Awake!, July 22, 1955

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IS TITHING FOR CHRISTIANS?

Radioactive Fall-out

Violence Erupts in Singapore

Criminal Tactics of Quebec Police Shown to Supreme Court of Canada

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

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CONTENTS

Anguish in a Nation’s Capital

Criminal Tactics of Quebec Police

Diagnosis of “Mounting Disorder”

Shown to Supreme Court of Canada

Is Tithing for Christians?

‘Serious Music a Dead Art'

Scientist Disputes A.E.C.’s Blast Data

We Visited Hawaii’s Volcanic Eruption

Radioactive Fall-out

Violence Erupta in Singapore

Heredity Hazard

“Your Word Is Truth”

Aftereffects in Japan

Can the Pope Interpret the Bible?

An Invitation to Sweden

So You’re Going to Europe

Vigorous Religion?

Do You Know?

Bird with Built-in Decoy

Watching the World

Volum* XXXVI

Brooklyn, N. Y.f July 22, 195fi

Number 14

rfttyuiAA. te ct Hatton & (fafettat

TERROR and neuroses are stalking through the capitals of the world. It was certain to be that way, for it was the great Prophet Christ Jesus who foretold that in the time of the end there would be mounting woes and “on the earth anguish of nations, not knowing the way out” (Luke 21:25, New WorZd Trans.) This anguish would inevitably strike heavily at capitals of nations, where the top-ranking employees of government are centered. Not strange, then, that today's national capitals have become seething caldrons of fear. Indeed, frightful anguish in one nation’s capital, that of the United States, has boiled over so that, according to mental health specialists, Washington is flooded with terror and helplessness.

It was not just the threat of a nuclear war that has brought on this flood of anguish. There is more. In a way, the very fight against fear, the very attempt to find a solution to a frightful problem—how to ferret out “security risks” in government jobs—has churned up mountainous waves of fear and anguish.

Thus under the heading “Capital Is Called Neurosis-ridden,” the New York Times of March 3, 1955, reported: “A tangle of neuroses [nervous disorders] is creeping through Washington under the heat of the Federal security program, mental health specialists were told today. As loyalty investigations continue, government employes already in stages of mental or emotional disturbance are developing additional neurotic symptoms, the experts were informed. The problem was held to threaten to become one of ‘national proportions.’ ”

At this meeting of mental health experts, a psychiatric social worker, Mrs. Charlotte A. Kaufman, warned “how easily a man who believes himself innocent of all wrong may feel the increasing terror and helplessness in the face of an unknown and overwhelming force; how, as has occurred with some of our patients, he may feel reality grow dim as he is swept irresistibly into a world of nightmare fears and guilt,” Mrs. Hoffman’s report, which was supported by Dr. Robert D. Gillman, psychiatrist at the Arlington County Mental Hygiene Clinic, said that “panic and paranoid trends have appeared in some patients, to the verge of psychosis [serious mental disease] in two cases, and to the point of hospitalization in another.” There was “reason to believe,” the report said, “that the security program embodies a special kind of threat, which seems more difficult to face than other kinds of problems.”

One of the reasons the security program has brought about “a special kind of threat” with a resultant soul-piercing anguish is the use of anonymous evidence.

Thus a United Press dispatch in the New York Times of March 4,1955, throws more light on the anguish in the nation’s capital:

“The Eisenhower Administration told the Supreme Court today it might imperil the security of the country to give Government employees charged with disloyalty a chance to confront their accusers. .., The Justice Department said the Government depended to a great extent in its security operations on 'undercover agents, paid informers and casual informers? It said they must be guaranteed anonymity.”

That is something to think about—the remarkable argument that evidence necessary to support firing a man from a government job should not be subject to the same rules as evidence submitted in normal criminal cases.

In its brief filed with the Supreme Court the Justice Department admitted that much of the evidence us'ed in security cases would be ’‘rejected* * in criminal cases. Still the informers, casual or otherwise, must be “guaranteed anonymity.” So in this age of fear a double standard of justice has cropped up: “second-class” justice for government workers and “first-class” justice for those accused of criminal violations. Reasonable? It matters little to the government, because, as Dr. Robert Lindner, one of America’s leading psychologists, said: “We are entering an era that will be dominated by primitive emotional appeals, rather than reason.”—New York Times, April 17, 1955.

That the federal security procedures are without doubt dominated by emotional appeals was the charge made by Dr. F. H. Sanford, executive secretary of the American Psychological Association, who said that they were “influenced by politics, by the climate of opinion, and by any hysterical wind that blows.” No wonder waves of terror and helplessness swamp the capital.

And so America, though professing to be Christian, and whose presidents are sworn in on the Bible, moves farther away from the Bible. For the use of anonymous evidence is foreign to Jehovah’s Word: “In case a witness scheming wrong should rise up against a man to bring a charge of revolt against him, then the two men who have the dispute must stand before Jehovah, before the priests and the judges.” (Deuteronomy 19:16, 17, New World Trans.} But it is the Bible, too, that is being fulfilled by the present “anguish of nations” and the inability of governments to find a way out. The fulfillment of Jesus’ prophecy becomes more striking as a government, in trying to find a way out, only winds up with its capital terror-stricken and neurosis-ridden.

Back in 1938 noted columnist Walter Lippmann brooded about the “mounting disorder in our Western society.” He began to put his thoughts in book form. Then came the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Lippmann put aside his book and decided to watch the world to see if his diagnosis of “mounting disorder” was a passing Illness or a deep-seated sickness. When Lippmann returned to his task and Anally finished his book (The Public Philosophy published this year), he found that the diagnosis he made nearly twenty years ago was indeed correct, that “something had gone very wrong in the liberal democracies. . . . They were unable to make peace and to restore order?* Thus another notable is forced to point to the very conditions foretold by Jesus for the time of the end: intensified tear, “anguish of nations” and "the increasing of lawlessness.”—Luke 21:25, 26; Matthew 24:12, World Trans.

Many teftgtoui organizctiont requite !h*Tr niwnban to gfv* a tenth. ar th* tfth*. Haw*v«rt it it Mid Iba* many churchgoer* glv* anly a tenth of th» tithe. Th* law of Mmm requited various ifttias. k tltWng fov ChvMlans aT*o? What does the Bib* say?

ITHING is being stressed more and M more by professedly Christian organi--; zations. Thus a spokesman for the National Council of the Churches of Christ reports: “We can see that the emphasis on Christian tithing is rapidly developing as a main theme in the churches” associated with that council; and that it would promote tithing through movies, literature and speeches.—New York Times, December 2, 1951.

Among the strongest advocates of tithing is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon), regarding which it is said that “each convert is expected to contribute one tenth of his property at conversion and to give one tenth of his income thereafter.” Another group that strongly stresses tithing is the Seventh-day Adventists. According to one of their publications failure to “keep the requirements of the whole Law of the Tithe to assist in advancing His Kingdom upon earth, and for charitable purposes, is reflected in increased troubles and difficulties for our nation.” After quoting Malachi 3:8-10, it goes on to say: “Shall we continue to rob God and suffer under a curse, or will we pay our tithes and receive His blessings?”

Also stressing the tithe was an article in Our Sunday Visitor, January 2, 1955, foremost Roman Catholic weekly in the United States. Among other things it stated: “Tithing always works. It’s fantastic that so few have tried it." But apparently there is a reason therefor, for we further read: “It isn’t easy to do. After giving God the leftovers all your life, tithing is quite a change.” In summing up it gives six reasons for tithing: “It is God’s idea”; “It was endorsed by Jesus”; “It is a typically businesslike way of acknowledging the fact that we are God’s stewards”; “It will enrich our lives spiritually”; “It usually brings financial blessings,” and “It always brings increased happiness, for we are conscious of doing our best ‘to love the Lord our God with all our heart’ ”; “Try it for a year. Take God into partnership with you. Share your profits with Him. Then watch things hum!”

A Scriptural Precedent

True, tithing ‘was God’s idea’—for the Israelites—but is it his idea for Christians? The mere fact that God commanded the Israelites to pay the tithe is no argument that Christians should do likewise, for the Israelites also had to bring animal sacrifices, celebrate the passover and other annual feasts that certainly do not apply to Christians. On the contrary, we are plainly told that ‘God nailed the law to Christ’s torture stake, thereby blotting out the handwritten document that was against the Gentiles,’ and that Christians “are not under law but under undeserved kindness.” —Colossians 2:14; Romans 6:14, New World Trans.

Besides, the very reason for the institution of the tithe shows why it does not apply today. It was to serve as compensation to the tribe of Levi for their not re-

ceiving any inheritance in the land. Each tribe received a greater share of the land by reason of Levi’s not getting any, and so It was no more than right that the other tribes should support the tribe of Levi with the tithe, thereby also freeing them for the temple service.—Numbers 18:21-24.

Nor can the tithe be exacted on the basis of Abraham’s paying a tithe of his spoils to the king-priest Melchizedek. There is no record that he ever offered tithes again or that he commanded his descendants to pay tithes. It was simply a spontaneous expression of gratitude to God for having won a victory over the kings that had kidnaped his nephew Lot together with all his possessions. And the same is true regarding Jacob, who vowed that, if God would give him a safe journey, “I will surely give the tenth unto thee.” Had the tithe been obligatory Jacob could not have stipulated his paying it on the basis of his safe return; he would have been obligated to pay it regardless.—Genesis 14:18-20; 28:20*22,

Is it correct to say that 'Jesus Christ endorsed tithing’? Yes, but here again, only as regards the Israelites, Jesus was talking to men under the law of Moses when he said: “Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because you give the tenth of the mint and the dill and the cum-.min, but you have disregarded the weightier matters of the Law, namely, judgment and mercy and faithfulness. These things it was binding to do, yet not to disregard the other things. Blind guides, who strain out the gnat but gulp down the camel!” —Matthew 23:23, 24, New World Trans.

Yes, for those Jews under the law it was fitting that they observe every feature of the law, including the tithe. That is why Jesus commanded those whom he cured or healed to show themselves to the priests, why he observed the annual feasts and why he practically limited his ministry to the Jews. But not a word do we read anywhere in die Christian Greek Scriptures of his commanding his followers to collect the tithe, nor of their collecting it.

The underlying Idea of tithing is compulsion, which is entirely foreign to Christianity. Christianity is not based on “you must not,” but on love, and so we find that “the multitude of those who had believed had one heart and soul, and not even one would say that any of the things he possessed was his own.” (Acts 4:32, New World Trans.) It was only after there was a falling away from pure worship, when a paid clergy made its appearance, that tithing was considered obligatory. It was first made so by the Council of Tours in 567, and, not content with that, the second Council of Macon in 585 made the payment of the tithe mandatory under threat of excommunication.—McClintock & Strong’s Cyclopaedia., Vol. X, page 436.

Regarding this method of raising money The Encyclopedia Americana states: “Tithes proved a source of great trouble in every country in which they were collected and a constant cause of bickering between the clergy and the people. They have, therefore, been abandoned in nearly all countries.” Christ Jesus authorized no clergy-laity distinction, but said: “One is your teacher [Christ, under God], whereas all you are brothers.” And when he sent out the twelve, and later the seventy, not a word did he say about imposing a tithe on the people who heard their preaching, but commanded them: “You received free, give free.” Paul, though an apostle, preferred to work with his own hands rather than to burden those to whom he preached. —Matthew 23:8; 10:8; 1 Corinthians 4:12; 1 Thessalonians 2:9, New World Trans.

The Tithe a Picture

The law of Moses, including the tithe, was “a shadow of good things to come,” a new system of things that Christ Jesus put into effect. And what did the tithe foreshadow? It pictured our all and foreshadowed that when we dedicate ourselves to do God’s will and follow in the footsteps of Christ Jesus we must give up everything. That is why Jesus, on the one hand, commended fene widow who had given "all the means of living she had/1 and, on the other hand, told the rich young ruler: "If you want to be complete, go sell your belongings and give to the poor and you will have treasure in heaven, and come be my follower.”—Luke 21:4; Matthew 19:21, New World Trans,

The tithing idea may seem to be "practical and businesslike," but it is not based on justice, for today many can easily give more while many cannot give that much. If we can give more it will not mean spiritual happiness and blessing if we limit ourselves to the tithe; it is then not loving God with all our heart. And if we are not able to give a tithe, we can have spiritual blessings and happiness and prove that we love God with all our heart by giving less. That is in keeping with the rule stated by Paul, namely, that each was to give “according to what a person has, not according to what a person does not have."—2 Corinthians 8:12, New World Trans,

As for gaining material prosperity by means of the tithe, if one gives for the purpose of realizing material success, then he is not contributing to God's cause but merely making an investment and is giving for selfish reasons and not out of love, and so will not be profited at all. Jesus did not promise that generous giving would bring material riches in this system of things, but that it would result in realizing riches in the new world.—1 Corinthians 13:3.

As far as the Israelites were concerned, the tithe was a part of the law of Moses that primarily compensated the tribe of Levi for not having any inheritance in the land. And as far as Christians are concerned, it came to an end with the rest of the law when it was nailed to Christ’s torture stake. The early Christians did not need the compulsive tithe to make them give, neither do true Christians today. They appreciate that their all belongs to Jehovah and so they give what they can, be that but one per cent of their income or ninety per cent qf it, and they do not feel embarrassed because they cannot give a tenth, or proud because they can give more, but each rejoices in the privilege of giving what he can. Their giving is in line with Paul's counsel: “Let each one do just as he has resolved in his heart, not grudgingly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver.”—2 Corinthians 9:7, New World Trans.

SCIENTIST DISPUTES A.E.C/S BLAST DATA

<[ Under the above title the New York Times, May 30, 1955, reported the following Associated Press dispatch: "A Yale physicist charged tonight that the Atomic Energy Commission had given what he called misleading information about the danger from atomic test blasts. Franklin Hutchinson, assistant professor of radiation physics, said that if Atomic Energy Commission officials ‘have data to back up their contention that there are no harmful genetic effects from the radiation, that’s just wonderful.’ ‘The trouble is,’ he added, 'I don’t know of any such data, and neither does anyone else to whom X’ve talked? He warned that the radioactive fall-out from such blasts was producing genetic effects in mankind that would be showing up for ‘thousands of years to come? ”

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atomic radiation on human creatures. Acute exposures, from 100 to 600 roentgens, cause severe damage to the intestines and to the blood cells, lead-

effects of

ft Ruining

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ing to sickness, diarrhea, hemorrhage, infection and death. Chronic overexposures, as little as 1 roentgen a day, eventually cause cancer, anemia, leukemia, premature aging and death. Smaller exposures may cause mutations, leading to defective offspring, sometimes many generations removed. This effect may be already present, although small, at the .3 roentgen a week permitted in atomic energy work.

The radiation exposures in everyday life range from cosmic rays and radioactive elements in the body, which are believed to be harmless, to the definite hazards in the diagnostic uses of X rays. But the atomic bomb has introduced new problems of radiation hazards, far transcending the hazards of the preatomic era.

In an instant 25,000 lives were snuffed out when the atomic bomb found its first After the mushroom cloud drifted away, and while the fires still raged uncontrolled, there came the sickening realization that this was more than just the largest bomb ever to rack a war-tom city. Among the survivors it had left an aftermath of radiation casualties. Fanning out beyond the fringes of immediate destruction by blast, invisible radiation had planted the seeds of a lingering death among tens of thousands. Already, as the fires died down, they began to sicken qnd die. The bomb’s heat burned many who were in the open, but penetrating atomic rays had accompanied the heat and the bums proved to be deep within the victims’ bodies. Within a month 50,000 died from heat and radiation burns. Among those who survived many were disfigured with huge growths of homy tissue that stiffened their backs and limbs. But still the death toll is not complete. Today leukemia has begun to crop up. Already fourteen cases of the fatal disease have appeared among 750 who were within a kilometer of the center of the explosion, a frequency that is 600 times the normal incidence of leukemia in Japan.

The Fall-out

But the death-dealing radiations are not limited to the moment, nor to the immediate vicinity of the explosion. As the fireball rises and forms the cloud that billows up into the stratosphere, it carries a seething mass of deadly radioactive elements born in the furnace of atomic fission. Much of

human targets over Hiroshima in 1945. this radioactivity becomes attached to par-

tides of dust sucked up from the ground into the doud, and- falls back to the earth in the vicinity of the target. More of it is carried by winds to far-distant points, gradually settling out in a pattern that literally encircles the earth. When the radioactive dust falls it exposes to its nuclear rays millions of persons, hundreds or thousands of miles away. Almost every part of the United States has been subjected to this radioactive fall-out from the test bombs that have been shot in Nevada. Industrial radioactive instruments used in Salt Lake City went off scale and were out of commission for days. Colorado scientists noted high readings on their Geiger counters within a matter of hours after a test. One cloud recently dropped a large dose of fission fragments on Chicago. A production run of photographic films was ruined because the straw used in one stage of its manufacture had been contaminated with traces of long-lived atomic ashes that had fallen on the Illinois field where the straw was grown. Rain and snow wash the radioactivity out of the air and concentrate it on the ground. Water puddles reading as high as .5 roentgen a day were reported after a rain in Chicago.

Sensational as the radioactive dispersion from fission bombs may be, it is minor in comparison with that set loose by the explosion of fusion, or hydrogen, bombs. The 14-million-ton explosion (in terms of TNT) set off at Bikini, March 1, 1954, spewed a huge poisonous cloud clear into the top of the atmosphere, with radioactivity equivalent to millions of tons of radium. The area to the leeward of the bomb was supposed to have been cleared by patrols, but a shift in wind took the cloud in an unexpected course over a group of the Marshall Islands. In its path, 160 miles away, lay a Japanese fishing boat, the Fortunate Dragon. A few hours after the burst, a white ash began to settle out on the crew and the load of tuna on deck. The threat to the islands brought quick action. The Marshall Islanders were promptly evacuated, and suffered no worse injury than bums on the head and neck and the loss of their hair. They all recovered, and their hair grew back in. However, the danger from the fall-out was not recognized on the boat until it returned to port, and the men were found to be suffering from radiation sickness. One of them eventually died, some time after the others had recovered. The fact that the immediate cause of his death,was jaundice, which he had apparently contracted through blood transfusions given as treatment for his radiation injuries, has not lessened his stature as a martyr, the first death caused by the hydrogen bomb.

The U.S.-Atomic Energy Commission has now disclosed the full extent of the range of radioactive fall-out from the hydrogen bomb tested at Bikini. An area of 7,000 square miles, in the shape of a long cigar extending 220 miles downwind from the bomb, was seriously contaminated. Even at 140 miles, the radiation was so intense that a fatal dose could be received within thirty-six hours. Hiding underground, even in a basement, would afford considerable protection at this range. But all out-of-doors would be coated with radioactive poison for months and years.

Danger Minimized

Most newspaper and magazine articles interpreting this A.E.C. report have shown diagrams with a circle or oval extending out to 140 miles, to indicate the area of 100 per cent fatalities to unprotected persons. Accompanying explanations have left the impression, however, that such simple precautions as staying indoors would save everyone in this area. Reference to the A.E.C. report shows this to be a misleading impression, so far as the great part of the 140-mile radius is concerned. Ten miles

away from the explosion the radiation dose was 5,000 roentgens. Even a hundred miles away it was down only to 2,300 roentgens. Cutting these exposures in half by staying Indoors would not save anyone. Serious effects and many fatalities would occur even among people seeking the best basement shelter throughout the area up to a hundred miles distant.

The Civil Defense organization, already desperately trying to adapt survival techniques worked out for the common atom bomb to the overwhelmingly greater hydrogen bomb, was forced again to revise its formulas. Only two signals are now to be used, One says to run while there is time. The other says to duck, there is no time to run. Since the radioactive fall-out would render many areas unsafe for indefinite periods following a bombing, the all-clear signal that was formerly to call people out of the shelters after the bombing raid was over has been dropped from the book. Radio announcements will be used to give notification that specific areas have dropped to tolerable radiation levels.

In the area blanketed by fall-out from an atomic bomb, the greatest care will be necessary to avoid taking any of the radioactive materials into the, body. Especially dangerous is radioactive strontium, with a half life of twenty years. Because it is chemically similar to calcium, it lodges in the bones. The maximum safe quantity of radiostrontium in the body has been set at one millionth of a curie. A single atomic bomb releases 4,000 curies, enough to give every person on earth twice the tolerance amount. The soil becomes contaminated with this and other long-lived fission products. Plants grown in such soil will be active, and whether used directly for human food or used to feed livestock, radioactivity eventually finds its way into the human body. Fish in the sea will be similarly affected. In the bone marrow, the longcontinued effects of even minute quantities of activity will cause anemia or bone cancer. This can be the long-term result of atomic warfare or of uncontrolled “peacetime” testing of atomic weapons.

The explosion of these weapons in the air also raises the radioactivity level in the atmosphere. The neutrons from the chain reaction, escaping into the atmosphere, are captured by nitrogen atoms to make carbon-14. It is calculated that the neutrons released from one hydrogen bomb are sufficient to make more carbon-14 than already exists in the earth’s entire atmosphere. This increase has not yet been reported from any measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, but every bomb adds its bit, and the 5,000-year half life of carbon means that it will continue to be around for a long time. This is presumably the basis for the warning by Sir Winston Churchill that an “undue number of atomic and hydrogen bomb explosions might have serious effects on the earth’s atmosphere for 5,000 years.”

Heredity Hazard

The worst hazard of all, in fact, may lie neither in the explosion of the bomb nbr in the radioactivity in the locality of the blast. More harmful yet may be the longterm effects of radiation on heredity.

Many scientists have already become seriously alarmed by the prospects of genetic damage to the entire human race through the uncontrolled release of huge quantities of radioactivity into the atmosphere. Nobel prize winner H. J. Muller says that every mutation, whether it is in a dominant or a recessive characteristic, results eventually in the death of some individual, If it is dominant, it will cause a stillbirth or a defective individual in the first generation. If it is recessive, it will be hidden for a number of generations, com-

Ing to light finally when it is coupled with a similar mutant gene in reproduction. In either case, the mutation is eliminated from the race by death or failure of the defective individual to reproduce. Muller warns that “atomic warfare may cause as much genetic damage, spread out over future generations, as the direct harm done to the generation exposed?’

Another Nobelist, British physiologist E. D. Adrian, states: “We must face the possibility that repeated atomic explosions will lead to a degree of general radioactivity which ho one can tolerate or es* cape. The human race cannot stand more than a few thousand large atomic explosions whether they hit their target or miss it”

His countryman, Frederick Soddy, pioneer in radioactive research, says bluntly of the atomic blasts that “they are fouling the air with radioactivity. It is nonsense to say it is harmless.”

Linus J. Pauling, recipient of last year’s Nobel prize in chemistry, called for a halt to atomic bomb testing because of the world-wide effects of radioactive fall-out. He said continued dispersal of radioactive material into the atmosphere is creating a critical situation, the final effects of which can only be guessed at and feared.

Biochemist Eugene Rabinowitch is fearful that man’s explosion of sufficient hydrogen bombs would amount to his “creeping suicide.” The generation alive at the time could survive, but the eventual fate of mankind would have been sealed and nothing could be done about it.

The Federation of Atomic Scientists, claiming “it should be clear that future accelerated H-bomb test programs by several atomic powers will ultimately reach a level which can be shown to be a serious threat to the genetic safety of all people of the world,” proposed that the United Nations study the problem.

Aftereffects inJapan

Has the predicted effect of mutations appeared yet among the Japanese survivors of atomic bombing? This is debated. A report in the German paper Kirche in tier Zeit, quoted in the Christian Century, states that Hiroshima has seen a large number of abnormal births since the bomb fell. Babies have been born with deformed bones, noses, ears, lips and internal organs, according to the National Congress of Japanese Midwives. In some the brain has been deformed, in others, entirely missing. Some have lacked eyes, and even eye-sockets. But Dr. Shields Warren, speaking for the Committee on Atomic Casualties, claims that this report is inaccurate and misleading. The committee’s report, published in Science, avers that the only effects they have seen yet are an increase in stillbirths and a slight shift in the sex ratio. Which of these conflicting reports are we to believe? Is it possible that the difference in conclusions is due to the reluctance of Japanese medical doctors and nurses to co-operate with the American Casualty Commission? The persistent refusal of the Japanese to permit American doctors to examine the injuries of the fishermen from the Fortunate Dragon hints at the possibility that the American Commission may not have access to all the facts. Dr. R. H. Holmes in his televised report from Japan did not categorically deny the occurrence of malformed children. He stated that “we have no evidence that this will occur. The families that we have seen have given no indication.” (Italics ours.)

The Atomic Energy Commission minimizes the danger from this continued spreading of radioactive fall-out. The official position of the commission, stated in a report by its chairman Lewis L. Strauss, is that "none of the extensive data collected from all tests shows that residual radioactivity is being concentrated in dangerous amounts anywhere in the world outside the testing areas.” In regard to a single element, radioiodine, in the fall-out, the official statement is: “The average exposure of people in the United States from radioiodine in the fall-out from the entire series of tests in the spring of 1954 was only a few per cent of the annual dose that can be received year after year and still have no noticeable effects.”

If all the people in the United States averaged this much, many of them must have received more than the annual dose that can be taken without ill effects. Furthermore, iodine comprises only 2 or 3 per cent of the dozens of elements that are formed together by the bomb burst, all of which add their part to the total radiation. Thus, upon inspection, the A.E.C. statement, which appears at first glance so calm and reassuring, leaves room for serious doubt.

As to the genetic effects of the radiation, the A.E.C states that the “exposure of the general population of the United States from our nuclear weapons-testing program will not seriously affect the genetic constitution of human beings?* However, they admit that “at our present stage of genetic knowledge, there is a rather wide range of admissible opinion on this subject?’

A.E.C. Opinion Biased

It would not be realistic to expect A.E.C, spokesmen to be unbiased in their official opinions on this subject. After all, it is their business to build and test nuclear weapons, and, naturally, they wish to justify their continued activity. As chairman Strauss puts it: "Until the possibility of an atomic attack is eliminated by a workable international plan for general disarmament, the study and evaluation of the effects of weapons which might be used against us and the improvement of our means of self-defense are a paramount duty of the Government?*

One of the admissible opinions that ranges far from the official A.E.C. view is that of Alfred H. Sturtevant of California Institute of Technology. He takes issue with the claim that the level of radiation reaching populated areas after atomic or hydrogen bomb tests is “far below the levels which could be harmful in any way to human beings?* He calculates, on the basis of the mutation rate in fruit flies, that 1,800 of the 90,000,000 children born in the world last year suffered from mutations. Hence, he says “it is inexcusable to state that no hazard exists?*

The danger may actually be much greater than Sturtevant has calculated. The seventeenth semiannual report of the A.E.C. to Congress reveals that "the effect of radiation on the mutation rate in the mouse is ten times as great as that observed in fruit flies in previous experiments. Estimates of the genetic hazards of radiation in man based on fruit fly mutations were revised in the light of this new knowledge?* Sturtevant’s figures should be revised in line with this to indicate 18,000 such children born last year.

In spite of the growing concern of many scientists with the long-range effects of the nuclear arms race, it appears certain that it will continue, and that bombs will be tested in peacetime by more and more nations as they step into the role of atomic powers. Counterbalancing the humanitarian views of scientists quoted above, there are many who hold with Professor G. Fail-la: “The question of how many H-bombs can safely be exploded is irrelevant To remain free we must develop powerful nuclear bombs. We must continue our test program?’ With world politics what it is today, political rulers are more likely to accept this view.

Is there no hope then, that world-wide radioactive contamination can be avoided? Is it inevitable that power-mad rulers will ruin the earth with their poisonous mushroom clouds? Will the human race be doomed to extinction by a creeping genetic suicide as a result of World War HI? Will God’s purpose to establish a new world be thwarted by man’s diabolical genius for self-destruction? These questions will be considered in the third and concluding article of this series.

SO YOU are coming to Sweden? You will find this & charming land of great variety. The population here is small, just a little over seven million, but the country is rather large, reaching even north of the Arctic Circle. Sweden is so long. In fact, that if it were pivoted on its southern tip, the northern part would fall into the Mediterranean Sea south of Rome. Due to its great length, there is a striking dissimilarity between the country’s different parts, and between the people who inhabit them. As a little schoolgirl once wrote in a composition: “Sweden is an oblong country.

No wonder the Swedes are different at both ends.”

In the north are snow-clad mountains, glaciers and, of course, the midnight sun. There are bears, wolves, reindeer Hocks and the habitations of the picturesque Laplanders. In the south is Scania with its big cornfields, tree-lined roads and ancient moat-surrounded castles. The people of this southern area do not like to hurry. They are good-natured and fond of food, and thus both their temperaments and their bodies have a certain pleasant roundness. It is said that at a November festival, when they traditionally eat roasted goose, they find that one goose is too big for one person and too small for two.

Between the northern and southern

extremes are vast forests, rivers, agricultural districts and many of Sweden’s more than 86,000 lakes. Whether in small idyllic towns, big industrial cities, in country villages or on farms, the Swedes are a calm and quiet people of few words and still fewer gestures. They are, however, much interested in foreigners and have a secret longing for faraway places, where their fortune may await them. In earlier days, when the poverty in the land was great, many young people ventured the long voyage across the ocean to America, and in most country homes you can see pictures of relatives “over there.”

The people here are much concerned about what others will think, and this, of course, hinders their associating with Jehovah’s witnesses and other 'unpopular people.’ Most of the people belong to the

Lutheran State Church, although the vast majority attend only at the great festivals, such as Christinas and Easter. There are many so-called Free Churches, but when you come right down to it the Swedes in general are not very religious. However, real truth-seekers continue to take the bold step of declaring themselves for Jehovah and joining in Kingdom preaching.

Visiting Sweden

Journeys are comfortable in Sweden. Modem trains are driven by “white coal,” the electricity from big waterfalls in the north. Third-class travel here equals the usual second class, and second class is as good as Continental first class. There is a well-organized bus service, and circular tours are available at reasonable prices. Then, too, in the summer small white/ skerry boats, sometimes called “the streetcars of the Archipelago,” cruise between the thousands of islands that lie along the coast.

Of special interest is the famed three-day Gota Canal cruise between the cities of Stockholm and Gothenburg. The canal consists of a series of narrow connecting links that cut through the Swedish countryside between numerous lakes and rivers. The entire distance is 385 kilometers (more than 200 miles), though the interested tourist need take only a small part of the trip.

Sweden has good hotels, although their number is somewhat limited. Breakfast is not automatically served where you lodge; so the tourist probably will go to a coffeehouse or a restaurant and buy, as the Swedes do, just coffee and a roll for breakfast There is an abundance of restaurants and cafeterias. At a simple, yet clean and nice cafeteria, you can get lunch or dinner for about 3 kroner (approximately 60c). There is a greater variety of food at the restaurants, but here you will have to pay at least six or seven kroner (a minimum of approximately $1.20 to $1.40). As for the famed Swedish smorgasbord, it is not now found everywhere, but many restaurants offer assietter, a sort of junior smorgasbord that the waitress brings to your table. As a final point, Swedish friends might caution you against places having a sign with the word “01” (meaning beer), because these beer houses are of a character different from that in some other lands.

Ancient Stockholm

Stockholm, Sweden’s capital, is a comparatively old town built partly on islands between Lake Malar and the Baltic Sea. Like Amsterdam, which we visited in this magazine’s previous issue, it too is called “the Venice of the North.” Stockholm is a beautiful town, and there are many things to catch the visitor’s eyA There was a great building activity here in the seventeenth century when Sweden was a so-called great power—a position to which she rose through many wars and conquests —and some of these buildings are well worth our attention. The Royal Palace was erected 1697-1760, and certain parts are open to the public. The Palace of the Nobility is another seventeenth-century building of great beauty. The newer town hall also is a unique structure with a certain Venetian touch, and it is beautifully situated right on the edge of the waters of Lake Malar. Also, the courthouse and the city library may be mentioned.

A tour by taxi boat under the bridges of Stockholm offers a good view of many of the most prominent places, and if it is made by moonlight it shows this city, “the Queen of Lake Malar,” from her most romantic side. There also are sight-seeing buses, and some of the suburbs with their noted modern architecture are easily reached by the bright new subway.

A visit to Skansen, the famous open-air museum, will also prove interesting. Among other attractions there are many old houses and cottages from all parts of the country. There is even an old manor house, fully furnished according to the style of its period, As another feature, you can see glass blowing done according to the old method, and can buy the newly made glass or vase as a souvenir. Close to Skansen is the Nordic Museum of cultural history, and also nearby stands Waldemarsudde, the residence of the late Prince Eugene who arranged for his estate and art collections to be open to the public.

An hour’s train Tide north of Stockholm is Upsala, the seat of the oldest and most important Swedish university, founded in 1477. In the library here is found the Cedex Argenteus, a beautiful manuscript from about 500 A.D., with silver and golden writing on purple vellum. It contains parts of Ulfiias’ Gothic Bibk translation

The Major Interest

But to Jehovah’s witnesses who will be visiting Sweden this summer another nearby place is of far greater interest than all those previously mentioned. It is Jakobs-berg, about half an hour’s railway trip from Stockholm’s Central Station. Here we find the Bethel home of the Watch Tower Society. This newly erected building houses the office and printery, and is very well suited for its purpose. It is from here that the local work of Jehovah’s witnesses is directed, and it is from here too that a total of 130,000 copies of the Swedish watchtower and Awafce? magazines are produced and sent out each month. What sweet music the sounds of the presses make to these brothers who formerly had to avail themselves of the services Of an outside printery!

Jehovah’s witnesses in Sweden are especially looking forward to having many delegates from abroad visit them in Just a few weeks from, now, as, on the same week end, Stockholm and The Hague jointly play host to the final assemblies of the 1955 “Triumphant Kingdom” series held throughout North America and Europe. Already Swedish newspapers have told the people that of the many conferences and assemblies to be held Ln Stockholm this summer, this gathering will have by far the largest number of delegates.

Arrangements have been made for the Johanneshovs Idrottsplats (a football and runner's ground) on the southern butskirt of the city. The assembly place is served by the subway and many bus lines, and from August 17 to 21 it will be the scene of joyful New World activity. We here in Sweden certainly hope that you will be with us, that you will accept our invitation to attend this final “Triumphant Kingdom” Assembly and to participate with us in praise to Jehovah’s name. Remember, we are looking forward to your arrival and to extending to you a very hearty welcome. Will you be our guest for this assembly in Sweden?

A* ffabi&rt

C. At Guttenberg, New Jersey, a 47-year-old woman employee suffered severe shock to her nervous system when a mouse crawled out of a packing box and jumped onto her apron. She claimed a workmen’s compensation award for $3,262. In court the judge upheld the award, ruling that the mouse’s jump was "an external physical force” that "constituted a happening of an unexpected occurrence and hence was an accident.”

VIGOROUS RELIGION?

"A PreeHtutiwt of the Christian Faith**

4 Many are the clerics who exult over the increase and popularity of radio and television religious programs. The happy clerics bilss-tally point to this as a sign of a wide religious revival. But not all agree. Recently, Dean Liston Pope of the Yale Divinity School fired a salvo of devastating verbal missiles at the popular religious programs. Of the *'peace-of-mind cult’1 programs the dean said: “The mambo is popular, and innumerable people have been helped by patent medicines, hospitals and social-work programs, but not every popular cr helpful thing is :o be described as Christian or presented under Christian auspices.” Then there are the programs that offer solutions to personal or social problems under the guise of religion. “This kind of thing,” said Dean Pope, "represents a prostitution of the Christian faith.*'

< Next, the dean turned a verbal flame thrower on another class of religious programs; "There are the popular skits about wholesome families, presumably model Christian families; some of them are the best argument for celibacy advanced since the Middle Ages. T would never have believed that anything could be stickler than some of the soap operas, but religion has outdone even Lever Brothers. The difficult art of Christian family life is reduced to title morallsms and pleasantries, and to the cheerful conclusion that it pays in the end. . . . Religion is Introduced as a fragment of ritual, or a moralistic cliche, or an offstage voice quoting Scripture in a mellifluous voice ” i Does a so-called mass audience for religious programs really exist at all? Dean Pope thought not: "No matter what we do, we will not compete successfully with Jackie Gleason for the audience out there, not even if we give away free trips to Palestine or old church pews for use as lawn benches,"—Time, March 14, 1955.

Churchet Not 'Uptettbig the World*

■ The Bible show? that true Christians, those whe fearlessly bear testimony to the good news of Jehovah’s kingdom, have never been liked by the world, Jesus said that the Kingdom proclalmers would be hated. The apostle Paul was so thoroughly hated that he was classed as an upset ter of the world. (Acts 17:6 J A new Bible commentary. The Interpreter*ji Bible, provides a thought-provoking comment on this scripture:

“It was in Thessalonica that Paul and Silas were described in words that the world has never forgotten. 'These men who have turned :he world upside down have come here also.’ Or in Moffatt’s translation, “These upsetters of the world have come here tco” As an upsetter of the world, Paul was in the direct succession of prophets. They had always been 'trou biers cf Israel.’ From Elijah. Nathan, Amos and Jeremiah to John the Baptist, the line was unbroken. . . . One often wonders who the successors to the prophets are today. Leaders of the church, by and large, de not often upset anyone if they can help it. Too much depends upon satisfied customers.’

f Most birds, by their own diligence, have to ferret out their dinners, spending iheir waking hours in an unflagging, energetic quest for juicy bugs. But not so with a bird dwelling on some of the Indonesian Molucca islands, south of the Philippines. 'Chis bird, the frog mouth, is an owl-like bird of murky brown. So amazingly easy is the frog mouth's way cf catching dinners that it makes a spider's efforts to snare a fly with a web seem like hard work. For the frog mouth bird has Its own built-in decoy, an alluringly colorful palate that attracts The bird's daily fart1 while it sits efforCossly on its haunches'. When the frog mouth feels a pang of hunger or the need for a nibble, it just sits quietly on the ground in the jungle and opens its mouth, exposing its brightly colored palate. Then presto! dinner is served. Insects from surrounding plants, attracted by the light and color reflection, zestfully zoom into the bird’s gaping mouth. So, thanks to its built-in decoy, this bird consumes several hearty meals and a few in-between snacks everyday—ail without so much as a flap of the wing.

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criminal actions of the police. The constitutional questions were contemptuously dismissed, as an attempt by Mr. Glen How, one of Jehovah's witnesses and lawyer for Chaput, “to stretch the case beyond its natural boundaries," The Quebec court even made the ridiculous statement that a seditious offense was being committed by Jehovah’s witnesses, in the face of the police's own admission that the minister at the service was only reading the Bible.

The case was then taken before the nation’s highest tribunal at Ottawa. Nine justices listened with care for almost three full days as the hateful facts of religious persecution from Canada's dark province unfolded before them. Attorney How argued for Chaput that the police were guilty of four different criminal offenses; interrupting a religious service, interfering with a minister, theft of literature and kidnaping the minister.

When his turn came the police attorney, Mr. Labelle, tried to defend their illegal actions, but questions from the nine justices demolished his weak defenses. He pretended the police were in good faith; they had complaints; there might have been a riot, etc.

The Ottawa Journal (May 6,1955) quoted from the argument before the court: “Mr. Labelle was asked how the complaint originated against the meeting. Mr. Justice Taschereau answered the question in a nutshell. He said, ‘Father D. J. Harrington (parish priest at Chapeau) had made a phone call and as a result a police sergeant had despatched the three officers to disperse the meeting and seize the literature? *But why did they seize the Bible?’ asked Mr. Justice Locke. Mr. Labelle contended that they were acting to prevent a criminal violation. ‘What was the crime: reading the Catholic Bible?’ Mr. Justice Tasche-reau commented. ‘They didn’t even investigate. They should have seen when they got there that their apprehensions were unfounded.’ ‘They went there on specific orders to disperse the meeting/ put in Mr, Justice Abbott ‘And it was for the sole purpose of stopping the meeting/ added Mr. Justice Taschereau, '‘Close the meeting first, investigate after’ interjected Mr. Justice Rand.”—Montreal Star, May 6, 1955.

The police attorney contended the police had acted in good faith. The Montreal Star quoted further: “ ‘The holding of the religious meeting itself was not considered seditious; good faith can’t be a justification for an illegal act,’ Mr. Justice Rand said.”

From the Ottawa Citizen: “Justice Taschereau: ‘I have never seen a crime being committed in good faith. The invasion of the house was a violation of Section 199 of the Criminal Code (which forbids interrupting religious services). Would it be justified for the police to have come into a Protestant church or a Roman Catholic church to break up a service if they thought it illegal?' ”

On the police allegation that they thought the meeting was seditious, Mr. Justice Taschereau said also: “My lasting impression is that sedition was an after thought. They went there under orders for the sole purpose of stopping the meeting.” —Ottawa Citizen.

When Labelle, attorney for the police, argued that the meeting might have aroused violence, Justice Kellock said: “Then why did the police not go there to protect the meeting against the lawbreakers instead of themselves breaking it up?”

The judges of the Supreme Court appeared to be unanimous in their disapproval of the police action. The case presented, however, an issue of civil and con-stitutional liberties of much more importance than damages for the actions of these officers. The constitutionality of the statutes of the province relied on by the police

was also in question. At the last moment Labelie, the police attorney, withdrew his reliance on these laws so as to ask the Supreme Court not to decide the constitutional question.

Counsel for Jehovah’s witnesses still urged the court to give a decision on the lack of constitutional authority by the province to interfere with the religious liberty of the people. He pointed out that the province had passed, in January of 1954, a new statute designed to allow the police to break up meetings just as had been done in this case, and that therefore the court must eventually rule on the question,

A prominent Canadian columnist, Judith Robinson, shows what the judges did: “The Supreme Court of Canada rose, reserving judgment in the amount of damages and refusing to give judgment on the principle: the constitutional right to religious freedom ... This was the flat end of more than five years of struggle to bring the issue to judgment. Through months and years of legal delays and evasions, while persecution of their faith continued, against two adverse judgments in superior courts of Quebec, the religious group known as Jehovah’s witnesses had carried their case for freedom of worship through to a hearing before the nine judges whose court is supreme in Canada and whose decision is final. They had their hearing, a sympathetic and careful one. They had seen their opponent’s case demolished by the court’s t own questions. But on the one point which matters to them and their opponents alike they wall have no decision. Judgment will not be on the issue of religious freedom ... Counsel for the appellant, Glen How, protested the decision in vain . . . The Supreme Court decided unanimously not to take cognizance. This sort of approach to justice takes great and special gifts.”

Jehovah’s witnesses have suffered bitter persecution in Quebec, over many years. In the interests of justice and of putting an end to such outrages, the Supreme Court could have given a conclusive constitutional ruling. Even if they limit the case to damages, the defeat of the police will be beneficial in keeping Quebec police within limits and stop abuses cf freedom of worship. The police will no longer think they can do as they see fit, Jehovah’s witnesses will use the ccurts as long as they are open but they rely upon Jehovah God and Christ Jesus to protect their preaching work.

'Serious Music a Dead Art'

C, Taking a dim view of the stream cf jazz that has flooded the United States and most of the rest of the world, Henry Pleasants in his The Agony of Moflexv, Music writes: “Serious music Is a dead art. The vein which for three hundred years offered a seemingly inexhaustible yield of beautiful music has run out. What we know as modern music ts the noise made by deluded speculators picking through the slagpile. . . . The last really modern serious composer, modern in the sense that he spoke with the full authority of the cultural forces of his time, was Wagner. With him ended the long evolution of the art of music in the harmonic or European sense. All that has followed has been reaction, refinement--and desperate experimentation. Those of his successors who have achieved genuine celebrity—Bruckner, Mahler. Strauss, Debussy, Ravel, Sibelius, Schoenberg, Bartok, Berg, Rachman in off, Prokofleff and Shostakovich may be described as Strauss once described himself, as trlflers “who had something to say in the last chapter.’ They have had at least a public. For the younger men there has been none. Nothing they have written has been keyed to any considerable segment of contemporary taste or met uny contemporary musical requirement ether than their wm amViiiuri to be composers.”

We Visited Hawaii's Volcanic Eruption

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