Awake!, June 8, 1959

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^taming the Mighty Zambezi

Fear Sharks?

immon Market versus Free Trade Area________

THU MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

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CONTENTS

Try a Mild Answer

Dante's Inferno and Modern Religion

The Main Feature—Crime

Taming the Mighty Zambezi

Conceit

Do You Fear Sharks?

Common Market versus Free Trade Area

Colombia—A Door to South America 20

Strangest Leaf in the World

Jehovah’s Witnesses—An Issue

of the Day in Greece

"Your Word Is Truth”

Christian Neutrality

Watching the World

DO YOU have a temperament that is like a simmering volcano? Do you explode with abusive speech when someone angers you? When you become involved in heated arguments do they end in verbal or physical fighting? If you have an explosive temperament it can destroy your friendships and demolish the cement of love that is essential for holding a marriage together. It can bring an immeasurable amount of trouble upon yourself as well as upon those who are close to you.

Nothing is accomplished by giving forth an angry outburst because of what someone says or does. Such reaction only antagonizes the other person, causing his anger to flare up. Newspapers frequently report incidents in which hot tempers erupted into fights that put some of the fighters in the hospital, in the cemetery or in prison. They would have been much better off if they had exercised self-control.

Emotional outbursts often come from persons who are tense; whereas the person who is relaxed is less likely to become angry over small or imagined offenses. He is better able to control his emotions. The tense person may be able to relieve some of his tension by exercise. But, whether relaxed or tense, you should learn to practice self-control. It is for your own good.

Instead of giving forth with an angry reply to an offense, try a mild answer. It will keep your blood pressure down as well as that of the other person. The Bible gives good advice when it says: “An answer, when mild, turns away rage, but a word causing pain makes anger to come up. An enraged man stirs up strife, but one that is slow to anger quiets down contention.”—Prov. 15:1,18.

The person who possesses self-control and who remains calm is better able to meet and overcome trying circumstances than the person who is hotheaded. It is not possible for a person to think clearly when overcome with anger. The one who controls his temper and keeps a cool head is a better man. “He that is slow to anger is better than a mighty man, and he that is controlling his spirit than the one capturing a city.”—Prov. 16:32.

Angry words are like bullets. Once they are fired they cannot be pulled back, but they speed on to do damage that sometimes cannot be repaired. They can destroy the love of a marriage partner or the friendship of a companion. Once this love and friendship are destroyed how can

they be renewed? To regain a friend you have injured is more difficult than taking a fortified city. This is indicated at Proverbs 18:19, which says: “A brother transgressed against is more than a strong town, and there are contentions that are like the bar of a dwelling tower.” It is no easy matter to gain entrance to a tower with a barred door. So it can be with,a friend you have injured with harsh words.

Instead of being brutally blunt, use a mild answer. Be tactful. Tact is defined in Webster’s New International Dictionary, Second Edition: "Acute or nice discernment of what is appropriate to do or say in dealing with others; peculiar ability to deal with others without giving offense.” This can be done when a person remembers to give a mild answer.

An example of tactfulness is found in the Bible at Judges 8:1-3. Gideon and his men went out to fight the Midianites, but the men of Ephraim were not invited to go along. It was not until the Midianites were retreating in defeat that Gideon sent word to the men of Ephraim to come against the Midianites by cutting off their retreat. After the battle was over, the men of Ephraim were hot with anger toward Gideon because they had not been invited to join in the battle at the beginning.

“Then the men of Ephraim said to him: ‘What sort of thing is this that you have done to us in not calling us when you went to fight against Midian?’ And they vehemently tried to pick a quarrel with him. Finally he said to them: ‘What now have I done in comparison with you? Are not the gleanings of Ephraim better than the grape gathering of Abiezer? It was into your hand that God gave Midian’s princes Oreb and Zeeb, and what have I been able to do in comparison with you?’ It was then that their spirit calmed down toward him when he spoke this word.”

If Gideon had replied untactfully he would have added fuel to their anger. But he did not permit their anger to stir up his anger. His tactful reply was a mild answer that preserved the friendship of these men.

Rehoboam is an example of a person who did not use tact. His reply to the people when they asked for lighter burdens was a- harsh answer. He declared that he would increase their burdens. He alienated himself from the people by his untactful reply. Ten of the thirteen tribes withdrew their allegiance to him and set up their own government with Jeroboam as their king.

Life in this World brings enough trouble to a person without his heaping more upon his head by being untactful. The man with an angry temperament stirs up trouble for himself and for others wherever he goes. “A man given to anger stirs up contention, and anyone disposed to rage has many a transgression."—Prov. 29:22.

Uncontrolled anger leads to transgressions of laws that govern human relations. A moment of anger can reap a lifetime of regret A wise person will foresee the damage that can be done by not controlling his temper. He will exercise self-control by swallowing his anger. Why lash out at others with harsh words that do nothing but stir up strjfe when you can just as well use a mild answer? Follow the Bible’s advice by being long-suffering with other people and by exercising self-control. Try mild answers and see how they help to maintain peaceful relations with other people.

Do not have companionship with anyone given to angef, and with a man having fits of rage you must not enter in, that you may not take a snare for your soul.—Prov, 22:2b, 25.

iiT N AN altogether unique way,” says I a comment in The Harvard Classics, “Dante summarizes the literature, the philosophy, the science, and the religion of the Middle Ages." He did this in his work the Divine Comedy—a poem in which the writer imagined a visit to hell and purgatory. “It gives a complete picture of Catholicism in the thirteenth century in

Italy,” says The Catholic Encyclopedia.

Whatever the source of Dante’s fantasy, an interesting question arises: How does Dante’s inferno compare with the teaching of Christendom’s religions today regarding hell?

A dispatch in the New York Times of March 24, 1949, said: “Pope Pius called today for ... a greater hell’s fire preaching in the church.” A few years later the same newspaper, in its issue of February 6, 1955, reported: “Pope Pius XII told a group of lawyers today that there is an eternal hell after death for the souls of men who have committed grave sins. He admitted that many people, including theologians, found the idea of eternal punishment hard to believe.”

Fire in Clergy Hell Diminishing

“Churchmen Cooling to Fire, Brimstone Version of Hell,” said a February 11, 1956, headline of a widely published Associated Press dispatch, such as that which appeared in the Chicago Daily News of that same date. “Much church opinion today holds there is no real fire in hell.” Regarding the view that there is literal fire in hell, the article quoted Baptist clergyman James A. Davidson of White Plains, New York, as saying: “That’s mostly a thing of the past”

Admitted Methodist cleric Allen Claxton; “If the church frightens people into being good, it only holds them so long as they are afraid.” Episcopalian Dr. P. M. Dawley of the Episcopal General Theological Seminary concurred: “In our time, there has been a great decline in the fear emphasis. . . . The medieval picture of hell as a place of flaming torment which held the minds of men for some generations was inadequate.” Jewish Rabbi Emanuel

Rackman said that the Dante version of a physical-type hell has diminished, that those “who believe in a physical hell have become fewer and fewer.”

The article continues: “Among major churches, the Roman Catholic Church holds uniformly the doctrine of a fiery, eternal hell, and this view, with broader interpretations, is strong among Lutherans, many Baptists and some others. But they, too, stress the spiritual travail—the sense of loss, failure and hopelessness—in the deeper implications of hell. And the nature of the fire is seen as problematical. Whether it is of an earthly type, man can’t know positively, said Msgr. Charles Walsh, New York director of the Catholic Confraternity of Christian Doctrine.”

So problematical Is the fire in the clergy hell that some clergymen have fiercely attacked the eternal torment doctrine. In Pasco, Washington, not long ago an Episcopal rector stirred up a religious storm-that spread through the Episcopal district of Spokane. Said Time magazine of December 30,1957: “The trouble began with a sermon in Pasco’s Church of Our Saviour by energetic Rector Charles Lester Kinsolving, 30. ‘Hell,’ he preached, ‘is a damnable doctrine—responsible for a large measure of this world’s hatred. According to this doctrine, God, who commands us to love our enemies, plays the hypocrite by damning his enemies. This in turn stimulates the hatred of God by people who abhor hypocrisy—and it gives sanction to Our hatred of certain selected enemies.”

Even some Roman Catholic authorities have taken a dimmer view of hell. “To many it appears that for God to plunge the soul into a sea of fire [suggests] a vindictive God, who takes joy in torturing his enemies,” confesses Jesuit Robert W. Gleason in Thought, a Fordham University quarterly. Giving a psychological interpretation to the fire, Jesuit Gleason suggests that the agony of the fire is not something created by God after all, but, rather, that it grows out of the damned soul’s eternal tension between love of self and love of God, much like the pain of schizophrenia, “We know that in this life the schizophrenic personality suffers greatly. Such a man believes that he is himself and someone else [and] riven by this conflict he suffers as though devoured by himself. . . . The pain the soul suffers ... is then the pain of fire and it is the direct result of the pain of loss,”

That Jesuit version of hell sweeps Dante’s fire-stoking, spike-tailed demons out of existence. Obviously Christendom’s religions are much confused on the subject.

If one is to avoid the abyss of confusion, he must go to God’s Word the Holy Bible.

What the Bible Teaches

Does the Bible teach a Dantelike bell? Before one could be roasted or deep-frozen eternally in torments one would have to possess an immortal soul. Does the Bible teach that man has such a soul?

Of sinful men in general Ezekiel 18:4 declares: “The soul that slnneth, it shall die.” (AV) Of Christ Jesus it was foretold at Isaiah 53:12: "He poured out his soul to the very death.” Regarding the word “soul” the Alphabetical Appendix of The Emphatic Diaglott says: “In all the 700 times which nephesh occurs, and the 105 times of psuchee [words from which ‘soul’ is translated], not once is the word immortal, or immortality, or deathless, or never-dying, found in connection, as qualifying the terms,”

Those who still put literal fire in hell cite Ecclesiastes 12:7: “Then the dust returns to the earth just as it happened to be and the spirit itself returns to The true God who gave it,” If the spirit within a person were a person, then in returning to God it could not suffer in hell-fire unless God himself were there. But what is man’s “spirit” in this text? It could not be the same as “soul,” for the Bible, at Hebrews 4:12, distinguishes between the two: “The word of God is alive and exerts power and is sharper than any two-edged sword and pierces even to the dividing of the soul and spirit.”

The “spirit” or life force that returns to God is just that—life force, energizing force. On the other hand, the “soul” is the living creature himself, as the Bible account of man’s creation at Genesis 2:7 shows: "Then Jehovah God proceeded to form the man out of dust from the ground, and to blow into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man came to be a living

soul” So an earthly soul is a living, breathing, sentient creature.

As to the spirit or life force—what happens when you switch off the current from a light bulb? The bulb returns to darkness and the current goes back to the power plant that gave it. Etoes the current, returning to the circuit, retain the shape, mold or- identity of the bulb it vacated? No more than does man’s “spirit,” his life force, the power from God that energizes the human body of dust to glow with life, return bearing the shape, mold, imprint or personal identity of the mortal body it vacated. Declares the Bible at Psalm 104: 29, 30: “If you conceal your face, they get terrified. If you take away their spirit, they expire and back to their dust they go. If you send forth your spirit, they are created.” The spirit is something that God can switch on or off, like current in a light bulb.

But, argue Dantean hell champions, did not Jesus Christ warn at Matthew 25:46 against everlasting punishment? Of course he did, although a modem translation more accurately renders Jesus’ words: “These will depart into everlasting cutting-off, but the righteous ones into everlasting life.” If a judge pronounces the death sentence and a criminal is executed and the sentence never rescinded nor the victim restored to life, how long a punishment does he endure? As long a punishment as Jesus warned against; it is everlasting. Why read everlasting conscious torment into something so simple? The punishment for the goatlike wicked is an everlasting cutting-off from life, an everlasting destruction: “At the revelation of the Lord Jesus from heaven with his powerful angels in a flaming fire, as he brings due punishment upon those who do not know God and those who do not obey the good news about our Lord Jesus. These very ones will pay the penalty of everlasting destruction.”—2 Thess. 1:7-9.

Rich Man and Lazarus

The rich man and Lazarus parable of Luke 16 is used to argue hell torments. But if the rich man went to a literal fire, then Lazarus went to the literal bosom of Abraham. One cannot rightly split a text in two, applying one half literally and the other half symbolically.

That would be like interpreting the "beast” and the “smoke” in Revelation 14: 11 as real, literal—then interpreting the “Lamb” in Revelation 14:10 to mean Christ. But if the Lamb symbolizes Christ, then the beast and the smoke symbolize something. Are they any less symbolic than the Lamb? Likewise, if the place where Lazarus goes is symbolical, then the place where the rich man goes is symbolical. Instead of seeking to know what the symbolic language means, champions of eternal torment, in their desperation, give a literal interpretation for part of a parable.

Is it that death—everlasting destruction —is not adequate punishment for the goatlike wicked? Is God, the Judge, not satisfied? Is God more concerned with fiendishly torturing the wicked or is he more concerned merely with eliminating the wicked?

The Bible Hell—Sheol Hades

The clergy are admitting that the teaching of a hot hell does not coerce people to morality. But the case does not rest there. They must also bear the responsibility for the fabrication of an eternal torment doctrine that has goaded people onward toward a sense of hopelessness, hate and loathing for God. The clergy must bear the blame for not making clear to the people the meaning of the original Hebrew and Greek words Sheol, Hades and Ge-

henna—words that have been translated as hell, etc., causing great confusion. “Much confusion and misunderstanding has been caused," says The Encyclopedia Americana, “through the early translators of the Bible persistently rendering the Hebrew Sheol and the Greek Hades and Gehenna by the word hell. The simple transliteration of these words by the translators of revised editions of the Bible has not sufficed to appreciably clear up this confusion and misconception.”

Sheol or Hades, the Bible hell, is not eternal. These words represent the common grave of mankind. At the resurrection the Bible hell (Sheol-Hades) gives up its dead, as Revelation 20:13, 14 shows: “Death and hades [hell, AV] gave up those dead in them . . . And death and Hades [hell, AV] were hurled into the lake of fire. This means the second death, the lake of fire." Thus hell or Hades is eternally destroyed, for the “lake of fire” represents an everlasting destruction. If hell is the lake of fire, as some have, said, how can it be cast into itself?

As for the word Gehenna, it occurs twelve times in the Bible. But the average reader does not know this, since Bible translators Have rendered it as “hell.” Jesus used the word Gehenna at Mark 9:47 as a symbol, not for everlasting torment, but for everlasting destruction.

When Dante conjured his myths of hell’s torture chambers, he was merely extending beyond death the very real, very hideous Inquisition that his church was pursuing toward “heretics,” pulling victims’ limbs apart, burning them alive, etc. Thus a pattern of sadism was set for Dante to translate into a ‘'sacred poem.”

Has terror induced any other emotion toward God than it induced toward Hitler? And whom did Hitler image, the god of eternal torment or the God of love?

God draws by love. The only fear he wants his creatures to know is the fear of displeasing him. Those who refrain from wrong-doing only out of dread of a hellish torment are not happy in loving God. It is a forced love, and that is no love at all.

Christ’s apostle wrote: “By this the love of God was made manifest in our case." How? By his fabricating a religious hell of torment to terrorize men? No, "because God sent forth his only-begotten Son into the world that we might gain life through him. . . . God is love. . . . There is no fear in love, but perfect love throws fear outside, because fear exercises a restraint. ... As for us, we love, because he first loved us."—1 John 4:9, 16,18, 19.

When the Israelites religiously burned their children in fire, God said: “They have built the high places ... in order to bum their sons and their daughters in the fire, a thing that I had not commanded and that had not come up into my heart.” (Jer. 7:31) How, then, would God feel to be forever responsible for torturing creatures in a Dantean inferno? As sane, rational children of our Creator, should we not abandon the restraint of morbid fear that misrepresents God as a fiend?

Some of the religious clergy are now putting out the red-hot fires of their Dantean hell, but the Bible hell (Sheol-Hades) has always been the cold, silent grave.

THE MAIN FEATURE-CRIME

During a recent debate on a proposed movie-attendance tax in Munich, Germany, it was disclosed that some four hundred motion pictures were shown in the city’s theaters the preceding year and that these films portrayed the following criminal acts: 310 murders, 104 robberies, 405 cases of adultery, 624 of fraud or cheating, 54 of extortion and 34 of arson.

TAMING Tm MIGHTY

IN THIS part of the world man’s efforts to reach the moon seem eclipsed by man's efforts at taming the Zambezi. Sometimes called “The Angry River” and “River with a Vengeance,” the mighty Zambezi, in its 1,600-mile course to the Indian Ocean, is

By ‘Awake! correspondent in Southern Rhodesia

Africa’s fourth-longest river, being surpassed only by the Nile, Niger and Congo Rivers. Taming the Zambezi is an outstanding engineering feat

More than eight years ago plans were made to tame the mighty Zambezi by building a huge hydroelectric dam at Ka-riba Gorge, a long, narrow pass through which the Zambezi stampedes after its leap at the great Victoria Falls about 250 miles upstream.

In 1950 a conference was held between representatives of Portugal, Mozambique, Angola, Northern and Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland regarding the proposed dam. An agreement was reached and designers came up with a beautiful £80,000,-000 ($224,000,000) plan that would provide low-cost electricity to large areas of the Rhodesias.

The go-ahead signal was given in March, 1955, and work was begun, using an impressive engineering scheme. The base of the dam would be built in two stages:

First, on the Northern Rhodesia side a circular cofferdam would be built during the dry season so that when the floodwaters would come workers could continue to build the diversion channel dam wall on dry ground in the cofferdam. When this base was completed, the cofferdam protecting it would be blown up and the water diverted between the completed wall blocks, and then the other portion, the main dam wall, would be constructed on the river bed in a similar cofferdam.

It almost appeared

as if the Zambezi were waiting for attempts to tame it. In March, 1957, she let loose with a terrifying torrent of water, about two feet above any previously recorded level, the water rising a record of seven feet in one day. The powerhouse at Victoria Falls was inundated; power and water supplies were cut off. Down the river the crest rode, thundering into Kariba Gorge at the rate of 1,250,000 gallons a second.

Activity inside the first cofferdam was like a pot of popcorn without the lid on: everything popped out—out came several hundred men; the huge twenty-two-ton capacity overhead Blondin cables pulled up bulldozers, pumps and excavators. Then in came the Zambezi, seemingly bent on squelching any attempt by man to tame it. The river rose eight feet above the cofferdam wall and filled it like a bathtub, then threatened, within feet, to remove the new road bridge connecting the north and south banks. Even the unofficial mascot of the project, a hippopotamus, had enough. He used to float around in the water by

day and inspect what progress had been made at night, but now he left for more tranquil surroundings.

The Zambezi, however, had spent its fury, and it gave up before any real damage could be done. The contractors took it in stride, pulled the plug out of the cofferdam, drained it and carried on.

With work In the first cofferdam completed, the walls were dynamited, leaving the tall cement skyscrapers protruding high above the water, where they could continue working on them. The south cofferdam was then begun and completed in November, 1957, just before the rainy season was to begin. Work was started inside it on the main portion of the dam base. As men stood inside it on the ancient bed of the Zambezi and looked up at the cofferdam’s 140-foot-high walls, one was heard to say: “The river has been tamed.” The mighty Zambezi was forced by man to leave its bed and go through the completed diversion channel.

Africans often display an uncanny accuracy in foretelling the weather. While the 1957 flood was still in progress, they were already warning, ‘Wait until next year,’ with ominous forebodings. But Impresit Kariba, the largest Kariba contracting firm, was unimpressed; they were ready for the Zambezi's worst—or so they thought.

New Floods Arrive

■ On December 30, 1957, the river began to rise, but, then, that was to be expected. The river still rose in January, but the peak was not expected until April, so there was nothing to worry about. It rated only the inner pages of the newspapers.

Rather than be bound by old records, the Zambezi was out to write some of its own. The river kept rising until, on February 8, its savage waters attacked one of the road bridge piers. While futile efforts were made to save the bridge, most of the officials’ . anxiety was centered on the upriver cofferdam wall. The water had crept to within seven feet of the top and was still rising. A decision again had to be made—whether to continue work and risk the loss of lives and machinery or to stop work, remove the machinery and lose valuable time, perhaps needlessly.

The risk was too great, so the Blondin cables again came into use, and at the expense of $280 an hour to run, they hoisted out all the machinery. At the same time work was being done on heightening the up-river cofferdam wall with wood and sandbags, the men working night and day under floodlights while muddy, wild waters were churning below sending up fiftyfoot-high showers of spray, drenching men and equipment.

Breathing came easier again when the water began to recede, and on February 12 work began again. This was short-lived, and on February 18 another new peak was reached. The river beat and lashed at this man-made obstacle. As the men watched its seemingly futile efforts, they looked in unbelief as, suddenly, the rock strata under the wall gave way and through a gaping hole poured 45,000,000 gallons of water. There was no chance to save the thousands of dollars' worth of bulldozers, excavators and pumps and other equipment. Now what?

The experts immediately devised plans for draining the dam as well as heightening the upper dam wall in case the water kept rising; thus a twelve-foot extension was erected.

“Fiercest of Them All”

But the mighty Zambezi was not to be scared off this time. Its waters became more wild and savage by the day. The weakened road bridge could stand no more. On February 22 it succumbed and sank

below the surface. Two days later the waters crept over the very top of the cofferdam wall extension. Yet the peak was still to come I

Who would have thought that the last link between the north and south banks, the suspension footbridge that normally swung safely high above the waters, would be the next victim? A staff reporter for the Rhodesia Herald described its death with vivid expression: “The suspension bridge swayed a little, dipped slightly toward the water which seemed to reach up and pull it down. The tower kept leaning over further and further until with hardly a splash it fell beneath the water. The bridge seemed a living thing, a snake fighting for its life. It hurled itself in the air to try to rid itself of the grasping, tormenting water which was pounding it mercilessly.”

The brace cable snapped and the bridge broke up. “The bridge,” said the reporter, "was hurled 20 feet into the air, arching itself as in a death agony; it turned itself through 180 degrees into a giant corkscrew. There was the sound of wood und steel snapping, and the sections of the bridge crashed against each other. Above all rose the triumphant roar of the Zambezi. By noon the battle was over. The Zambezi had won.”

The loss in bridges alone amounted to $392,000. Work on the dam came to a standstill, but the water did not. The Zambezi came on and on until its surface topped the cofferdam and its extension by seven feet! From an airplane it looked like a symmetrical man-made waterfall from a river that was forcing 3,286,000 gallons of water a second between the “teeth” of the base blocks in the diversion channel and over the cofferdam wall. It raced at twenty-five miles an hour over the level bed, the water backing up behind the dam blocks so that a fourteen-story skyscraper could be stood up in the water and disappear out of sight.

Witnesses to the battle could not find enough adjectives. The roar was not. steady, but a pulsating, rhythmic beating, a deep-throated roar. An on-the-spot radio report sounded more like the ninth inning of a tied World Series baseball game. The background was deafening, the announcer’s description, breathless and excited. One bystander commented: “It was as if the river were taking revenge for the effort made to tame it." An Italian engineer added: “Today the river seems alive.” The general manager of Impresit, Dr. Bergamasco; remarked: “I have worked on rivers in all parts of the world, but the Zambezi is the worst and fiercest of them all.”

Loss of life and evidence of violence to animals brought even greater sorrow to the Kariba workers. Many looked on in helpless pity as a small tree came floating down the river manned by a family of five baboons, clinging to it in terror. It went between the wall blocks, down the thirty-foot drop and disappeared, only to come to the surface farther downstream —empty.

Waters Subside

When the Zambezi finally subsided, animals, people, governments and companies licked their wounds. The Zambezi caused the loss of from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000 in damage at the Kariba Dam project alone. Despite this loss, however, the dam contractors were optimistic. For one thing, the damage was mostly covered by American and British insurance companies. They were also confident that they could make up their lost time and actually finish ahead of schedule by working night and day.

Their first job was to drain the cofferdam. They finally found the hole under the cofferdam wall and after numerous at-

tempts and failures they were able to stop it up and drain the cofferdam. Throughout the whole period of suspense and worry they continued working on the two tremendous powerhouses 560 feet below the surface of the ground, which fortunately did not flood.

On December 3, 1958, the whole dam wall stood high above the river bed, little short of its planned height. The Zambezi still had not been completely stopped, however, for through the twenty-five-foot openings in the wall was still flowing 17,500 cubic feet of water a second. At seven o’clock on this morning, the momentous occasion had at last come. On a given signal from the chief engineer, truckload after truckload of rock was dumped in front of the steel grids covering the holes and the force of the river drew them up against the holes, stopping the flow of water. At last the Zambezi was tamed!

Largest Man-made Lake

The impounded waters of the Zambezi have grown into a vast, shimmering lake. Lake Kariba will eventually reach a length of about 200 miles and a maximum width of about forty miles, the storage capacity being greater than the total provided by Shasta, Friand, Hoover and Grand Coulee Dams in the United States.

As the waters of the new lake rose, hills became islands swarming with panicky animals. Monkeys, baboons, wart hogs, civet cats, antelope, rabbits, lizards, porcupines and snakes ail sought safety and food. Monkeys, in their plight to get food, even stripped bark from trees; some at; tacked their enemy, the deadly mamba, a poisonous snake .whose bite can kill a man in ten minutes.

A rescue operation has been carried on to save many of the animals from watery deaths. To facilitate rescue work the animals are chased into the water. Then rescue workers, wearing bathing suits, plunge in after the animals. Though it is much easier to catch swimming animals, the porcupine, whether on land or in the water, still remained a thorny problem. Even in the water it takes three men to outwit a porcupine. One man grabs the tail, being careful to avoid injury from the quills; another grabs the head and front feet; and the animal is then lifted into a sack held by a third. The rescued animals, placed in cages, sacks and boxes, were released later on the mainland.

The beautifully designed, curving, 1,800-foot-wide dam wall is scheduled to be finished in June or July this year. The remainder of the work will be the installation of the hydroelectric machinery, which will be producing power in 1960. Ultimately the project is expected to have a yearly pow«r capacity of 1,200,000 kilowatts. Taming the mighty Zambezi in this manner means low-cost power for industrializing this area of Central Africa, There will even be Other benefits: Flood control and irrigation of a wide area. The new lake will also provide an abundance of fish unobtainable from the river.

So if you ever get the opportunity to visit Central Africa, see the dam at Kariba Gorge, Kariba Lake, which will be the largest man-made lake in the world, and the nearby game reserves. All this on and along the mighty Zambezi!

Conceit

“If there is one thing in the world that will make a man peculiarly and insufferably self-conceited,” once said American humorist Mark Twain, “it is to have his stomach behave itself, the first day at sea, when nearly all his comrades are sick.”—The Innocents Abroad.

DO YOU FEA

ly "Awoke I" torrejpondent In Cuba

WHEN contemplating the sea, who has not envisioned the chilling possibility of meeting up with a fierce man-eating shark ? Many of us have. Men fear sharks, and, without any doubt, the sharks have justified man’s respect for their reputation as being dangerous. The fact remains, however, that man is indebted for this fear to only a few of the more ‘ than forty species that inhabit the world’s seas.

There are some twenty-two species inhabiting the seas around the island of Cuba, with its 2,500 miles of shore line. Some of these species are small and inoffensive, like the dwarf shark, but others, like the hammerhead shark, require caution. There is a large shark that is not only the largest one in Cuban waters but also of all seas; that is the whale shark. Fortunately it feeds only on small fish, being entirely harmless with humans. It possesses so many teeth that the jaw’s surface is Tike a file, with as many as 6,000 teeth in each jaw. But it does not depend on teeth as a weapon for its defense.

On March 11, 1930, a whale shark was caught near Cojimar Beach, east of Havana. Its weight was approximately six and a half tons, and it was thirty-two feet long. There is another species second only to the whale shark, and that is the man-eating shark. One of those was caught several years ago; it weigned more than 6,000 pounds, the liver alone weighing some 1,000 pounds. In contrast to those large species is the eight-inch dwarf shark.

Big sharks, however, are abundant all over the world, not only in Cuban waters. Near Mayor Island, New Zealand, a mako shark that weighed 1,000 pounds was caught. In the Bay of Islands, also in New Zealand, a 1,382-pound tiger shark was landed. In the Bay of Daniel, Australia, a white shark weighing 2,536 pounds was caught. So these huge fish are found in many places.

Sharks are not limited to salt water. There are at least three species known to live in fresh waters, one of them in Lake Nicaragua, Central America. The common idea that they are a menace only in the sea or at the seashore is wrong. There are fresh-water species that have been caught in various places like the Amazon, Senegal, Zambezi, Ganges, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, also in the fresh waters of Malacca, in Thailand, in upper Sarawak in Borneo, and in the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers in Western Australia. The sharks of the Ganges River, in India, for instance, sometimes attack the pilgrims while they are taking their “sacred bath” there.

Curious Facts About Sharks

It seems that the senses of sight artd hearing are not the most used by sharks in their search for food. Unquestionably the most used sense is that of smell, and with good reason they have been named “swimming noses." Their ability is amazing, similar to that of a bloodhound, only much superior to any land animal. A deer,

JUNE S, 1959

for instance, may sense the presence of a hunter over half a mile away, depending on the direction of the wind, but a shark can exceed this distance in spite of contrary water currents. It is said that their amazing sense of smell is aided by a series of special nerves that respond to vibrations traveling through water at great speeds. A floundering fish, for instance, can immediately be detected at an amazing distance.

With regard to teeth, there are also some surprising facts. Teeth are considered the main weapon of certain species of sharks. Sharp and keen, they are placed in a symmetrical, destructive line, two or three rows, one after another. Teeth change continually, and before one row disappears there is a new one to replace it. This seems to explain why sharks at times leave some of their teeth when they attack, like a “calling card." Their bites are frequently mortal, because they may pierce an artery and cause too much loss of blood.

Another unusual feature of this creature is its capacity to digest almost anything. Things such as cans or wood are easily vomited. Eating is easy for a shark: it just opens its mouth and swallows.

Did you know that a shark can be faster than a tiger or a rhinoceros when rushing to an attack? A shark may move at the incredible speed of some thirty miles an hour, stop almost instantly and turn away.

What to Do When Meeting a Shark

An interview with five Quban diving hunter champions was published in Bohemia magazine of March 2,1958, giving information on what to do when encountering a shark. “A shark will not attack if faced,” said one of the champions. Others declared: “The shark eats people, yes, but only when the victim turns back and tries to flee.” Another interesting conclusion one made was this: '‘Whenever I have met sharks they flea as I faced them. Invariably they beat a retreat.” Another said: “The shark is a coward and suspicious. It will not attack immediately, and even to swallow a fish hanging from a hook it first will smell it and will move around it until certain that the fish is dead and then it will swallow it” Of course, there are no rules on shark behavior, but in most cases they act with extreme caution, and that gives the swimmer time to get out of danger. However, there are those that are extremely fierce, like the great white shark or the tiger, the mako or the blue shark, which live in deep waters. The sharks themselves have enemies. They fear the sea hog or porpoise. Perhaps that is why sharks respect diving hunters equipped with fins on their feet; their vertical movement in the water is similar to that of the porpoise’s tail.

If a shark is near do not become panicky. The most intelligent and practical thing to do is to face it. Swim slowly toward a boat or the shore, and before leaving the water check to see how far away the shark is, as many times they attack if the prey appears to be escaping.

How Sharks React

A well-known diving expert, Jacques Yves Cousteau, reported two encounters he had with sharks: one in the Red Sea, and the other in front of the Cape Verde islands, in the Atlantic. In the Red Sea the shark was attracted to Cousteau from a distance of about thirty feet. It deliberately attacked him, but he got out of danger when the shark finally turned aside. In the second attack, off the Cape Verde islands, the sharks resisted every effort of Cousteau and his companions to scare them off; they would move away but each time returned. Every known method was used to get rid of them—agitation of the arms letting air out of their tanks, etc.—but

they did not succeed in driving the sharks away. Cousteau even struck one of them on the nose with his heavy submarine camera. The sharks knew pretty well what they wanted and so did Cousteau. However, by several maneuvers Cousteau and his companions safely got out of the waters. Cousteau asserts that no one can safely anticipate a shark’s movement. He cautioned that those entering a shark’s domain should do so with utmost alertness. Sharks will attack people under certain conditions. The trouble is we do not know all these conditions, and certainly the swimmer does not know what conditions may have influenced the shark.

Commercial Value

There are several species in the Cuban waters that are of commercial value. In the days of the Spanish dominion in Havana there was a premium paid by the authorities for each big shark caught and brought to shore, as they were considered dangerous and fit only for extinction. Shark meat was sold to fish-fry stores and sometimes in the market. The Chinese used to buy the fins to make a delicious gelatinous soup, which contained even tonic or stimulant qualities. Shark backbones were used to make canes, which were considered quite fashionable. The teeth and jaws, cleaned and polished, were sold as novelties.

Several years ago the right to catch sharks in all Cuban waters was given to an organization with the understanding that they would exterminate them or at least decimate their numbers so that commercial products from certain fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and chelonians could increase. Also, it was hoped that the danger to swimmers, fishermen and sailors would be eliminated. But the organization was soon dissolved.

Later, when several purchasing enterprises appeared in the market, shark fishing was intensified and, with the development of modem techniques and methods to obtain an oil of high quality, a larger profit from sharks was the result. It was discovered that shark liver oil is rich in vitamins A and D, superior in quantity to that of codfish liver oil. Also, some shark meat is healthful, nutritious and of a pleasant taste. It can be sold in the market provided it is labeled as shark meat, and salted shark meat is relished by many. Some of the fish, not suitable for human consumption, are used in fertilizer. Sharkskins, which can be highly polished and made very attractive, are used in various ways.

Last, it might be said that sharks really prove the Bible account of creation instead of the theory of evolution. Though the “ancient shark” is placed at the bottom of the exhibit entitled “The Face from Fish to Man,” displayed in New York City’s American Musem of Natural History, yet in an article in the Bohemia magazine it is stated: The shark “is so perfect and its physical functions are so well balanced, that the Creator has not considered necessary to make any change in His work, keeping ‘the shark' without evolution during millions of years, as proved by geological findings.”

The time is near when this roving and powerful creature of the sea will live in peaceful conditions under the dominion of perfect man. There will be no man-eaters among sharks. There will be peace, both among men and between men and the other living things on earth.

As for this sea so great and wide, there there are gliding things without number,—Ps. 104:25,

COMMON

rounding nations, namely: Great Britain,

tW

8^ i* 'fata

November 20, vlv 1958, Britain’s Manchester Guardian Weekly warned its readers that “the future of Europe politically as well as economically has been put at hazard by the French rejection of the Free Trade Area.” The paper went on to say: “If the Common Market countries were to retreat into an exclusive club, leaving their relations with the rest of Europe unsettled, the major instruments of post-war European co-operation—the O.E.E.C. and the E.P.U.—might well become unworkable. N.A.T.O. [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] itself would be exposed to strains which it might not survive.”

Things seemed to be just that serious. But what was all the trouble about? What do the expressions "Common Market” and “Free Trade Area” mean? And what do the abbreviations O.E.E.C. and E.P.U. stand for? The following will help you understand Western Europe’s economic problems and the ups and downs of its struggle to solve them.

The initials O.E.E.C. stand for the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, founded on April 16*, 1948, with headquarters at the Chateau de la Muette, in Paris. .This organization groups seventeen nations, which are the highly industrialized Continental bloc, composed of France, Western Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg (the latter three forming a customs union known as Benelux); the six economically strong sur-Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Sweden and Denmark; and the outer ring of five economically weaker countries: Turkey, Greece, Portugal,, Ireland and Iceland. You will note that this list includes all the main states of noncommunist Western Europe, with the exception of Franco’s Spain.

The purpose of OJEE.C. was to organize the economic recovery of Europe by the gradual removal of trade restrictions made necessary through the shortage of foreign currency that existed throughout Europe as a result of the war. The original idea was for it to include the east European states. But O.E.E.C. was created as a direct result of the United States postwar aid program known as the Marshall Plan. This gave it a distinctly Western, that is, a pro-American flavor, which meant that other European states, such as Finland, Poland and Czechoslovakia, that would have liked to join the organization, met with a firm niet from Russia’s Molotov.

So for the first four years of its existence, O.E.E.C. was largely a clearinghouse for the billions of dollars poured into Europe through the Marshall Plan. Much of this money was an outright gift from the United States, the rest taking the form of long-term loans. For a time a country’s international status rose or fell in exact proportion to its reliance on U.S. dollars.

Viewed in this light, it is significant to recall that out of some thirteen billion dol-

Jars given or lent in Marshall Plan aid to the seventeen O.E.E.C. member-countries from April, 1948, to June, 1952, more than one fifth went to France. In contrast, as early as January, 1951, Great Britain voluntarily refused any further Marshall Plan aid. Not that her economy had no use for such funds. Her railways, for example, are still in need of the modernization that the French railways have undergone since the war, thanks largely to U.S. dollars. But Britain realized the political implications of the American aid program. She was no longer the dominant member of the Anglo-American world-power partnership, but she was bent on maintaining for herself at least the status of “junior partner” rather than “protege.” It explains why Britain, although remaining a member of O.E.E.C., has, on several occasions, opposed proposals to extend the powers of that organization.

In September, 1950, Q.E.E.C. organized the European Payments Union (E.P.U.). It was designed to facilitate the monetary transactions between the member nations whose money was not freely convertible into other currencies. The E.P.U. continued successfully until December 27, 1958, when the British treasury made the pound sterling freely convertible by foreign businessmen into any other currency. This financial move made the E.P,U. unnecessary. The disappearance of E.P.U. ushered in a new and tighter banking arrangement known as the European Monetary Agreement

Six, Twelve or Seventeen?

As early as 1951 the six-nation Continental bloc (France, Western Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg) began forming closer ties with one another than with the eleven other members of O.E.E.C. On April 18 of that year they signed a treaty creating the European Coal and Steel Community, commonly known as the Schuman Plan, True, the Community was open for other nations to join. But its treaty included supranational clauses that were known to be unacceptable to Britain and the other O.E.E.C. countries. So the Schuman Plan only succeeded in creating a six-nation European community that has since come to be known as “Little Europe.”

The separation of these six from their O.E.E.C. partners was accentuated on March 25, 1957, when their governmental representatives signed the Treaty of Rome. This treaty created two important new ties among the six: the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the European Economic Community (Common Market).

The purpose of Euratom is to co-ordinate the nuclear research and development programs among the six nations. Britain, already an atomic power in her own right, has refrained from joining Euratom, but she is showing no animosity toward it. In fact, according to Le Monde, February 14, 1959, Britain and the five other O.E.E.C. members associated with her have agreed to co-operate with Euratom in a five-year research project. So, “atomically speaking,” Europe seems to be developing a twelve-nation community.

However, no such easy solution has been found for associating the six members 'Of the European Economic Community, or Common Market, with the other members of O.E.E.C. The Common Market, which began operating on January 1, 1959, is more than a simple customs union. It aims, within a period of twelve to fifteen years, at abolishing all tariffs and trade barriers among the six member nations, at removing all restrictions on the free movement of capital and workers and at harmonizing the social security and labor standards practiced throughout the community. In addition, the six member-nations commit themselves to applying a uniform tariff wall against all nations outside the community, even against their eleven partners ofO.E.E.C.

JUNE'8, 1959

It is this common tariff against outsiders that caused the British to speak of European unity as being endangered by the Common Market. Britain proposed instead what she called a Free Trade Area. This area would be open to all the seventeen O.E.B.C. nations and, like the Common Market, would aim at removing all trade barriers among its members. However, unlike the Common Market, it would allow each member nation to fix its own tariffs in trading with states outside the Free Trade Area.

The Anglo-French Dispute

The present trade dispute over the Common Market and a proposed Free Trade Area really boils itself down to a quarrel between Britain and France. France’s five partners inside the Common Market are known to be not fundamentally opposed to extending to the eleven other members of O.E.E.C. many, not to say most, of the advantages of the Common Market. But France is unwilling to do this. She maintains that if Britain and the other O.E.E.C. members are not willing to become members of the Common Market, sharing its advantages and disadvantages, then they must be prepared to be discriminated against by those who are. To prevent this Anglo-French quarrel from degenerating ■into a trade war between the six Common Market countries and the rest of Europe, efforts are being made to find some workable arrangement satisfactory to both sides.

On the political side, it is clear that Britain’s opposition to the Common Market is not merely inspired by commercial reasons. Sir David Eccles, president of the British Board of Trade, has admitted that the Common Market represents something Britain has resisted for centuries: the unification of Europe. Such uniting of the Continental bloc places Britain in the following dilemma. If she decides to throw in her lot with the six pations of the Common Market, the “uniform tariff” clause of the Rome Treaty would oblige her to cease her long-established system of “Imperial preference,’’ that is, low tariffs in favor of the countries of the British Commonwealth. But this would cut her off from the Commonwealth, and Britain owes her position as a world power to her unique position in the Commonwealth. If, on the other hand, she opts for ther Commonwealth and remains aloof from the Common Market, which now constitutes a powerful industrial complex of 160,000,000 people, she risks losing her position as America’s number-one ally, A problem indeed!

Another interesting political aspect of the European trade dispute is the attitude adopted by the United States. U.S. business interests would have preferred the larger Free Trade Area. Yet in the showdown they supported the Common Market. Why? Because United States diplomacy was glad to. see the Common Market tie Catholic Adenauer’s Germany more closely than ever into the Western camp. Through the Common Market, the United States hopes West Germany’s economy will become inextricably tied into the Western (American) bloc.

Germany itself has kept remarkably quiet during the Anglo-French rumpus over the Common Market. Yet it is a known fact that West German business interests, with their eyes on world-wide markets, are more in favor of the British Free

Trade Area plan than the more restricted Common Market. Why, then, when the showdown came between Britain and France did Germany side with the latter?

It must be remembered that World War II left Germany with a reputation of national “delinquency.” The cool reception German officials still receive in various nations is a reminder that all is not yet forgiven and forgotten. Germany’s remarkable recovery has made her once again an economic giant, but a giant that needs to tiptoe in diplomatic ballet pumps, at least for the time being. For years Frenchmen have warned against the creation of a “Little Europe” dominated by Germany. In these circumstances West Germany found it better to do nothing'to vex France and to settle (at least for the moment) for the Common Market, which, incidentally, will provide German industries with a welcome backdoor entrance into the vast markets of French Africa.

One last point on Germany. When E.P.U. drew up its closing accounts in January, it was found that all the other sixteen member-nations, including France and Britain, owed money to Germany. No, Europe has not heard the last of Germany, by any means!

Religious Undertones

When big business and politics are involved in some affair, worldly religion is never far away. The Common Market is no exception. What are, the possible religious aspects of the Common Market versus Free Trade Area dispute?

It is a well-known fact, at least on the European continent, that the Vatican is interested in European unity. On March 29, 1957, just four days after the signing of the Rome Treaty creating the Common Market and Euratom, Pope Pius XII stated to a group of German Christian Democrats: "The statesmen are about to create a united Europe. This is a great work and we have always said how much we appreciate the progress being made in that direction.”—Le Monde, March 31-April 1, 1957.

For the Vatican a united Europe means, of course, a Catholic Europe. The so-called Christian Democrat parties in Europe are openly dedicated to uniting Europe around the Catholic Church. Well now, how does this affect the recent European trade dispute? France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries are predominantly Catholic. In other words, the Common Market is an arrangement the Vatican will have no difficulty in influencing. But would it be the same of a Free Trade Area including Britain, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark, all predominantly Protestant? Might not this be the reason why certain well-known Catholic statesmen came out in.favor of the restrictive Common Market when the commercial interests of their country would probably have been better served by the wider Free Trade Area?

Some commentators in Europe feel that in any case this limited Catholic European community will be obliged to develop into the wider Free Trade Area. Be that as it may, one thing is certain. The Catholic Church will do its utmost to spread its influence. And another thing is just as certain. Each nation, large or small, will act in its own interest, regardless of its alliances.

How obvious it is that human arrangements, whether capitalistic or communistic, will never succeed in bringing lasting peace and prosperity to this earth. And how equally obvious that exclusive devotion to God and submission to his kingdom are the only hope of uniting men of good will, now and in the ages to come.

COLOMBIA is the northern Li

port of entry to South Amer- fl Vv ica. It is located in the north- i t Vj west part of the continent and borders Panama, the land-link between the South and North uMpR American continents. The country’s 2,000 miles of coastline is washed partly by the Pacific Ocean and partly by the Caribbean Sea. Tourists will find this a fascinating tropical land. Its fifth-largest city, Barranquilla, is only five hours by air from the United States.

The western part of Colombia Is dominated by three great chains of the famous Andes Mountains. The highest peak in the country is La Horqueta, located near Santa Marta in the Sierra Nevada mountain range. It towers to a height of 19,152 feet. On the mountain slopes and in the fertile valleys of the highland region are found, not only the economic heartland of Colombia, but also the greater part of the country’s thirteen million people. The population is formed by three distinct ethnic groups—Indian, Negro and white—and mixtures of them.

About half of the country’s territory is formed by the eastern plains and forests.

Because the climate is not as desirable there as in the higher altitudes this area is sparsely settled. Some parts of it are arid and other parts are heavily forested.

Colombia as a whole provides an interesting variety of climate that changes according to altitude. Generally the characteristics of the country are tropical. The seasons are marked as being ei. ther wet or dry. Each lasts for about | three months. The Pacific coast jun-gk gles are noted for being very wet. ||| They receive an annual rainfall of » 132 inches. This is one of the highest

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