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    Awake!, May 8, 1955

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    Awake!—1955

    CHRISTIAN ONLY IN NAME

    The Voters Vindicate Judge Parrish

    A Letter from Paris

    "The Fool Hath Said"

    THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

    News sources that are able to keep you awake to Hie vital issues of our times must be unfettered by censorship and selfish interests. ‘Awake 1” has no fetters. It recognizes facts, faces facts, is free to publish facts. It is not bound by political ambitions or obligations; it is unhampered by advertisers whose toes must not be trodden on; it is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that it may speak freely to you. But it does not abuse its freedom. It maintains integrity to truth.

    “Awake uses Hie regular news channels, but is not dependent on them. Its own correspondents are on all continents, in scores of nations. From the four comers of the earth their uncensored, on-the'Scenes reports come to you through these columns. This journal’s viewpoint is not narrow, but Is international. It is read in many nations, in many languages, by persons of all ages. Through its pages many fields of knowledge pass in review—government, commerce, religion, history, geography, science, social conditions, natural wonders—why, its coverage is as broad as the earth and as high as the heavens.

    “Awake!” pledges itself to righteous principles, to exposing hidden foes and subtle dangers, to championing freedom for all, io comforting mourners and strengthening those disheartened by the failures of a delinquent world, reflecting sure hope for the establishment of a righteous New World.

    Get acquainted with “Awake!” Keep awake by reading "Awake I”

    Published Semimonthly By watchtower bible and tract society, inc.

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    CONTENTS

    Ten Years of Peace?

    Christian Only in Name

    Baptism by Sword

    The Voters Vindicate Judge Parrish

    Indian Thug a Religious Man

    A Letter from Paris

    The Marvelous Little Black Box

    Taking Better Pictures

    The Crux of Right Living

    Australia's Gums

    Aristippus, Ancient Apostle of Pleasure 21 What to Call a Nameless Mouse

    Babies and Blood Transfusions

    Popular Opinion on Weather

    “Your Word Is Truth”

    ‘The Fool Hath Said”

    Jehovah's Witnesses Preach in All

    the Earth—Pakistan

    Do You Know?

    Watching the World

    Volume XXXVI

    Brooklyn, N. Y., May 8, 1955

    Number 9

    Ten Years of Peace?

    EXACTLY ten years ago, May 7, 1945, World War H in Europe ended, V-E Day came, the postwar era arrived and the peace for which the world had fought, bled and died was expected to enter.

    Further, the “Four Freedoms” were a widely heralded goal. United States President Roosevelt stated them like this: “The first is freedom of speech and expression —everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want... everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.”

    A decade now has passed. Do ail men have the freedom of speech, expression, worship and the freedom from want and fear that the victory over tryanny was to bring? Who would dare say so?

    The tenth anniversary of World War ITs end finds both sides of the present East-West struggle heartily preparing for battle. Russia, Britain and America have atomic weapons. Intercontinental rockets are planned for the near future. Nazism’s defeat did not bring freedom from fear, but fear has multiplied many times with dreaded atomic bombs now being produced.

    Not only is there fear of worse destruction to come, but during this decade itself there have been numerous wars. There have been revolts in Latin America: in Paraguay, Colombia, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Peru and elsewhere. The Indonesians won their freedom from the Dutch, then fought rebel groups that opposed the new government There was guerrilla warfare in Greece, the Arabs fought with the Israelis, and India and Pakistan fought over Kash-mir. Years have been spent in fighting the Karen rebels in Burma, the Hukbalahaps in the Philippines and other groups elsewhere. In Kenya alone 8,000 of the Mau Mau have been killed since October, 1952. True, these wars were of varying sizes, but no war, not even a single battle, is “small” to those who die in it.

    War is horribly real to those who fear sudden death or maimed bodies and to those whose families have been broken and whose land and homes have been destroyed. Britain’s hard-hitting Sir Gerald Templer said in Malaya in 1952: “I don’t like this world.... The whole world has gone mad.”

    Further, the decade since 1945 has witnessed three major Communist wars in Asia. In October of that year China’s troops locked powder horns with the Chinese Communists and the Communists pushed the Nationalists into the sea, where they took refuge on the island of Formosa behind the frowning guns of the United States seventh fleet.

    The second Asian war began when on December 19, 1946, Vietminh forces attacked the French in Hanoi, contesting French colonial rule in Indochina. Lasting seven and a half years (longer than World War II) this most exasperating of wars took a total of nearly 300,000 lives*

    Meanwhile, J3ommunist China had overrun Tibet, and on June 25,1950, the North Korean Communists had invaded South Korea. The United States, the United Nations and Communist China were involved, and this nightmarish three-year struggle proved to be the fourth-bloodiest war in United States history*

    Then, too, the countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Austria were liberated from the shackles of Nazism, only to grovel now in the shackles of communism. East German adolescents of the Nazi youth movement became leaders in the Communist youth movements. One totalitarian foe was defeated, another sprang up. One oppressive ruler is conquered, another replaces him. It has been so throughout history.

    Why? Because, as the Bible shows, Satan is this world’s god. Many persons scoff at that idea. While suffering under his heel they say he does not exist. But Christ Jesus was not that foolish, and neither are true Christians today. Though the world has ignored them, the Scriptures are clear in showing that Satan would do his worst when he realized that his time to rule was expiring—and that is just what he is doing today. However, many honest persons are taking heart. They are putting confidence in Christ’s kingdom, which alone has strength beyond challenge and which will end Satan’s wicked rule forever. They rejoice to learn that these present conditions were foretold in the Bible as being a sign of Christ’s rule beginning, and that, therefore, we are living in the day when, as Psalm 46:6-11 predicted, God, not man, will destroy the weapons and make wars to cease throughout the earth.

    This magazine awakened many persons to these facts a decade ago when false predictions were then being made, and it continues to speak out boldly^while other false predictions are being made today. Study the facts, see that they are true and that they will enable you to take the right course.

    able, because only willing believers were' admitted to the Christian fold by water baptism. These sheeplike ones were to be treated with all tenderness and compassion. In love the Christian congregation was to

    THE mission of Christianity in the earth was to be a patient, peaceful, Godfearing endeavor. Converts were to be won by love of truth, argument, reason and logic. Forced conversions were unacceptgrow. “By this all will know that you are my disciples, if you have love among yourselves.”—John 13:35, New World Trans.

    Even opposers were to be treated with the same kindness and consideration that

    marked the Christian congregation. “Continue to love your enemies, to do good to those hating you, to bless those cursing you, to pray for those who do you injury. To him that strikes you on the one cheek offer the other also, '...Also just;asyou ;?< .■: want .men to do to you, dp the same way to

    says: The Christians "held their meetings /'in private dwellings; their ministers wore no peculiar dress; and, by all who sought merely the gratifies tion of the eye or of the car, the simple service in which they cn-. gaged must have been considered very.,.

    ''bald and uninteresting.” Y<Y'Yy-

    --.

    them. ... Continue be- , g. .<■

    coming compassionate, ; :. .. fiirytherewas Achapge.lti,

    ■ '"■■■■' ■ just as your Father' is’-'--’ '■ V£W.<.a -. Persecution • swept

    compassionate. Force-: lh(,. . -Christian congregation.

    ; .. and violence were to be ' Pure worship- w<lostm

    unheard of among them,.. - . • ■ •' ■ ... sight of and a greatma-/•

    They were told: “Do not .-. jority of professing

    Christians gradually fell away to the subtleties of pagan religion. They began to emulate the magnificence of the heathen temples, and even to: ape their arrangements. Pagan doctrines and fables began to be mixed with the pure doctrine of the truth. By A.D. 325 the 1,800 so-called “Christian” communities were organized

    ? resist him that is wicked.” “Return your

    sword to its .place, for all those who take the sword will perish by the sword.” Therefore wars and barbarisms were outlawed. —Luke 6:27-36; Matthew 5:39; 26:52, New World Trans. . .- / .". ■ ■ /

    : Through the patient and loving missidn-

    ary work of the early disciples of Christ,

    X the majority: of whom, are hot mentioned under the control of a loose government of in history, the gospel became known among bishops, presbyters and deacons, Further,, the nations. As early as the second cen- by this time organized apostasy became : tury the good news reached far into Asia, sufficiently strong to warrant the Roman Africa, Europe, Spain, and even into the government to consider its fusion with the : far-flung fields of the British Isles. The . existing Roman state cult. : : ; ;

    willingness with which Christian-men re-

    A HybridReligion Resulted ;

    Roman emperor Constantine brought about a fusion religion by compromise. So thorough was his job that by the end of

    sponded to the command to go “and make disciples of people: of all the. nations’’ is one of. the most.remarkable facts in Chris-.

    tian history.—-Matthew 28:19, 20,..A76w

    World Trans. ' ■ '' / ■

    the fourth century the original apostolic >

    .. . ... . . ... :• church organization seemed smothered.

    X Christianity, however,, was an exceed- people called themselves ^Christians,” not .|. . . jngly strange religion to the pagans. The because, they were Christian, but because f ^^peathens worshiped in marble temples. At. was .the fashion and favor of the day,

    . Their priests were arrayed in gaudy robe^./';-“None objected to.these Christians. fetaihX^y — •-•-T: jng the opinions of their pagan ancestors respecting the soul, heroes, demons, tem- /. pies and the like, and their transferring.? them into their devotions; as no one pro- : posed utterly to abolish the ancient pagan institution but only to alter them some- ’ . . ists. In his book The Ancient Church Killen, what and purify them, it was unavoidable

    'v'^The temple incense and music and lustra!

    water were all arranged to fascinate the senses. Christianity, on the other hand, presented none of these attractions. Christians had no altars, temples, or sacrifices. For this, reason pagans called them athe-

    MAY S, 1955 ' " ■ ■ . \ ■ . '■ 5

    that the religion and the worship of Christians should in this way become corrupted.’*—Mosheim’s Ecclesiastical History, page 191.

    Fusion religion became universal—catholic. But to call it “Christian” is a misnomer, as facts of history will establish. The popes of Rome embraced every opportunity to send forth missionaries attached to their cause. But these missionaries were a far cry from the patient, peace-loving disciples of our Lord Jesus Christ. These Roman missionaries were rude, corrupt and cruel Where reason failed, the sword was used. Bloody battles were fought. And many were the instances in which baptism was administered at the point of the sword.

    Rapt ism by Sword

    By the fifth century Christianity was looked upon by barbaric nations as a militant organization, Socrates, fifth-century church historian, says that the Burgundians embraced the Roman brand of “Christianity” because they’believed the Roman god would defend them against the rapines and incursions of the Huns. Religion to the Burgundians was as excellent as the success of its army. The Roman army being great, they assumed that its religion and god were too.

    It was this same principle and viewpoint of military greatness that engaged Clovis, king of the Salii, a nation of the Franks, to embrace Roman Catholicism. The learned Mosheim in his Ecclesiastical History says: “One must be a very inattentive and superficial observer of things, who does not perceive that the fear of punishment, the prospect of honors and advantages, and the desire of obtaining succour against his enemies from the countenance of the Christians, or the miraculous influence of his religion, were the prevailing motives that induced the greatest part to renounce the service of their impotent gods.”

    In the sixth century Christendom began to grow in numbers in the East. Among the nations that embraced her concoction called “Christianity” were the Abasgi, the Heruli, also the Alans, Lazi and Zani. “These conversions, indeed, however pompously they may sound,” says Mosheim, “were extremely superficial and imperfect.”

    During this century a great number of Jews were forced by the sword to embrace the growing papal empire. “In Gaul the Jews were compelled by Childeric to receive the ordinance of baptism; and the same despotic mode of conversion was practised in Spain.” Also in the seventh century they were barbarously compelled in many places to make an outward and feigned profession of their faith in Christ. Emperor Heraclius persecuted them in a most cruel manner, and ordered multitudes of them to be inhumanly dragged into Roman Catholic churches, in order to be baptized by violence and compulsion. This is how Christendom received her great numbers.

    The eighth century marked an even greater growth of the pseudo-Christian Catholic empire. Zealous bishop Boniface, distinguished by the title of the Apostle of the Germans, did not use those methods with which Christ’s apostles made known the good news. Historian Mosheim states that Boniface “often employed violence and terror, and sometimes artifice and fraud, in order to multiply the number of Christians.”

    Charlemagne's Barbarisms

    Also in this century the sainted Charlemagne turned his hideous “Christian” army against the Saxons. In one day he had 4,500 of them beheaded as a lesson to the others who would not submit to baptism, Refusal to be baptized was punishable with death. It is easy to imagine what sort of Christians the Saxons must have been, who were dragooned into the Roman Catholic Church in this abominable manner. Yet the pope canonized Charlemagne’s memory and turned this gory murderer into an eminent saint

    The Normans and other barbarous nations, which gave way to forced baptisms, revolted at the idea of giving up their worship of their ancestors. What took place, says Mosheim, was that these savage people ‘'persuaded the Christians among whom they lived to imitate their extravagant superstition in this respect; and this was the true and original source of the barbarous institutions that prevailed among the Latins” during the ninth and the tenth century. This, however, was in keeping with pope Gregory’s own rule, which has always been followed by the Roman Catholic Church. "For he who endeavors to ascend to the highest places rises by degrees or steps, and not by leaps.” This rule, as Schaff says, facilitated conversion, but it swept much paganism into the church.

    The fear of punishment and the hope of reward had laid the foundation of Roman Catholicism in Poland and Russia. Fraud and deceit played an important part in converting the Cimbrians and the Danes. A bloody war harassed the Prussians into the Catholic fold. Waldemar I, king of Denmark, fought against the Slavonians, Venedi, Vandals, and others, and by the despotic voice of power forced them to be baptized into the church. Finlanders and Livonians were coerced by force to embrace the religion of their "Christian” conquerors, which the greatest of them did, though with the utmost reluctance. Catholic bishop Berthold of Livonia marched into the province at the head of a powerful army, "preached the Gospel sword in hand, and proved its truth by blows instead of arguments.”

    These “booted apostles,” bloodstained sword-bearers of papal Rome, cruelly oppressed, slaughtered and tormented people less barbarous than they in the name of Christianity. The warlike people professed, with an inward reluctance, a religion which was inculcated by violence and bloodshed, which recalled to their remembrance nothing but scenes of desolation and misery, and which, indeed, was byt a few degrees, if any, removed from the absurdities of paganism.

    Fall of Mongrel Religion

    Thus arose the great structure known today as Christendom, and especially so Roman Catholicism, which is a facsimile of ancient Roman paganism, “the ghost of the deceased Roman empire, sitting crowned upon the grave thereof.” This explains the tenacious hold of superstition and the multitude of pagan and semipagan observances in the Roman Catholic religion. It explains the lack of knowledge ofc true Christian principles and of the Bible among the priests and parishioners alikef

    However, true Christianity, like the spirit of God, is indestructible and unconquerable. Today, it makes itself felt in the lives of hundreds of thousands of ministers throughout the world who are engaged in the Christian work of declaring "this good news of the kingdom” for the purpose of a witness to all the nations before the accomplished end of this system of things. These have sheathed the sword and have made the Word of God a force in their lives. With loving-kindness and tender affection they appeal to people of good will. Their labors are voluntary and their work is one of love—love for God and Christ and love for neighbor. Among them the Bible is known and its principles are a reality. Their worship is that of Christ and his apostles. Their boast is not in armies or men but in God.

    THE VOTERS VINDICA TE

    JUDGE PARRISH

    ^UON. Myles F. Parrish Leads Entire JlI Democratic County Ticket to Victory in General Election, Wins Second Tenure of Office by Immense Majority.” Thus the Adams County Observer of November, 1954, headlined its front-page report on the election of Judge Parrish to a second six-year term as judge of the Adams circuit court, and followed up with this opening paragraph: “Hon. Myles F. Parrish, incumbent judge of the twenty-sixth judicial circuit of the state of Indiana, comprising Adams County, led the entire Democratic ticket of county officials to a decisive victory at the general election just passed into history. His vote was 5,817, a total of 5,081 ahead of his opponent, who received only 736 votes,”

    This avalanche of Votes that buried the opposition and kept Judge Parrish in office is worth noting by all who value a judiciary that withstands the trend to abdicate principle on the insufficient grounds of expediency. In his previous term Judge Parrish was confronted with a case loaded with political dynamite, a case with undercurrents of religious prejudice and public clamor and political pressure that would suck under a weak judge more interested in votes than in justice. When Judge Parrish rendered his decision he showed that he recognized the dangers lurking in the background, for he brought them to the fore and repudiated them as unworthy of consideration by a judge obligated to put administering justice ahead of advancing personal ambitions. Near the beginning of his opinion he laid down these governing principles:

    “In the first place; the court must eradicate any vintage of prejudice, either for or against any religious minority that may or may not exist. In the second place, the court must be conscientious, studious, impartial and just. In the third place, the court must be fearless of public clamor, regardless of public praise, and indifferent to private political or partisan influence. In the fourth place, the court must, to the best of his ability, administer justice according to law. And, finally, a judge should not administer his office for the purpose of advancing his personal ambitions or increasing his popularity.”

    The case involved Jehovah’s witnesses. .The congregation in Decatur, Indiana, purchased property on which to build a Kingdom Hall, as the meeting places of Jehovah’s witnesses are called. But the application for a building permit was rejected by the superintendent of zoning and sanitation, and likewise denied by the board of zoning appeals. So the only recourse of the congregation was to take the matter to court, and in the fall of 1952 the case was heard by Judge Parrish of the Adams circuit court.

    In court two grounds for denial were advanced by the board. The city ordinance required that the building be set back

    eighteen feet from the front, whereas the plans allowed for fourteen feet set-back. However, at the time of the hearing before the board the witnesses had agreed to comply with the eighteen-foot set-back. The other reason for denial advanced by the board was that the plans did not provide for the amount of off-street parking space required by the city ordinance. However, provision was made for adequate parking space for the expected attendance.

    In view of the fact that the congregation was willing to comply with the set-back requirement, and was using for parking what space was available, which was sufficient to accommodate the expected attendance at that time, the board should have been satisfied. The fact that it was not suggests other reasons were behind the denial of a building permit At the hearing before the board neighbors protested the building of a hall by Jehovah's witnesses. Between the neighbors and the board excuses for denial ranged from picayunish quibbling to religious prejudice. The hall, thougn no bigger than many homes, would cut off air and light. It would reduce property values. It would cause traffic congestion. And Jehovah’s witnesses did not salute the flag. With the advancement of this last reason the true cause for opposition stood revealed. There was religious prejudice against the Scriptural beliefs of Jehovah’s witnesses. But the board, with legal counsel, was wise enough not to rest its refusal on dislike of doctrine. So the two grounds before mentioned were thought more tenable to throw into the legal arena, even though the witnesses were willing to comply fully with one of them aqd had already complied substantially with the other one.

    The Kingdom Hall in Decatur, Indiana

    Arbitrary, Capricious, Unconstitutional

    These facts supported the contention in court by Hayden C. Covington, attorney for the witnesses, that the denial was arbitrary and capricious, without basis in fact and law. And it finds further support when it becomes known that there are five other churches in the neighborhood, that none of them provide any off-street parking space, and that one of these was built after the present zoning ordinances went into effect. If one church can get a permit to build without providing for any off-street parking, why is a permit refused Jehovah’s witnesses even when they do provide sufficient parking space for the cars of those expected to attend? If the small congregation of Jehovah’s witnesses would cause a traffic hazard even with their off-street parking, how is it that the other churches cause none when they fail to provide any off-street parking facilities whatsoever? Furthermore, the time of the meetings by Jehovah’s witnesses is when traffic is at low ebb. It is also true that practically all the public buildings constructed since these zoning ordinances became effective have been permitted under the law, and that without making any more of a compliance with the parking requirement than have Jehovah’s witnesses. Does not this prove that the board’s denial of a building permit to Jehovah’s witnesses was arbitrary and capricious?

    And by the arbitrary and capricious denial of the building permit, legal counsel for Jehovah’s witnesses argued, the board had violated the guarantees of freedom of assembly and worship contained in both the state and the federal constitution. Counsel did not contend that the ordinance is unconstitutional, but that it is when it is construed, applied and enforced as it was against Jehovah’s witnesses. As construed and applied, the board has power to discriminate against a religion and deny it the right to build and operate a church building, and the delegation of such power is unconstitutional. The most orthodox form of preaching today is for a congregation to assemble in a building for worship. To deny a congregation the right to build a hall is to deny it the right to assemble and worship in this orthodox way and clashes with constitutional guarantees.

    Constitutional liberties cannot thus be abridged by forcing a church to operate a parking lot before it can function. To require it burdens the congregation, and where space is limited, as is usually the case, it not only burdens but, under the guise of regulation, prohibits the use of the property for church purposes. Real estate is necessary for the exercise of freedom of worship in a church or hall, and without it there can be no freedom to worship in a permanent location. This freedom cannot be nullified by requiring the church to lay out a parking lot bigger than ground space allows; in fact, a church cannot be rightfully required to provide off-street parking at all. Even if traffic hazards are created by the presence of a church, the remedy is not to deny the constitutional guarantee of freedom of worship. The remedy would be for the city to post the street with appropriate signs, calling for greater driving caution on the part of motorists, or even the stationing of a policeman there at the necessary time to control traffic.

    And for a city to burden one congregation with running a large parking lot while letting five others in the same neighborhood function without any parking provisions is unlawful discrimination and voids an ordinance that is enforced in that discriminatory way. The discrimination renders it unconstitutional. It denies constitutional rights, contrary to the due-process and equal-protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

    Two Decisions

    Other points were brought out at the trial, but the foregoing is the essence of the issues at stake. In November, 1952, Judge Parrish handed down his opinion. The stir that the case had made in local political circles is shown by the fact that the members of the board of zoning appeals and of the city council were in court to hear the opinion. They did not like what they heard. Sensing that religious prejudice was behind the board’s denial, Judge Parrish quoted from the Indiana Law Journal in his opinion: “The function of the court in protecting religious liberty is to check and rebuke overzealous local officials who have sought to cloak religious persecution in respectable clothing in order to crush the religious minorities of whose doctrines the majority of the community do not approve.”

    The closing paragraphs of his decision did “check and rebuke the overzealous local officials”:

    “The Court, therefore, finds that the petitioners herein, the Jehovah’s Witnesses, have substantially complied with the zoning ordinance, in that they have off-street parking for a number of their members.

    “The Court further finds that the actions of said board in denying the issuance of a permit to the Jehovah’s Witnesses is arbitrary, in that the application of the ordinance requiring that all place§ of assembly, and in particular, churches, have space for off-street parking, as a condition precedent to construction of a building, does not have any relation to the public health, morals, safety or welfare when applied to the church.

    “The Court further finds that the denial of a permit to the petitioners, the Jehovah’s Witnesses, to build a church on the ground that the frontage does not comply with the zoning ordinance, in that the church is to be built fourteen and one-half feet from the front of the lot, instead of eighteen and one-half feet as found by the city engineer, upon the authorities heretofore cited, is arbitrary, and unreasonable, and that the petitioners herein have substantially complied with the ordinance in question,

    “The Court further finds that although the zoning ordinance may be valid and constitutional, yet the ordinance as applied to the petitioners in refusing to permit the petitioners to erect a church in the residential district of the city of Decatur, where there has been no adequate showing that this exclusion of the church was in the furtherance of the public health, safety, morals, or the public welfare, was arbitrary and unreasonable, and in violation of the petitioner’s rights under the State and Federal Constitutions.

    “It is therefore, now ordered, adjudged and decreed by the Court that the finding and the decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals is hereby reversed.”

    The board appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Indiana, and there the case was vigorously argued for Jehovah’s witnesses by their legal counsel, Hayden Covington. Interruptions from the bench were frequent and spirited. The five judges were obviously divided in their opinion. Present again here, as in Judge Parrish's court, was the entire city council of Decatur, to listen to the argument and to exert what political pressure they could on the judges. Also present was Judge Parrish, a very unusual thing but one that showed his interest in the outcome of the case. The argument before the state supreme court was in October, 1953, and on February 1, 1954, the court handed down its decision upholding the findings of Judge Parrish, with the exception that the witnesses should have an eighteen-foot set-back, a point they were willing to comply with all along. The court was divided, Associate Judge Bobbitt writing the majority opinion with which Chief Justice Draper and Associate Judge Gilkison concurred, and Associate Judge Emmert writing a dissent in which Associate Judge Flanagan joined.

    The majority decision found the claim that street parking by the congregation would create a traffic hazard to be unsound. But even if it did cause a traffic problem the remedy should be “by traffic police, signs and other reasonable regulations imposed alike upon all persons using the streets in the vicinity of churches, without undue interference with the right of worship and free assembly.” It also decided: “Under the set of facts in this particular case the application of this provision of the ordinance to appellee’s property would not only prohibit the building of the proposed church, but would also restrict the right of freedom of worship and assembly to an extent that out-weighs any benefit to the safety, health and general welfare of the public, and in such a situation the police power must yield to the constitutional right of freedom of worship and assembly.”

    An important factor of this decision is that it establishes that a zoning law that requires off-street parking facilities is, when enforced, an abridgment of the constitutional guarantees of freedom of worship and assembly. This is an outstanding holding laid down by Judge Parrish and in

    which he was sustained by the Indiana supreme court.

    Judge Parrish showed great courage in ruling in favor of an unpopular religious minority. There is prejudice against the witnesses, there was some public clamor against them, and some political pressure was upon Judge Parrish. Politicians threatened to run a lawyer against him and beat him at the next election. But he held firm to the principles he outlined in his opinion, and the voters vindicated him, showed they valued his judicial integrity. They returned him to office in a landslide victory for him at the polls. He received more votes than any other candidate on any ticket, running far ahead of even those candidates who were unopposed. He carried every precinct in Adams county, and in the precinct where the Decatur congregation of Jehovah’s witnesses is now located, because of his courageous decision, he received 244 votes and his opponent got only ten. This shows that prejudice against the witnesses is not general in Adams county, that the “public clamor” is just the loud noise made by a few and which is out of all proportion to their number, and that the political pressure never developed any steam.

    Judges must be beyond influence by those who would curry favor or mouth threats to get decisions bent in their direction. The Bible recognizes the need for judges to hold aloof from corrupting practices or considerations, and pointedly adjures them: “You should set judges and officers for yourself inside all your gates that Jehovah your God is giving you by your tribes, and they must judge the people with righteous judgment. You must not pervert judgment. You must not be partial or accept a bribe, for the bribe blinds the eyes of wise ones and distorts the words of righteous ones. Justice—justice you should pursue, in order that you may keep alive and may indeed take possession of the land that Jehovah your God is giving you.”—Deuteronomy 16:18-20, New World Trans.

    SN DIA’S Public Enemy No. 1 is a man of religious bent. But his religious fervor seems to act as no deterrent to his murdering. Already this bandit, 61-year-old Mansingh, is charged with 150 murders. According to one account Mansingh has killed 30 policemen, 80 bandits and innumerable informers in the past year and a half, as Indian police are growing weary in their attempt to bring law to the ravines of the desert state of Rajasthan. Police have been after Mansingh for nine years. Still most of the information about this thug is second hand, because he is not in the habit of giving interviews, except to those who are not long in position to report what he says.

    What is known of Mansingh is that he is religious, his favorite goddess being Kali, the patroness of men who live by the gun, the knife or the strangler’s cord. We can understand why Mansingh’s favorite goddess is Kali from the description of Kali and her devotees, as given in an article on Hinduism in Life magazine (February 7, 1955): "Temple images of her have blood dripping from the mouth and one portrait shows her carrying a pair of scissors to snip the thread of life.... The lower clashes, in their fear of Kali, have sometimes gone to morbid extremes to please her. From the 13th to the 19th centuries devotees known as thugi, from which the word thug comes, went around the countryside strangling human victims in the belief that a human sacrifice would satisfy Kali’s thirst for blood for a thousand years. Even with approval of the Brahmins, who discouraged blood sacrifices, the British had great difficulty in suppressing the thugi” Now the Indian police are having great difficulty in suppressing a Kali-adoring thug.

    1UST think! The next house you 4 1 own may be a solar house. There will be no furnaces to feed, no fires to stoke, no ashes to haul away, no soot to blanket the walls and furniture and no smoke to mar the pleasant, outdoor surroundings. Your house may be not only solar heated, but solar cooled and solar cleaned.

    Contrary to. common opinion, it most likely will not be an ultramodern house or a house of glass. Xenophon, a Greek historian, talked about solar houses some two thousand years ago. A solar house is simply a house with a large glass area facing the direction that provides the maximum of the winter sunlight and a minimum of the summer’s heat. It is a house styled to eliminate dirt, dust and fire hazards, and to do away with more than half of today’s fuel bill. It is a house made ever so much more livable by the ever-beaming sun.

    Turning sunbeams directly into electricity has long been an aspiring goal of scien-ttgfSi Hite has been done in a small way. Further, sunbeams are now being harnessed to heat the living room, bring light as bright as day into rooms at night, fry the eggs, roast the beef and bake the potatoes. Sun power, say the experts, will, in the not-too-distant future, water the lawn, make ice cubes, heat the bath water, cool the cream and run all the electrical appliances in the house twenty-four hours a day.

    Solar Predictions

    At least a dozen better ways to live have opened up as a result of recent developments with solar energy. Dr. Maria Telkes of the New York University’s College of Engineering predicts that the future home will be an “all-electric home” with electric power for cooking, an assortment of “electric slaves” for performing most of the household chores. The entire house, she says, will be electrically heated. Solar energy will heat the bungalows cozily during the winters and cool them comfortably during the summers. The “perfect wall” of tomorrow’s house, according to Dr. Telkes, will be an excellent heat insulator. In fact, the whole house will be carefully insulated to prevent heat losses. Today, during one heating season about $4 in fuel is dissipated through a conventional, single pane window. If storm windows or double windows were used, more than half of this waste could be saved. Most solar houses use the thermopane principle—two panes of glass separated by an air space. Once the light penetrates the double-thick glass, it changes to heat and it cannot get out.

    Excess heating or cooling will be stored in a chemical “storage bin” at low cost. These storehouses will release latent heat when needed, especially during the night. And the stored-away cool night air will supplement the air-conditioning system during the day. The heat pump operated by solar energy will maintain the “comfort zone” all summer and winter long. Sun-powered refrigeration and air conditioning will be common. Instead of lamps, special wallpaper that will absorb enough sun’s rays during the day will reflect light at night, illuminating large rooms with its absorbed “daylight” Shades specially designed to be drawn over the wallpaper will turn off the light. A new life awaits tomorrow’s housewife!

    Solar Houses Today

    As fantastic and farfetched as these predictions of Dr. Telkes may sound, yet many of them are already in use in solar houses across the United States and Europe. For example: The experimental Telkes-Pea-body-Raymond house in Dover, Massachusetts, is heated through the wise use of Glauber’s salt, a hydrated form of sodium sulfate. This salt melts at a temperature of 90 degrees Fahrenheit; in so doing it absorbs generous quantities of heat supplied it by solar collectors on the vertical south wall of the solar house. When Glauber’s salt hardens it gives off this exact amount of heat to its surroundings. The salt is stored in five-gallon cans that are permanently sealed and placed inside the thick interior walls in between rooms of the house. An ingenious system of fans keeps the heat circulating day and night.

    It is possible to keep the solar house warm even during ten sunless days, and statistics show that six consecutive sunless days in the Boston, Massachusetts, area happen only once in fourteen years. Dr. Telkes admits that the chemical heating system is not perfect. It took some twenty tons of Glauber’s salt to maintain a relatively level room-temperature in the Dover house. The sun maintained a livable atmosphere through 95 per cent of the New England winter, without stand-by heat.

    Another solar house in the New England area held an average temperature of 72 degrees right around the clock all winter long. What did the housewife think of this solar-heated house? “It’s wonderful,” she said. “None of us had a cold since we moved in, and Toby {the eighteen-month-old baby boy] hasn’t even had the sniffles. Housekeeping is a joy, except for the glass wall. Some homes never get spic and span. But here an hour a day with the vacuum is all it takes. That’s partly because there’s no fuel—and that means no soot or coal dust—and partly because of the tight construction and insulation.”

    Cost of Solar Houses

    Are not solar houses expensive? No—no more so than conventional houses. An experimental five-room, one-story model house with a specially designed roof and “heat bins,” after being completed, cost $20,000, some $3,000 of which went for the heating system. A one-floor, two-bedroom house, all complete, cost $10,000. The salts cost $240 and installation just a little more.

    Big solar-house developments are becoming prominent. There is one at Northbrook, Illinois; another at Camden, New Jersey. According to expert advice “a solar house is practical anywhere south of Latitude 40, which passes through Phila-

    hundreds of years has inspired artists and poets and thinkers from many countries. Add to this the Parisian people and their joie de vwre, or love of life, and you will begin to s^nse the charm of this city that has inspired more songs and ballads than any other on earth.

    Although you naturally will want to spend some time during your stay visiting famous monuments and museums, it is not there that you will feel the real charm of Paris. You will feel it sitting at a table of a sidewalk cafe. You will feel it strolling along the quays of the Seine near NotreDame, watching the students from the Latin Quarter browse through the books at the bookstalls. You will feel it watching a bearded artist painting, up in the quaint streets of old Montmartre. You will feel it leaning over one of the bridges in the ile de la Cit£ seeing yourself reflected in the inky waters of the Seine and catching the twinkling eye of that fisherman sitting on the river bank, equipped for the day with his two-foot-long sandwich of French bread and the inevitable bottle of vin rouge, or red wine. This joie de vivre is one of the unique aspects of Paris, and yet hundreds of thousands of tourists who come here simply to look at its cold stones never pick up this feeling.

    What to See

    Many of you to whom this letter is addressed will be coming to Paris straight after the London assembly of Jehovah’s witnesses, July 27-31, and may have two full days free before the Paris assembly starts August 3. Here are a few suggestions on how you might spend them.

    Some of you might want to make a day trip out to Versailles. It is only a few kilometers from Paris, but it generally takes a full day to look over the palace and walk around the magnificent gardens.

    As to the many interesting monuments to see in Paris, probably the easiest way of seeing them in the shortest time is to take one or two of the many coach tours that generally start from the opera district. Another original way of seeing the city is to take a trip down the Seine on one of the Bateaux-Mouches or river boats that leave from the Solferino Bridge. The coach trips take in such places as Notre-Dame cathedral, the Louvre museum, the Palais Royal, where cardinal Richelieu lived, the Place de la Concorde, said to be the largest square in the world, Napoleon’s tomb at Les Invalides, the Place de la Bastille, where the French people revolted in 1789, and, of course, the Eiffel Tower. Incidentally, most Parisians admit that that tower is ugly and was useless until it became the world’s heaviest television mast, but do not dare suggest tearing it down!

    In addition to what your coach’s guide may mention, the following points will be of special interest to you. Among the hieroglyphics on the Obelisk of Luxor in the center of the Place de la Concorde you will notice the ansate cross, a symbol of phallic worship and one of the pagan sources of modern-day "cross” worship. Also, two of the most famous- churches in Paris, the Cathedral of Notre-Dame and the SacrG-Coeur basilica, are built on sites once prominently used in pagan worship. Under the choir of Notre-Dame broken stones belonging to a pagan altar were dug up. They carry the inscription: "To Jove the Great and the Good, we, the Guild of Boatmen, founded this altar when Tiberius was Caesar.” This was about the time Jesus began his ministry. You can see these stones in the Cluny museum in the Latin Quarter.

    The Sacre-Coeur basilica is built on the hill of Montmartre, which in the time of the Romans was called the Mount of Mars and Mercury. Believe it or not, the little church of Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre next to the basilica has four columns that were actually a part of the Roman temple dedicated to these pagan gods!

    France’s National Library, the Biblio-th&que Nationale, is one of the world’s biggest, containing well over six million books and five million prints and engravings, Among its manuscript collection are the Codex Ephraemi rescriptus, a fifthcentury Greek manuscript of parts of the Greek Scriptures, and the Codex Claro-montanus, a sixth-century manuscript containing the letters of the apostle Paul, The library also contains the Prisse Papyrus, written in hieroglyphics only a few hundred years after the Flood.

    If you have never been to Paris before, you should take a little time to visit the Louvre, the world’s biggest palace and richest museum. Its paintings include Leonardo de Vinci's “La Gioconda,” or Mona Lisa, and among its sculptures is the famous Venus de Milo. It is rich in relics of Biblical significance, such as Assyrian and Babylonian stonework, and clay tablets bearing cuneiform and pictograph symbols. When you examine the wonders contained in the galleries of Egyptian antiquities, you will appreciate more than ever the scope of Stephen’s statement that “Moses was instructed in all the wisdom of the Egyptians.” (Acts 7:22, New World Trans.) Most French museums, including the Louvre, are closed on Tuesdays.

    When you come out of the Louvre, walk around to the Colonnade of the Palace in the rue du Louvre. Facing this colonnade you will see an old church, Saint-Germain-1’Auxerrois. It was the bells of this church that gave the signal for the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre of Protestants in 1572.

    Well, that will give you a little idea of the interesting things to see in Paris before the assembly starts. Of course, there are many places that have not been mentioned, but these many places you are left to dis

    cover for yourselves. There are many pleasant walks, plenty of buses, and the subway or underground train service (called is cheap, rapid, very ex

    tensive and is open from 5:30 a.m. to 1 a.m. However, you would do better not to use it extensively while sight-seeing, because you are not coming to Paris to see train tunnels, are you?

    The Major Attraction

    And that brings us to the real reason why you are visiting this city—not for a lark or holiday, but to attend the international assembly of Jehovah’s witnesses, August 3-7. As it was in 1951, again the assembly will be held at the Palais des Sports, just by the side of the Eiffel Tower, and across the river from the Watch Tower’s Paris Bethel home. Here in France we greatly appreciate the effort and expense you are going to in order to be with us on this joyful occasion, and we feel sure that with Jehovah’s blessing this will be the greatest such Christian gathering ever held in France.

    It has been said that the spirit of the Parisians is their love of life. All of them who really want to live are cordially invited to attend this assembly of worship any time August 3 through 7. Such persons realize that this city, beautiful as it is, hides much misery and want, and they seek something better, namely the righteous new heavens and new earth that Peter said true Christians were awaiting. —2 Peter 3:13.

    We welcome such Parisians as well as all of our throng of international visitors to the genuine spiritual feast that will be held at the Palais des Sports just three and a half months from now.

    Hoping to see you then, and with warm love, I remain

    Votre frere,

    Pierre Temoin.

    THE MARVELOUS

    By “Awake f” corr«*pondent in Puerto Rica

    LITTLE

    ! LICK! Click! Click! Last year Americans alone clicked their cameras 2,000,000,000 times. Add this to the rest of the world's picture-taking activity and

    you will see that photography has become a major industry. There is not a nook or comer of our work or play that the camera has not invaded. Photography is an art, a science, a hobby, and it ranks with the major industries. It offers fun for all. Once it was just Dad who toted the camera for the family, but now every member of the family, even the nine-year-old daughter, is taking pictures. Amateurs in one country alone spent half a billion dollars last year on picture-taking equipment.

    But just what is photography? Have you wondered, when you snapped the little black box, just wherein lies its magic? Its magic lies in the fact that silver can be made sensitive to light. Before you exposed the film the silver was in the form of salts that had been carefully treated and put on a film base and packed in a tight box. Until you snapped the picture the chemically-treated film had never seen the light. When the light struck the film it released an atpm of silver from the silver bromide crystals on the film, and when the film was submerged in the developer the silver turned black, rendering the images on the film visible. Wherever there is light, pictures can be made. No light, no pictures.

    Photography was not invented or discovered. It just developed. The little black box existed for three hundred years before it made a picture. In the fifteenth

    Grandparent, ochocl studant, house -wife. professional min, almost everyone takes pictures today. How is photography possible? What is its history? How can you take better pictures? This article answer*.

    BLACK BOX

    century Leonardo da Vinci mentioned it. It was used during the same century by a Batista Portta of Italy to entertain his friends. He discovered that if light was permitted to enter through a hole in a window into a dark room an image would be made upon the surface that the light fell upon. Thus a dark room became the first camera. Then the room became* a smaller box and was used by painters to get a reduced image of their project. The desire to capture the image permanently without resorting to drawing or painting produced what we know as photography, and the greatest advancements have been made within the last forty years.

    History credits Louis Jacques Daguerre, a Frenchman, with producing the first photograph. His discovery came about by accident and his daguerreotypes, as his several hours. Later the exposure time was reduced to a few minutes. About the same time as Daguerre was making his experiments John Talbot of England succeeded in producing a negative and a picture printed on paper.

    pictures were called, had to be exposed for

    In *1840 the first studio opened up. If you cringe from getting your picture taken you can sympathize with grandma, who, when she had her daguerreotype made, had to sit perfectly still for twenty minutes— not in an air-conditioned studio, but in bright sunlight. Sometimes the photographer would even paint her face white to make it reflect more light. Then if she wanted two pictures she would have to go through the ordeal again. In fact, it was once stated that “those persons are deceived who suppose that during a brief journey they may avail themselves of brief opportunities to take pictures of the countryside.” Now pictures are taken of bullets at the incredible speed of one-millionth of a second!

    Also, to George Eastman goes much credit for making photography the simple process that we know today. He produced the roll film system and brought photography within the reach of all. His motto: “You push the button and we do the rest.”

    As a result of modern developments photography now has wide application in the scientific and industrial world. Astronomers use it to study the stars and the surface of the sun. Aerial photography is useful in map making, surveying and in making archaeological discoveries. Scientists have photographed the earth from cameras rocketed to altitudes of more than a hundred miles. The industrialist uses high-speed photography to study and improve his product. News reporters use dramatic photographs to illustrate and intensify their accounts of vital world events. Pictures entertain, inform and instruct.

    Today the camera is such a common possession that some travelers consider one almost as essential as a toothbrush. However, it is not the traveler who takes the most pictures, but the housewife. Her chief subject? Babies. Generally she has little or no knowledge of the technicalities of phonography, and they do not particularly interest her. What does interest her is capturing baby’s smile or getting a permanent likeness of her tulip garden. She loads, aims, shoots and lets the corner drugstore take care of the rest.

    Taking Better Pictures

    But everyone, housewife, schoolboy or proud father, can take better pictures. How can you improve them, taking your pictures out of the just-ordinary class? A little fundamental knowledge can go a long way, so note the following suggestions and apply them to your picture taking:

    First, every picture should have a center of interest, one single subject that catches the viewer’s eye. Is it a group of people, a smiling child, a ship on the water? Whatever it is, that center of interest should be well placed. Only in a rare case should it be in the exact center of the picture. A little above or below the middle and a little to the right or left of the center usually is best A subject located in the exact center of the picture appears static, hence dull and uninteresting. Consider the lines of a picture, too, remembering that curved lines add grace, whereas diagonal lines tend for excitement. Horizontal lines tend to be more peaceful, while vertical lines give a feeling of strength.

    Also, not every picture should be taken from eye level or waist level. When you look down at a subject it appears smaller or inferior. A picture of a child taken from above, looking down at him, makes him appear smaller, more childish. Take the picture from his own eye level rather than from your eye level and he becomes more of an individual of importance. But if you photograph him from the ground level, then his stature in the picture increases greatly. Thus the position of the camera has much to do with the apparent size of the subject that is photographed and you should take this into consideration according to the effect that you wish to achieve.

    A scenic view should have a frame. You can frame a distant mountain by photographing it between two trees, or under an overhanging limb, or by having someone in the edge of the picture admiring the view. When taking pictures of scenery, experiment with having the people in the picture look at the scenery, rather than at you. Their presence in the foreground will add a third dimension that keeps the picture from appearing flat and dull. Then, too, do not try to crowd too much into the picture. How can you see the beautiful waterfalls if the whole family is standing in the way?

    By taking tone into consideration you can capture the mood you desire. Are you striving for a scene of gaiety? Then keep the tone light. Sharp tones tend for excitement, If it is a mysterious effect that you want, then dark tones are the answer. The effect of tranquillity can come from using soft, not too contrasting tones. After you know what mood you want to give your picture, then you can consider the angle that will give the right light for that mood.

    Another technical matter is that color can be very misleading. A beautiful autumn scene with the trees splashed with yellow, orange, red and various tones of brown and green impresses the eye and looks delightful in a color picture. But in a black and white picture the color is all translated into black, gray and white. The colors your eye saw are fused together into a dull, uninteresting shot What you want in black and white pictures is contrast, plenty of lights and darks. These will make a vivid picture. So remember, it is contrast not just color that you want when you take black and white pictures.

    Remember, too, that pictures of people doing things are far more interesting than stiffly posed ones. Try to get your subjects to be natural and relaxed. If you are on a hike, try to get pictures of your friends examining a flower or trying to entice a squirrel. If they are conscious of the camera, wait until they forget to listen for its click. Also, when you travel, make your camera tell the story of the trip. The picT ture that tells a story will be cherished much longer than the formal portrait. Think before you snap the shutter. Make each picture count.

    Getting good pictures need not depend upon how expensive your camera is or how many gadgets you own. It is true that the more elaborate cameras are more versatile, but the photographer is more important than the camera. A good photographer can get good results from an inexpensive camera, while a poor photographer will get bad results from even an expensive one. However, applying the principles of good photography, developing an alert eye for pleasing design, good balance and desirable color contrast will enable you to make a better and more interesting record of the pleasant and profitable times you spend with your family, your friends and in your travels.

    The Crux of Right Living

    Look magazine recently quoted Earl Wilson as saying: “Somebody figured it out^we have 35 million laws trying to enforce ten commandments.” If you think this is amazing, remember that Christ Jesus reduced even those ten to just two, the two commandments of life.—Matthew ?2:36*40.

    By “Aw«k»l” corraaponchnt In Auttralia

    ■■USTRALIA is a botanist’s paradise. And KI what holds first place with him? None other than the great genus Eucalyptus, which consists of some six hundred species and varieties of trees and shrubs and actually embraces three quarters of the country’s flora. They are usually all included in the general term “gums,” and as such we shall refer to them.

    U, When white men first set foot on Australian shores they were not prepared for the strange things they were to see—the unusual birds, the unorthodox animals, the unknown trees. Why, here were trees with leaves on their edges to allow sunlight and rain to penetrate right through; trees that remained green all the year and shed not their leaves but their bark; trees with small pockets of syrupy gum through the wood and under the bark. Here were trees that came to maturity at a height of three feet, while others reached a stature a hundred times that height, not to mention all those coming in between these ranges, some of these living to be over a thousand years of age. Here were trees with long, straight trunks and others with merely a bunch of straggling stems; trees with smooth white bark, others with rough black bark, and others with many colors and textures in between.

    …