligence is shown by speaking in complex, technical language that is far above the heads of your listeners. You may impress them with what you say or write, but for the good it does you might just as well have kept silent. As far as they were concerned you were unintelligible. If you are one who strives to make simple things complex and complex things practically incomprehensible, you show a lack of good sense.

Because many intelligent people have the mistaken view that they must use long words and complex speech to gain public prestige, they have created an intellectual gulf between themselves and the common people. They hide their knowledge in a gobbledygook that few can understand. Regarding this the magazine The Scientific Monthly said: “There is a case for, as well

as one against, scientific gobbledygook. This term, coined by Maury Maverick was defined by him as ‘talk or writing which is long, pompous, vague, involved, usually with Latinized words.’ The case for the use of gobbledygook by an ambitious scientist is simple and sound. It is one of the surest ways to get oneself taken seriously; that is, to impress people with one’s

importance and wisdom. . . , This conviction that thoughts expressed in big words must be profound and that the man who uses big words must be learned is deeply ingrained in our culture.”

Although it may be deeply ingrained in modem cultqre, it is a poor standard for judging intelligence. Wisdom is not shown by complexity but by simplicity. It takes a man that thoroughly understands his subject to explain it in terms simple enough for a layman to understand. His plain speech may not give him prestige -by" impressing people, but it makes his ideas understandable. Those who hear him or read his writings learn something, and that is far more important than being impressive but unintelligible. He has contributed to the educational improvement' of others.

Plain speech is a better standard for judging a man’s intellect than complex speech, because a person can hide his ignorance more easily with complex language. He may be too proud to admit that he was wrong, that he made a mistake or that he plainly did not know, and by his obscure, complex and technical language he pretends to be better informed than he actually is. It is easier for him to deceive the uninformed with complexity than if he were to use plain terms that everyone can qnderstand.

By persisting in the use of complex language with long words you can get in such a mental rut that you may not be able to express yourself clearly and simply when you actually try. You become intellectually isolated from persons of less learning by a gulf of your own making. Note this interesting remark by the Atlantic magazine: “The impression that philosophical and scientific ideas cannot be explained in plain language to plain people is also due to the fact that philosophers and men of science have not, as a rule, the wit to do it It is due in plain terms to the stupidity of the learned men and not to the stupidity of humanity.” It is also interesting to note what the biologist Hans Zinsser remarked about this; “Real philosophers, however, are also very often repetitious, and get away with it because so n^ny of them can say old things in such an incomprehensible manner that, by the time one has reread a sentence five or six times, one takes so much pleasure in thinking that one has comprehended the thought that one forgets how old it is."

If you appreciate the true value of knowledge, you will speak and write so you can be understood by common people, that they may be instructed and benefited. You will strive to reach your audience intellectually by speaking the kind of language they can understand without effort. The degree of your success can be determined by how much they retain.

Real skill, a keen mind and a thorough knowledge of a subject are required to speak understandably to an audience on a different intellectual level. One who was exceptionally skilled in this is Jesus Christ. He was able to express himself in terms that were simple but striking in thought content. Profound truths were spoken by him in such understandable language that people of all kinds profited from what he said. They went away with much more knowledge than when they had come. His sermon on the mount in the fifth chapter of Matthew well illustrates his simplicity of speech. Officers who came to arrest him were .so impressed that they went away empty-handed and told their superiors: “Never has another man spoken like this.” —John 7:46.

If you have anything that is intellectually beneficial to others, follow Jesus’ example by speaking in terms that make you understood without undue effort by your listeners. Think of your listeners and not of yourself. How impressive you sound to them is not as important as how much they learn from what you say. This was pointed out by Walter Campbell in his book Writing Non-Fiction. Speaking to professional men, he said: “We cannot permit our men of knowledge to remain silent, or to write and speak in an esoteric language, not understandable by intelligent people. It is the plain duty of experts, scholars and scientists to make themselves understood.” The same can be said for anyone who has worthwhile knowledge that can benefit other people.

Do not succumb to the foolish practice of thinking that long words and complex speech are the mark of great learning and great intelligence. Instead, of thinking about making a show of knowledge, think of the proverb: “The tongue of wise ones does good with knowledge.”—Prov. 15:2.

caw the bead help

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ample the Bible's account of Saul, the first king of Israel, consulting and talking to the dead prophet Samuel will be pointed out.

WHAT IS THE BIBLE ANSWEB?

INEVITABLY a time of need faces everyone sometime in life, and then even the strong and independent feel insecure and look for help. Threatened by atomic power or by the destructive forces of nature, mankind looks to superhuman sources to cope with the situation. When seized by the enemies heart disease or cancer and when confronted with the loss of a loved one in death, all men are made to feel weak and in need of help. But where can one look to be assured of help? Can the dead help in time of need?

It may sound strange to some that people would look to the dead for help in time of need, but millions do. In the Indonesian village of Kalingooa rain had not fallen for many weeks. So the natives, known as the Torajas, visited the grave of a famous chief. They began to pour water upon it and to pray: “O grandfather, have pity on us; if it is your will that this year we should eat, then give rain.” Looking to the dead for help in time of need is not confined to non-Christian countries and peoples. In times of need the devout often make appeal to saints, their religious ancestors as it were, even to the extent, in some places, of putting out food and drink for their benefit.

To look to the dead in behalf of the living is proper, it is backed up by the Bible, so many will argue. According to V. D. Rishi, “The Bible is full of references regarding survival after death and communion between the dead and the living.” As an ex

‘What better proof could there be that the dead can be looked to in time of need?’ those believing in the power of the dead will ask.

Saul’s Visit to the Witch

Saul was a powerful man: “There was no man of the sons of Israel that was handsomer than he; from his shoulders upward he was taller than all the people.” Although he was meek and humble when chosen as king, Saul later became rebellious and lost God’s favor. On one occasion he fell into a dire time of need when confronted by a superior force of Philistines. Appeals to Jehovah produced no answer. The faithful prophet Samuel had died, so Saul could not consult God through him; besides, before Samuel died he had refused to speak with unfaithful Saul. —lSam.9:2; 15:35.

Terrified by the enemy forces, Saul said to his servants: “ ‘Look for a woman who is a mistress of spirit mediumship for me and let me go-to her and consult her.’ Then his servants said to him: ‘Look! there is a woman who is a mistress of spirit mediumship in En-dor.’ ” So in direct opposition to God’s command, “Do not turn yourselves to the spirit mediums, and do not consult professional foretellers of events,” Saul headed for En-dor to see the spirit medium there.—1 Sam. 28:3-7; Lev. 19: 31; 20:27.

Since Saul, earlier in his reign, had obeyed God’s law and rid the land of spirit mediums, "Saul disguised himself . , , and went, he and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night.” At Saul’s request, ‘'Bring up Samuel for me,” the woman employed her spiritualistic powers and, according to her words, “a god I saw coming up out of the earth.” At Saul’s eager inquiry, "What is his form?” she described to Saul: "It is an old man coming up, and he has himself covered with a sleeveless coat.” From the description given by the woman, Saul recognized a resemblance to Samuel when he was alive. According to the Bible record, Saul saw no form but only deduced what he wanted to believe —that this was Samuel.—1 Sam. 28:8rl4.

But, someone may object that the Bible says it was Samuel that then spoke to Saul. True, what Saul believed to be Samuel spoke: "And ‘Samuel’ began to say to Saul: ‘Why have you disturbed me by having me brought up?’ To this Saul said: ‘I am in very sore straits, as the Philistines are fighting against me and God himself has departed from me and has answered me no more, either by means of the prophets or by dreams, so that I am calling you to let me know what I shall do.’ ” There is no questioning the fact that through the spirit medium Saul had made contact with superhuman forces in this his time of need. But were they able to comfort him and give him help? Listen: "And ‘Samuel’ went on to say: ‘Why, then, do you inquire of me, when Jehovah himself has departed from you . . . Jehovah will rip the kingdom away from your hand and give it to your fellow man David... . And Jehovah will also give Israel with you into the hand of the Philistines, and tomorrow you and your sons will be with me.’ ” As if struck by a heavy blow, Saul fell to the ground too weak to move. No help or comfort was gained by Saul from this audience. —ISam. 28:15-20.

However, it may still be contended that* this was Samuel brought up from the dead, this proving that the dead are-alive somewhere and can have communication with the living. But is this true? Is it what the Bible teaches? Does the inspired record really show that this was Samuel? Could it have been someone else’s voice imitating Samuel’s?

Not Samuel

Samuel had been a faithful servant of Jehovah God right down to the day of his death. While alive he had nothing to do with spirit mediums, but, being a follower of God’s law, he saw to it that they were put to death. If Samuel while alive opposed spirit mediums as instruments of Satan the Devil, would he after he died allow one of them to arrange for him to meet with Saul? If Samuel refused to speak with Saul while alive, could a condemned witch make him do so after he had died? Further it might be asked: If Almighty God refused to speak with Saul while alive, could a spirit medium force Almighty God to give such a message through dead Samuel? Is a witch stronger them Almighty God? The obvious answer to these questions indicates that some superhuman power was practicing a deception.

This could not have really been Samuel because Samuel was dead, and, according to the Bible, “the dead . . . are conscious of nothing at all.” At death man “goes back to his ground, in that day his thoughts do perish.” Oh, someone will object, that refers to the body, but man has a soul that lives on eternally and that is why the living can talk to the dead. It is with the departed souls that the living communicate. Yet the Bible teaches, “Man came to be a living soul.” He was made a soul, not given one. That is why the scripture says, "The soul that sinneth, it shall die.” Contrary to the misconception of many, the Bible in not one place says the soul lives eternally; but the Hebrew word n&phesh translated into English as soul is used scores of times to show it is destructible, subject to death. Its equivalent, the Greek word psyche, is used 16 times 'in the Christian Greek Scriptures in proving the same thing.—Ecd. 9:5, 10; Ps. 146:4; Gen. 2:7; Ezek. 18:4, AS.

Who Was It?

Well, then, if it was not Samuel’s voice that Saul heard, whose was it? Who had imitated Samuel, thus practicing a deception? Since this impostor was pretending to be the invisible, living soul of dead Samuel, he was a lying spirit. He was one of the demons, who are responsible for what the Bible calls “lying signs and wonders.” Of the chief of these lying demons the scripture says: “Satan himself keeps transforming himself into an angel of light.” The one who spoke to Saul was a lying spirit because his prediction was made from a counterfeit or fraudulent background by pretending to be the dead Samuel. He was enacting a lie, the same lie that has deceived millions of people right down to this day, namely, that the dead are not dead and that that is why it is possible for the living to talk with them.—2 Thess. 2:9; 2 Cor. 11:14.

It was Satan who used the serpent as a mouthpiece to deliver a lying message of deception to Eve, thereby gaining the title “original .serpent.” It was one of Satan’s spirit agents that deceived Saul into believing he was Samuel. Being superhuman, the demon would know how Samuel dressed and talked while alive, so he could easily imitate these. He also knew that Jehovah was against Saul for his wickedness and that without Jehovah’s help defeat at the hands of the superior forces of the Philistines was inevitable. But the wicked spirit could do nothing to protect Saul even though Saul had rejected Jehovah and had turned to demonism in his time of need. —Rev. 12:9.

Where to Turn in Time of Need

Faithful King Asa on one occasion was faced by an overwhelming force of a million Ethiopians. Did he rely on his own strength? Did he copy Saul and turn to de-monlsm for help? No, but he turned to the Almighty God Jehovah in sincere heartfelt prayer: “O Jehovah, as to helping it does not matter with you whether there are many or there is no power. Help us, O Jehovah our God, for upon you we do lean and in your name we have come against this multitude, O Jehovah, you are our God.” What was the result? “At that Jehovah defeated the Ethiopians before Asa and before Judah.” Yes, “Jehovah knows how to deliver people of godly devotion out of trial.”—2 Chron. 14:11, 12; 2 Pet. 2:9.

Today as never before mankind is in need of protection and help. The day has come for Satan and his wicked spirits, along with this entire wicked system of things, to be destroyed. Jesus said it would be a day of “tribulation such as has not occurred since the world’s beginning until now, no, nor will occur again.” Right now is the time to recognize the need of Jehovah’s help and protection; when face to face with death and destruction it will be too late. Saul rebelled against Jehovah; so in his time of need Jehovah did not listen to his pleas for help; but to faithful King Asa 'Jehovah was a strong tower of protection.’ Therefore, “search for Jehovah, you people, while he may be found. Call to him while he proves to be near,” and he will help you in your time of need. —Matt. 24:21; Prov. 18:10; Isa. 55:6.

779^

the unsolved problems of the sea are at

people-

FOR generations man has gazed at the sea. Never has he looked as industriously and soberly as now. The oceans have become a new frontier from which underwater ships could unleash sudden death upon whole segments of the population. But the sea also promises relief from the growing problem of too many and too little food. Man probes the depths with scientific precision in search of freshwater supplies and mineral treasure that stagger the imagination. The wind and surf literally throw the challenge in his face—ninety billion acres of sea, ripe for harvest!

Oceanographers concede they know less about many areas of the ocean than they do about the moon. To them least as urgent as those of space. From the practical standpoint much more is to be gained by probing the surging sea than Scarring the surface of the moon.

If science has its way, the ocean will one day play a fabulous role in man’s prosperity. As Captain J. Y. Cousteau expressed it, “Man has to enter the sea. He has no choice. Human population is increasing so rapidly and land resources are being depleted at such a rate, that flesh and vegetables of the sea are vital!” Soil erosion is another factor. It has swept minerals and salts into the sea, where they enrich tiny turn become fish food. This process results in an ocean chest worth $93 million per cubic mile of sea water.

Food and

Fertilizers

Sea water is believed to harbor a far greater foodsupporting potential than previously supposed.

One American scientist predicts that within a hundred years or so the oceans can become serious competitors of the continents in terms of material , re

sources. It is felt that man must now learn all he can about the habits of fish and the plant and animal life on which they feed, with the aim of increasing the supply of fish and their food. Science anticipates the day when the ocean’s fish crop will be scientifically farmed and harvested, overcoming the present hit-and-miss methods of the fishing industry. The big hurdle to successful farming of the ocean is inaccessibility and how to transfer the food of the sea to your table at reasonable prices. Under present techniques one acre of ocean yields just one pound of fish. It Is hoped that by employing such devices as television, electric fields, echo-sounding, hybridization and transplanting of strains from one part of the deep to another the catch will one day be doubled. If efforts are successful, it may not be long before your nearest supermarket will stock vegetables from the ocean floor, bread from dried herring, soup from algae and packages of seaweed candy for the youngsters.

Long ago some people discovered that seaweed was the logical answer to the problem of putting nitrates, potash, phosphates and manganese back into the eroded land. Housewives in Japan and China prize some seaweeds as their main vegetable. Culinary artists on the South Sea Islands agree. So do the Eskimos of Greenland. While metropolitan residents buy their vitamins at the local pharmacy, seaweed eaters relish them in the form of seaweed rich in vitamins A, B and C as well as iodine. Orientals consume the seaweed gelatin called agar with gusto. This same vegetable of the sea already turns up in your household in detergents, hand and hair lotions, shaving creams, aspirins, ice cream and chocolate milk, among other things. Giant kelps yield acetone and calcium acetate, both vital to production of gunpowder, The German Kaiser extracted potash from these ocean kelps when the fortunes of World War I depleted his resources. Seaweed can even be spun into a satisfactory cloth.

Surprisingly, the pearl-farming industry is more than a beautifier of the feminine throat. Many residents of India, China and Japan consume pearl powder as a cure for fever, eye trouble and liver disorders. Children are fed powdered pearls to supplement the intake of calcium for bones and teeth. By-products of pearl farming are sold the world over for pharmaceutical purposes. One newspaper reports a rumor that glamorous Cleopatra may have mixed pearl powder in wine to retain her beauty.

In more recent times, the hard-working Dutch and Norwegians have been prospecting the sea for cheap methods of extracting potassium from the ever-present sea. Dutch scientists find the lowly cockleshell a valuable source of soda ash. Hundreds of thousands of cubic yards of these limestone-rich shells are dredged yearly for road-building purposes. American" oil companies have developed floating rigs that can sink their drills into the ocean floors at tremendous depths where the coveted “black gold” awaits them.

According to Life magazine, scientists may learn how to control fusion reaction in the next ten years and generate limitless low-cost energy from the heavy hydrogen in the sea. “This could make possible 'weather control’ of whole cities. It could 'stir* the oceans to make them more productive of food or pump the Mississippi to irrigate west Texas. Furthermore it could turn sea waves into still another wonder; by desalinizing it, irrigation might transform great deserts like the Sahara, Mojave and Gobi into green gardens of fertility and abundant life. ... A breakthrough in photosynthesis, also, would enable man ultimately to produce an almost limitless food supply through the sun’s energy without the 'middle man’ of green plants. It is theoretically possible to make food from coal and petroleum. And the ocean’s food potential is much greater than land’s.”

Precious Water and Metals

Not long ago President Eisenhower warned that fresh water is rapidly getting to be America’s most critical natural resource. Naturally the sea is eyed as a possible remedy. For every person living on earth there are 600 million tons of sea water. In many parts of the world the dream of converting brackish sea water to fresh drinking water has come true. Salt-water conversion plants operating on a large scale have been set up in various places, such as Aruba in the Netherlands Antilles, off the Venezuelan coast. 'Riera one of the world’s largest salt-water conversion plants turns out 2,700,000 gallons of fresh water dally. The salt waters of the Persian Gulf are undergoing similar conversion, as are the sea waters at Abidjan on the Ivory Coast of West Africa. Eight years ago Uncle Sam organized the Office of Saline Water to push research in the field of saltwater conversion, and various techniques are being perfected. Approaches to the problem include electrical, chemical, thermal and mechanical means of extracting fresh water. At least half a million people already thrive on about twelve million gallons of converted sea water produced each day. If ways can be found to reduce the cost of conversion, the solution to the fresh water shortage should be realized. Of course, none of the man-made conversion plants are comparable to the Creator’s gigantic distillation system found in nature. About a third of the sunlight hitting the sea’s surface is utilized in converting sea water to fresh water by simple evaporation. If man can improve the efficiency of his own solar conversion methods or harness the atom to his desalinizing plants, cheap supplies of fresh water should result

Ocean explorers recently discovered other ocean treasure. Large areas of the ocean bottom are prolific with metalbearing rocks composed mainly of iron and manganese oxides, as well as substantial amounts of nickel, copper and cobalt. One oceanographer estimates that there are hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of these nodules in one ten-million-square-mlle section of the vast Pacific. Some appraise the mineral riches of the southern Pacific at $1.5 million per square mile. The mineral tonnage is calculated to be 198 billion. A ton of such metal on today’s market would he worth about $43. Industry is very much interested in this possible source of vital metals, though the source hides beneath 15,000 feet of sea.

Danger of Pollution

Like any farm, the oceans require proper care. There is fear of ocean contamination by man, who has the peculiar habit of destroying the very land and sea upon which his life depends. Many nations have complained that oil discharged from oceangoing tankers is causing widespread destruction of bird life. Beaches are undergoing transformation for the worse for the same reason. Clean-up efforts have not been very successful.

The oil threat to the ocean farm Is riitnor compared to the dangers of contamination from disposal of radioactive wastes. The pros and cons of this question are still echoing around the scientific world. American scientists take the position that it is safe to dump atomic wastes in the sea. Russian oceanographers disagree. Right or wrong, the old idea of stagnant basins in the deep is losing ground. Increased understanding of the mystery of ocean currents seems to indicate that all the sea is in constant motion. If this be so, obviously no nation could dump its radioactive wastes in some fancied ocean storeroom in the hope it would stay there for centuries until impotent.

America’s Atomic Energy Commission acknowledges: “Before the sea is used for mass disposal of atomic wastes, much more knowledge is needed concerning the accumulation of radioisotopes by marine fauna and flora, and their transfer along the food chain to those higher species used as food by man.” The Commission recommends more research in the ocean sciences, with special emphasis on coastal waters where "hot” atomic waste might be dumped. The threat to men's dream of fanning the Bea is not insignificant

Miiitary Exploration

Many a farmer’s fields have become battlegrounds. No less a possibility exists for the farmers of the sea. Naval experts are descending into the depths with the latest diving equipment, but with far different aims. The military views the sea as a maneuvering ground for a nation’s striking forces. The trend in submarines is “the deeper, the better,” Sub-detecting sonar can pick up the engine noises at depths of 800 feet. In time submariners hope to perfect a metal fish that will dive to 12,000 feet. This would protect the underwater ships from depth charges, which sink too slowly to hit them. Deep-water pressure also reduces the force of the explosion. While subs are being designed to go deeper, however, research is also under way to sharpen the “ears” of underwater sound detectors. One problem is how to overcome the squeaks and grunts of noisy marine life as well as the sound-distorting layers of water temperature. Of course, naval sea gazers declare that the official purpose of all this intense study Is to gain knowledge Of the sea's physical, biological, geological and chemical characteristics. But civilian observers know that any inference about mere scientific curiosity in this nuclear age must be taken with not a few grains of salt.

A Unique Endowment

Min will continue to look at the sea for a long time to come. No other planet In the range of his vision has an ocean. In the universe as a whole, water—salt or sweet—is rare. How uniquely endowed the earth is! How bountiful the ocean harvest already in view!

The question is, Will man proceed unselfishly for the blessing of all mankind, or will greed cause unrestrained exploitation? God is happy in giving man such fabulous gifts. But man will not be really happy in receiving them until he learns to use them as the Creator intended. Fortunately there is promise in the Book of books that the future harvesters of land and sea will remember the purpose of God. How happy they will be in co-operating with it!

Ilogglag Ulluos and Heart Dlieaie

C A report in the New York Journal-American { of October 3,1959, said: “Dr. Frank G. Nolan, J; noted heart specialist, believes that ‘nagging ;! wives’ may be responsible for a good deal of i[ heart disease among men—their husbands, that is. Nolan, who is president of the Marine [ ' Heart Research Foundation and who has gone ij on excursions in the Pacific Ocean to test the Jj hearts of whales, cited the case of a male patient of whom he was taking a cardiogram. । [ ‘His wife happened to walk into the room,’ Nolan related, 'and the needle jumped. I wonder if nagging wives are not to blame for i[ much of the heart disease among men? After !■ all, many more men than women die of cor- [, onary heart disease. This is something to i[ think about seriously.' ?

<f “Nolan said he did not believe all women provoked tensions in their husbands, but explained: . . . 'We know that the majority of heart ailments are caused by tension and aggravation. A nagging wife is going to cause additional tension and aggravation. I know a lot of big executives suffer from heart ailments but are these ailments due to their jobs strictly? What do we know about the home life of these men? I think wives who have husbands under pressure should give some thought to this.”

<1 God’s Word comments on nagging wives, saying: “Better is It to dwell upon a corner of a roof than with a contentious wife, although in a house in common."—Prov. 21:9.

perior authorities, for there Is no authority except by God; the existing authorities stand placed in their relative positions by God.” In his sixteenth-century German Bible translation, Luther paraphrased part of this text and used a peculiar word, “Obrig-keit” for “authorities,” a word outmoded by modern political science. Luther’s translation obviously bolstered the claimed divine right of the German princes ruling in his day, saying in effect: ‘Everyone be subject to the ruling authorities that have power over him.’

TIE WORLD has long remembered the storm Martin Luther unleashed on October 31, 1517, when he nailed his ninety-five points of protest to the door of the Palace Church in Wittenberg, Germany. Little did Catholic Luther or the Wittenberg townsfolk realize he had taken the first public step toward formation of Germany’s Protestant churches. Much less could he foresee that his theology would impale twentieth-century German Protestants on the horns of a painful dilemma.

Lutherism came under sharp criticism in Germany when the final act of the Hitler drama passed off the stage. It was blamed with having educated the German people in blind1 trust and subservience to the Nazi government. In 1960, many East German Protestants wince under the harsh heel of the Communist boot. Must they again blindly obey and co-operate with tyrants? How can they conscientiously resist when their traditional faith teaches that ruling powers, good or bad, are the representatives of God? All Germany is keenly aware of the dilemma.

Much of the controversy revolves around the apostle Paul’s words at Romans 13:1: “Let every soul be in subjection to the su-

The German people’s subservience to the State was also abetted by Luther’s “Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms.” This oft-debated doctrine divided God’s rule of the world into two parts: a kingdom for the faithful at his right hand, ruled by Christ in love, and a kingdom at his left hand.

Some understand the kingdom of the left hand to mean the kingdom of the world, in which those alienated from God are ruled by Satan through worldly authorities. Christians can resist Satan’s rule by faith. This interpretation is an obvious attempt to explain the wicked deeds of bad governments. Yet it retains the idea that the over-all arrangement is God’s.

Others understand the left-hand kingdom to mean the sustenance of man’s physical life and the world in which he lives, particularly evident in good human governments. Authorities and offices, rulers and subjects, lords and vassals are said to be ordained by God in their respective positions. To support this interpretation Luther’s words are often quoted: “God wants the worldly reign to be an example of real blessedness and of his kingdom of heaven, just as with a play of marionettes or masks.” Of course, If the government fails to reflect the image of heaven and assumes more of a resemblance to the theologians' traditional “hell,” we are back to the dilemma.

Church on the IF rang Track ?

Deeply involved in the controversy Is the Evangelical Church in Germany, the “EKD.” With a claimed membership of 41,000,000, it is by far the largest church group in Germany and one of the very few organizations still operating in both the Western German Federal Republic and the Communist “German Democratic Republic.” The chairman of its council is Bishop Dibelius, a well-known church leader and one of the chairmen of the world Council of Churches. Recently Dibelius aggravated the controversy by signing an agreement authorizing ministerial service to the new West German forces by the EKD, Communists and even some of Dibelius’ church friends have strongly objected. Hessian church president Niemoeller called the agreement “the most stupid act since 1933" and declared that the church has been on the wrong track since the fourth century with its doctrine of just and unjust war. “Today,” said Niemoeller, “we have to take a different road, a course which Christendom has not tried for sixteen hundred years.”

The traditional view of the State has also given rise to sharp disagreement about the possession and use of atomic weapons. Said Professor Vogel of the East Berlin Humboldt University: “To make man whom God so loved, as the gospel says, the object of instruments of mass destruction, even in one’s mind, is sin. It is more than crime and madness.” His colleague, Professor Puenneth of Erlangen, West Germany, took the opposite view, maintaining that atomic weapons might have to be used to avoid mass murder: “Even these frightful instruments can enter into the service of love of one’s neighbor."

Breaking Tradition

■ Early last fall, Bishop Dibelius added to the confusion by publishing a “private print for a limited group of theologians,” entitled “Authorities?—A question to the Sixty-Year-Old Provincial Bishop.” It was intended as a birthday present for Bishop Lilje of the Hannover provincial church. Dibelius wrote that the “ruling authorities” of Romans 13:1 came to their end in 1918, when Kaiser Wilhelm II, last of the German monarchs claiming to rule by the “grace of God,” abdicated. “In a totalitarian realm,” wrote Dibelius, “there is no law at all in the Christian sense of the word.” Indicating a clear break with the centuries-old traditional view, he likened the situation to driving a car. If traffic laws are enacted by good governments and applied alike to everyone, it would be wrong to break such laws, regardless of their seeming stupidity. “Somehow God’s gracious will is shining through the foolishness of men.” Not so with laws enacted by governments such as the Communist East German Republic, where party dignitaries enjoy privileges not shared by others. “To designate those in power in a totalitarian regime as ‘ruling authorities,’ would be a mockery of the German language,” declared Dibelius.

Bishop Lilje could not agree: “I cannot share the opinion of Dibelius, regardless of whether the Federal Republic or the DDR is concerned. One cannot drive on the road as one wants to ... It is not a simple problem when the Christian is confronted with a state, the conceptions of which are incompatible with the basic prerequisites of the Christian faith. But it, too, constitutes ruling authorities.”

In a radio broadcast discussion witn Bishop Lilje and a well-known politick! scientist, Bishop Dibelius explained that his treatise did not mean what it appeared to mean. “A bishop who calls for sabotaging traffic rules is yet to be born,” he said. Lilje emphasized the traditional view, asserting that Paul exhorted Christians to obey the power of Rome, and he said that God continues to use non-Christian governments to perpetuate mankind. “I would like to add,” said Lilje, “in order to make things quite distinct, that, even if [such a state] no longer realizes it or even does pot at all want to do so, it is carrying out a mandate of God.”

Bishop Dibelius reasserted that Luther had in mind only monarchies set up over the people, not modem-type regimes. For “honesty’s sake,” he called on the church gradually to return to a strict translation of Paul’s words, “Inserting ‘the superior powers’ in the place of this wording of ‘ruling authorities.’ ” Continued Dibellus, “There is, then, from the outset nothing at all said of a special privilege which God has given them, but just the secular reality is indicated; the superior powers are there, and now every man and also every Christian must draw his conclusions from it.”

What to Resolve

The end of the radio broadcast was not the end of the controversy. Last January the synod of the provincial Evangelical church in Berlin took up the struggle. During the sessions Bishop Dibelius publicly retracted the hapless illustrations in his hotly debated treatise. “I have grown up with the traditional understanding of Romans' 13,” he said, “namely, that all ruling authorities are from God. . . . Only when the ruling authorities command something which clearly and distinctly is contrary to God’s Word, does the duty to be obedient cease." But will Germans ever conclude that such a point for refusal to obey has been reached? Dibelius admitted that he had committed some acts against the Nazi government, yet he told his two sons (one a clergyman, the other a theological student) they had to do their duty as soldiers although the Nazi government was not God’s government. “I have paid the highest price . .. the death qf both of my sons, who died in the war, in a war which was criminal, which was started by ruling authorities that were everything else but ‘God’s servant to our benefit.’ ”

In an open letter to the synod, Professor Vogel of East Berlin labeled Dibelius’ thesis “heresy,” arguing that a Christian must obey even the laws of Communist East Germany, not only because one could not exist there otherwise, but “for conscience’ sake,” Vogel demanded "a clear, Biblically founded testimony” against Dibelius’ views.

No such Bible-based statement was forthcoming. The synod adopted a resolution reaffirming the 1956 declaration of the General German Synod of the Evangelical Church of Germany (EKD): “For us the gospel places the State under the gracious arrangement of God, which we know holds true, Irrespective of the origin of state power or of its political form.” The well-measured compromise avoided a split in the EKD, but it hardly solved the perplexing dilemma. What if “God’s authorities" in Communist East Germany ordered members of the church to invade West Germany and, if necessary, kill their German brothers defending “God’s authorities” there?

From time to time the German public has voiced its feelings in letters to newspapers and magazines. Wrote one reader in Hamburg’s Der Spiegel (“The Mirror”): “What are the rank and file of churchgoers to think, if the shepherd pastors quarrel among themselves as to how the flock should deal with the wolf.”

IFAcrt Paul Meant Illustrated

A segment of the German population who are very interested in the Bible principles involved in the controversy are the thousands of Jehovah's witnesses living in both East and West Germany. Christians In all parts of the world will be interested in how the German witnesses of Jehovah, who govern their lives by Bible principles, meet the issue of Christian conscience and the State. During the ill-fated Nazi regime and now wherever Jehovah's witnesses find themselves, whether in Western lands or behind the Iron Curtain, they have strictly adhered to the Bible principle stated by Jesus: "Pay back Caesar's things to Caesar, but God’s things to God.”—Mark 12: 17.

But what happens when "Caesar” goes to war? Jehovah’s witnesses adhere strictly to the Bible principle that true Christians, wherever they live, must be completely neutral, in keeping with Jesus’ statement: “My kingdom is no part of this world.” (John 18:36) Paul agrees: “Though we walk in the flesh, we do not wage warfare according to what we are in the flesh.” (2 Cor. 10:3) “Caesar” did not bestow life and neither can he demand it. This Christian stand has resulted in long prison sentences and even death for some. The Witnesses are willing to suffer death for righteousness’ sake, but they are not willing to violate God's law. They are not on the horns of a dilemma as the German Protestants show themselves to be.

Ministers Treated Worst of All

HE Cornell Studies in Civil Liberty volume Conscription of Conscience, by Mulford Q. Sibley and Philip E. Jacob, relates how ministers of Jehovah's witnesses were often denied proper ministerial classification during World War U. "Local boards often denied IV-D classifications to Jehovah’s Witnesses,” < say the writers, “even when they could prove that they were 'pioneers’—that is, when they spent at least ISO hours a month in ministerial duties. This would seem to have been virtually full-time work. But despite a ruling of General Hershey in 1942 that persons who were engaged in ministerial work more than 80 hours a month could claim IV-D status, local boards persisted in giving IV-E or l-A classifications to 'pioneers’ and to others whose monthly time devoted to Jehovah’s Witnesses work exceeded 80 hours. Sometimes this discrimination was due to local prejudice against Jehovah's Witnesses; In other cases it waa undoubtedly attributable to the ignorance of the board; in yet other instances Influential Roman Catholics on the board might be responsible. ... It is true that some Witnesses 1 were given IV-D by local boards, but the num- J ber was far’fewer than those who were de-nled the classification. ...

C. "Down to the middle of 1943, the average sentence of all Selective Service violators was 30.6 months. For violators of the narcotics law, the average was 20.8 months; of the liquor laws, 10.6; of the postal laws, 27.3; of the white-slave laws, 28.3. , . . Looking at the matter from a different perspective, the average sentence of Jehovah’s Witnesses for the year ending June 30, 1944, was 42 months; for other conscientious objectors, it was 34; for those violators of the Selective Training and Service Act who did not claim conscientious objection. It was only 28. By 1945 the averages had been altered only slightly, being, respectively, 45, 37, and 28 months. Rather consistently throughout the course of the war, Jehovah's Witnesses were more harshly treated in terms of sentences than other conscientious objectors, while conscientious objectors as a class received higher sentences than those violators of the Selective Service Act who did not claim to be conscientious objectors. In order of increasing severity of sentences we thus have violators in liquor laws, violators of narcotics laws, defiers of the postal laws, white slavers, Selective Service Act violators who did not claim to be conscientious objectors, conscientious objectors, and Jehovah's Witnesses.”

SMALLER than Ireland, it once had a city that ranked with Babylon and Nineveh. About the size of West Virginia, yet the site of a mountain rivaling the Matterhorn and Everest in fame. Only 270 miles long, but containing bewildering, luxuriant vegetation, tropical, palm-studded shores, cool mountains, elephants and precious gems, the melting pot of some seventy nationalities.

No, this is a description not of a state in the United States or in the Soviet Union, but of Ceylon, the lush island that hangs like a pendant pff the southeast tip of India.

It was known to the ancient

Greeks and Romans as Tapro-bane; to the Mohammedan traders as Ser-endib; and to the Portuguese as Zeylan, from which the modern name "Ceylon” is derived. However, today’s inhabitants appropriately call it “Lanka,” meaning "resplendent”

Favored by the Creator

The Creator has been kind to this island, bestowing it lavishly with a diversity of scenery. Its palm-fringed coast is interrupted here and there by numerous coral reefs, inlets and lagoons. The northwest is beset by shoals and rocks, separated from India by only thirty miles of water. A chain of sandy isles, called Adam’s Bridge, almost joins it to the Indian mainland. On the east, the broken coast has furnished one of the finest natural harbors in the world.

Two thirds of Ceylon is covered with dense jungle. The coastal plain, called low-country, is hot, particularly from V^darch to May. Because Cey-j. Ion lies so close to the equator the average temperature of these lowlands is high, as much as 82 degrees Fahrenheit. However, the center of the broad southern end of the island consists of the cooler mountain mass. Girded by waterfalls, it covers an area of some 4,200 square miles and is known as up-country. Here the atmosphere changes and refreshingly cool breezes caress one’s face. In this region the temperature declines with the rising elevation at the rate of. one degree for each 300 feet, dropping to 60 degrees at the island’s chief hill station, 6,200 feet high.

The tallest mountain in the up-country, Pidurutalagala, rises 8,291 feet above sea level. While highest, it is by no means the most famous. This distinction falls to Adam’s Peak, considered by many the holiest mountain in the world. Composed of bare granite, it rises steeply to a height of 7,360 feet and can be seen in clear weather from the sea, 150 miles away. Why is this mountain revered by nearly one billion people the world over? Because of a footshaped impression, about five feet long and three feet wide, in the rock on its conical summit. To hundreds of millions of

Moslems, this is Adam's footprint, made by him while standing on one foot, weeping for his sin after being expelled from Paradise. To Buddhists, the print was made by Buddha on his departure from Ceylon after his third and last visit. To Hindus, it was made by their god Siva.

reopte and History

Two thirds of Ceylon’s 9,000,000 people are Sinhalese, about one fifth are Tamils. The remainder are Moors, Afghans, Malays, Indians, Pakistanis, Eurasians, Europeans, Euro-Ceylonese, Portuguese, Burghers descended from the Dutch, and other nationalities. In the jungle fastness live the aboriginal Veddas, a race of great antiquity, who continue to hunt with bow and arrow and appear to be Ceylon’s original settlers.

The largest group, the Sinhalese, are a handsome people with fine features and smooth black hair, slender and well proportioned. Skin color varies from light olive to dark brown. They are descendants of North Indian invaders who called themselves Sinhalas, “Lion People,” and who colonized the island 2,500 years ago.

Then for five centuries came attacks from the Tamil-speaking peoples of South India, an alert, industrious race. From the beginning of the sixteenth century to the middle of the twentieth, Ceylon, or at least the major part of it, was a colony of a European power: first of Portugal, then of Holland and finally of Britain. By the time Kandy, the last Sinhalese kingdom, yielded to the British in 1815, there had been 180 kings who held sway in unbroken succession for 2,300 years, beginning with the landing in Ceylon in 544 B.C. of the Aryan Prince Vijaya and his band of 700 Sinhalas.

After World War II Ceylon regained her 'independence and at present possesses a broad-based democratic government after Che British pattern. Tier position is that of an independent nation within the British Commonwealth, enjoying the same status as the other dominions. This government has introduced the free education scheme throughout the country. It pays the total salary of staffs and adds an equipment and maintenance grant. Now, even the son of a poor man is able to graduate from the university or reach out into the professional fields.

Ceylon's Fabulous Cities

The island’s capital and most important city is Colombo. More than 400,000 people dwell in this fine seaport, the central steppingstone for ships that ply the Indian Ocean,

But long before Colombo’s rise, mighty cities flourished in Ceylon. Two of the most important were abandoned by their Sinhalese builders as they fled from the attacks of the Tamils, and were eventually swallowed up by vegetation. About fifty years ago British archaeologists began digging out these jungle-hidden ruins. One of them, Anuradhapura, about 150 miles north of Colombo, was founded in 437 B.C. At its peak it contained three million people and was Ceylon’s capital from about A.D. 500 to 800. Its elaborate palace of 1,000 rooms has long since crumbled, but hundreds of fallen granite pillars remain. Here too are the huge dagobas, or hill-like mounds made up of thousands of bricks. These domeshaped temples reach heights of 150 feet and must have been among the greatest brick structures of their time.

Sixty miles to the southwest was a sister city, Polonnaruwa. A giant by herself, she covered an area about as large as London and was Ceylon’s proud capital about 600 years ago.

One of Ceylon's largest cities, Kandy, also ranks high as a tourist attraction. It was the last ancient capital and home of the up-country Sinhalese. Situated in the central highlands, its majestic hills provide vistas of scenic grandeur and are circled by miles of lovely drives sheltered by a continuous canopy of trees.

Kandy remained unconquered behind a natural rock stronghold for 300 years until its last king ceded his rights to the British in 1815. This hill city is famous for its Temple of the Tooth, where the “sacred tooth” relic of Buddha is enshrined within a richly jeweled vault. The “sacred tooth” is a bit of discolored ivory about two inches long and is said to be the right eyetooth of Buddha. The Portuguese claim to have captured the original tooth during their rule over Ceylon in the sixteenth century and to have burned it publicly despite a huge ransom offered for it. But the Kandy priesthood assert that the tooth captured was a false one.

In addition to the shrine held sacred by millions of Buddhists, Kandy is the home of the Perahera, an annual torchlit temple procession, one of the most spectacular pageants in ali Asia. Heralded by whip-crqckers, scores of gorgeously ornamented elephants in trappings of crimson and gold march in triumphant procession, headed by Kandyan chiefs. These chiefs look imposing in their embroidered, puffed-out jackets and loose pants and wearing the national headdresses. In between the elephants, dancers leap into the air, clashing armlets and anklets and shouting wildly. Tom-tom beaters, musicians, acrobats and others all add an Arabian Nights atmosphere to this astonishing Eastern procession.

A Productive Land

Are you interested in jewels, wild animals, tropical fruits and vegetables? Ceylon has them all. From the City of Gems, Ratnapura, have come precious stones that for the last 3,000 years have filled the treasure vaults of sultans and shahs and decked the crowns of emperors and kings. Infinite in variety, abundant Jn supply, dazzling in their hues, Ceylon's gems have been coveted for centuries. Rubies, sapphires, zircons, amethysts, beryls, jacinths, pearls and. others have poured in glittering cascades into all the capitals of the world.

Produced in abundance, too, is one of Ceylon’s principal crops, tea. The British introduced tea here in 1840. Now the island ranks second only to India as a tea exporter. The best tea grows 5,000 to 6,000 feet up and is picked about once every ten days by Tamil women. Every twelve days the tea bushes are pruned to make the young leaf shoots abundant and to keep the plants small, as unattended bushes will grow thirty feet high.

Other important products are rice, rubber and coconuts. Coconut trees provide food, drink, oil, rope, fodder, timber, and thatch for roof covering. From top to bottom, this marvelous palm has hundreds of uses. Although a very small country, Ceylon produces about 20 percent of the world’s tea, 10 percent of its coconut products, 14 percent of its graphite and 7 percent of its rubber.

While agriculture is the principal occupation, industrialization is being undertaken on a carefully planned scale with a view to raising the standard of living and increasing the national wealth. Plants are now operating for the manufacture of coir (a fiber from the outer husk of the coconut), plywood, glass, leather, rolled steel, ceramic, paper and other products.

Religion

Buddhism is the predominant religion, so it is but natural to find images of Buddha and Buddhist temples and monastaries abounding on the island. The yellow-robed monk is to be seen everywhere.

Hinduism claims the second -largest number of adherents. Attracting Immense crowds are its exhibitions of fire walking In honor of the god Kataragama. At such events as many as eighty persons will cross a bed of red-hot wood embers six feet wide and twenty feet long. (See Awake! October 22,1959.) About 10 percent of the population belong to one of Christendom’s religions and there are also many Muslims.

In this land of ancient tradition and customs the work of Jehovah’s witnesses has been going on for many years. Though their number is comparatively small, some 180 at present, the truths of God’s Word that they preach have penetrated into the four quarters of the island. Since the Ceylonese people are generally kind and respectful to visitors, these Christian ministers are often invited to sit down and explain their mission while being served a cool, refreshing drink. The hope of these ministers is that many more of these kind people will learn the grand promises of the Creator, He who has blessed them with this truly beautiful land.

Wildlife

Animals and birds thrive in this tropical environment. Although lions and tigers are not found in Ceylon’s Jungles, leopards are quite common. The most dangerous flesh-eating animal is the sloth bear, which will attack on sight if surprised.

The most important animal in Ceylon is the elephant. After being domesticated, they are used for hauling timber and handling heavy weights in construction work. Recruits are taken from herds of wild elephants, which are driven into stockades by hundreds of men. The elephants selected are then led away by tame ones, from whom they eventually learn to do useful work.

Ceylon’s national parks are among her richest assets. Though small in size they make up for it toy their compactness and the ease with which the wild animals In them may be seen. Loveliest of these parks Is Ruhuna, with its seascapes and landscapes of exquisite beauty. Here can be found elephants, bears, leopards, sambur, wild boar, deer and wild buffaloes, roaming in absolute freedom, ruled by only one law, the law of the jungle. Bird life is as rich and lovely as the blazing colors of sunset

With such a profusion, of scenic beauty and such an abundance of animal and vegetable life, one can understand why Sir Emerson Tennant, nineteenth-century traveler and one-time British Colonial Secretary for Ceylon, stated: “Ceylon, from whatever direction it Is approached, unfolds a scene of loveliness and grandeur unsurpassed. The traveler ... is entranced by the vision of beauty which expands before him as the island rises from the sea, its lofty mountains covered with luxuriant forests, and its shores bright with the foliage of perpetual spring.” Little wonder, then, that native Ceylonese call their island “Lanka," the resplendent isle.

U/eajaon oft the Lttiadaeated

C “The uneducated have no Intellectual support for their opinions, and so cannot defend them rationally against adversaries who argue on the basis of fact, knowledge and reason. The uneducated possess but one weapon—the lash of invective. They cannot argue on the level ot facta and ideas, so they stoop to personal vilification.*'—Vice-Adm.

H. G. Rlckover.

What Your Parents Owe You

WHAT can children legally expect from their parents? How long must parents support them? Are parents required to give financial support to married children? Do children have the right to choose their own education? Can they be made to work for their parents without wages? To whom does the money they may earn when working for other people belong? Are their parents liable for the bills they may run up? How severely may parents punish them?

…