Awake!, June 8, 1953

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TUNE 8,1953 semimonthly

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

News sources that are able to keep you awake to the vital issues of our times must be unfettered by censorship and selfish interests. “Awake 1” has no fettexp. It recognizes facts, faces facts, is free to publish facts. It is not bound by political ambitions or obligations; it is unhampered by advertisers whose toes must not be trodden, on; it is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that it may speak freely to you. But it does not abuse its freedom. It maintains integrity to truth,

“Awake 1” uses the regular news channels, but is not dependent on them. Its own correspondents are on all continents, in scores of nations. From the four corners of the earth their uncensored, on-the-scenes reports come to you through these columns. This journal's viewpoint is not narrow, but is international. It is read in many nations, in many languages, by persons of all ages. Through its pages many fields of knowledge pass in review—government, commerce, religion, history, geography, science, social conditions, natural wonders—why, its coverage is as broad as the earth and as high as the heavens

“Awake I*’ pledges itself to righteous principles, to exposing hidden foes and subtle dangers, to championing freedom for all, to comforting mourners and strengthening those disheartened by the failures of a delinquent world, reflecting sure hope for the establishment of a righteous New World.

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CONTENTS

The Memory of God

Prehistoric Monsters

: How They Perished

Attention, God Speaking!

Citadel of a Black King

Charlie Chaplin and the American Legion 12 What a Way to Ruin the Taxpayers!

The Ancients Knew How to Dye

Indonesia's Army Crisis

Dyeing at Home

$25 a Thrill

Our Dialects South of Luzon

Airplane Conquers Last Great Ocean 23

How to Get Around in New York 24 “Your Word Is Truth”

Is the Bible Our Sole Guide?

Jehovah’s Witnesses Preach

in All the Earth—Nicaragua

Watching the World

£/ “Now it is high time to awake.'—Romans 13:11 &

Volume XXXlV Brooklyn, N. V., Juna 0, 1953 Number 11

The Memory of God

AT THE dedication of Mount Palomar

Observatory the official program’s final page was emblazoned with these words: ‘'When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; what is man, that thou art mindful of him?'* (Psalm 8:3, 4) Fitting words those! For, truly, the telescopes of that observatory were to enlighten the reverential man by giving him a richer appreciation of the psalmist’s words. And with the enhancing of that appreciation come facts, too, that cause man to marvel at the memory of God.

But how do telescopes amplify this appreciation of God’s memory? Because the inspired Word says concerning the Almighty God: “He counteth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their names.” (Psalm 147:4, Am. Stan. Fer.) God not only determines the number of stars, but he gives each a name and remembers it! Man, with the most powerful telescopes, has not been able to count the number o£ stars. But he has gained a clearer insight as to the incalculable myriads that do exist.

Man has learned that our sun is just a star like thousands of others visible to the naked eye at night. The Milky Way, which to us is like a band of light across the heavens, is really a gigantic aggregation of stars. Our sun, astronomers discovered, is only one of perhaps 200 billion stars that make up the Milky Way Galaxy —our home in space.

But that is not all: there are other galaxies. How many? Well, as telescopes were improved, jt was next discovered that our Milky Way Galaxy is but one of “hundreds of millions of similar aggregations of stars". (National Geographic Magazine, February, 1952) And how many stars to each of these “hundreds of millions” of galaxies? In answer, note a striking sentence from the National Geographic Magazine, issue of September, 1950: “Each one of these galaxies is an isolated island in the Universe, containing hundreds of millions of stars."

Thus there exist, according to man's limited knowledge, “hundreds of millions” of galaxies, with most galaxies containing “hundreds of millions of stars”! The aggregate number of stars, if it were possible to count them, would be a dazzling figure indeed!

Galaxies vary in size. Some are dwarfs containing only a few million stars. Others are immeasurably expansive. Jehovah also gave variety to the stars individually. There are small yellow stars like our sun that dot the universe. Space is densely populated with giant blue and red stars, some so mammoth in size that if centered on our sun they would envelop the earth in their tremendously enormous interiors! Yet, whether dwarf star or gargantuan star, Jehovah God, who hung them in space, “calleth them all by their names,” Consequently, such infinite wisdom could only mean that Jehovah’s memory is indescribably retentive and tenacious.

Is it too incomprehensible that God’s memory is everlasting? No, already man has created robot brains with an uncanny memory. Nothing incomprehensible about that! And man himself, with his imperfect brain, can suddenly recall an event that lay dormant in his mind for years. Then what must God’s memory be like!

In view of God’s omniscience and everlasting memory, will the wicked men who turn this earth into a hotbed of misery, corruption and war really escape detection and punishment by God? They may think so, but what a colossal mistake! “Is not God high in heaven? Does he not look down on the topmost star? And yet you say, *God never notices! Can he rule through the darkness dense? He moves on the high vault of heaven; he cannot see us for the clouds that veil him? Is that the line you choose, the line that evil men took long ago? They came to an untimely end; when the floods undermined them, good men rejoiced to see their fate.”—Job 22:12-19, Moffatt trans.

Today we hear that same view: “What can the Almighty do to us?”—as though God confines his sight and memory to the vaults of the exalted regions and cares nothing for the inhabitants of the earth! Evil men in Noah’s day took that view, but they came to a disastrous end when the flood engulfed theni. Though Jehovah looks “down on the topmost star”, the evil world today thinks he sees not, and if he does see, he does not remember. For such oblivious-of-God reasoning they will come to a catastrophic end at Armageddon. And those' who love and serve God will rejoice at the fate of the wicked ones.

God’s memory, then, is powerfully strong for those who love him, “And Je

d

hovah hearkened, and heard, and a book of remembrance was written before him, for them that feared Jehovah, and that thought upon his name.” (Malachi 3:16, Am. Stan. Ver.) Those that now use their mind to think upon the name of the great Creator of the starry heavens, Jehovah, are thus assured of being remembered by him. Jehovah never forgets his people: “Can a woman forget her infant, forget to pity her babe? Yet even were a mother to forget, never will I forget you.”—Isaiah 49:15, Moffatt trans.

The fact that Jehovah cannot forget his people illuminates the Bible doctrine of the resurrection. It is not too deep for us to fathom. Why, it is said that earth’s population that have died to date number only little more than 20 billion; yet the myriads of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy alone number 200 billion, and Jehovah “calleth them all by name”. Clearly, when Jesus said that “all those in the memorial tombs will hear his voice and come out”, he knew what he was talking about!—John 5: 28, 29, New World Trans.

Right now Jehovah’s eyes see. “The eyes of Jehovah run to and fro throughout the whole earth, to show himself strong in the behalf of them whose heart is perfect toward him.” (2 Chronicles 16:9, Am. Stan. Ver.) And what Jehovah sees he remembers. At Armageddon Jehovah will show himself strong in the behalf of those whose heart has been perfect toward him, by allowing them to survive into a new world of abiding righteousness. That new world will mean not only everlasting life and happiness for righteous man, but also a perfect memory. Then man, with all eternity ahead of him, will be able to learn the things and study the things he has always wanted to, and remember them also. To be found favorably in the memory of God, that is real security!

a w a K E!

By “Awak«!M correspondent In Canada

DURING one period of earth's cataclysmic past it appears that a very strange class of creatures were the dominant order of life. Due to certain common characteristics these animals have been classified by paleontologists as Dinosauvia, from the Greek terms deinos, meaning “terrible", and sauros, meaning “lizard”. The fossilized remains of these creatures have been rock formations 90 to 400 feet below the normal land surface of the surrounding country. These formations have been exposed in the badland topography of the Red Deer River Valley due to rapid erosion by water in recent geological times.

In these formations a veritable “book of nature” has been opened to the view of modern man that accurately portrays the

found in many different lands. However, life and habits of the dinosaurs. Some of

the most extensive “bone beds” from which these animals lived entirely in water, oth-

dinosaur remains have been taken and re-articulated for the museums of the world are located on the North American continent. It is from these “bone beds” that scientists have been able to learn much concerning the history of life on earth prior to man’s entrance upon the scene.

One of the most important “bone beds" is centered in the Red Deer River Valley in Alberta, Canada, close to the city of Drumheller. From this area alone some sixty distinct species of the “terrible lizards” have been identified and over thirty complete skeletons shipped to various museums and universities. Many specimens of silicified fruit and fossilized plant fragments have been collected from this same area, indicating the type of flora that coexisted with these strange animals. The fossils are found in

ers made the dry land their natural habitat, while still others took to the air. Some weighed as much as 38 tons and were 80 feet long. Some were carnivorous, while others were completely vegetarian, and very likely tucked away a tasty meal of around 1,000 pounds of plants every day. One type of dinosaur had a head one third the length of its body. Another type of dinosaur had long spiny projections from its backbone some two to three feet in length, possibly to support a membranous “sail". All lizards had one common characteristic, namely, small brain capacity—less than one-half pound of brain for every ton of body weight, as contrasting with man's two pounds for every hundred pounds of body weight. Although the story written in the rocks concerning the dinosaurs is fairly complete, we may be sure that there are yet other missing pages to be unearthed.

Meet Corythosaurus, the whole ton and a half of him! He belongs to the family of plant eaters called duck-billed dinosaurs. This family is so called because of a beak like that of a duck and is most common in Canadian collections However, Corythosaurus differs from the ordinary run of the duckbills due to an extraordinary bony structure on the top of his skull resembling an old Corinthian helmet (hence the name). This animal attained a length of slightly under 29 feet and stood 10 feet high at the hips. When reaching for a tasty twig on some tree he could raise his head 16 to 18 feet above the ground. These creatures apparently fed on vegetation that contained a great deal of sand, because skeletons give indications of the rapid wearing down of their teeth. Nevertheless, when this occurred the animal was not forced to go on a liquid diet, because his teeth were adapted to rapid wear by being in continuous series, always pushing to the surface of the jaws. In fact, in this particular specimen were found between 1,000 and 1,500 teeth arranged in such manner that as one set wore away and fell* out another was right there to take its place. The jaws came together in a shearing motion, which would strongly indicate thorough rending of the food before swallowing. He was apparently adapted to a semiaquatic life and could go under water to feed and to escape from carnivorous enemies. Skin impressions found in the rocks show that his feet were webbed and that he was a rather thinskinned animal covered with small tubercles. This specimen, discovered near Sand Creek on the Red Deer river by Dr. G, F. Sternberg, is now on display in the Geology Museum of the University of Alberta.

Another interesting denizen of that long-ago world was called the homed dinosaur, or, as a class, Ceratopsia, His name makes it appear that he was rather a rough individual to get mixed up with, but it seems that his armament was purely defensive. This is the species whose head was one third of the body length. The massive, head was nearly all bone, having a great bony shield extending from the top of his big, parrotlike beak right back over his shoulders and neck. In one type of Ceta-tops, this bony frill had spines projecting from its outer edges. Near his nose he had a small horn similar to that on our presentday rhinoceros, and over each eye he had a massive horn that was directed forward. These plant eaters sometimes reached a length of 25 feet and stood 8 feet in height. From the tremendous size of the head it is concluded that his food supply was close to the ground. The first dinosaur eggs ever found belonged to this type,

Tyrannojsauros rex scientists have named “king of the tyrant dinosaurs”. He measured from 47 to 50 feet in over-all length, and when standing on his hind legs his head reached anywhere from 18 to 20 feet above the ground. Having a body the size of the largest elephant known today he must have weighed anywhere from 8 to 10 tons. His front limbs were so small as to be almost useless as an aid to locomotion, though they were armed with cruel curved claws. His hind legs were very powerful and no doubt enabled him to move at a rapid rate over the ground using his powerful tail as a balance, in the kangaroo fashion. He was definitely carnivorous, His skull is four feet three inches long, three feet four inches deep, and two feet nine inches wide. His jaws were set with curved double-edged teeth ranging in size from three to six inches in length and about one inch thick. His jaws were his most powerful weapons.

Sea Monsters

Another type of the “lizard clan” that apparently existed contemporaneously with those already described made its home entirely in the sea. It has been named ichthyosaur, from the Greek word ichthys> meaning “fish”. The reason for this is that the animal had all the appear-

ances of a fish and yet its anatomical structure reveals the characteristic heart, lungs, brain and bone structure of the reptile. They had four paddles similar to the fins of a fish and a flexible body with a large fleshy dorsal fin on their back, and a large two-lobed tail. Hie skull of this creature was elongated by two long jaws that were studded with a large number of relatively small sharp teeth, no doubt designed for catching fish. Its young evidently were hatched from eggs retained inside the body of the female. A specimen in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, contains the partial skeletons of some baby ichthyosaurs within the body cavity. Specimens measuring up to thirty feet in length have been found. Skeletons of this order of reptiles have been found in many parts of the world and in large numbers, indicating that it must have been a dominant form of life in the seas of those ancient days.

A class of reptiles that should not be overlooked is called the pterosaur, from the Greek pteron, meaning “wing”. The outstanding species in this class were the pterodactyls, which term literally means “wing finger”, because the wing of this flying reptile was supported by an elongated fourth finger. These creatures were lightly built with hollow bones like birds and their wings were very similar to bats" wmgs. The thin membrane forming the wing extended from the elongated finger down to the flanks of the body and on down to the hind limbs. Some of them were quite small. They had teeth in their jaws, indicating they were carnivorous. Some types had a long outrigger to which was attached a sort of rudder. Although some attained a wingspread of twenty feet or more, the smaller ones had only two to three feet of wingspread. So far it appears that this order of reptile has not been found extensively on the American continent, but it is interesting to note that at Solenhpfen, Germany, specimens havebeen found in limestone showing distinctly the impressions of the wing membrane, having been quite evidently buried before decomposition took place.

It would be impossible to describe all the various types of dinosaurs that have been discovered by paleontologists, for up to this time we know of at least 500 types, ranging in size from very small creatures to the gigantic brontosaurus, or “thunder lizard”, measuring over eighty feet from the tip of its nose to the end of its tail. This reptile often- weighed fifty or more tons and was the possessor of the voracious appetite mentioned above. The stegosaurus, or “cover lizard”, had a heavy coat of bony armor all over its body, with peculiar vertical triangular plates in alternate positions on each side of the spine, and four sharp spikes on the end of a tail that could be used rather pointedly to remind any intruder to keep his distance. An interesting feature of this reptile was its two “brains”, one in the head weighing approximately 2.5 ounces and another in the sacra] region of the spinal column twenty times the size of the first and doubtless used to control all the creature’s instinctive and reflex actions. The animal was not a quick thinker; its protection was its heavy armor.

Apparently these creatures lived when one climate prevailed all over the earth. In his book The New Geology, George McReady Price, professor of geology, at Union College, Nebraska, makes the following interesting statement on page 652> “There is but one climate known to the ancient fossil world, as revealed by the plants and animals entombed in the rocks; and that climate was a mantle of springlike loveliness which seems to have prevailed continuously over the whole globe/ Just how the world could have been thus

warmed ail over may be a matter of conjecture; that it was so warmed effectively and continuously is a matter of fact;” Under this climate these huge lizards likely lived to a ripe old age, and this is indicated by the following quotation from page 528 of the same authority: "Unlike man ano the higher vertebrates, reptiles and fishes . . . continue to grow throughout life, so that the size of a turtle, a crocodile, or a dinosaur tells something of the duration of its life. Jftortoisesjnfty attain an age of several nunSreaTyears, why should not

The book The Days of Creation by Wiley Ley (Modem Age Books, New York) tells about the skeletons of the Iguanodon found in Belgium and says concerning their destruction:/“The Iguanodons had drowned wholesale, probably all of them together.the Alberta Research Council Report No. 34, on pages 66 and 67, there is a description of the Pale beds of the Belly River series of rocks in which the dinosaur remains have been found in the Red Deer River Valley, and after showing that these beds are nonmarine in their

a dinosaur grow to be much older?” origin, it states: ‘At the close of the Belly

How They Perished

As to the manner in which this interesting order of creatures passed out of existence, it is wdrth noting that evolutionists claim gradual changes took place slowly and inexorably over millions of years (basing their conclusions on the theory of uniformitarianism of Lyell), which changes in climate and topography finally made it impossible for the dinosaurs to live. Compare this sectarian theory with the findings of men whose minds have noLbeen blinded by the religion of evolutioiy^One of the most inexplicable of events,” says Professor Lull^ referring to the dinosaurs, “is the dramatic extinction of this_mightyraceJ* “The cutting off of this giant dinosaur dynasty was nearly if not quite simultaneous the ^Ur^GLQypr/> says Dr. w/C/Matthew. —The New Geology, page 533.

River time, the -land surface was,sub-, mexged^and {he^a/cgyerecTtnis_part of Alberta?^nSresHngalsoarethew6rc(s of De La Beche, first director of British

Geological Survey in his “Geological Researches”, on page 265: “A very large proportion of them must have been entombed uninjured, and many alive, or iFnotTalive, at least before decomposition ensued.” Professor Price concurs in this by saying ip his book The New Geology, page 657<“The great general fact is that we have a whole fossil world on our hands Jburi edby moving water; and this is the one prime and essential fact with which we have to deal in interpreting the long past history of our €lobe.”

Regardless of the manner of their death, the dinosaurs were a magnificent race of creatures, created according to the good purposes of Almighty God.

Attention, God Speaking/

The long-accepted "divine right of kings'' wanes, but the political idea that your particular government, no matter how corrupt, is from God Almighty remains to this veiy day. Witness this example from the Chaplain’s column in the Dolphin, publication of the United States Submarine Base at New London, Connecticut:

"By what authority do petty officers, chief petty officers, and officers demand your obedience? . . . This authority comes to them in a long, long chain of command that reaches back to God himself. . . . Knowing that all authority comes from the Supreme Being makes your military obedience easier. Your superior is God's rep

resentative, even if he doesn’t know it nor believe it/'

T?

Hj his soul dreams

a challenging citadel somewhere high on a mountaintop. This is your invitation to do just that: to explore the lofty citadel on the island of Haiti, where, in the early 1800’s, Henri Christophe erected an intriguing fortress, the pattern of which belongs to no era, to no country.

Henri Christophe was made president of northern Haiti in 1807, and he built the country into a kingdom that, during its brief span of life, ranked, in the opinion of Europe, with the most forceful of the new-world powers. Finding his powers restricted, Christophe proclaimed himself king.

This black king of Haiti expended all his efforts to rival the kings of the whites. He governed the land with an iron hand. His country was free, and to maintain that freedom he decided to build an impregnable fortress to shelter himself and his army, should an invader ever attempt to conquer his realm. But perhaps the sterling motive for the building of this grandiose fortress might lie in these words of Christophe to an English admiral: “If we could lay our hands on things we've made, monuments and towers and palaces, we might find our strength. While I live I shall try to build that pride we need, and build in terms white men as well as black

can understand. I will teach pride If my teaching breaks every back in my kingdom.”

Work was mandatory for all under the black king’s rule. ^:ile issued a decree for work from 8 a.m. until nightfall, with the state and hfs first a to build the most pretentious church 4ver built in Haiti. His pride moved him to be like the great kings of the whites even in regard to churches. In his insatiable desire for pride, he even instituted a nobility, among which were the unforgettable Count of Limonade and the Duke of Marmelade. Both titles were taken from names of important townships that had been named long before by the facetious French.

The site chosen for the citadel was a whole mountaintop; there was no room for anything else. No finer vantage point from which to sweep surrounding country by artillery fire could be chosen by a general. As the construction of the citadel progressed, ten thousand men were continuously employed, with old men, women and children carrying sand and mortar to help the workers complete a stronghold. It is estimated that the citadel contains nearly half a million tons of building material, every pound of which had to be carried up the precipitous side of the mountain, more than two thousand feet above the plain.

Twenty Thousand Perish

Christophe strained every resource of his tiny kingdom and worked his subjects without mercy. The king was a man of huge size and gigantic physical strength.

Often he would take trowel and mortar and work on the walls of the citadel himself* Always the king drove his workmen. Twenty thousand, it is said, died of hardship and exhaustion, but the king sent his overseers for fresh drafts of peasants* and the work continued without pause.

Inside the citadel were an arsenal, storehouse for supplies and barracks that could accommodate ten thousand troops, as well as a small palace. The sides of the hill on which the fortress was built were smoothed away so that they could be* commanded in all directions by artillery fire. Batteries of the heaviest cannon of Christophe's day were installed in casemates, or shellproof vaults, that commanded all approaches. They are still in position today. The largest cannon is eleven feet six inches long, firing six-inch cannon balls, and is dated 1786, It is made of bronze.

It seems difficult to believe that these huge guns could be dragged to the summit of the mountain by man power alone. Doubtless legend and fact mingle in stories about this, as well as in accounts of his other exploits. A typical story of King Henri explains how the cannons were raised. Christophe had assigned a hundred men the task of transporting one of these monster cannons up the zigzag roadway in a working day. At noon, while inspecting the work, he noted that they had made little progress.

“Sire/' said a leader of the group, “the task you have given us is beyond our strength. We can’t possibly move this heavy cannon the distance you have required of us.”

“That is too bad,” replied the king. “I am very sorry. What I have to do grieves me immensely, but the king’s word is sacred. I have said that you must take this

gun to the top of the mountain and I am " king’s idea, sure you can do so. If you do not think so,

I must find some way to stimulate you. I think I can find a way.’*

Saying this, the king ordered his executioners to select fifty of the one hundred men and prut them to death. The remaining fifty took the cannon to the top of the mountain and placed it in position well ahead of the scheduled time.

Once Christophe, standing on the walls of the citadel, looked through his telescope and saw a Negro farmer more than a mile away in a valley far below him, lying sound asleep by the door of his mud-walled cottage. The king's lips drew back from his teeth in a snarl of sudden, senseless rage, for he knew the man and had previously reprimanded him for idling during the stipulated hours for everyone in the kingdom to work. Quickly the king called for a captain of artillery. Together they went into the gallery where the huge bronze cannons were ranged behind their little windows in the wall. The young captain took aim. Henri lit the fuse and the morning quiet was shattered by the resounding roar of the explosion. But the man asleep in the sun did not hear. The hurtling cannon ball, superbly aimed, smashed him and his mud hut together.

Forward March!

The wall of the castle flanking the space used as a drill ground is a continuation of a sheer cliff. Here the vertical drop is more than 200 feet. Legend says that Christophe, having heard of the iron discipline of the Prussian soldiers of Frederick the Great, resolved to drill regiments of Haitian soldiers that would outdo those famous grenadiers. When he had trained a regiment to his liking, he would form it facing this 200-foot drop and give the command “Forward march!” If they were properly disciplined, according to the the soldiers would march off into space, file after file, until they re-

ceived the command to halt from the royal lips.

Should any soldiers fail to march off the cliff at his command, Christophe had ways of making them wish they had done so. After all, perfectly trained troops were part of the country’s program for building up its pride!

Pride Goes Before Destruction

But trouble was brewing for the black king. The country began to seethe with revolt. One of the king’s most powerful leaders was already conspiring against him. In August of 1820 King Henri went to the town of Limonade to attend mass. Never before in anyone's memory had Henri gone to mass. This was indeed strange, but something stranger was yet to happen. Suddenly, while attending mass, the king suffered a paralytic stroke. The king of Haiti was paralyzed from the waist down! News of the serious illness of the king spread like wildfire throughout the North.

A revolt at Cap Henri took place and rebels advanced on his royal palace. Christophe, with his indomitable courage, made one last endeavor to overcome his malady. He attempted to mount his horse in order personally to take command of the still loyal household troops, but fell on his face in the mud and was carried back to his palace, where, learning that the household guards had Joined the insurgents, he pro* ceeded to retire to his private apartment. The looting rebels were already in the palace. A great crash of broken glass was heard. “They are breaking even the mirrors that have imaged me!” said the king aloud. He clenched his right fist and raised his left hand, which held a pistol, to his temple. A shot reverberated, followed by sudden quiet. The king was dead. It is said he put a golden bullet, molded long ago, through his brain, believing that it alone had power to cause his death.

The Citadel of Christophe is said to be the most impressive structure ever executed by black hands in all the world and has been declared one of the marvels of the Western Hemisphere. Today it still stands, larger and more massive than the Tower of London, straddling a mountain peak 3,000 feet above the sea. His citadel is a fortress that even from the sea twenty miles away looms in majestic silhouette against the sky.

Tourists visiting Haiti today usually endeavor to see the citadel. It is about eight hours by car from Port-au-Prince. The tourist rides up to the citadel—a sevenmile, two-hour trek- by pony. It is a tough ride, but the view is spectacular.

King Christophe once boasted: “Haiti will be great, strong, rich, proud—so proud it will last forever! Then the blacks will not forget the name of Christophe” What a pathetic case of swollen pride! His proudness was his ruin. His citadel was never needed. It was never occupied. The dreaded French invasion did not materialize, and its builder gained nothing from the money and lives sacrificed except personal satisfaction for his abnormal egotism.

Christophe's citadel proved to be a colossal tombstone and a monument to the destructiveness of pride. How unquestionably true are the words of the Bible: “Pride goeth before destruction^ and an haughty spirit before a fall"!—Proverbs 16:18.

Charlie Chaplin and the Ameren Legion

Newspapers throughout the united States have reported a growing encroachment on American freedom of expression, although many persons probably did not realize it when they read the article. It was in the form of reports on the American Legion's attempts to ban Charles Chaplin’s motion picture “Limelight” from American audiences. Apparently, the Legion’s ban succeeded only sporadically, yet the very fact that some theaters did succumb to the Legion's pressure is In effect placing a limitation through coercion on the freedom of many American citizens.

The Legion’s basis for opposing the picture is not that the film advocates any “ism”, for It is not a political picture. Thus the attack seems to be against Mr. Chaplin him-feelf. This is evidenced by a statement from the national commander t>f the American Legion, who stated that in line with the Legion's official point of view, the theaters in question are “withdrawing presentation of this film pending the outcome of the investigation by the Justice Department pertaining to the granting of a certificate of re-entry to the United States to Mr. Chaplin”. Hence the American Legion seems to have set up a type of overzealous patriotism which stigmatizes a person as being guilty until he is proved innocent!

i *3' True, Mr. Chaplin has declined to become x an American citizen. But should that in any f way affect the motion picture “Limelight”?

1 And what about some Americans in the field / of literature, art, the theater, etc., who I adopted England or countries of continental I Europe as their second home and in some k cases become naturalized citizens? There I was no big outcry about that nor were \ they maligned. Who is being un-American jP then? The New York Times recently described ¥ as “un-American” the attempts of the Ameri-। can Legion to prevent West Coast theaters jl from showing “Limelight”,

In Geneva Mr. Chaplin turned in his re-1 entry permit, April 9, with the statement: P “I have been the object of lies and vicious propaganda.... I have therefore given up my 1 residence in the United States.” From London x he had said: “Hollywood has succumbed to ( thought control and the illegal methods of ) high-pressure groups, which means the end of S the American Motion-Picture Industry and its ( world influence. I am afraid Hollywood is A going to need me long before 1 need Holly ff wood.” More likely Mr. Chaplin meant that if ' pressure groups continue their un-American / activity, certain freedoms enjoyed in America v may soon be in the museum of extinction with the dodo birds!

What a IVay to Ruin the Taxpayers!

U.S. government waste has become standard news. U.S, News t£ World Report, January 23, dealt with another example of this waste—the slapdash spending of tax dollars by the Economic Co-operation Administration. According to it, in April, 1951, a government economist was given just two days to prepare a program for spending $15 million of ECA funds In the Philippines. Not knowing what was really needed, he whipped together a list that included items such as fertilizer that would keep, rushed it off to Washington as a “firm request” for aid, and followed this up with a private note telling the officials what he thought of such lastminute methods. The request went through, and that is how the Philippines got their $15-million economic aid for 1951. The next year there was another rush job, another complaint, and $35 million was allotted, Despite studies that were then made in the Philippines to keep from wasting this money, a top man was “raked over the coals” for not using up the entire $35 million. Requests for aid then promptly increased, estimated costs of projects rose; one was tripled. U,S. News said: “Probably ... aid is administered with as much, or more, efficiency and care in Manila as it is anywhere in the world.” But it showed that many Filipinos think it is a miserable way to run a business.

The Ancients Knew How To Dye

DYEING is one of the most ancient of technical arts. In the oldest and most authentic account of mankind’s history, detailed description of colored garments is given. Genesis chapter thirty-seven tells of Jacob presenting his beloved son Joseph with a “coat of many colours”. The book of Exodus describes the tabernacle “with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet”. Also, garments that were to be worn by Aaron were to be made of “blue, and purple, and scarlet”. The breastplate, like the work of the ephod, was “of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen”.

In the book of Esther is given a brief description of the array of colors of the hangings in Shushan palace: “Where were white, green, and blue, hangings, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and pillars of marble: the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red, and blue, and white, and black, marble.” (Genesis 37:3, 23; Exodus 26:1, 31, 36; 39:1, 8; Esther 1:6) In ancient Egyptian graves dyed fabrics have been found. The Phoenicians were famed for their skill in dyeing, and, “in particular, gorgeously colored materials and carpets were made in the capital, Tyre, which were transported as highly desirable products of commerce to all parts of the ancient world.”

The dyes used in antiquity were probably at the beginning exclusively organic in nature, that is, derived from animals or plants. Primitive man discovered that certain stains that he liked lasted despite sun and rain, and he began to use these to dye his fabric. Berries, fruits, roots or plants were boiled until a concentrated color of juice was available. Various juices were mixed together to obtain different colors, and the addition of water was found tn determine the shades. The pokeweed berry made a deep reddish purple. Cherries, strawberries or red raspberries made various shades of red and pink, as do the roots and stalks of sorrel, cardinal flower, red oak and hemlock bark. A deep blue was attained from boiled blueberries. Husks from walnuts, when cooked, created a dark brown, while those of horse chestnuts made a reddish brown, Osage orange roots and bark, as well as willow leaver and marsh marigold were simmered down into a white or heavy yellow dye. From plantain leaves and roots a green dye was derived.

The dye was made by chopping the plants into fine pieces and then boiling them over a slow-burning fire for an houi or more, after which the dye was strained In colonial times dyeing was done out doors. A large iron kettle was used foi dark colors and a coppej kettle was employed foi bright colors. Mordants, sub' stances to fix or set colors were used in dyeing wool Wool was left in a mordam solution overnight and their rinsed before dyeing. This process made the dye pene trate the fibers, making cer tain dyes set permanently Often a weak solution of lye made from hardwood ashes such as those of an oak or a hickory, was used to brighten the colors.

The Purple Dye

The most renowned of all the coloring substances of history was, and still is to a great extent, purple, which was supposed to have been invented by the Phoenicians in Tyre. It stood as the symbol of wealth and distinction. In early Rome only the senators had the distinguished privilege of wearing a broad purple stripe around the opening of their tunics. The knights of honor had a narrower stripe, and in the case of the higher state and city officials, “the toga praetexta was edged with purple/’ Only the general who was victorious in battle was allowed to enter the city arrayed in a robe colored entirely in purple and interwoven with gold. During the reigns of Nero and Theodosius laws were passed allowing only the so-called “holy persons of the emperor” to carry entirely purple robes, a right that was at a later date transferred to the high dignitaries of Rome’s religious hierarchy and has survived somewhat to our day in the dress of cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church.

For several millenniums the source of the purple dye, such as was used to dye the garments of the royalty, had been a closely guarded secret of the Phoenicians. It was not until quite recently that modern investigators were enabled from Pliny’s description to rediscover the shellfish that yielded the dye. Various species of mussels or shellfishes were used. They are classified by Pliny under the generic name “purpura”. Each of these creatures, the Purpura lapillus, the genus Murex, yielded a special kind of purple dye. The shells were broken or mashed. The juice was extracted and after having been treated with salt they were left to set, sometimes as long as a week. The salted mussels were then washed with water and cooked in a leaden vessel at a moderate temperature, produced by means of steam, for about ten days. From approximately 8,000 pounds of juice the early dyers obtained in this way about 500 pounds of residue.

The scum was removed and the liquid tested. If unsuccessful, the boiling was continued until the necessary concentration of the dye was obtained. The deeper the purple the higher the price for the dye. The deepest and darkest purple, which was made from the bulk of the juices of the mussels without any other ingredients, was developed in the necessary shade of darkness by performing the dyeing twice. Lighter hues were obtained by diluting the dyeing bath with water or urine, as well as by adding, red coloring substances, such as orchil, kermes, etc. In this way, colors ranging from violet to red were created.

Red and Blue Dyes

According to Pliny, the chief source of red was the kermes tree or its berries. Another red dye was anchusa, which was manufactured from the root of the bugloss. It is generally known among dyers of today under the name alkanet, and is an excellent dye for garments and is used also as a red cosmetic. The ancients developed a blue dye called the litmus, which, according to Theophrastus, was far more beautiful than the purple, but it was not as lasting.

The Stockholm Papyrus lists a whole series of rules and suggestions for making more lasting the rose color of the orchil dye and also of the alkanet dyes. Among the many suggestions, it recommends the use of sheep’s hair, juice from the onion, a juice extracted by boiling henbane (a coarse, hairy viscid herb), and also juice extracted from the leaves of the lemon tree, etc.

The most important black color was probably that made from the bark of the oak. Soot was another chief source for making black. It was made very much in the same way as it is today. Pitch, resin, chips from the pine, beeswax, dried remains of the grape and other substances were burned in chambers whose walls were as smooth as possible, and in many cases these walls were made of polished marble. The soot that deposited itself was scratched off. Further, bone black was also in use, and wood tar was sometimes resorted to, as well as a black derived from India, which is probably identical with today’s India ink.

The ancient dyers took great pride in their work and reveled in speaking in extravagant terms of the beauty of their dyes; they referred to them as '‘green of the myrtle”, “the color of the acorn,” “the blue of the heavens,” and similar picturesque expressions. The Encyclopedia Britannica states that “there is reason to conclude that the most brilliantly tinted garments of an Egyptian priest of Isis or Osiris, or the mantle of a Roman emperor, were poor and dull in hue compared with those within reach of a domestic servant of the present time”. It is interesting, however, to find that the ancient Egyptian architects were well aware of the durable and immutable quality of their colors. Neu-burger states that on one of the works of Neh-Fermad, which dates back close to the Flood, there is an inscription that gives information about “the manner in which the colors used by him were produced, and it contains the words: ‘Color decorations tor temples must be as eternal as the Gods themselves/ ” Neu burg er further stated that dyeing was applied either to the thread or, perhaps less often, to the finished material. Dyeing was effected either directly, by placing the materials in the dyeing solution, or by the method of so-called corrosive staining, which Pliny describes in detail as practiced among the Egyptians,

Neuburger in his book The Technical Arts and Sciences of the Ancients declared that Pliny’s description of dyes and their application can no doubt be regarded as genuine. Pliny declared that “in Egypt, garments are dyed according to a remarkable process. They are first cleaned, then soaked, not in dye, but in various substances that absorb dye; these substances do not at first show in the materials, but when the materials have been dipped Into the dyeing tun, they can be removed after being stirred about, completely dyed; and the most wonderful thing about this is that although the tun contains only one kind of dye, the materials suddenly appear dyed in ^various colors, according to the nature of the dye-absorbing substances used; and these colors are not only resistant to washing, but the materials so dyed actually wear better”.

Egyptian, Greek and Roman garments were often of considerable size, so that it required experience and skillful manipulation to treat them by milling, bleaching and dyeing, if satisfactory results, and, in particular, uniformity with regard to thickness, color, etc., were to be obtained. Despite their many handicaps the ancients had firmly established the art of dyeing in the field of technical sciences. And they are still admired for their skill and technique and are referred to as men who knew how to dye.

INDONESIA'S ARMY CRISIS

By “Awalwl” corrWHwmfont bi Indoimla

THE troubled year of 1952 ended in Indonesia with an army crisis that posed the most serious challenge to the new state since the transfer of sovereignty from the Dutch at the end of 1949. The crisis revolves around the defense minister and top officers.

Up until the present, Indonesia's army has been mainly a political army, an army of patriotic fighters devoted to the principles of the revolution. Many of the units of the army were guerrilla bands during the time of the military actions with the Dutch, and at the time of independence these bands were incorporated into the Teritara National Indonesia (Indonesian National Army). The plan of the defense minister was to cut the army from its present number of 200,000 to 100,000, improve the training, and make it a regular army. In this he was supported and opposed. The Socialist party supported him; many influential politicians opposed him. Hence in October two motions were introduced into parliament: one calling for reorganization of the defense ministry, and the other a change in the army command. One of these motions passed by a vote of 91-64, which virtually meant the fall of the Wilopo cabinet. < But before the cabinet had time to act a political demonstration was organized, calling for the dissolution of parliament. Some 20,000 demonstrators converged on parliament house. The participants carried slogans calling for the dissolution immediately and the holding of a general election. Some of the demonstrators forced their way into the parliament building, smashing the furniture and leaving the place a wreck. The mob surged on to the president's palace. Addressing the angry crowd, the president agreed to meet with the representatives that afternoon.

< Djakarta, the capital, was placed under ■ martial law, and the army was called out to restore order. Tanks, guns and bayonets appeared In strategic spots. A curfew was placed on the city. All must be inside by 8 p.m. Tension relaxed. It was quite some time before the general public could piece together what had really happened. Rumors continued about an attempted coup d’etat. The Indonesian Times for November 17 published the following statement by Lt Col. Warow: “We of the Seventh Military Territory . . . after hearing of an attempted coup by a number of high officers against the President and the Pant-jasila (basic principles of the Indonesian state) . ., decided to take over the command of the Seventh Military Territory ... We will surrender this command after the issues within the armed forces have been settled by the Commander-In-Chief, President Soe kamo.”

<[, It was five weeks before the government made any statement on what had happened and how it viewed the events. The echoes of the government’s statement were drowned out two days later by the announcement of Indonesia’s third military coup in six weeks. On November 26, parliament reconvened. In chairman Sartono’s opening speech he referred to the method of settling the problem (prompted, no doubt, by criticism of the government’s hesitant attitude to aet): <L “We are Easterners,” he said. “Our state is an Eastern state. Our government is an Eastern government. Our house is an Eastern house. They all encompass an Eastern spirit, an Eastern system of working, and an Eastern way of settling problems, and Eastern method which is difficult for Westerners to understand, Often the Western method is too much used in seeking solutions to our problems. If we all return to applying Eastern ways of thinking, the solution to these difficulties—to my way of thinking—will be easier.”—Indonesian Times, November 27, 1952. <L In December the government began to implement its declaration. Colonels, lieutenant colonels and chiefs of staff were being relieved, promoted and demoted. Some were pleased, others turned in resignations. The situation now seems to have settled down and the government is anxious to forget the whole affair. An all-out offensive against the dissident bands ravaging West Java was to be- ‘ gin on January 1, but the army crisis prevented this from going into effect The bands of the Darul Islam, apparently confident that strong action will not be taken at present, began marauding the villages on a wider scale than ever before.

<1 Indonesia's “headaches" merely magnify the nothingness of men, their proposals, efforts and solutions, and the universal need for the righteous rule of the kingdom of God to govern our earth as it does the heavens.

AWAKE!

DYEING

AT HOME

Dyeing is sidered an

ure, mainly because commercial dyeing is a little too expensive; and, at the same time, the fabric may be too good to be thrown away. So the alter

generally con-economy meas

the old-time favorites, such as indigo (blue), madder (red), woad (blue), logwood (purple) and fustic (yellow). But a good many people interested in embroidery and weaving insist that the materials be dyed with natural

native is often well worth the trouble, that is, to undertake the job of dyeing at home. In the last few years the retail sales of household dyes and tints, which usually cost about twenty-five cents or less a package, have exceeded some $8,000,000 annually.

The reason for dyeing is that fabrics usually outlast the dyes on them, with the result that clothing and many household articles look worn out before their time. It is often possible to extend the life span and usefulness of the material by dyeing or redyeing it. A blouse or a pair of gloves can be made to look new all over again with a different shade of color. The rug in the bathroom or the bedspread that is faded or threadbare in spots can become alive by a refreshing color change. Dyeing can improve the life of the cloth. Recently a chemist reported to the American Chemical "Society in Atlantic City that dyes that both color fabrics and make them water-repellent have been developed. The double-duty dyes are reported to increase the water repellency of wool “60 times and cotton 12 times’*. These new dyes are expected to make “clothes and other wool and cotton articles more durable, since they lubricate the fabric and keep moisture out”.

Natural dyes are seldom used today. Chemical dyes of recent years have proved so popular that there is little demand for dyes, valuing the colors for their richness and warmth. Whether natural dyes are used or not, the vague instructions on the dye package are often far too inadequate to ensure satisfactory results, For a few helpful hints the following is offered:

Remember when using the remarkable new foamy rug dye, which cleans and dyes rugs by a process very similar to that of a rug shampoo, that it is intended only for “old, faded wool rugs and carpets”. “Your results,” said Emily Taylor, “will be best if you use a dye shade that’s darker than the original. Use a brush and apply the dye foam with a circular motion. Vacuum the rug immediately, in one direction only, to keep the rug pile even, and let it dry thoroughly.” Before dyeing, give the rugs or carpets a thorough going-over with the vacuum. As a precaution, place wrapping paper or newspaper under the rug or carpet to keep dye stains off the floor. Miss Taylor stated that “one part of the dye” should be mixed “to three parts of very hot water, at least, 140 degrees Fahrenheit. An enamel or glass container may best be used for the dye bath. Whip the dye bath into high foam. This can easily be done with an egg beater. Then dip the brush into the foam and work the foam into the rug. The results will be delightful.

There are a number of other points to

bear in mind, especially when dyeing garments of lighter shade or woolen fabrics. Cloth can be dyed a deeper shade but not a lighter shade than the original, unless the original color is first removed. This process is called “stripping". It is best to obtain a stripping compound sold under the same trade name as the household dye. To determine the amount of dye to buy for a given job, follow the package instructions and then buy an extra package or two of the same shade. It may be possible to arrange in advance with the store to return any unused packages.

The usual combination of cost per package of dye, weight per package, does not prove a reliable guide to cost comparisons between brands. A heavier package does not necessarily dye more cloth to the same shade, since some dyes are more effective than others. When buying, endeavor to purchase a dye with fastness or permanence, though no dye is absolutely fast under all conditions. It may be fast to light or to perspiration or to washing, but not fast to all three.

Dyeing Prints and Woolens

Regarding prints, Good Housekeeping for October, 1948, states that “prints can be dyed without losing the original pattern. Two or more light or bright shades, such as light blue and white, or pink and .green, will combine with the dye to form two or more new colors—both background and pattern of the print will change color. When you dye print combining a dark shade, such as brown, navy, or black, with white or a light shade, the white or light portion will take on the new color, the dark shade will be largely unaffected by the dye, and the original pattern will remain”.

Woolens, on the other hand, are heavier than the average cotton and rayon fabrics and require more dye per yard. Stir the garment gently in the solution, because with rough treatment it is likely to shrink. Also before dyeing woolen fabric, measure the cloth or article, or if this is too much of a problem, draw an outline of the garment on a large sheet of paper. After dyeing stretch it to correct dry measurements and, if necessary, pin it in place to keep its size as it dries. Iron the freshly dyed garment while still slightly damp; use a pressing cloth. Check the measurements as you iron, and continue to stretch the garment to its proper size, otherwise it will shrink drastically.

The key to a good job when dyeing lightweight woolen blankets is to avoid abrupt temperature changes. Start the dye with lukewarm water, and gradually raise the temperature to simmering point until the blanket reaches a proper color, and then gradually lower the temperature. Quick changes will cause shrinkage and destroy the softness of the fabric. It is not advisable to dye woolen blankets in a washing machine.

When dyeing slip covers to match draperies follow basic rules for mixing colors; experiment with proportions until the color matches. Dyeing one color over another is essentially the same as mixing two colors. The general rule is that light and medium colors will combine to give a third color, while very dark colors will cover the original color. Blue over yellow will give green; pink over blue will give orchid, etc. So, unless the old color can be removed, you cannot dye yellow draperies light blue. On the other hand, navy blue or black will completely cover a light color like yellow. Gray is good for toning color down, yellow and blue for bringing them up. All colored fabrics appear to be darker when wet. To determine the shade of the fabric while still in the solution, it is necessary to take out a corner or a piece of the fabric and iron it completely dry. This

will afford an accurate check- Not all dyes will dye every type of material, but there are all-purpose dyes that will work successfully on almost any fabric—linen, rayon, nylon, cotton or wool When dyeing different fabrics together remember that some take up dye faster than others and will be considerably darker when left in the dye for the same period of time.—Better Homes and Gardens, October, 1947.

Dye with Washer

Your washer, conventional or automatic, helps give an even dye job without hard work or a mess. Light and medium-dark colors may be dyed in the washer with little effort, but dark colors need the simmering temperatures of a stove-type dyeing. Water In the washing machine cannot be made as hot as it can be made in a pot on the stove; even if boiling water is used to start with, it does not maintain its temperature but gets cooler in course of the agitation. Furthermore, with an automatic washer the washing cycle may be too short. Dyeing may actually take as long as an hour. Actually, what a washing machine can do is a good tinting job.

Tinting differs from dyeing in the temperature at which it is done and in the length of time it takes. Tinting will not produce deep colors; dyeing is required where such colors are desired. Hot water just as it comes from the faucet may be used to tint and freshen glass curtains. For uniform color all curtains must go into the dye at the same time. Otherwise, the curtains will be uneven in shade, the first will be too dark and the last too light.

Now a quick summary of the .most outstanding things to be remembered before dyeing. Never dye articles that shrink badly or are otherwise adversely affected by hot water or by agitation when wet. Before dyeing the fabric should be cleaned from all dirt, stains or grease spots. A dye should be chosen that will be dark enough to cover the color of the fabric to be dyed. A large vessel should be used so that the garment will be able to move easily in the solution. Never should the cloth be permitted to settle on the bottom or float outside of the solution. An article that is freshly dyed should never be run through a wringer. When dyeing use a porcelain enamel container, chiefly because it is the easiest to clean. Dissolve the dye in hot water in a smaller vessel; strain the dye solution if necessary. Then dilute it in the large vessel with warm (not hot) water. Wet the fabric first, then place it, unfolded, in the dye bath. Heat the dye bath slowly to simmering or boiling, according to directions, stirring constantly. Keep it simmering or boiling until the material looks somewhat darker than the desired shade. If the fabric does not get dark enough after a half hour in the bath, remove it from the bath, add and dissolve more dye, and return the material to the bath. Do not add dye while the fabric is in the bath. It may streak or spot. After removing from the dye, rinse cottons and silks several times in cold water; rinse wool in warm water. Gently squeeze the water out of the fabric. Never wring or twist freshly dyed cloth. Finally, roll the dyed article in a cloth.—Consumer’s Report, August, 1951.

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