Awake!, July 22, 1949
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HOPE FOR STUMBLING JEWS
Snares to side-step to reach the real hope
Justice Takes a Holiday
Some revealing facts about the conduct of war trials
Battling the Moth Menace
f
Waging war in defense of your wardrobe
A Righteous Standing with God
How Adam’s descendants can gain it
JULY 22, 1949 semimonthly
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CONTENTS
Hope for Stumbling Jews
Axis Powers Gave Jews the Ax Where the Popes Have Stood What Hope in Zionism f Christ, a Stone of Stumbling
Justice Takes a Holiday
Trial by Inquisition
Judicial Justice in Name Only Feathered Incubator Operators
Battling the Moth Menace
Gas and Gun Warfare Moth-proofing Wool
Science Items 16
Port Royal, Jamaica’s Lost Capital
A Den of Debauchery
Port Royal Today
Underground Marvels in Czechoslovakia 20
Masaryk Caves
Underground Gardens
“Thy Word Is Truth”
A Righteous Standing with God
“Copper Civilization” in Northern Rhodesia 26
Conditions for African Native
Watching the World
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^“Now it is high, time to awake.— Ramans 13:11 Qj
Fill F |l I || ■ II II -if I. II ..............._) L.. L *■ ia*M
Volume XXX Brooklyn, N. Y., July 22, 1S43 Number 14
HOPE FOR STUMBLING JEWS
TT IS no secret, World War II failed 1 to solve the Jewish problem. Of the 7,000,000 prewar European Jews, 5,600,000 were ruthlessly slaughtered, leaving 1,400,000 destitute, half-dead survivors. Haunting the minds of these unfortunate people are indelible memories of pillage, persecution, horrible ghettos and hideous gas-chambers, memories of friends and loved ones that were tortured to death. Many of Europe's Jews are displaced persons, poverty-stricken, ill-fed, ill-clothed and without a home of their1 own. Many have no peace of mind or contentment, are altogether without hope, and languish in fear of the future. Struggling to regain their feet, again and again they stumble and fall backwards.
Seven thousand five hundred American Jews sacrificed their lives in the recent war in the belief that such persecution would be wiped off the earth and in its place freedom for all races would be established. To their dismay the half million Jewish war veterans returned to face the realities of the postwar world with all of the old racial hatreds and discriminations still here. Beneath the surface anti-Semitism still smolders and boils and here and there it breaks out in a nasty sore. Though the majority of American Jews are well off economically, yet they too are mentally distressed and stumble over many perplexing and apparently insoluble racial problems.
This darkness of despair, and gross blindness to a large extent, causes Jewry to grope along many roads seeking a way to escape from the dilemma. Some think that mutual friendship pacts with other races and religions will lead to better relations. Others champion the Zionist cause, believing that God has ordained them to set up a separate and independent Jewish state as the best means for protecting their lives and interests in this hostile polyglot world of a thousand “isms”. Many other nonreligious Jews shy away from this orthodox theory and follow after a god of their .own creation, the works of their own hands. Worshipfully they point to their education, culture, tradition and accomplishments, believing that if these are highly developed an idealistic, intellectual level will be formed upon which mutual understanding between them and other people can be obtained.
Then, there are other Jews that condemn any such “visionary” approach to the problem. They boast of being “practical”. With a fever of revenge these push aside the law of neighborly love, fDo unto others as you would have others do unto you/ and practice the selfish modern creed, 'Do others before they do you/ The searchlight of honest investigation, however, will show that all these avenues of pursuit are nothing more than blind alleys full of obstructive and deceptive illusions.
Many honest and sincere Jews, believing that the “good neighbor” policy is their best wall of protection, have joined forces with Catholics and Protestants in mutual friendship pacts, the “National Conference of Christians and Jews” being one such interfaith movement This, however, is one of the Devil’s most deceptive and subtle schemes, for its brightly polished surface of ^accomplishments", its window-dressing of better understanding and co-operation between Christendom and Jewry, only blinds the credulous to its hidden achievements. Really the goody-goody lullaby program of the interfaith movements makes honest criticism appear odious, and is therefore a powerful weapon to suppress the truth.
Stumbling-Stones of Double-Talk
Some people may revolt at the thought that the Roman Catholic Hierarchy sponsors and supports anti-Semitism. This is not surprising, since the Catholic population are only “children of the church” and have no part in the Church’s administrative affairs. Honest, churchgoing Catholics, totally ignorant of the Hierarchy’s duplicity and double-talk, may point to the fact that from time to time local organizations, like the Knights of Columbus in New York, break into print with wordy statements deploring the “bias against Jews". Has not Cardinal Spellman shown favors toward the Jews of New York, has not Archbishop McNicholas of Cincinnati given $1,000 to the Jewish Welfare Fund, and has not the Jesuit Father La Farge, associate editor of the magazine America, said some nice words about the Jews?
And recently, did not Pius XII grant an audience to Rabbi Rosenblum of New York, a member of the executive board of the “Anti-Defamation League", when he called on the pope to use his office of authority to curb the rise of anti-Semitism? True, But to cite only these isolated instances as conclusive proof is'to close one’s eyes and ears to a multitude of testimony to the contrary.
Keep in mind the vastness and complexity of the Hierarchy’s organization, how its political tentacles extend around the world, and how, for the sake of expediency, its crafty double-talking policies are made to fit the local coriditoas of each nation and people. In America, where there is a high percentage of influential Jews, some members of the Hierarchy speak out against racial “bias”, but in a land like Egypt the voice of the Vatican sings a different song. The papal nuncio to Egypt has blasted forth that the Jews in Jerusalem desecrate Catholic churches and persecute Christian Arabs.
In Scotland, where there are very few Jew’s, this propaganda story was carried in glaring headlines by the Glasgow Observer; but not so in America. In Spain, where the Hierarchy is in complete control, Jews are denounced as “enemies” of the church, and the Catechism used in the schools, edited by the Jesuit Maria de Arcos, speaks of “the accursed Jewish race”. For an official expression of what the Jesuits think of the Jews see The Catholic Mind, Oct. 22, 1934. And St Francis Xavier, said to be “second only to Ignatius Loyola himself in the Jesuit calendar of saints”, prayed: “O God, put me some place where there are no Jews or Moslems !"
Anyone who is loath to believe that the Roman Catholic Hierarchy has been and is the greatest f omen ter of anti-Semitism surely has a short memoiy. It is a short memory that has forgotten “Father” Coughlin’s attack on the Jews in America. Coughlin, a priest of the Hierarchy in good standing even to this year 1949, who, together with other Catholic priests like “Father” Edward Lodge Curran, led the rabble-rousing gang of “Christian Fronters”. Coughlin, whose own bishop backed him up in his hateful diatribes by declaring: “Father Coughlin is an outstanding priest, and his voice ... is the voice of God." Other fascistic organizations, like William Dudley Pelley’s “Silver Shirt Legion"
and Gerald K. L. Smith's mobsters, served as anti-Semitic fronts for Catholic Action, These screamed forth that Jewi&h and tonwonism are one
and the same thing. In London the Catholic > Gazette ably supported the Jew-hating crusade.
Not only the "’small fry” but also the more eminent members of the Hierarchy threw their weight of authority into the anti-Semitic campaign. “Rev.” A. J, Riley, librarian of St. John's Seminary in Massachusetts, in a pamphlet circulated under the imprimatur of Archbishop Richard J. Cushing, stated:
The position of the Catholic Church with regard to the Jews has been and still is that the Jewish religion represents the direct antithesis and contradiction of Catholicism. . . . She [the Church] has striven to preserve Catholics from such contact with Jews as might cause harm to the purity of the Catholic faith. , . . Full freedom to nonbelievers must be restricted when their activities interfere with Catholic worship or tend . . . to contaminate Catholic truth.—From a reprint in The Countercurrent,
There you have it, a full explanation as io why the Hierarchy uses “swords of the Church” like Hitler to segregate Jews into ghettos and concentration camps, Jews so “restricted” do not “contact” Catholics or “contaminate” the whitewashed '‘purity” of Catholicism.
Axte Powers Gave Jews the Ax
How any Jew could stumble into believing that an interfaith, bedfellow partnership with papal Rome means salvation from persecution is beyond comprehension. Such must W totally blind to historical events of recent years. Frits Thyssen, an avowed Roman Catholic, admits that he financed Catholic Hitler in order to establish a “Catholic Germany under a Catholic monarchy”. In other words, he tried to turn the clock back to the Dark Ages when the “Holy Roman Empire” was in the height of its infamy. It was Catholic Franz von Papen, a papal knight, who worked with Monsignor Kaas, leader of the German Center party, to bring Hitler into power and thus prepare the way for the Vatican concordat in 1933. Said von Papen: “The Third Reich is the first power which not only recognizes, but which puts into practice the high principles of the Papacy.”
It was none other than Cardinal Pa-celli, now Pius XII, that signed that concordat with Hitler. It was Cardinal Innitzer that flew the Nazi swastika from the top of his cathedral in celebration of Hitler's taking over Austria. It was the Catholic priest named “Father” Staemp-fle that is reported to have been the real writer of Hitler’s “bible”, Mein Kampf. It was the Catholic bishop of Muenster, Clemens von Gallen, that blessed German soldiers for their ""bravery-and stamina” in fighting against “Jewish-Bolshevist domination”. It was the Catholic bishops of all Germany that met each year at Fulda and adopted resolutions supporting Hitler's slaughterhouse rule. It was the Roman Catholic priest, Msgr. Joseph Tiso, as dictator of Slovakia that ordered the Jews of that country into the concentration camps.
Not only did the Vatican's blessing fall upon Hitler, but also his partners in brime carried on their wicked rules, including anti-Semitism, with the full blessing of the papal powers. Pope Pius XI lovingly spoke of that jackal Mussolini as “a man sent by Providence”. The pope blessed the butcher Franco and Spellman referred to him as a “fine Christian gentleman”. Likewise, Vichy France’s Petain, who persecuted the Jews of that country, was lauded by the pope as the “good marshal”.
Such an avalanche of incriminating evidence proves that the Roman Catholic Hierarchy openly worked as an intimate partner with the beastly totalitarian powers and therefore must share responsibility for the massacre of more tnan a,uuu:uuu Jews. jx is iuulc lor the Jesuits, with their pitchforks of propaganda, to try to dig the Vatican out from under this responsibility -by saying they aided and helped Jews secretly. To say the least, it is sadistic for the Hierarchy to claim they gave refuge to a handful of Jews while at the same time they refused to use their power to prevent millions of other Jews from being killed. All the Vatican had to do was impose the sanctions of excommunication against Hitler^ gang, most of whom were Catholics, and the butchering would have stopped instantly. But no, the cries of hundreds of honest Catholics who begged the pope to use such excommunication powers were completely ignored.
TFAere the Popes Have Stood
Tlje signing of the concordat with the Nazis, the same concordat that the Vatican on January 19 of this year insisted is still valid and must continue in force, armed madman Hitler with the ecclesiastical power and authority he needed to carry on a rule of horror. Immediately he rekindled the anti-Semitic tires of persecution by issuing his infamous Nuremberg decrees. “Rekindled” is correct, for the Nuremberg edicts were exact replicas of the anti-Jew enactments of the popes of Rome who reigned during medieval times.
Persecution of the Jews as we know it dates back to the days of Constantine, when Roman Catholicism was first made the state religion. Says the Catholic Encyclopedia:
The accession of [so-called] Christianity to the throne of the Caesars by the conversion of Constantine, opens a new era in the history of the Jews. The equality of rights to which the pagan emperors had admitted them was gradually restricted by the head of the Christian State.
The restrictions of the various popes caused the Jews to be separated socially from other people, required them to wear special badges and dunce hats of identification, forbade them to marry Gentiles, prevented them from holding public offices or offices of trust, and denied them many of the basic human rights. The fact that the popes, theoretically at least, condemned acts of violence against the Jews carries little weight in the argument, since the Hierarchy, in theory, also condemned the violence of the Inquisition. In practice they never hesitated to use violence either in the Inquisition or against the Jews when their aims could not be accomplished otherwise. ,
Pope Benedict VHI had a number of Jews put to death on hearsay that they had blasphemed Jesus. Hostilities against the. Jews reached extremes under the reign of Innocent III (11981216), the most powerful medieval pope, who declared: “As Cain was a wanderer and an outcast ... so the Jews . . . . . . although they are hot to be killed, must always be dispersed as wanderers upon the face of the earth?' Again this pope said concerning, the Jews: "They are to us as dangerous as the insect in the apple, as the serpent in the breast”; they “gnaw like the rat” and “sting like the.serpent”. The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 added oil to the fire with renewed prohibitions, and Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241) reminded Jews they “should never forget their yoke of perpetual slavery”.
Thereafter clerical anti-Semitism reached such a murderous state that Pope Innocent IV (1243-1254) was forced to call his pack of Catholic Ac-tionistg off the throats of the Jews in the following letter:
Certain of the clergy, and princes, nobles and great lords of your cities and dioceses have falsely devised certain godless plans against the Jews. ... In their malice, they ascribe every murder, wherever it chance to occur, to the Jews. >. . . They oppress the Jews by starvation, imprisonment, and by tortures and sufferings; they afflict them with all kinds of punishments, and sometimes even
condemn them to death, so that the Jews, although living under Christian princes, are in a worse plight than were their ancestors in the land of the Pharaohs.—The Catholic Encyclopedia,
But, adds this encyclopedia, “the protestations of the Boman pontiffs do not seem to have been much heeded in the Christian states generally?' In fact, later popes reissued the edicts of Innocent III and added some new ones of their own. Pope Boniface VIII openly insulted the Jews. Pope Eugenius IV, in 1442, laid down the law: “We decree and order that from now on, and for all time,. Christians shall not eat or drink with Jews, nor admit them to feasts, nor cohabit with them, nor bathe with them." Moreover, he declared that Jews must live in ghettos, and in courts “against them Christians may testify, but the testimony of Jews against Christians in no case is of any worths Pope Julius III (1553) condemned sacred Jewish books to the flames. Pope Paul IV (1555), after taxing the synagogues and forbidding Jews to carry on any commercial activity, graciously declared: “Jews may only engage in the work of street-sweepers and rag-pickers." Typical of Hitler's order was this one by Pius V in 1569:
We order that each and every Jew of both sexes in Our Temporal Dominions, and in all the cities, lands, places and .baronies subject to them, shall depart completely out of the confines thereof/ . . . [If refusing to go, then] they shall be despoiled of all their goods 1 and , . . shall become bondsmen of the Roman Church, and shall be subjected to perpetual servitude.
And many other anti-Semitic crimes could be recalled from the ecclesiastical pages of history: the persecutions under Popes Gregory XIII, Pius VI, Pius IX and Leo XIII; the murdering of Jews over moldy bread (see Awake! October 8,1947); the terrible suffering due to the false accusation that Jews used the blood of “Christians" at Passover time. How many Jews lost their lives by the JULY 22, 1949
hands of demonized Catholic Crusaders from the eleventh to the fourteenth century will never be known. If Jews in general today knew these facts—they are set forth in their own Jewish Encyclopedia, volume 10—many of them would not ‘ stumble into the awkward position of making an interfaith alliance with a leopard-like organization which boasts that it “never changes" its spots,—Jeremiah 13:23.
What Hope in Zionism?
Turning away from the interfaith movements, can Jews confidently place their hope and trust in the Zionist movement! Will the new Jewish state of Israel permanently solve the age-old problems of these persecuted people! Will the establishing of a homeland for world Jewry bring them peace and contentment, happiness and freedom from fear? Many Jews and non-Jews think so.
The searchlight of truth, however, when turned on the Zionist doctrine shows up many pitfalls and roadblocks in this way of thinking. The basis of the theory is that God ordained by the mouth of His prophets that some day Jews after the flesh would he re-established as a nation within the borders of David's ancient kingdom. Such prophecies as Jeremiah 32: 37 and Isaiah 40:1, 2 are cited as proof. Orthodox Jews, and some religions of Christendom that hold to such a theory, fail to realize that these prophecies were fulfilled in miniature in 537 B.C. when natural Jews returned from Babylonian captivity and rebuilt the temple at Jerusalem. The greater and complete fulfillment is found in “spiritual Israel".—Galatians 6:16; 3: 7,29;
, True, a Jewish national state now exists, but not because Jehovah God established it BHtain withdrew from Palestine and purely political forces moved into play to bring about the new government. International politics and high finance pressured the great powers of the world to recognize the government that has been chosen by popular
vote. The same type of mudslinging electioneering was carried on by selfish political parties—Orthodox, Socialist, Communist, Nationalist, Radical and Terrorist—the same as in other nations of this world. Jehovah God was in none of their thoughts. They reject God that He should rule over them, even as they did 3,000 years ago. They want to be like the other nations of this world.—1 Samuel 8:7,19-22.
As a nation the new Jewish state spurns God's laws and commandments and precepts, and "The teachings of Aaron David Gordon, a Jewish philosopher, [and his] proposed road to human happiness has been largely adopted in Jewish Palestine”. (From the Jewish paper, The Day) A constitution is now being drawn up, and, if Prof. Saul Lieberman, of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, is correct, Israel's civil laws will be largely based on the Talmud traditions that make void God's laws. (Matthew 15:3) Nowhere, not at any turn, does this new state seek to be ruled over by God's Theocratic government.
Why, then, would God bless such a nation T Did He not east them off, as a nation, because of their stubbornness and rebellion against Him? Where is there any evidence that they have repented or reformed? Are they not under Satan the Devil's rule as a part of this old wicked world of religion, politics and commerce, and hence doomed to destruction at Armageddon, as are other nations? As a nation did they not reject God's anointed king, Christ Jesus, that He should not rule over them? and do they not still reject Christ as Messiah?
Chrlrf, a Stone of Stumbling
There are two reasons why the Jewish population will not accept Christ as the Messiah. First of all, Christendom, by its rank hypocrisy and wicked crimes committed' under the assumed name of Christ, has blinded views to the real character of Christ. You persecuted Jews, get this straight: Christendom is no more Christian than the Devi] himself; hence, the terrible things suffered have not come the hands of real Christians. In fact, true Christians have suffered similar treatment as the Jews at the hands of Christendom.
The second reason why Jewry in general has stumbled over Christ is that they have foolishly followed their blind rabbinical leaders, who have done everything possible that would discredit Jesus in the eyes of the people. Remember that Jesus was a Jew, His apostles and disciples were Jews, and honest-hearted Jews by the thousands, who refused to be led astray by the Talmudic fables, gladly listened to Christ and accepted Him as the promised Messiah. The fact that the scribes and Pharisees stumbled over Christ was one of the sure signs to the faith-keeping, Scripture-believing Jews that Jesus was Messiah, that mighty "Prince of Peace", Shiloh, unto whom the gathering of people of goodwill of all nations would be. Had not the psalmist foretold: “The stone which the builders rejected is become the chief corner-stone. From the Lord is this come to pass, it is marvellous in our eyes”? —Psalm 118:22, 23, Leeser; Acts 4:11, 12; Genesis 49: 8-10.
The Stone of Stumbling, Christ Jesus, which the world builders reject has become the precious headstone of Jehovah God's Theocratic Government. Therefore it is high time for individual freedom-loving Jews who have faith in the Almighty God, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, to flee the snare of the interfaith movement, avoid the totalitarian myth of Communism, side-step the road-block of Zionism and whole-heartedly accept Christ Jesus as God's anointed and reigning King. This is the Jews' only hope of salvation and deliverance from the impending destruction. It is the only hope for any of mankind, regardless of race, color or religion.
Some revealing facts about the conduct
of the war trials
TN THE wake of World War II many 1 nationals of Germany and Japan were brought to trial. Charges were mistreating, torturing, starving and killing Allied prisoners of war in violation of the rules of w’arfare laid down by the Geneva Convention. The accused were divided into two groups, the major offenders, like Goering and Hess of Germany and Tojo and his 23 associate leaders of Japan, and the minor offenders, consisting of a vastly larger group of enlisted men and officers who actually came in contact with the Allied prisoners. It was decided that these men should be tried according to democratic ideals of justice rather than by the harsh procedure of court-martial.
Judicial procedure as practiced *in democratic lands, and which is Based on English law, eliminates ancient methods of getting confessions by torture or imprisonment of accused men until they will ^talk’k Under the democratic system a man is considered innocent until proved guilty in a fair trial conducted by an impartial and unbiased judge. The accused is provided with a defense lawyer for his protection.
For a judge to be impartial, he must be trained so he is able to sift out facts from hearsay, gossip, opinions, guesses, untruths and statements calculated to inflame the mind by passion rather than persuade it by facts. The judge must be free and independent to render a decision without fear of consequences. All personal interest in the case must .be detached, and his position, promotion, salary and citizenship must not depend on
tiqTakiiaHo/iday
his judgments. The prosecutor never wins or loses a case; though it is common practice to say he does. His duty is to see that all available evidence of a criminal nature is impartially tendered to the court. A fair trial according to democratic procedure requires that a defense lawyer shall have full opportunity to cross-examine all evidence to aid the court in determining the truthfulness of the charges.
The court must be concerned in determining whether the defendant is guilty, what his motive was, and whether he was of sound mind. Then, in imposing a just sentence the judge must be concerned as to whether the sentence is for punishment, or is an expression of vengeance, or vindictive retribution, or whether it is for curing and reforming the offender, or is merely for the protection of the public from further assaults.
Theoretically, the war crimes trials were supposed to follow this model or pattern in order to make sure that only men guilty of crime would be punished. It is not always so, in fact.
Judges VFhoWtf Unqualified
The trials in Germany and Japan were held before commissions made up of military officers: colonels, majors and captains, the great majority of whom had no training in law or in the art of sifting out evidence of fact from surmise, opinion, gossip, hearsay or passioninducing statements. These men were all subject to promotion and an increase in salary if .they did their jobs in a manner that pleased their superior officers. In theory, a captain was free to disagree with a colonel; in practice he could not. Army custom requires that subordinate officers must obey their superiors and not express opinions in disagreement with their orders. Captains and majors, knowing full well that an entry could easily be made on their personnel record cards to the effect that their 'services on court-martial work is unsatisfactory^ found it “unhealthy” to hand down decisions that were in disagreement with those of a colonel that was presiding as president of the war trial commission.
Court procedure at these trials was a far cry, from that used at home. Defense attorneys were greatly hampered in their work. For instance, in America the accuser is forced to flee the accused, and his testimony is subject to cross-examination by defense counsel. But such procedure was out of the question in these war trials, for mistreated Allied prisoners were back in Australia, England, Canada and the United States; some on farms, some in hospitals. So, to avoid the impossible task of having these men return to Germany and Japan and stand before their enemies and accuse them openly, written statements or affidavits were substituted. Oftentimes these affidavits contained a percentage of truth and a percentage of patriotic hatred, resentment and vindictive statements intended to make former prison keepers take the rap, When twenty or thirty of such written statements were thrown against an accused man at one of these trials it was impossible for him to refute it, since he could not cross-examine the writers.
Trial by Inquisition
Probably the most tragic part of this whole business has been the "self confessions” that some investigators obtained by using physical and mental brutality, "third degree” methods, ruses and similar stratagem. The use of these tactics in the Malmedy war trials in Germany, in which 137 Nazi defendants were fnistreated, have shocked all decent people. Senator Langer charged that "confessions” were gotten by "beating and brutal kickings, knocking out teeth and breaking jaws, mock trials, solitary confinement, torture with burning splinters, posturing as priests, very limited ratioiis, spiritual deprivations and false promises of acquittal”. One "standard operating procedure” consisted of "kneeing” or kicking the accused in the "groin”, a parlor description of an atrocious act.
It is reported that ''mock trials” were held in which the accused were brought before investigators dressed in army uniforms. Thus disguised, they sat behind a black table upon which was a crucifix and two candles that furnished the only light in the room. In this eerie atmosphere the victim was given a sham trial with false witnesses, and was sentenced to be shot at dawn. Then, when the first streaks of daylight appeared someone called on the victim with a prepared "confession”, telling him if he signed he would at least escape with his life. Using another ruse, an investigator dressed as a Catholic priest entered the cell of the accused, heard his confession, and then upon leaving suggested that he sign whatever the authorities gave him even if it was not the truth. "It will get your freedom,” and "I can give you absolution now in advance,” he was told by the bogus priest.
Hundreds of years were spent in developing the Magna Carta, Habeas Corpus and various Acts in an effort to curb just such "star chamber” proceedings as this. And though the present democratic procedure frequently seems technical, cumbersome, long-winded and sometimes unjust in that it 'permits criminals to escape for lack of judicial proof, it is the best safeguard against the jailing and execution of innocent men. Yet, the way the colonels and army officers at these war trials let down the bars and admitted all manner of improper "evidence” reveals their scorn for judicial justice and their sublime pride in their own personal integrity. Remarked Senator J. R. McCarthy: "How can we condemn the Russians for the way they conduct trials, if we do just as bad, or worse?”
The sentences handed down by these commissions were also out of line with what is considered proper in civil courts. The army has its own methods of punishing those it finds guilty. If an offense actually warrants five years' imprisonment, it is increased to seven, ten or fifteen years in these war trials. This way the army holds a club over the head of the prisoner to force him to exercise good behavior. After a couple of years in prison the sentence can be ci^t down, or at the conclusion of a few more years the prisoner can be set free with all appearance of clemency. Occasionally there are exceptions, and the accused are acquitted for lack of sufficient evidence.
Judicial Justice in Name Only
To answer the question, Are alleged war criminals given fair trials according to democratic concepts? those that are familiar with the proceedings cannot give an unqualified answer in the affirmative. The judges are neither neutral, independent, unbiased nor detached from an interest in the eases. They would need to be citizens of neutral countries to qualify as impartial. When sitting on a commission with a colonel, no captain or major gives full rein to his own independent judgment with his salary increase at stake, with a promising future and his promotion at stake. The admission as evidence of gossip, hearsay and opinion, untested by cross-examination, loads the judge's mind against the accused. Safeguards against railroading an innocent man off to prison are missing, Also the sentencing procedure does not allow these military judges to assay fair penalties.
Moreover, members of these military commissions are not unbiased. How could they be, after reading home papers during the war, which, as standard propaganda practice, required omission of the enemy’s viewpoint? As one American captain, after hearing sentence pronounced on a Japanese captain for not restraining his men from mistreating Allied prisoners, declared: "Well, I'm glad it isn't the other way around. I had 105 men under me in Okinawa. After what we had been told* what cruelty the Japs had used on our men, I sure wouldn’t want to be responsible for what they did after they were loosed on the enemy.”
Once found guilty, the sentence imposed does not altogether reflect the democratic spirit of justice. This is ber cause the individual criminal and his degree of guilt is lost in the overriding determination to issue a national punishment on the defeated enemy. Judges, therefore, are not free to consider whether the sentence imposed will cure, reform or correct the one guilty of committing war crimes. At the best the sentence is punishment; to the extent that it is the minimum it is retribution; to the extent that it exceeds the minimum it is vengeance; to the extent that it is based on exaggerated or inflammatory evidence, it is vindictiveness.
Man has little reason to boast of his justice, for since the days when Nimrod stepped beyond his own borders in a campaign of conquest, all nations have been embroiled in wars and counterwars. And who is able to ferret out and bring to justice the real culprits, the callous beasts, the monsters and morons who are guilty of fomenting such wars? Or who is able to punish with just retribution the multitudes whose hands are stained with participation in crimes of war of one sort or another? How forcefully recent events—years of bloodspilling wars followed by years of guiltsearching trials—show that no government today is able to administer justice or cope with the staggering problems of this wicked world! Surely, what lovers of peace and righteousness and justice need and desire is Jehovah God's Kingdom government that will put an end to all wars, abolish boundary - feuds forever, prohibit war crimes, and establish a just and righteous rule!—Contributed.
(feathered Incubator Operators
<L Long before man thought of artificially incubating hen eggs certain birds were successfully in the business for themselves. Taking advantage of the environment at hand, or building a suitable oven if Accessary, these birds use various means other than their body heat to hatch their eggs. Their devices are sometimes simple, sometimes complex, but always efficient, .
<f Probably the best-known bird that uses “artificial” heat to hatch its eggs is the African ostrich. Scooping out a shallow saucer in the sand for its eggs, it lets the radiant sunbeams "do the work. The Egyptian plover, also using the sun's heat, knows that too much of a good thing is too bad. So, after depositing her eggs in the warm sands, lest they become hard-boiled in the shells, she sits on them during the heat of the day to shield them from the torrid sun. Out in the East Indies on the Moluccas islands there is a bird that buries its eggs 14 to 24 inches deep in the sand along the beaches. At such a depth a uniform temperature is maintained night and day (the heat is furnished by the sun), and seepage from the ocean provides proper moisture.
<f The whole family of fowls (Hfeffapeditdae), similar in classification to domestic chickens, but not being nest-sitters, use some very interesting methods to incubate their eggs. These birds include many species of brush turkeys found in Australia and many of the islands northward to the Philippines, One species that lives in the Celebes buries its eggs in the vicinity of hot springs, while another goes up the slopes of an active volcano and leaves its eggs in a crevice where they can soak up warmth from the boiling mountain.
Other members of this interesting family build an incubator capable of generating its own heat. The Zei&oa oceilaia of southern Australia digs a hole in the sandy soil and fills it with leaves, tree bark, twigs and other vegetable matter’that will ferment. This compost pit develops quite a temperature during the months that follow; in fact, a temperature too hot for the eggs. The bird knows this, and waits till it cools down to about 85-95° Fahrenheit. Then it digs a hole into the center, lays its eggs, covers them, over with a layer of sand, and then fills up the hole with a mixture of sand and compost. But this is not all: on dear, hot days these birds call around in the mornings and open up the nest down to the last layer of sand that covers the eggs. Then, at the close of the day they carefully cover up the nest so that the soaked up heat will not escape. Smart birds I <[ Many species of these incubator builders construct a mound of compost material rather than dig a pit, which seems just as efficient. A curious thing about the Australian brush turkey, Aledora lathami, is the fact that when it looks like rain the cock opens up the top of the mound, and then when the rain is over he closes up the hole. This might seem like a foolish thing to do until it is explained that the moisture thus taken in increases the rate of fermentation, and consequently raises the temperature, while at the same time provides an ideal humidity beneficial in hatching.
In such an incubator as. that built by the Aus* tralian brush turkey the temperature is bo low, 85-90’ F,, it is a wonder the eggs hatch at all. Hen eggs would not. But God in His infinite wisdom took care of this in designing the eggs. The brush turkey’s eggs are very large, weigh as much- as 17 percent of the mother’s weight, and have yolks that are something like 200 percent the size of the albumen. The yolks of hen eggs are only 62 percent as much as the albumen; hence the brush turkey’s eggs generate much more heat in themselves than chicken eggs, and consequently need less exterior heat.
A strange and unsolved mystery is the fact that this group of birds all deposit their eggs in a vertical position with the large end up. Somehow, it is believed, this feature has something to do with the hatchability of the eggs in these bird-made incubators.
ONE hundred million dollars is a lot of money to lose. Yet conservative estimates say American homes suffer this much loss each year due to the ravaging effects of moths. Others figure' the annual damage amounts closer to $200,000,000, with thousands of tons of costly material totally ruined. “In one year," says George Stimpson in Information Roundupj “the larvae of one female [moth] can easily destroy as much wool as a dozen sheep can produce." Here then is a deadly enemy of the family budget, one that every household should he on guard against. Know your enemy, her characteristics and habits of life, and also know your weapons, their power and effectiveness; then plan your strategy, win the njoth battle, and save yourself a lot of money besides.
. There are some 6,000 species of moths in the United States but very few of these come uninvited into people's homes and there carry on their work of destruction. Clothes moths are not natives of North America. They' emigrated from the old country as stowaways in the trunks of early settlers. Both they and their relatives, the carpet and fur moths, there being several species of each, are lepidoptera belonging to the family named Tineidae.
On the wing in the adult stage they are all very harmless. Banish the thought! They would not think of nibbling even on the most tender fiber of wool. Why, their mouths and stomachs cannot handle such mundane material. Many moths in the reproductive stage of adulthood have sufficient reserve energy to carry on without eating, while those , that do take nourishment sip only on dainty nectars of delicate flowers.
Instead of food, Mrs. Moth has another matter on^her mind, that of finding a suitable nest in which to lay her eggs. “Suitable” means a warm woolly place in the folds of a sweater, the pleats of a skirt, the cuffs of trouser legs, or between the cushions on the sofa. It must be a dark hideaway too, for moths 'love darkness better than light because their deeds are evil'.
The Babies the Villains
The Mrs. is a busy gal. She has a lot of work to do and her short life-span is only a few days, at the most' only a few weeks. When finished ovipositing she has laid from 100 to 300 eggs in 2-dozen batches. Still no harm done. But woe unto the garment the day the eggs hatch! In normal summer temperatures this takes from 4 to 8 days, but in a cool place they may remain dormant for three years. Emerging from their shells, the tiny imps, about 1/16 of an inch long, begin gnawing on anything and everything they come in contact with that is made of wool, fur, feathers or horsehair. No vegetarians, they by-pass all cottons and linens, and synthetic fibers such as rayon and nylon. If undisturbed the larvae caterpillars may spend the summer eating the seat out of hubby’s winter suit, growing fat, and reaching a length of 1/4 to 3/8 inch. No wonder moths have been called “the best-fed household pest!”
At some time during this larvae stage the worms or caterpillars build themselves cocoons, the design of which identifies each species. Some fashion themselves a movable cylindrical case a sort of house-ear in which they live, as they eat their way through your wardrobe. The carpet moth spins a cobwebbing retreat of silky threads among the piling of the rug. Other species of clothes moths cannot be bothered with cocoons until they have finished their job of destruction and are ready to sleep through their change in life, the pupa stage in the life cycle. This chrysalis or pupa stage varies in length from 8 days to 4 weeks, and it is during this time that wings develop as well as the reproductive organism of adulthood. Emerging as. full-fledged moths, the cycle has been complete which may have taken five years, although it can then last but 55 days. In the wanner climates, and in steam-heated buildings, the cycle seems to' go on continuously, but in seasonally cold climates it is interrupted from time to time with dormant periods of inactivity.
Planning the Battle Strategy
Only the wool-eating worms do the damage, it is true, but if the eggs are killed or the industrious mother is prevented from ovipositing, then the cycle is broken, the brats never hatch and the battle is won. There are many weapons, as well as tactical maneuvers, that can be employed both offensively and defensively in this battle. Circumstances should dictate which are to be used. Frequent washing and dry cleaning are two of the best moth-proofing treatments there are, and if used there is no neces-sity of storing the garments away during the summer.
The disconcerting fact that bachelors seldom have moths proves an important point in moth-control, for bachelors don’t pack away their clothes in good housewifely fashion. They just keep them cleaned and hanging in the closet. Deplorable as it seems to the tidy feminine mind, it’s a lot safer than storing them away under the usual partly "moth-proof” conditions.—House and Garden.
However, winter clothing, used only a few months in the year, should be stored away in the spring. Sweaters, scarfs, underwear, blankets and such like can he washed; suits, overcoats and ponwash-ables can be dry-cleaned. If impractical to either wash or dry-clean, then brisk brushing, especially under collars, inside pockets, etc., and exposure to the sun for several days is very effective. Articles that are subject to fading should not be placed in the direct sunrays.
When storing woolens for the summer one of the most important things to watch, a point so often overlooked, is to make sure that every hole and crack is absolutely tight. This holds true whether cedar chests, trunks, boxes, garment bags or closets are used. Ordinary wrapping paper is plenty good, provided it is sealed tight with sticker tape. If the convenience of an extra closet is available it too should be sealed throughout lest moths find their way in through the wall partitions. Gummed paper or, better yet, scotch masking tape should be placed around the outside of the door. Remember that all this effort may be wasted if one fails to. cover the keyhole. Another very good suggestion for storing blankets is the use of new galvanized ash cans, making sure there are no small holes around the bottom seam. The lid too must be made airtight with strips of masking tape.
Gas and Gun Warfare
If there are no eggs in the garments when they are put away, and it is impossible for moths to get to the articles, it is not necessary to spray or use moth balls. However, as a double precaution, just in case a moth does get in, it is good to use some sort of repellent. So many women think that Mrs. Moth finds the faint smell of moth balls as objectionable as they do; but this is not true. Moths have no sense of smell, hence the hanging up of a few moth balls in an open closet or half-open trunk is no more protection than a superstitious rabbit foot or horseshoe or an African fetish. Moth balls made of naphthalene, or the newer and more powerful paradichlorobenzene flakes (ffpara” for short), evaporate as a gas, and it is this gas that kills the eggs and larvae provided it is concentrated enough. Therefore, for every 75 or 100 cubic feet of storage space there should be at least one pound of these chemicals present
Guns, that is, spray guns, can be loaded up with potent ammunition and fired at prospective maternity wards of baby moths. There is an attachment for modern vacuum cleaners that lays down a heavy fog of moth-repelling spray, and it is very useful in spraying large areas, such as rugs and draperies. Some sprays are supposed to be effective for a year. Be careful to give an even coverage, for any areas you miss the moths will find. It is, of course, a waste of material to use these sprays on any materials the moths do not attack. Antique sprays of forty < years ago, consisting of a weak solution rof corrosive sublimate and strychnine in alcohol, have been replaced with DDT and other synthetic chemicals.
Furniture with mohair upholstery is a vulnerable target for the air attacks of fuzzy-winged moths. And since these articles of the household cannot be put up in "moth balls” they should be cleaned frequently with the vacuum. Also needletype spray outfits are available that will put a fumigant deep in the cushions. Moths go for the felt used in grand pianos, a place you probably overlooked.
For furs, the best mothproofing is offered by the cold storage vaults that are now available in all the larger cities. Moth eggs will not hatch and larvae become inactive in cold storage. During the war a “shock” treatment was announced for ridding furs of moths. By placing the furs in a quick-freeze unit and suddenly chilling them to subzero temperatures and then restoring them to normal temperatures the larvae are killed. Then repeating the process catches any eggs that withstood the first cold-snap shock
Mothproofing Woof
One of the latest ideas in the battle against moths is to treat blankets, furniture coverings, rugs and carpets and drapery materials with moth-repellent chemicals in the process of their manufacture. The effectiveness of such treatments is said to withstand five washings and cleanings and last five years. Men's suits are now advertised, the fabrics of which have been “Boconized”. This means the wool in them has been treated with a substance that chemically and permanently unites with the molecules in the fiber and prevents moths from even sampling the goods. Anyone can now get this chemical, made by the Bo-con Chemical Company, of New York city, and spray or dip one's suits and sweaters and other wmolens in it. It is guaranteed to withstand 25 dry cleanings or 5 water washings, and is said not to damage the wool. .
The havoc wrought by the offspring of moths is not a menace peculiar to modern times. Sixteen centuries before Christ poor sore-eaten Job likened himself to “a garment that is moth eaten”. As for winning the battle against moths, there is no better advice than that given by Christ Jesus when He said: c‘Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, ana where thieves break through and stepl: but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal.”—Job 13:28; Matthew 6:19,20.
Science Items
"After Their Kind” ft
C According to the Russian professor T. D. ft Lysenko, heredity characteristics can be changed ft at will by changing the environment, and thence a transmit the changes to succeeding generations* 0 Modern genetic science, in thousands of con- 9 trolled experiments, has failed to find evidence 9 to support this theory, which is known as the ft theory of inheritance of acquired charaeteris- ft tics. It had been universally regarded as un- $ true until it was recently revived by Professor ft Lysenko, a member of the Supreme Soviet, and ft became a subject of raging controversy in Rus- ft sia. It led to the dismissal, exile and liquidation ft of many of Russia’s top geneticists and biolo- ft gists, and all opposing doctrine was branded K bourgeois genetics”. ft
C But on April 10, 1949, Columbia Uni ver- ft sity announced that long-term experiments with 0 bacteria provided further proof that change in ft environment does not influence heredity in any ft way. The scientists showed that certain micro- ft organisms that appeared to have changed as a ft result of changed environment actually had in- ft herited those changes before alteration of en- ft vironment. Micro-organisms were used in the ft experiments because of their ability to produce ft a generation in twenty minutes, and thereby ft make possible a study of many generations ft within a relatively short time. It was pointed out ft that hereditary mechanisms in animals, plants ft and bacteria all follow the same fundamental ft laws of genetics. Once again science corrobo- ft rates the law of heredity stated in the first chap- ft ter of the Bible book Genesis, namely, that all ft things bring forth “after their kind”—Vss. 11, 12, 21, 24, 25.
Palomar “Eye” Still Nearsighted
The San Diego Union, March 2, 1949, gave the following interesting report on Palomares telescope: “The 200-ineh telescope on Palomar mountain, taking a look twice as far as man ever saw before, has made its first great discovery. There is no outer edge to the universe of stars even that far away, the distance light can travel in a billion years [it travels more than 186,000 miles in one second]. Even out there, the telescope found families of stars like our own Milky Way. The discovery is the first step to great things. It may mean a restudying of Einstein’s theory that the universe is limited. Possibly there aren’t any limits. This new, far-distant part of the universe was photographed February 1 by Dr.^Edwin Hubble, the astronomer. Hubble, in lining up the new telescope for further polishing of its mirror, turned the instrument northward and upward to shoot for distance. In this north region, the stars of the Milky Way are less numerous. It is good for looking into the complete unknown. He got some pictures, pin-point size. They were announced at the California Institute of Technology as nebulae, a billion light-years distant. . . . The 200-inch telescope probably can see farther than the billion years of its first longdistance shots.”
C. But Palomar’a “giant eye” is still too nearsighted to see the expansiveness of Jehovah God’s universe.
nsects on the Radar Screen
“Blips” are the light spots on the viewing screen of radar equipment, caused by the reflection of radar waves that warn the operator of objects located. Heretofore unexplained blips appearing on the screen are now said to be flying insects in the lower atmosphere that reflect the radar waves in the same way that they are sent .back as echoes from a plane. A powerful searchlight beam pierced night blackness while observers at different levels of a, 200-foot tower counted insects and radar operators counted blips. The sighting of insects and blips coincided often enough to justify the explanation, and insects fit the descriptions of the heretofore mysterious, blips. They are small, move at speeds comparable to wind velocity, with and against the wind, are present both day and night, and there are more in warm weather than in cold.
PIRT ROYAL was once a pirate's paradise, but today it rests on the bottom of the sea.
The latter half of the seventeenth century unveiled West Indian history in dramatic episodes with Jamaica in a leading role. From the clutches of Spain the island went, by conquest, into British possession. During this period Port Royal, then the capital of Jamaica, became chief hideout for buccaneers, those rollicking rascals who roved the high seas in those days. Jamaica's governor welcomed these wild ayid lawless characters; for his was a constant dread of attacks by revengeful Spaniards, of whom the buccaneers were avowed enemies. Now, the foul spirit of plundering, being thus invoked by authority, soon manifested itself in more daring evil emissaries—the marauding, murderous pirates!
With such piratical protection, coupled with the bristling command of old Fort Charles, Port Royal stuck out like England's glittering saber brandished in the face of the Spanish colonial kingdom. Near by, did lie the golden principality of Panama, and the lustrous treasurelands of the South Sea. A glorious lure for Port Royal’s brood of pirates indeed! And never did they spurn such lure, as the run of succeeding years well revealed. Port Royal soon became their treasure chest,
Myngs, a British admiral, was one of the first to crown this principal town with glow and for-
JAMAICA’S LOST CAPITAL
tune by his plunder, in 1662, of the Spanish town of St. Jago de Cuba, and other maritime exploits. But her crest was yet to be set a-glitter by many another of her barbarous brood. Roberts, Avery, Kidd, “Blackboard,” and all the evil crew of the “Jolly Rogers”, were the most notorious scoundrels and cutthroats of her pirate wolf-packs. For years, like falcons, they swooped down through the Spanish Main, robbed the Spanish treasure ships, played havoc with shipping that flowed through the Florida Channel, and for merriment, with their rich spoils, crowded into Port Royal, a speedy refuge and a quick market for their pillage.
But the most notorious of them all, and the one whose name, until this day, haunts the remains of Port Royal, was Sir Henry Morgan, the one-time lieutenant governor of Jamaica, and conqueror of Panama, That arch fiend was the son of a poor Welsh farmer, and, as a youth, was sold into slavery in Barbados. During his days as a slave he was inspired with enthusiasm for his later adventures on the high seas. Numerous were his evil exploits, but his bloody plunder of Panama in 1670 was his crown for rapine. Away from that massacre he sailed, with six hundred persons, men, women, children and slaves, and with 175 muleloads of silver, gold and precious stones. After this staggering success, then Morgan swindled his crew of its share of the booty, left them marooned on a desert island, and, with the entire spoil of £70,000 and other treasures, put out to sea. And for where! His unholy haven, Port Boyal!
When pirates thus returned to Port Royal (and seldom did they return without much booty) the old capital, with added evils to increase its constant state of wickedness, became a devil’s den of sword-clanging and hilarity. The riches accumulated over long years by the Spaniards were squandered in taverns and brothel houses in a few nights,
A Den of Debauchery
A continual carnival of craze and corruption, Port Royal’s sins were many: drinking, swearing, gambling, whoring, killing—“indeed the place has been one of the lewdest in the Christian World, a sink of filthiness, and a mere Sodom” "The state was barbaric but splendid. No form of vice was wanting, no indulgence too extravagant for its lawless population/’ Revealing one source of the town’s notoriety, Sir Thomas Modyford, friend of Morgan, the pirate and governor of Jamaica at that time, wrote: “The Spaniards wondered much at the sickness of our people, until they knew the strength of their drinks, but then they wondered more that they were not all dead/’
Pregnant with riches and evils, so in her glory, flourished this pompous em-Sorium of her day. With two thousand ouses (and many of them as good as any in London at that time) she reached her pinnacle of splendor. Ab in wealth she increased, so in wickedness she flourished. This was Port Royal.
Her Days Numbered
Sweltering midday, Tuesday, June 7, 1692. Came a gentle shudder of the earth. Another, more marked than the first! From the distance—a horrible sound like Nature moaning in anguish, From sea, from sky or from land, no om could tell. Horror-breeding, terrorizing, soul-devouring rumbles! A jarring quake with Earth writhing in wild convulsions ! A colossal gape of Earth’s ravenous jaws! A desperate struggle with lashing great billows, > and with a thunderous crash!—down went Port Royal! Screams of anguish, shrieks of horror, men, multitudes, buildings, and wharves loaded with merchandise, in a moment swallowed down by Tragedy with one aqueous gulp! Like an ill-fated galleon, ladened with bounteous booty, and with all her crew of scoundrels, down, down, down she plunged to the bottom of the seal
So perished presumptuous Port Royal. It was as though divine judgment had been wrathfully expressed against her. As <fbeing a dreadful warning to a sleepy world : or God’s heavy judgment showed on a sinful people, as a forerunrier of the terrible day of the Lord” was Fort Royal’s sudden destruction in the sight of Captain Crocket. (1692)
Of the violent panic that gripped her in her last hysteric moment, few of her despairing population were left to telL Memorially, of that few was one Lewis Galdy. On his tombstone at a place not far from Port Royal, an inscription tells us: “Here lies Lewis Galdy, Esquire , . . who was born in Montpelier in France, but left that country for his religion and to settle in this island; where he was swallowed up in the great earthquake of 1692; and, by the Providence of God, was by another shock' thrown into the sea and miraculously saved by swimming until a boat took him up/’
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