Awake!, October 22, 1959
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e Rhine—River of Romance and Beauty
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Walk on Fire
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to Get the Job You Want
OCTOBER 22, 1959
THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL
News sources fhof are abte to k^ep you awake to the vital Issues of our times must be unfettered by censorship and selfish interests. “Awake!1’ has no fetters^ It recognizes facts, faces facts, is free to publish facts. If is not bound by political ambitions or obligations; it is unhampered by advertisers whose toes must not be trodden on; it is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that it may speak freely to you. But it does not abuse its freedom. It maintains integrity to truth.
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CONTENTS
A World Without Tears
Where Communism Thrives
The Rhine —River of Romance and Beauty 9
They Walk on Fire
Beef—from the Hoof to the Plate 17
Bad for Men, Worse for Women
How to Get the Job You Want
Laments in Christendom
Pink Beauties in the Bahamas
"Your Word Is Truth"
Should Christian Ministers
Employ Hypnosis?
Watching the World
Happiness is something that people of all nations desire.
But the experience of the majority has been that heartache and grief tend to crowd out the things that bring joy. Oppression, war, painful disease and death have caused rivers of tears to flow down their faces. While many despair of anything better, those who have sincerely studied the Bible kno-" *hat a world without tears is at hand.
It is not medical science that will prove to be man’s savior, delivering him from all that causes grief. It is true that medical research has fought disease and reduced pain, but there is no wonder drug that can be given or operation that can be performed by man to remove the sin that is responsible for man’s imperfection and death. We are born in sin. “Through one man sin entered into the world and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men because they had all sinned.” (Rom. 5:12) One greater than man must intervene if humankind is to be relieved of this basic cause of unhappiness.
By means of revolutions and elections men have sought relief from selfish and oppressive rulers. If the righteous were in authority the people would rejoice, but because the wicked bear rule the people mourn. On both national and international levels they strive to improve conditions.
Yet no international peace conference has put an end to war, and no election or revolution can force out of office the one who today is bringing great woe upon the earth, Satan the Devil.—Rev. 12:12.
In quest of some sound basis
for hope, countless persons have turned to Christendom’s religious organizations. But they are disillusioned when their religious leaders direct their attention back to the old world, urging them to take a more active part in politics and to support the man-made United Nations. They cannot see in such systems the followers of Jesus, who he said would be ‘‘no part of the world.”—John 15:19.
However, those who have turned to Jehovah’s Word the Bible and associated with his New World society of witnesses have unshakable confidence in God’s kingdom. With understanding they pray: ‘‘Our Father in the heavens, let your name be sanctified. Let your kingdom come. Let your will come to pass, as in heaven, also upon earth.” (Matt. 6:9, 10) Yes, they believe that there will be a righteous new world embracing both heaven and earth, and that it will be a world without tears. ‘‘And God himself will be with them. And he will wipe out every tear from their eyes, and death will be no more, neither will mourning nor outcry nor pain be any more.
The former things have passed away.” —Rev. 21:3, 4.
God’s kingdom will achieve the things that men have been unable to do for themselves, namely, root out death-dealing sin and destroy the Devil himself. The King Jesus Christ is the one who as Executioner at the fast-approaching battle of Armageddon will “destroy the one having the means to causq death, that is, the Devil.” (Heb. 2:14) And as King-Priest of the new world he will apply on behalf of all earth’s inhabitants his ransom sacrifice to free them from every trace of sin and bring them to human perfection.—Rev. 1:18.
While he was yet on earth Jesus performed many wonderful works, giving a foretaste of what he would do as Ruler of the new world. One evening when he was visiting in the home of Peter in Capernaum, the “people brought him many demon-possessed persons; and he expelled the spirits with a word, and he cured all who were ailing; that it might be fulfilled what was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying, ‘He himself took our sicknesses and carried our diseases/ ” (Matt. 8:16, 17) On another occasion, as he approached the city of Nain he encountered a funeral procession. Turning to the widowed mother of the dead man, he said: “Stop weeping.” And then he gave her good reason to dry her tears. “He approached and touched the bier, and the bearers stood still, and he said: ‘Young man, I say to you, Get up.’’ And the dead man sat up and started to speak, and he gave him to his mother.” (Luke 7:13-15) That power to heal and to restore the dead to life the King Jesus Christ will exercise for the blessing of mankind in his righteous new world.
Drawing attention to another one of the blessings of his rulership, the Bible refers to Jesus as the Prince of Peace. And Isaiah 9:7 adds: “To the abundance of the princely rule and to peace there will be no end." Men will learn war no more. Think what that will mean! No more heartache and tears of grief as husbands and sons are taken from their families to fight, no more fear of air raids, no more cripples and desolation as the terrible aftermath of war. Never again will a tear be shed because of the distress that war brings.
When will it come? Instead of simply hoping that someday the world without tears will be a reality, Jehovah’s witnesses have studied the Bible to find out when it says these things will be. Matthew chapter 24, Mark chapter 13, and Luke chapter 21 unite in giving the basis for the answer that the generation that has witnessed two world wars of unprecedented magnitude, earthquakes that have taken a toll ten times as great as in generations past, food shortages that debilitate two thirds of earth’s population, the establishment of first the League of Nations and then the United Nations to divert the attention of men from God’s righteous government, and the preaching of the establishment of the kingdom of God in all the earth as it is now being done—yes, this generation that saw the beginning of these things in 1914 “will by no means pass away until all things occur.” Said Jesus: “When you see these things occurring, know that the kingdom of God is near.” (Luke 21:31, 32) It is evident that these things have been occurring now for forty-five years, that this generation is soon to expire, and that the long-sought answer to the prayer, “Let your will come to pass, as in heaven, also upon earth,” is at hand.
Such a well-founded hope, based on the promise of Jehovah God, whose word cannot fail, has already lifted from the lives of men of faith the unhappiness that plagues the old world. They rejoice in the hope ahead, and urge you to do the same.
WHERE
iC'T'HE West has erred,” says A British historian Arnold
Toynbee, “because it has chosen to fight Communism with Communism’s own weapons. . ■ . Western Democracy must base its appeal on more than freedom, more than prosperity: it must base its appeal on religion.”
Why should historian Toynbee imply that the West is not basing its appeal on religion? Does not Christendom teem with churches? Does not Christendom have a mighty religious organization that opposes communism—the Roman Catholic Church? Are not some countries such as France and Italy ninety percent or more Catholic? How, then, could it be that Christendom has failed to base its appeal on religion?
These questions provoke the thought: There is more to the growth of ungodly communism than poverty or economic discontent. The/ole of religion has been too often overlooked. When people have the hope and faith that the early Christians had and that the Bible inspires, they can get along on very little in a material way and still be content. “So, having sustenance and covering,” said an apostle of Jesus Christ, “we shall be content with these things.” (1 Tim. 6:8) But when one is spiritually undernourished or famished, then economic discontent turns into a monster, a colossus that campaigns as the ally of communism.
So it is enlightening to read more and more these days of the blame for the growth of communism being placed not so much at the doorstep of economic discon
THRIVES
Tfty have professed Christians turned Commtmirt? Why do many persons who believe in Qod vote for Communist candidates}
tent as at the doorstep of Christendom’s religions.
“He Was"Our Victim”
Discussing an editorial in a Roman Catholic newspaper, an International News Service dispatch from Boston said: “The Pilot, official newspaper of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston, in an editorial entitled ‘God and Khrushchev’ asserts that ‘the crimes of capitalism spawned the Communist monster? ‘It is a sad day when we must learn lessons from atheists, but that day is already here,’ said the editorial. ... In an interview with William Randolph Hearst, Jr. ... Nikita Khrushchev was prevailed upon to discuss the subject of religion. He did so in not unimpressive terms; ‘We are atheists . . .’ he said describing himself and his fellow Communists in eulogistic fashion. Then he proceeded to describe the West and its representatives: ‘God is but a mask these people put on. . . . They lean on the word of God and then violate it. - . . God is being used by these people for hire.’ ”
Concluding, the Roman Catholic newspaper said: “This is a very dangerous sport we are playing—hide-and-seek with divinity. To forget Him in the sunshine and seek Him in the storm is very primitive indeed, and God does not accept us at our convenience and on our terms. If a poisoned capitalism produced a zealous communism, it was a fraudulent Christianity that produced a soulless atheism. What Khrushchev is, we taught him to be. Is it any wonder that he mocks us? ... He was our victim and he has returned to judge us.”
Communism’s growth has indeed passed judgment on Christendom! Communist Khrushchev blatantly points his finger, in justifying his atheism, at a hypocritical Christianity, the kind in which people “lean on the word of God and then violate it.” It was almost as if Khrushchev had been reading the Bible, using it to prove Christendom’s religions hypocritical; for the Bible declares at Titus 1:16: “They publicly declare they know God, but they disown him by their works.” Where, then, does the main responsibility for communism’s growth lie? Said the Catholic newspaper: “What Khrushchev is, we taught him to be. . . . He was our victim.” So Christendom’s “fraudulent Christianity” has spawned communism and its “soulless atheism.”
“Especially Us Theologians”
“What about atheism?” recently asked prominent theologian Karl Barth in a letter to an East German pastor that was published in the March 25, 1.959, issue of The Christian Century. “Do you not agree that almost everything that calls itself atheism is to be taken seriously only in so far as it rests on misconceptions—for which Christianity too, with its doctrine, attitude and practices, is largely responsible? I heard an amusing and apropos story the other day: One Berliner confesses to another that he has left the church. The other asks: ‘Why, don’t you believe in God?’ ‘Yes, of course,' the first replies, ‘but not in his ground crew'—that is to say, us Christians, and perhaps especially us theologians.”
So there exists the paradoxical situation of millions of persons believing in God but not in their clergy, those whom they consider the “ground crew.” No wonder millions of persons in France and Italy claim to believe in God and yet they vote for Communist candidates! No wonder communism has thrived in religious countries, even those dominated by religious hierarchies such as the Roman Catholic Chtirch! No wonder the Catholic Church has failed to prevent Catholics from voting Communist even under the threat of excommunication!
Many are the people who, having observed the peacetime and wartime operations of the clergy, are disgusted at clerical political meddling, greed and hypocrisy. Have not the clergy stooped to enter the world’s arena of dirty politics? Have not the clergy, both Catholic and Protestant, blessed guns, cannons, battleships and armies? Have not clergymen prayed for military victory for their side, even though its effect meant praying for the defeat or death of millions of persons in enemy countries who professed those clergymen’s own brand of religion? Did not Catholic priests in Italy and Germany during World War II pray, in effect, for victory over their fellow Catholics in France, England and America? Did not Protestant ministers do the same, putting the god of nationalism above the God of the Bible? Was it not Nikolai Lenin himself who pointed to Christendom’s hypocritical works when he told George Lansbury: “Go back home and convert the Christians; get a world of justice by Christian teaching. No one wants bloodshed, but Christians slaughter each other as readily as others for material gain”? So Khrushchev and his ungodly communism have ‘‘returned to judge” Christendom!
Spiritual Vacuum
But it is not just clerical hypocrisy and greed that have turned many persons away from religion. It is also the failure of the clergy to impart to the people the knowledge that gives hope and faith and love. It is failure to teach the people the pure Word of God, unadulterated with pagan doctrines and worldly philosophy. It is failure to inculcate Bible principles upon the minds of the people. It is failure to teach the people concerning the kingdom of God and the paradise new world that that kingdom will bring about within this generation. Spotlighting this clergy failure, the Jesuit magazine America of October 22, 1955, said:
“To Catholics, in particular, it seems shocking that the largest Communist party this side of the Iron Curtain should be found [in Italy 1. - . . There is the incontrovertible fact that, though Italy is described as a Catholic country and its people are Catholic in their culture to the very core, nevertheless, enormous numbers, particularly in the towns, have over a period of some generations drifted away from the Church or have grown extremely slack in the practice of their faith, . . . Lax or fallen-away Catholic countries, like lax or fallen-away Catholic individuals, are apt to turn to communism. This is a fact we must face. They are, as it were, subconsciously aware of the spiritual vacuum in their lives.”
How significant this “spiritual vacuum” among teeming numbers of Catholics! It is not just in lands dominated by the Roman Catholic Church where the common people have felt a “spiritual vacuum.” What was the spiritual condition of the people in Russia before the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917? The Russian Orthodox Church, working hand in hand with the Czarist government, dominated the common people, leaving them spiritually famished. After the revolution there was a glaring exposure of the real frauds that the orthodox clergy had practiced on the oppressed people. How much did the course of action of the orthodox clergy contribute to the growth of communism in Russia? If Christendom’s religions and their clergy had really lived by Bible principles and had taught the pure Word of God, would ungodly communism have sprung up into a colossus right within the realm of Christendom? Those who have turned Communist or who are voting Communist have stumbled at the hypocrisy of what they call the “ground crew,” the clergy; and, although some still believe in G»d, they have turned away from religion.
It is among people feeling a “spiritual vacuum” and among people who detect a false Christianity that economic discontent becomes a powder keg.
Moreover, the common people have found the sermons and masses of the clergy to be irrelevant to their daily life. Said the Jesuit magazine America in its issue of May 2, 1959: “In his 1954 Christmas address, the late Pope Pius XII did not lament simply the ignorance of Catholics. He deplored the fact that many Catholics actually disparage the Church’s social teaching as invalid or pointless. Those circles in Italy and elsewhere in Europe that have occasioned this second decree, of the Holy Office [regarding the ban against voting for Communists | are precisely those Catholics who look elsewhere for guidance in meeting the social problems of our time- They end by collaborating with the Communists.”
Worker Priests
What have the clergy done to try to win back the workingman who views his church’s “social teaching as invalid or pointless”? One effort has been the workerpriest movement. But was this a movement of priests going into the homes of the people to teach them Bible principles? No! It was a movement of priests to the factories. With the clergy’s leaving the Bible and Bible teaching out of the picture, the result was inevitable: Instead of winning masses back to the fold, the priests themselves felt enchanted by communism. Reported the New York Times of February 22, 1959:
“The Roman Catholic episcopacy in Italy is investigating a church-sponsored workers’ movement alleged to be mixed up in left-wing politics. Under particular scrutiny is the role of the chaplains who serve on all echelons of the nation-wide organization and are frequently described as the Italian counterpart of the former French worker priests. The experiment in France of clergymen’s donning overalls and working as manual laborers in industrial plants was halted by the Vatican five years ago because of fears that the worker priests, instead of winning Communist fellow workers back to religion, might themselves fall prey to Marxist ideology.”
Putting priests to work in factories may have made the workingman somewhat more friendly toward the “ground crew,” but what did such work accomplish toward filling the spiritual vacuum that caused the trouble in the first place?
If all the priests and bishops and cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church went to work in factories, wquld this win the people away from the Communists and back to the church? A few priests realize that something more is needed. In the Roman Catholic Our Sunday Visitor of November 18, 1956, there is a report on a conference that Priest John A. O’Brien had with Priest Augustine Arcibal in Paris. The French priest admitted: “The Church will continue to lose ground if means are not speedily found of weaning back the great toiling masses which have become almost entirely estranged from the faith. We need more ‘shoe-leather apostles’ who will call at homes, instruct people and bring them to Mass and the sacraments. Stagnation and anticiericaiism result when priests remain in the sacristy. They, along with lay apostles, must go out after the strayed and lost sheep.”
But the worker-priest movement was not a house-to-house campaign to instruct the people. Even house-to-house visits to get people to go to church are not enough. What the people need is Bible knowledge. They need to know about God’s kingdom and how this wicked world will soon be destroyed at God’s war of Armageddon and how this will make way for a new world of righteousness. They need to learn that communism, along with Christendom’s false Christianity, is doomed when God through Jesus Christ “brings due punishment upon those who do not know God and those who do not obey the good news about our Lord Jesus. These very ones will pay the penalty of everlasting destruction.”—2 Thess. 1:8, 9.
So that honest-hearted people can learn these truths of the Bible and especially the good news of God’s established kingdom, Jehovah’s witnesses go to the homes of the people. The “spiritual vacuum” of many persons is being filled with faith and hope. Then persons who were once weak and unable to resist the enticements of communism become strong for God and his kingdom. They become content even under unfavorable economic conditions, for their hope is to live on a paradise earth in God’s new world. True Christianity furnishes no basis for growth of communism. Bible-fed Christians “go on acquiring power in the Lord and in the mightiness of his strength.” False Christianity—the real breeding grounds for communism—leaves a “spiritual vacuum” upon which communism thrives.—Eph. 6:10.
By “Awohr1 correspondent in West Germany
HAD Johann Strauss lived in Mainz, Coblenz or Cologne he doubtless would have named one of his waltzes, "An Dem IVwiderschonen Rhein" for the Rhine is truly wonderfully beautiful. Starting in the Swiss Alps and winding its way some 800 miles through central Europe before making a grand exit into the North Sea in the Netherlands—that is the course of the majestic Rhine River. Famous in history, ancient and modern, without peer as regards romantic legends and highly valued as an artery of commerce, it is indeed a remarkable river.
The most excitingly beautiful part of the Rhine is the stretch between Bingen and Bonn, This is known as the “Middle Rhine” and is among the most popular tourist attractions of Europe. Winking playfully in the sunlight, mysterious and awe-inspiring on an overcast or misty day, it makes the most of whatever the weather may be to bring joy and happiness to those viewing it. Here are to be found the majority of the fascinating Rhine castles, dotting the sharply rising landscape on either side of the river.
Here also are to be found the renowned Rhine vineyards, the source of the equally celebrated Rhine wines. Though the hills are rocky, the land in between the rocks is cultivated and terraced, making it possible to plant grapevines there. The rows rise sharply one above the other. Strong rains wash much of the topsoil dow’n the hillside, and this must be replaced. What a job it must be to clamber up the sides of these hills with small baskets of earth to replenish the bare spots! Later, when the grapes begin to ripen, little huts perched on good vantage ooints become temporary homes for armed
guards, who let no one enter until harvesttime. After being picked, the grapes are hustled off to the wineries, later to be sent off to distant parts of the earth to serve as friendly ambassadors of the Rhine’s charm. Most of the little villages lying snuggled up into the protecting hillsides of “Father Rhine” celebrate wine festivals yearly. Visitors from miles around come to enjoy the singing and gaiety, all to the accompaniment of a glass of good Rhine wine.
High Points of Interest
Many are the interest-arousing spots along the Rhine that impress themselves deeply upon one’s memory. Of course, they are better seen than written about, for even the most vivid description fails to do justice to the real thing. Among such certainly is the imposing NiedemalddeTik-mal, literally the “Lower Woods Memorial,” a statue occupying a commanding position on a high hill overlooking the Rhine near Rudesheim, From its vantage point you get a marvelous view of the Rhine as well as the surrounding countryside, The statue was built between 1877 and 1883 in remembrance of the military victories won in the 1870-71 war with France, It is a statue of the woman Gar-mania, the symbol of Germany, with sword in hand, keeping “watch over the Rhine,” She stands some thirty-five feet high and is perched atop an eighty-two-foot-high pedestal—a German counterpart, as it were, of America’s Statue of Liberty.
We could not fail to remember the Mouse Tower, located on an island near Bingen. According to legend, there once lived an archbishop by the name of Hatto from Mainz. During a severe famine, under the pretense of feeding them, he gathered a group of poor people together in a barn, set it afire, and burned them all to death. Because he likened these wretched victims to so many mice, he was supposed to have been followed by mice ever after. Fleeing to this tower, he crept ever higher and higher, fear gripping him at the thought of the horde of hungry mice gnawing their way ever closer. And then the inevitable, and justice triumphed! Today the tower has been put to practical use, serving as a signal tower for the hundreds of river steamers passing by every day.
Chief of all points of interest along the Rhine, however, is the famed Lorelei, a large clifflike rock formation jutting skyward some 423 feet above the Rhine. Here, where the Lorelei shoves its way boldly out into the river, the Rhine is at its narrowest and deepest. The name Lorelei is derived from ley, meaning “cliff,” and luren, meaning “luring"; in other words, the “luring cliffs” or the “luring mountain spirits.” As the romantic legend has it, a beautiful siren named Lorelei would sit on this rock combing her long golden hair and singing such bewitching songs that sailors would try to get nearer, resulting in the cracking up of their vessels on the rock. One can get a marvelous, never-to-be-forgotten view of the Rhine from atop the Lorelei. There you see the majestic rush of the river far below, with its river boats floating quietly along like toy ships in a pond. So well known js this legend that it has become practically symbolic of the Rhine.
The Romantic Touch
Particularly do the castles on the Rhine give it the romantic touch. In the latter part of the Middle Ages they formed the very heart of German culture; the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries being especially noted for castle building. The type of castle you see along the Rhine is not a native of Germany, however, but was brought from the Orient after contact with peoples from the Middle East during the Crusades. Although most of them today are in ruins, yet others have been reconstructed to serve as tourist attractions.
It is interesting to tour one of them, but be prepared to relinquish your romantic notions of handsome knights in shining armor and beautiful maidens living amid gaiety, splendor and excitement of castle life. Far from the cozy and’ warm places you may have pictured, you will discover them to be cold, cheerless and musty. But in their day they served their purpose. Some of them are understandably large, since they served not only as the home of the owners but also had to accommodate large groups of servants and slaves.
These castles also served as places of refuge in times of war. The hilly and clifflike crags upon which they were built lent themselves well for defense purposes. They were so strategically located that generally they could be captured only after a prolonged siege. At the time they were almost impregnable, but later, as more powerful weapons of war came into use, these castles became outdated and outmoded and were abandoned for other more durable bastions. Still, even though only ruins in most cases, they contribute much toward giving the Rhine a romantic touch.
Old legends do their part to add romance to the various spots along the Rhine. Thus Roland’s Corner, Rolandneclt, marks the spot where Roland, a nephew of Charlemagne, was supposed to have secretly viewed the convent where his beloved Hildegund was; she having become a nun after hearing a false rumor that he had died in battle. Poor Roland soon died of a broken heart. Then there are the two twelfth-century castles known as The Brothers. The legend tells of two brothers who loved the same girl and who, after many vicissitudes, ended up by vowing celibacy after the girl became a nun.
A Vital Traffic Artery
The Rhine’s value is not solely romantic. Far from it! In fact, back in early Roman days it was already being used as a main traffic artery. In 55 B.C. Caesar built a bridge across the Rhine, and two years later a second one was constructed. The constant plying back and forth of Roman trade thereafter was chiefly responsible for the founding of some of the now-famous Rhine cities, such as Mainz, Coblenz, Bonn and Cologne- As early as 38 B.C. Roman troops were stationed in what is now Mainz, and by A.D. 50 Cologne had become an established city. By the late Middle Ages Cologne had become Germany's largest city, although in more modern times it was greatly surpassed by Berlin. Cologne has been dubbed the “German Rome” because of its strong Catholicism, and it is best known for its Gothic cathedral and—-perturned toilet water.
Today one visiting the Rhine for the first time is likely to be surprised at the large number of boats he sees, some so heavily laden that they can hardly hold their chins above water. Well over 10,000 ships of eight different types annually haul more than 100 million tons of goods, the total in 1957 amounting to 109 million tons. And what do they carry? Almost half of the total cargo consists of coal. Among the other things carried must be mentioned sand, stones, ores, wood, grain, automobiles and wine.
Except for wartime interruptions the Rhine has been open to international traffic ever since 1868. As a result, one sees the banners of many nations flying from the ships. A system of signaling with horns and flags expedites navigation, and generally no travel is done at night. An intricate network of canals connects the Rhine with such faraway places as Berlin, as well as with neighbovvng, munG’tes. Mot wcMi we overlook the passenger ships, which do a thriving business during the warmer months as thousands take delightful excursion trips along the beautiful Rhine.
Truly the Rhine is a remarkable river, one of surpassing natural beauty and at the same time a vital artery of commerce. Its long and interesting history, as well as its romantic legends, makes it more than just a river. Its vicissitudes of war and peace, love and hate, fortune and misfortune have caused one German writer, Friedrich Schlegel, to term it “the true picture of our fatherland, of our history and of our character.”
In God’s new world so near at hand, however, national distinctions will cease, romantic legends will vanish, and medieval castles will no more be, but the real beauty of God’s creations will remain forever to glorify the One who made them and “whose name is Jehovah,” who alone is “the Most Vhgh over ah the earth.''—Ps. 83:18.
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THE entire length of the twenty-by-six-foot pit was a mass of hot, glowing embers. The heat was so intense that persons standing within ten feet of it had difficulty breathing. As the hours passed, it steadily pushed the tense crowds back. At 4 a.m., eight hours after the logs piled in the pit had been set afire, wailing flutes and pounding drums drew attention to a long procession of Hindu devotees led by priests whose faces were decorated ivittr-c white, yellow and red ash. The pro^^i(m£~' stopped at the pit, and the prie^.uftq^d'i wefTf aCIKsss the red-hot bed of coals that Although twelve were badly burned, with one even dying, the rest walked proudly away unhurt.
This was one of the many fire-walking rites that continue to be practiced in this twentieth century, to the amazement of
Western observers. It seems incredible that humans can walk on live coals with bare feet without the slightest sign of a burn. Suggestions that heat-resisting chemicals have been applied to their feet have been proved wrong. The theory that the embers in *the-center of the pit -j'^^snot as hot as "on the edge has been proved ^^ef-roneous. Careful observations by fc chemists, physicians
iiteiy eliminate the idea is a clever trick. It is
it in Durban, Natal. He said the flesh of the walkers had been skewered “as meats are skewered; their heads loll, their tongues slaver, their eyes protrude.” Evidently they were in a religiously fanatic stupor. He went on to say: “One of the soutris runs staggeringly across the fire to the altar of his gods. Another passes over, a woman, chanting; and now a third, a boy of eight years. Then come two who, colliding midway, fall prone on the fire bed, then rise and stagger onward to the shrine. . . . Indisputably the foot soles of two of the soutris, as they lay in collapse after the ceremony, showed ash dust, but no bums.”
A traveler in Singapore who witnessed a fire-walking rite there stated that a pile of wood was burned into a bed of embers twenty-four feet long. “The atmosphere was rendered almost unbearable by the intense heat,” she said. Elizabeth Lewis observed that idol gods had been taken from the temple for the occasion and had been placed at the far end of the trench. “The staring eyes of the devotees,” she said, “seemed glued upon the idols at the other end of the path of glowing embers. Finally, the priests who held back the devotees began to lash them with whips, and one by one they made a dash, barefooted, across the red-hot coals into the pool of milk. . . . Some ran and some walked slowly through the coals.”
In Banki, India, John Moyer observed devotees walking on trenches of hot embers that varied in length from ten to 120 feet. One walked the full distance of 120 feet, not once, but four times. The fire walkers participated in the rite to fulfill vows they had made to their gods. The trenches were a foot wide with a six-inch depth of fiery-red embers. Moyer noted that the devotees were in a "religious fervor due to their just having taken part in several hours of highly emotional religious ceremonies and rites.”
As they walked barefooted on the hot embers, he observed that their “faces bore no trace of pain—only the glazed look seen in the eyes bf religious fanatics.” He examined the feet of the devotee who had walked the full length of the 120-foot trench of embers four times. “There was not,” he said, “a blister or a trace of burned flesh anywhere on the soles of his feet. I must say that the feet of these people, since they go through life barefooted, are amazingly thick and tough. . . . However, I doubt that an ordinary man— myself, for instance—could have walked for 120 feet over those red-hot coals even with a pair of leather-soled shoes. I found that I was unable to hold my hand less than a few inches above the glowing coals. Even to straddle the foot-wide trench is unbearable."
This fantastic ceremony is not confined to people outside Christendom. There is a village in northern Macedonia where members of the Greek Orthodox Church walk on fire. These people were observed by A. C. Sedgwick in 1956 while they were engaged in the rite and again in 1957 by Dr. Arnold Krechmal. They danced on a bed of live coals barefoot for nearly half an hour. Sedgwick states that this “appears possible only because its participants have worked themselves into religious ecstasy. This condition is the result of. long, concentrated contemplation of holy images and is achieved with the aid of primitive music. . . . Examination of their feet after their performance showed no burns or blisters.”
The dancers consider fire walking not only as a religious rite but also as a religious duty passed on to them by their ancestors. According to Doctor Krechmal, those ancestors were worshipers of the sun and of fire. “All during the performance,” he said, “I tested the embers and found them to be unbearably hot to my hand, although the performers seemed completely unaffected by them.” The rite is also carried on in Bulgaria by people called Nistinares.
In the South Pacific
The natives in the eastern Polynesian archipelagoes walk on fire in a manner that differs measurably from the way it is done in other parts of the world. They use searing-hot rocks instead of embers. On the island of Raiatea, Wilmon Menard witnessed a fire-walking ceremony. He stated in his account that the stones were heated for two days in a gigantic fire. The heat, he said, "could be felt 50 feet away on the evening of the second day.” Before the walk began the next morning a tourist dropped a linen handkerchief on the rocks. It was quickly reduced to gray powder.
After chanting an ancient fire-walking prayer the chief fire walker stepped into the oven of stones, called the “umu,” and walked across it unscathed. He promptly retraced his steps through the umu with a number of his tribesmen following him. Describing it, Menard says: “Again the Fire-walking Chief struck the stones with his branch of ti leaves. Terii-Pao and his tahuas walked with firm steps across the center of the Umu. I could see the great heat waves rising above their heads, but there was no odor of burning flesh as I had half expected.” The fire walkers then permitted the tourists to examine their feet. Menard says: “The soles, as I could see, were not even marked.”
Terii-Pao invited Menard to walk across the umu with him. With some trepidation Menard took off his shoes and stepped in line with the natives. The line began to move toward the hot stones. “Then my bare feet,” he says, “touched something uneven and elevated. In the next instant, countless tiny electric shocks struck the soles of my feet. It was like the sudden contact of the skin with sharp needles. Great heat waves rose about my head, compelling me to half close my eyes. . . . I was unable to draw a normal breath. . . . Then suddenly, the prickly sensation on the bottom of my feet ceased, and I knew I had arrived at the far end of the Umu. ... I glanced briefly down at my feet. They were untouched. There was no trace of searing or blistering. I could hardly believe my eyes.”
Menard is not the only European who has walked across the hot stones of a Polynesian umu. It was on this same island, and quite a number of years earlier, that four Europeans crossed it upon the invitation of the fire walkers. Three were unhurt, but the fourth disobeyed instructions by looking back while in the umu and was burned. One of the men testified: “I knew quite well I was walking on red-hot stones and could feel the heat, yet I was not burned. I felt something resembling slight electric shocks, both at the time and afterwards, but that is all. ... I did not walk quickly across the oven, but with deliberation, because I feared to tread on a sharp point of the stones and fall. My feet also were very tender.” A half hour after they had crossed, the native priest threw a green branch on the stones. “In a quarter of a minute,” the European said, “it was blazing.”
A few years ago Jessie Horn witnessed and took part in a fire-walk ceremony on this same island. Regarding her experience she said: “Never could I have imagined such tremendous heat with no attendant pain. . . . My feet showed no signs of burn, although they did feel unusually hot for several hours.”
Studied by Scientists
Scientists have yet to find a satisfactory explanation for fire walking. Although they have offered various theories, none are generally accepted as the answer to how fire walking is done. One theory is based on the spheroidal state of liquids. An example of this is when water is dropped on a very hot surface. Instead of evaporating it rolls about in small balls. The steam that forms beneath the balls prevents them from coming into direct contact with the hot surface. It has been suggested that this is what happens in fire walking. Perspiration on the feet of the walker insulates them from the searing heat. It is questionable, however, whether there would be sufficient perspiration on the soles of a person’s feet for his first step or two into the fiery pit. Then too, how well can the heavily calloused feet of a native fire walker perspire?
Another theory contends that callouses act as a protection from the heat, but this must be rejected in view of the many persons who have walked on hot embers and stones with tender feet. Colonel Haggard examined the feet of fire walkers in Japan and said: “They were quite soft, and not a trace of fire upon them.”
Scientifically controlled tests were conducted in Surrey, England, in 1935 and again in 1936. Physicians, chemists, physicists and Oxford professors witnessed them. The first test involved an Indian fire walker by the name of Kuda Bux. A fire pit was especially prepared, the surface temperature of which was measured at 430 degrees Centigrade, or 806 degrees Fahrenheit. Kuda Bux walked across it without injury.
A year later a test was staged at the same place for Ahmed Hussain. At his request a trench of glowing embers was prepared that was twelve and a half feet long, four feet wide and fifteen inches deep. The heat from the trench was so great it could be felt sixty-five feet away. The temperature measurements taken by the physicists revealed a surface temperature of 1067 degrees Fahrenheit and an interior temperature of 1292 degrees Fahrenheit.
Before stepping into the pit Hussain recited prayers from the Koran, and the scientists washed one foot to make sure no chemicals had been used. Hussain walked across the fiery pit in three quick steps, each step taking 1.3 seconds. His feet sank into the embers two or three inches, bringing the hot coals into contact with the upper part of his feet. A careful examination disclosed no sign of a burn.
Later, the length of the trench was increased to twenty feet. This time the embers prodneed a surface temperature of 1364 degrees Fahrenheit. Twice as many steps were takdh by him on this crossing, with the result that five blisters appeared on his right foot.
One of the observing scientists decided that he would try it. He stood for a moment at the end of the pit in his bare feet, and then crossed it in four quick steps. His feet were red but not burned. Two more scientists tried it but both received slight bums.
The conclusion of these learned men of science was, according to the magazine Science Digest, “that the usual fire walk should in no sense be considered a trick, since it can be done in a normal manner with bare and chemically unprepared feet. Evidently the very low thermal conductivity of smoldering wood or stones prevents damage to normal skin if the contact is less than half a second and the number of consecutive steps is not too great.” This tawsw, fioes wV ac
count for the fact that Hindu fire walkers are able to walk across a bed of embers much longer than twenty feet. The trench in Banki, India, as you will recall, was 120 feet in length. There is also the fact that the Macedonian peasants, previously mentioned, did not walk across the coals but danced on them. Then there are the Polynesians who are able to walk through their umu in a deliberate and unhurried manner. It was observed that their feet are placed firmly on each rock. If they are not burned because the rocks are poor heat conductors, why was a handkerchief quickly reduced to ashes when placed on one?
A Religious Rite
There can be little doubt that fire walking is an unchristian religious rite whose roots go back to pagan antiquity. History is very clear about this. It tells us, for example, that the priestesses of the Asiatic gofifiess ATteffws 'wa&efi VaT&loot un Yiot charcoal on occasions, but it does not say first-century Christians did. It also tells of certain men near pagan Rome who made it a practice to go to the sanctuary of the goddess Feronia at the foot of Mount Soracte and walk unscathed over flaming embers in honor of her. Even the Indians of ancient Yucatan practiced a form of fire walking.
In his book Magic and Religion Andrew Lang states: “The subject occurs everywhere in history, legend, folklore, law and early religion.” Then he makes reference to the Canaanite practice of causing sons and daughters to pass through a fire to Molech. The Bible speaks of this frequently. For example, it states at Jeremiah 32: 35 as follows: “Furthermore, they built the high places of Baal that are in the valley of the son of Hinnom, in order to make their sons and their daughters pass through the fire to Molech, a thing that I did not command them, neither did it come up into my heart to do this detestable thing.”
Whether this ‘passing through the fire to Molech’ includes the same practice as that of the Hindus in walking over hot coals to reach their idol gods cannot be stated with certainty. But we see from the Scriptural account that passing through fire, whether it was for sacrificial or thanksgiving or purification purposes, was practiced centuries before the Christian era.
Idol gods have long been associated with fire walking. The Chinese of Fo-Kien province carried their idol god across hot coals in a sedan chair. The priest of the Dosadhs in Bihar, India, was thought to become the tribal god Rahu incarnate when he walked the trench of fiery embers. The Bhuiyas of Mirzapur incorporate fire walking in their manner of worshiping the tribal hero Bir.
Although many theories have been offered as an explanation of how fire walking is done, they are not entirely satisfactory. The fact that fire walking has long been associated with pagan religious rites and worship makes it plain that wicked spirit forces may have something to do with it. The Bible reveals their existence when it says that Christians have a fight “against the wicked spirit forces in the heavenly places.”—Eph. 6:12.
This fantastic rite is definitely not the way man’s Creator has instructed mankind to worship him. It never entered into his mind that his worshipers should walk over pits of blazing embers or leap through fires (this was done in European fire festivals) to honor, worship or fulfill vows to him. Neither was it his wish that religious devotion should be shown by piercing one’s cheeks and tongue with skewers, sticking myriads of pins in one’s flesh and fastening hooks in one’s body, as some Hindu fire walkers have done. Nor can devotion for him be shown by carrying for a distance in one’s hands or on one’s head a hot clay pot full of burning coconut husks, as did two Hindu women at Kataragama, Ceylon, before the fire-walking rite held there. Because they were uninjured it does not mean the true God approved what they did. These things are an abomination to him, just as were the devilish practices of the ancient worshipers of Molech.
The manner of worship that man’s Creator, Jehovah, requires is clearly set out in the Bible and is contrasted there with the practice of Devil-inspired religions of that time. As he required his worshipers in olden times to keep clean from pagan religious customs, so he does today. Whether a satisfactory natural explanation is found for fire walking or not, it can never be considered to be a divinely approved practice for true Christians. Its pagan background precludes Christians from being among those who walk on fire.
ALMOST everyone enjoys a tender, juicy beefsteak. Often just the thought of it is sufficient to send the expectant saliva flowing. It is a predilection that dates far back into human history. In medieval times the European banquet table was incomplete without this tasty item. King James II of England is said to have been so delighted with a roast off the loin end of beef that he called it “Sir
available. From that time forward the grazing and roaming days are over for these cat
tle and they will spend the next few months on a specialized, fattening diet carefully prepared and administered by an expert.
Experienced feedlot operators exercise considerable ingenuity in locating and in designing equipment to suit their own conditions. The location should be well drained, preferably on a southern slope,
Loin.” Yet few are aware that the thick, juicy steak that we delight in at the dinner table was only shortly before the serious concern of an expert cattle finisher. In fact, we take so much for granted that the idea of “cattle finish-
from the Hoof to the Plate
•AWAKE!- CORRESPONDENT IN CANADA
arid convenient to both feed and water. It would be just as unwise to situate the feedlot on a perfectly drained slope to which all feed and water had to be hauled, as to have feed and water at the fingertips but the cattle wallowing in mire and manure most of
ing” has only a vague meaning to most minds. Yet this business of converting range cattle into finished beef of the highest quality plays a vital role in the economy of every cattle country. This you Will be convinced of if you sometime have the experience of sampling the poor-quality beef taken directly from range to market. Yes, indeed, cattle finishing is an art as specialized and delicate as that of the finest woodwork craftsman. Its judges are the hundreds of thousands of critical consumers whose tastes demand tenderness and palatability.
Cattle finishing has developed of necessity in the Temperate Zone, where the growing season on the open range is not long enough to produce the finished product. Unfinished cattle from the ranching areas are collected into “feedlot” areas, where plenty of grain, hay and water are the time. Convenience for the cattle and convenience for the feeder are the two prime considerations. A combination of contented cattle eating and drinking with minimum effort, and a contented feeder supplying feed, water and bedding, and cleaning out manure at a minimum cost in steps and hard work is the ideal one.
Visit to a Feedlot
Have you ever visited a feedlot where this thriving industry is carried on? If not, come along with me and you will enjoy learning by observation. When first brought in these cattle were fed sparingly on hay only until they became accustomed to their feed and surroundings. Are you surprised at how convenient everything is? That building is a self-feeder. It contains the coarse ground grain to which the animals have access at all times. Cafeteria service, so to speak. The grain is ground because its feed value is thereby increased some 20 to 40 percent, and the grind is coarse because experience shows it to be more palatable and less likely to cause the cattle to go “off feed.” Tests have shown that self-fed calves make faster gains and are therefore finished for market sooner.
See how the hay is stacked along the side of the enclosure and fed through a pole fence. It is pushed UP once or twice daily so that the calves may be able to feed as they desire. If six to eight pounds a head is fed daily, along with a full feed of grain, there is little need for adding protein or mineral supplements to the ration. Sometimes a limited quantity of alfalfa or other legume hay is added to the diet, as well as cereal grain straws containing a lot of fiber, such as from wheat, barley or rye. In certain areas molasses is used, not so much for the food value as for the fact that it improves the palatability of the low-grade roughages.
Over here you will note the large trough of clear, fresh water, which is so essential for healthy feeders. An abundant supply is important at all times, for tests indicate that fattening calves drink from six to eight gallons a head daily. Certain mineral elements are also necessary for normal animal life. What you see in that separate trough is salt; animals that do not get sufficient salt will not do well, while salt slightly increases the digestibility of the ration and makes for cheaper gains.
The small pen off to the side is a hospital pen. All feedlots should have one. Sick animals cannot be left with the rest of the stock, for they will be pushed and shoved about and even trampled on and will lose out in the rush to the feed. An unhealthy animal may also be a menace to others in the same lot.
Space is quite an important factor in this industry. The expert operator will figure out space in shed and yards very accurately, allowing some one hundred square feet an animal in the yard, and thirty in the shed. You may be thinking that that high, open-front shed of singleply boards is not much shelter for the cattle. However, you must know that warm quarters for feedlot cattle are neither necessary nor desirable. AH they need is protection against wind, snow and rain. See how this operator has been careful to have his shed facing south, and even then that high fence opposite the shed serves as a weather break from that direction.
Bedding for the cattle is another important consideration. Why not just throw in plenty of straw? If we do, then the production and conservation of a maximum amount of manure for use on the fields will not be realized, and the farmer will be deprived of an excellent fertilizer. On the other hand, too little bedding can be serious. Says one authority: “Cattle that have an opportunity to lie down only in wet bedding, manure, or mud, or on frozen lumps of droppings do not make either rapid gains or efficient use of their feed.”
You will by this time realize that you cannot just throw the feed and water and bedding at the cattle and leave them to make out as best they can. The expert operator will be on the job. He knows that the progressive stages through which the cattle go are the signals for him gradually to alter their diet for best results. Weather changes, too, have an important bearing on this matter, so he will spend considerable time in the feedlot, watching closely for those signs that mean so much to his success. He looks for bright eyes, sleek coats, manure soft but not watery, grain cleared up within thirty minutes of when it is fed, and cattle chewing their cud while lying down in evident comfort.
How keenly observant he must be can be gathered from the fact that errors in feeding or drastic changes can throw cattle “off feed,” with the danger that it may take weeks for them even to regain their appetite. That could spell serious loss to the feedlot man, since his profit is dependent upon producing the best results in the shortest possible time. Feed is costly and heavy expense could be incurred in feeding cattle for even an additional day or two.
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This group of yearlings are smooth and slick, and it will not be long before they are on the way to market and your table. This type of calf usually requires from 180 to 200 days on full feed to gain a finished weight of from 650 to 850 pounds. When finished, the carcasses of these animals will have a good covering of fat and the meat will have the right degree of marbling, that is, being interlaced with fat. The desirable finish means not onjy the amount of fat, but the equal distribution of it over the body. It must be mellow, yet firm; not soft and flabby. The best beef has a smooth outer layer of brittle, creamy white fat; a much thinner layer of fat is spread over the inside surface. There are streaks of fat between the larger muscles along the connective tissues and between the muscle fibers. The lean parts of beef are the muscles and the tissues. These should be firm, velvety and fine in grain. Lean beef is a bright cherry red when first cut.
Ready to Eat
Now imagine yourself back home, a delicious and tantalizing aroma of roast beef pervading the premises, and you have just completed an active day in the field or at the office. Don’t you welcome the sizzling platter as it reaches the table? Are you not impatient to sink your teeth into that slice of delicious roast beef?
Beef is surely a most nourishing and wholesome food. And how widespread its
appeal! People in the United States eat about one fourth of all the beef produced in the world, sixty-five pounds a person a year. The people of Argentina eat the
most meat per person, averaging about two hundred pounds a person a year. Ranking next are New Zealand and Australia, with an average of a hundred pounds a year. Canada, Great Britain and Denmark eat fifty to sixty-five pounds, on the average. On the other hand, India consumes very little beef, since Hindus regard the killing of cattle as a sin.
The cattle-finishing artist can derive much satisfaction from his art, apart entirely from its pecuniary returns. He knows his product provides plenty of energy in the form of carbohydrates. The 15- to 20-percent protein content of beef is what will do much to build body tissues, and the calcium and phosphorus in beef aid in the manufacture of bones and teeth. All these vital elements are found in his finished product. When it reaches the table, too, his finished art has furnished us with a delicious, appetizing dish that brings health and pleasure.
Bad for Men, Worse for Women
C. In a report in The Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Morris Friedell states that women are ‘'much more sensitive” to nicotine and other tobacco products than men.
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