Awake!, June 8, 1949

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ARAMCO Builds an Empire

A study in unscrupulous monopolies

New York Public Library Foments Religious Hate Exalts one religion, abases another

Capturing Sound

It’s a far hop from Edison’s talking machine to today’s magnetic wires and tapes

Co-operation Among Animals Amazing partnerships formed by wild life to win the constant fight for food

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

News sources that are able to keep you awake to the yttal issues of cur times must be unfettered by censorship and selfish interests, “Awake!” has no fetters. It recognizes facts, faces facts, is. free to publish facta. It is not bound by political ambitions or obligations; it is unhampered by advertisers whose toes must not be tread upon; It is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that It may speak freely io you. But it does not abuse its freedom* It maintains integrity to truth.

“Awake 1” uses the regular news channels, but Is not dependent on them. It® own correspondents are on all continents, in scores of nations, From the four corners of the earth their uncensored, on-the-scenes reports come to you through these columns. This joutfnaTs viewpoint is not narrow, but is international. It is read in many nations, in many languages, by persons of all ages. Through its pages many fields of knowledge pass in review—government, commerce, religion, history, geography, science, social conditions, natural wonders—why, its cover* age is as broad as the earth and as high as the heavens. .

“Awake 1” pledges itself to righteous principles, to exposing hidden foes and subtle dangers, to championing freedom for all, to comforting mourners and strengthening those disheartened by the failures of a delinquent world, reflecting sure hope for the establishment of a right* eons New World.

Get acquainted with “Awake!” Keep awake by reading “Awake!”

Published Semimgfthlt Bt WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY, INC.

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Ji. H. Knoeh, PrrfffiJwU

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Entered u stcond-ctos matter at Brooklyn, N. Y-, Act of Manti 3, 1079. Printed in IL 8. A.

CONTENTS

ARAMCO Builds an Empire

Ibn Saud and Lend-Lease

Washington Lackeys Rebuked in Turn

Oil Men in U. 8. Government

Burglars at Work and Play

New York Public Library

Foments Religious Hate

Library Lies Exposed

Capturing Sound

Marvels of Magnetic Tape Cut Records Stage a Comeback Battle of the Record Makers

3 4 a

7 8

9 11

13 U 15

Truman’s Savior

Competition

Beauty Treatment After XJasih

Havana’s Daily Bread

Co-operation Among Animals

Evolution Articles

Perdu Government Stops Bible Lecture

“Thy Word Is Truth”

Translators Hide Truth About the Soul

Ban of Jesuits in Swiss Constitution

Jesuits Pear Popular Vote

Watching the World

ARAMCO Builds an Empire

A study in monopolies

MONOPOLY is defined by U. S. Attorney General Tom Clark as “a tool of totalitarianism which handcuffs the individual and enchains democracy”. To put it more precisely, a monopoly is a conniving together of forces bent on seizing control of what belongs to all. Monopolies not only squeeze a country dry of economic wealth. They intertwine their relentless tentacles around national and international politics. Whether they be concentrations of religious, political or economic power, monopolies betray no sign of scruple, no pain of conscience.

The American government, although it is the most powerful political force in the world, is not mighty enough to cope with the Big Business systems that relentlessly merge into the gigantic concentrations of economic power called monopolies. It costs American taxpayers $200,-000 to fight the average anti-trust case. Little or no permanent good is accomplished ; where one leg of the octopus is chopped off, two seem to grow back.

Consequently the United States, thanks to its “free enterprise” system, is a paradise for monopolies. There are insurance monopolies, steel monopolies, automobile monopolies, movie monopolies, labor monopolies; there are monopolies in the food, chemical, timber, communications, transportation fields; an endless chain of money-bloated monopolies encircle every market, heaping together treasures to rust and cry out against them ip these last days.

But how does a monopoly get started! How is it formed! How does it grew! How does it seize control of a government! How does it ascend to* the dizzy heights from which it arrogantly dominates a world market! The birth and career of a monopoly was unfolded in dramatic, unbelievable detail by a Senatorial investigation of the oil trust known as ARAMCO.

An abbreviation for the Arabian American Oil Co., ARAMCO is a Delaware corporation originally formed on a fifty-fifty basis by the Texaco Company and Standard Oil of California. In March, 1947, Standard of New Jersey and^ Socony-Vacuum entered into the partnership for reasons hereinafter outlined. Within 18 years from the time of its conception, the ARAMCO corporation acquired 250,000 square miles of oil concessions in Saudi Arabia—ah area equal in size to the states of California and Oregon combined. It wheedled and bulldozed the United States government into spending 99 million irredeemable dollars of taxpayer's money to protect these concessions, first from Nazi and now from Communist encroachments.

And while evading the payment of "income taxes it broke its promises to repay its own government for protection in petroleum products at fair cost; at the height of World War II it flagrantly lied to overcharge the U. S. Navy more than $38,000,000 for petroleum while selling to other countries—including enemy Japan—at reduced prices. You may be sure that throughout its brazen career no one hollered louder for protection, no one waved a flag that was .redder, whiter, bluer, than ARAM CO’S. Into the postwar era ARAM CO swaggers, arrogant, defiant, holding $10,000,000,000 worth of concessions in the world’s richest known oil reserve.

Here is how ARAMCO built its empire.

Ibn Saud and Lend Lease

King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, absolute monarch of Saudi Arabia, had, up to World War II, maintained his national budget off revenues from the annual Moslem pilgrimages to‘the holy cities of Mecca and Medina which are located inside his domain. When the war broke out, no longer could Mohammed’s worshipers trek to Mecca and Medina, and Ibn Saud’s national revenue dried up. His government shook and tottered.

Wily old Ibn Saud knew well the danger of calling on foreign power5 for help; they always demanded their pound of flesh in return. As for Arabia’s fabulous oil deposits, there was no such thing as the technical know-how among his 6,000,000 illiterate Bedouins; nor was Ibn Saud financially able to develop an oil industry if he had bad the technical brains available. But there were plenty of foreign powers lusting for Arabian oil. The British, the French, the Italians, the Japanese, the Dutch, all just as eager to1 monopolize on Arabian oil as they had on Iranian and Turkish oil to the north of him. These powers, however, represented foreign governments.

There was one other bidder for Ibn Saud’s oiL That was American Free Enterprise. These men were independent businessmen. They were dominated by no government. They would not be meddling in Ibn Saud s domestic policies. All they wanted was oil, “black gold.”

In 1933 Ibn Saud leased the first concessions to the American oil companies. He soon demanded oil royalties, even ir advance. By 1941 ARAMCO had advanced the king $6,800,000, Thereafter he demanded an additional sis million dollars in advance royalties each year.

By the time Nazi General Rommel was rai sing a fury in North Africa, ARAMCO had sunk about $27,500,000 in Arabian oil developments; and who knew but that the Nazis might take over the Middle East? The big boys in oil did not want to invest any more of their own money in this risky venture, still they did not want to abandon the venture—provided it was somebody else that furnished Ibn Saud his $6,000,000 a year. To quote the report of the Senatorial investigation of the Middle East oil situation (Report No. 440, Part 5, page 3): “The company took the position not expressed to the king that the international situation did not justify any substantial additional investment of their own capital"

Italics are added to that quotation to accentuate this question: If investment of their own capital was not justifiable, why would the investment of American taxpayers’ money be justifiable? Yet ARAMCO appealed to the United States government to do that very thing. It was determined that Mr, James A. Moffet would submit the proposal to President Roosevelt. He outlined ARAM CO’S needs. If the government would furnish King Ibn Saud $6,000,000 annually for the next five years, ARAMCO would repay the government as follows:

Persian Gulf

F.O.B. Ship 1^800,000 bbls, of gasoline at 3|c per gal, 2,660,000 bbls, of Diesel oil at 75e per bbl. 3,400,000 bbls, fuel oil at 40e per bbl.

That would figure out at $6,000,000 worth of petroleum products annually for the next five years.

In spite of this flattering offer, it appears that the oil boys ran into one of those perennial nuisances called a legal snag. The U. S. government could not hand out money to a country unless thet country was important to the national defense of the United States, and it was fairly impossible even for a diplomat to imagine why Saudi Arabia was important in 1941 to the national defense of the United States. Saudi Arabia was not eligible for Lend-Lease.

So Moffett did not stop with the president. He broached the matter to the secretary of state, Cordell Hull, and the secretary of the navy, Frank Knox. In May, 1941, Moffett, together with W. S. S. Rodgers, president of the Texas Corporation, approached Jesse H. Jones, secretary of commerce and federal loan administrator. Then they went back to the White House and talked further with Stephen Early and Harry L. Hopkins, aides to the president. Still, wheedling, coaxing and gold-plated promises just could not transform Saudi Arabia into a Lend-Lease eligible. Could not the oil companies go ahead and advance Ibn Saud the money?

Ibn Saud, sensing that he was milking the wrong cow, finally decided that he would have to go ahead and apply directly to the U. S. government for aid on some other grounds. ARAMCO’s official, fearing to have a U. S. foreign minister make personal contact with Ibn Saud, pulled strings in the Department o£ State and the meeting never came off. Meanwhile federal loan administrator Jesse Jones and other high-ranking officials in Washington talked with British foreign minister Lord Halifax and others, and King Ibn Saud got his money, it being channeled indirectly from Amer-( ica through the British, and ARAMCO taking care to get credit for having swung the deal. To quote the Senatorial report: “The United States Government effectively arranged for aid to the king of Saudi Arabia indirectly through the British, which ultimately cost the United States the sum of $51,060,000?’

In return for this free-handed financing, remember, ARAMCO, through Mr. Moffett, made its own proposition, on its own terms, to sell fuel oil to the U. S.

Government at 40c a barrel; Diesel oil at 75c a barrel; and gasoline at 3|e a gallon. When the time came for ARAM1-CO to fulfill its bargain, in the heat of World War II, when the nation and its allies were in sore need of petroleum products, this, in the words of the Senatorial report, is what happened:

The negotiations [had not been] conducted on a formal basis by either the oil companies or the United States Government. Good faith was implicit in their dealings. The Government had every right to expect the oil companies to honor their moral, if not'their legal, obligation and to supply oil at the prices fixed in their proposals. In fact, substantially everything the companies asked the United States government to do was done .by their own admission. The performance differed only in method. The results sought by the oil companies were accomplished. Despite this fact the oil companies did not fulfill their part— furnishing oil at 40c a barrel. They received all the benefits and in return ignored their promises.

British Santa Claus Rebuffed

Then things took a new twist. Britain, meeting the financial needs of King Ibn Saud during 1941 and 1942, with money supplied by the United States, began to assume a position of onpnoug importance in Saudi Arabia. Britain was on the way to becoming intrenched as the financial adviser and backer of the Saudi Arabian government. That ARAMCO could not stand for. No government interference, neither American nor much less British, was going to be tolerated. All that governments had any business meddling with was the matter of putting up the money, and the cannon fodder if necessary, to support the pil monopoly which would not keep its bargain with the government that supported it.

Hitting the warpath, W. S. S. Rodgers, seconded by a chairman of Standard Oil, H. D. Collier, lined up everybody that was anybody in Washington—Secretaries Harold L. Ickes (Interior), Knox and

Forrestal (Navy), Henry L. Stimson (War)j Sumner Welles (undersecretary of state) and others, in one all-out blitz to snap the red tape and have Saudi Arabia declared eligible for direct American lend-lease. The conferences began in the office of Secretary of Interior Ickes on February 5,1943. Thirteen days later this directive was issued by President Roosevelt to the Lend-Lease administrator: “To enable you to arrange for lend-lease aid to the government of Saudi Arabia I hereby find that the defense of Saudi Arabia is vital to the defense of the United States.”

So the role of Britain as Santa Claus to King Ibn Saud was squelched. The United States government was now the servile lackey of the oil companies to manipulate as they pleased. Mr. Rodgers, ironically, made fresh promises to sell oil to Uncle Sam “at prices well under world prices”.

Washington Lackeys Rebuffed in Turn

It was at this point that developments took still another twist, a comical twist. The political lackeys in Washington seemed to get some odd notions of their own. Some bright boy recalled that back in 1913 British prime minister Winston Churchill had bought control for the British government of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. that was now successfully monopolizing the oil of Iran and other sections of the Middle East. Uncle.Sam was underwriting the Arabian government, to the tune of millions. Why should not Uncle follow the British precedent? Why not invest in some ARAM CO stock?#After confabbing between themselves* Knox, Ickes, Jesse Jones, James F. Brynes and other State Department heads formulated a Petroleum Reserve Corporation and Ickes was delegated to negotiate for “stock control of the company (ARAMCO) in the interests of national defense and the economic needs of the nation”. The unceremonious way Mr, Ickes got set back on his heels is what gave things a comical twist.

Mr. Ickes testified that when he proposed that the oil companies sell the government ARAMCO stock, first the Standard Oil Co. of California went through the motions of agreeing to terms, then the Texas Co. would buck; they would then reverse the clowning—Texas Co. would agree and Standard would buck. “Bommel had been chased out of North Africa and they felt secure in their concession, and more disposed to thumb their nose at us,” crabbed Mr. Ickes.

By 1943 the American govemmeftt had, by financial jugglings, underwritten British aid to Saudi Arabia to the tune of $40,000,000, all of which was granted with no provision for repayment of either interest or principal. After chalking Saudi Arabia on the Lend-Lease list in February, 1943, the United States dived into a joint program with the British to “maintain political and economic stability in Saudi Arabia”, regardless of costs. By 1947 total assistance to Saudi Arabia, none of which is guaranteed recoverable, soared to $99,500,000. Among the. gifts was included a $3,500,000 airport at Dhahran of which “ARAMCO is the principal beneficiary”.

Farce of Navy Oil Purchases

Against this background secured by $99,500,000 of government spending, now behold ARAMCO’s dealings with the U. S. Navy when the time came in July 1945 for the oil companies to show their gratitude. At that time France was desperately in need of oil. The United States was furnishing oil to France via lend-lease. The Navy was appointed to purchase oil from ARAMCO for France. What about those agreements by Messrs. Moffett and Rodgers to sell petroleum to the government at 40c a barrel! The government's copies had been lost somewhere in the labyrinth of officialdom at Washington and never reached the Navy department when time came to close a deal, ARAMCO, you may be sure, did not oblige by digging up its own copies,

The price that ARAMCO quoted the Navy was more than double the original prices—$1.05 a barrel. Navy's investigator MacKrille found that under no circumstances was a price higher than 84c justifiable. ARAMCO haggled for five weeks. Among other arguments it came up with the outright lie that King Ibn Saud had doubled his royalties from 21c to 42c a barrel. Navy ultimately paid $1,05. ARAMCO was selling the same oil to Japan for 86c and Tor as little as 70c a barrel. France, for whom the U. S. was buying the oil at $1.05j was at the same time buying the same oil from ARAMCO at 90c and 95c a barrel. In December 1946 ARAMCO upped its prices to the IT. S. Navy for UNRR A consignments, quoting the U. S. $1.23 and at the same time selling to Uruguay for $1 per barrel. <

From January 1,1942, through June 30, 1947, the U. S. government paid ARAMCO $38,505,578.11 in excess of the amount it would have paid had the purchases been made on the basis of the original Moffett agreement. It amounted to such huge excess profits that, believe it or not, even ARAMCO’s officials blushed, and its vice-president James T. Duce rushed a memo to the higher bracket urging that something be done about “allocating all possible charges against 1946 income", else their “excessively high" net income might put them in an “embarrassing position". Consequently such an enormous amount of the profits i were channeled away through the two non-taxable Canadian and Bahamian subsidiaries that ARAMCO evaded a payment of $100,000,000 in income tax.

OU Men in U.S. Government

One reas'on a monopoly like ARAMCO ,could get away with wholesale robbery, then add insult to injury, was the fact that the oil companies had key men planted right inside the U, S, govern-ment. James Terry Duce, vice-president of ARAMCO since 1940, and formerly associated with its parent company, the Texas Co., for 25 years, was at one time director of the Foreign Division of the Petroleum Administration, D. E. Boden-schatz, assistant manager of the export department of the General Petroleum Products of Los Angeles, a subsidiary of Socony-Vaeuum, was the naval officer who wrote the justification for the purchase of ARAMCO crude oil at $1.05 a barrel. J. J. Walsh, a naval procurement officer who worked on the ARAMCO contracts, later became associated with Standard Oil of New Jersey. Admiral Andrew Carter, recently president of the Overseas Tank Ship Co., a Texas and Socal subsidiary, was formerly the deputy petroleum administrator for war. Max Thornberg, a vice-president of Bahrein Petroleum Co. Ltd., was special assistant to the undersecretary of state. The one man, Ralph K. Davies, who refused to use his connections with the oil moguls to influence government policy, lost his position.

As mentioned early in this article, in March, 1947, the world was informed that Standard Oil of New Jersey and Socony-. Vacuum, both eastern distributors, had bought a 40-percent interest in ARAMCO for the sum of $102,000,000. During the crucial winter of 1947-1948 not a drop of Middle East oil was delivered on the American east coast. Domestic oil shot up in price to $3.27 a barrel. Middle East oil could have .been delivered to the east coast and sold at 100, percent profit for $2.10 a barrel. Only after the government threatened to bring an anti-trust suit against ARAMCO for restraining oil deliveries was the shortage relieved.

Such oppressive monopolies go with capitalism. Totalitarian oppression accompanies communism. Neither is the answer to mankind's woes. Only Jehovah's kingdom by Christ will relieve the oppressed.—Contributed.

Burglars at Work and Play

Crime did not pay for the young Negro that walked into a jeweler’s shop in a tough section of Brooklyn last January. He had a gun in his pocket and contemplated a work of robbery. The five-foot proprietor reported that the six-foot bandit entered and. extended hie wrist watch to have it repaired, but when the jeweler adjusted his glass to his eye to give the watch an inspection the burglar drew the gun and snapped, “This is a hold-up I” The jeweler grabbed for the gun, failed to get it in his hand but got it on his head, much to his painful surprise. The bandit forced him to a rear room, where the unco-operative jeweler again tried to seise the gun, and in the fight that followed the jeweler was winning till the badman broke loose ran. The jeweler gave chase, and tangled with the gunman out on the street. The hMHftt- again tore loose and made good his escape this time. But on his way to the hospital fw tr^atfncnt of a, scalp wound the jeweler opened his hand ^nd there was the bandit’s watoh. He adjusted his lens. Looked, announced: “Worth $30.”

ft

All work and no play might make Joe a dull boy, so he mixed the two. £3 He entered a house, idly examined several trinkets, and forgot to put them Ey* back. He found a bottle of rye, sat down with it in the living room, clicked on the television and relaxed. Now this burglar, Joseph Motyka, customarily haunts barrooms and watches wrestling matches on television j but he was =. fascinated by the daytime women’s program he was seeing. So much so that -2ie refused to leave when the householder found him. He even stuck till the police came. “Boy, that was a swell show,” Joe declared as they took him off.

■ ■ : ■ \ "i -

■s

in

Police described Peter Sciarriano of

New York city as a small potato

crime. Two small potatoes would be more accurate. When he was picked

up as a burglar suspect he talked oddly, The police figured he might be holding out on them, so they pried his mouth open. Out tumbled two small potatoes, one from each cheek. He had been carrying potatoes there for ■'J| fifteen years, ever since an operation that removed the upper part of his jawbone and left cheeks sunken. He was held for robbery. Police photon S are with and without his potatoes. **

io§

The treasury department of the United States exhibits “1,000-and-sOftO^ smtfggiere' tri^s tried by sharp operators. One of the oddest on exhibition is the wooden fob that prawunflbly was o^ly to carry a dozen harm less-looking live turtles from the Orient to a aferfood fancier on the West Coast. It struck the narcotics agents as odd that turtles would be firtjtftCni half way around the world, so on a hunch they tapped the staves of the tub. Every other one had a hollow ring. They ripped the tub apart and in each hollow stave they found two cans of opium. The bogus clothes brush is another example. Innocent on the surface, it 'has a top that caij be unscrewed, and inside it coziiy holds a small fortune in diamonds. Another ruse" is the false heel. Inside one such high heel on a lady’s slipper was concealed precious jewels. A shipment of toy watches almost got through, till one man idly decided to see how well they were made. Unusually well made. In fact, tucked away inside each toy watch was one of the most expensive watch movements ever imported into the country,

For a pnbUc Institution to pose as a champion of religious tolerance, then in the same breath exalt one religious group and abase another, is hypocritical. For It to stubbornly persist in such intolerance after numerous protests of the victims shows hatred. But the wronged ones rest their case with Jehovah God. In time He will apply His principle to turn the tables; “Exalt that which is low, and abase that which is high,11

DURING January the main public library of New York city exhibited a photographic study entitled “Children in America”. It was divided into two sections, the first portraying what the library’s news release by Anna L. Glantz, administrative assistant, termed “the negative side of life for America’s children". The second section pictured what was considered favorable conditions and was headed ""Towards a Better Children’s World”. This exhibition of seventy-five photographs was prepared by Hungarian-born Marion Palfi over a period of two and a half years and was financed by the Julius Rosenwald Fund. It foments religious hate. And the New York library by scheduling it for exhibition at its main building and branches for one year also foments religious hate.

How so? In the unfavorable section were pictured delinquent children in trouble with the law, children in reformatories and heavily barred cells, children loafing in pool rooms and running in street gangs and petting in public places, children neglected, abandoned, undernourished and exploited through child labor abuses. And stuck in the midst of these photos of unfortunates and delinquents is a picture of a young girl on the street displaying to passers-by the Watchtower and Awake! magazines. She is one of Jehovah’s witnesses, and the magazines contain printed Bible sermons designed to stem the tide of delinquency. But such Bible educational work the New York library terms “the negative side of life for America’s children".

When a representative of Awake! protested to a library spokesman he was informed that “the picture is a fact and speaks for itself”. We say the exhibitor has not allowed it to speak for itself, but has surrounded it with other picturevoices that twist the facts. Exhibited alone or in a favorable setting the picture can speak for itself, but not in its present company. For instance, if someone snapped a picture of a Catholic nun on a street corner collecting money, would the library embed that photo in a series of pictures of panhandlers, bums, vagrants and drunks in the Bowery begging for liquor money? Would the library display the snapshot of a Jewish lad taking up a collection on the subway to aid Jews cm the same spot where they stuck the youthful worker of Jehovah’s witnesses? Would they exhibit the picture of a Catholic youth employed as an altar boy in such a setting as they placed the young girl engaged in preaching the gospel of God’s kingdom? Would they say those pictures were facts and would speak for themselves' Certainly not! But when it comes to an unpopular religious minority such as Jehovah's witnesses the “brave” library casts them into the category of jailbirds and delinquents as quickly as Daniel was thrown into the lions’ den!

How Hate Is Fomented

In this exhibit the smug library brands an organization in Georgia, the Columbians, as promoting “religious and racial prejudices”. The charge returns to the library to roost. It foments prejudice by inferring by association and classification that Jehovah's witnesses are delinquents. In the favorable section, “Towards a Better Children’s World,” it exhibits a Catholic priest surrounded by boys at Boys Town in Nebraska, recommending such Roman Catholic religious organizations as fit tutors for youth. Hence, by putting Jehovah's witnesses in the villain's Tole and the Catholic Church in the hero’s, the library abases one religious group and exalts another, smears one and glorifies the other.

The contention that such use of facilities in a public building is fomenting religious hate is not far-fetched. Our representative was informed by the library that upward of 10,000 persons went through the library daily. They see the picture of the girl with the magazines, .and conclude that she is being exploited and misled down the road of delinquency. Then they walk on the streets of New York They see hundreds of New York children on the streets displaying The Watchtower and Awake! plus hundreds of adults doing likewise. Their mind goes back to the exhibit they saw in the library, and they associate this Bible educational work and those doing it with the horrible pictures of delinquency and crime. Hate for the organization of Jehovah's witnesses is born. Whether this fomenting of religious hate is the library's purpose is not the vital point,* it is the practical results of the exhibit that jnust be coped with. Many have protested to Awake! about the library's attack against Jehovah's witnesses; we suggest that they and others who disapprove tof such assau/c by a ptibtfe institution write directly to the New York Public Library, Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, New York 18, N, Y.

Assuming that the library was not fully aware of the effects of this attack on Jehovah's witnesses, an Awake! representative wrote to Anna L. Glantz of the Public Relations Office of the library. In addition to high-lighting the above points, the letter suggested that if the library was unprejudiced it would perhaps display an exhibit of the work of Jehovah’s witnesses in its proper light, and in this way counteract the false impression previously given. This was no endeavor for free publicity on the part of Jehovah's witnesses; they had been projected into the public eye by the library, so i't should feel no hesitancy to merely change the publicity from false to true. However, the letter's main contention was thattthe picture of the young Witness should either be placed on the favorable side of the exhibit or removed altogether. The reasons were twofold: it would halt misrepresentation of the work of Jehovah's witnesses as an organization, and it would end the libel against the young girl involved.

Bible TForA: Commercial, Says Library

Despite the fact that the letter very carefully explained that the work the girl was doing was in the nature of Bible education, that it was nob commercial, that she was doing it willingly, uncoerced, unexploited, Administrative-Assistant Glantz replied iy honeyed phrase that no reproach was intended against Jehovah's witnesses but that the exhibit only reflected “the regrettable necessity of young children's having to sell newspapers for a living”. The sweet phraseology was further soured by refusal to remove the girl's picture and ignoring the request for presenting the truth in an exhibition. The only step taken was to blot out the names of the two magazines, but since their cover pictures and layouts are pie same for every issue and well known the mere hiding of the names did not erase their identity. Moreover, the girl was still being libejed, as our answering letter to Anna Glantz stated:

It is not fair to the girl to leave her picture in with the delinquent and exploited. She is not delinquent. She is engaged in no commercial selling work. She is not exploited. She is preaching the gospel. Her picture is large, recognizable by any who know her. She is being libeled. To bring it home to you, if you were that girl's mother, would you be appeased by the removal of the magazine names, or would you not insist on her picture being deleted from “the negative side of life for America's children” ? The picture should have been removed entirely, or put where it rightly belonged, on the side “Towards a Better Children's World”.

But Anna Glantz tenaciously held to her prejudice against the work of Jehovah's witnesses, for in her reply she contended again that it was the “picture of a child' who has to earn some income for her subsistence”. As for the child, because it did not live in New York and because its identity was not given this library official said it was not injured; moreover, “her mother was with her at the time and gave her full consent to Miss Palfi to take the picture?' And no accurate display of the work of Jehovah's witnesses could be made because “the exhibition schedule is filled to 1950”.

Library Lies Exposed

These statements are not truthful. At the end of January the exhibition left the main library for its year-long tour of the branches. The exhibition space thereby vacated in the main library has remained vacant of exhibits to the time of this writing, May 1. That the mother gave consent for the picture is only a sly half-truth. With only the picture to go on, Awake! was able through the efficient organization of Jehovah's witnesses to trace the girl and her mother. The mother, Mattie Lou Linkhart, of Lake City, Fla., says:

A lady came by and took Betty’s picture. I did not refuse because I had no idea that it would be put on public exhibition. Since I have learned that it is used in New York to show the negative side of life for America’s children. I never thought of such a thing! This greatly misrepresents my little girl and the work she engages in. Betty is now twelve years old and is in the seventh grade. She attends Bible studies regularly, and does magazine street witnessing every Saturday for an hour or two, as well as other parts of the service; and not because she is forced for financial reasons but because she knows it is right. She does such work with no other purpose in mind but serving the Lord. I request that this picture be taken from the library before further damage is done.

If Anna Glantz allowed one who appeared to be only a curious passer-by to. snap her picture, would she consider that permission for the photograph to be enlarged and hung in the rogues’ gallery! That would be analagous to the tactics of Marion Palfi relative to Betty Anne Linkhart, which' Anna Glantz defends. A press write-up on Palfi’s exhibition quotes her as saying: “With the Columbians, I used deception for the only time,” She lost count. She certainly used it with the mother of Betty Anne. The mother's statement refutes the charge of Palfi and Glantz that Betty Anne “has to earn some income for her subsistence”; the child's statement does also. It reads:

I am Betty Anne Linkhart, the girl whom they have placed on public exhibition in New York libraries showing the negative side of life for America's children. I would like it removed for the following reasons: It makes the work of Jehovah’s witnesses appear commercial, which is completely false. It makes it appear that my parents are not able to support me. It misrepresents me in the eyes of

the world as one not desired, a delinquent. 1 have been doing the work of Jehovah's witnesses since I was six or seven years Old, and I do it because I enjoy it; not because paid. I know that it is right, and leads to salvation for those that do it and also other*. ^Besides working an hour or more on Saturdays in street work I go from house to house with Bible literature, which is in full accordance with the Bible and the laws of the land. Jehovah's witnesses are doing a good work, and should not be misrepresented. Others would do well by joining with them in proclaiming the message of the Kingdom. If each one continues faithful it will mean life eternal in the New . World, which John saw in the vision. [Revelation 21:1-5] I am going to be baptized soon.

Jehovah the Judge

When the library was informed of the attitude of both Betty Anne and her mother, Richard M. Brett, business manager, speaking for the library, said “the case is without merit” and “we consider the matter closed”, But the case is not closed. Jehovah God is the Judge in cases involving His faithful servants. Though the library tersely closes the case, a Higher Judge may reopen it As Ecclesiastes 5:8 states: “If thou seest the oppression of the poor, and violent perverting of judgment and justice in a province, marvel not at the matter: for he that is higher than the highest regarded ; and there be higher than they.”

The work of Jehovah's witnesses is not considered commercial by the Supreme Court of the United States. Nei-wer does the tsibie, ana Herein may oe found many instances where youngsters served God in spite of opposition from oldsters. Samuel, David, Jeremiah, Timothy and others preached,at an early age in the face of powerful opposition. Jestfc preached at the age of twelve years, confounding the bewhiskered old religious scribes and Pharisees of His day. Twelve-year-old Betty Anne Linkhart can take comfort in these facts, as well as in the Scripture forecast that Jesus* followers in these “last days” would be “hated of all* nations”.—Matthew 24:9; 5:10-12.

Thus far the New’ York Public Library has proved itself a fomenter of religious hate. Its letters were politely phrased, rich in lip-service to tolerance and religious freedom that costs nothing, but poor in action in harmony therewith. It is responsible for publicizing the religiously prejudiced exhibit by Marion Palfi, who is reportedly contemplating “a photographic dissection of discrimination as it exists in her adopted country”. She has striking source material right at her fingertips—the religious discrimination she has shown in her “Children in America” exhibit. She and the library have joined hands in fomenting religious hate, in abasing Jehovah's witnesses and exalting the Roman Catholic Church. In due time Jehovah God will apply His righteous rule in a dramatic and violent turning of the tables: “Exalt that which is low, and abase that which' is high.” —Ezekiel 21:26; Matthew 23:12, Am. Sian, Ver.

Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are ye. when mejn shdll revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake. Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they thr prophets which were before you.—Matthew 5:10-12.

GRAVE-FACED he turned the little crank. In a loud voice he recited the simple childish rhyme, "Mary had a lit-tie lamb?' This done, the needle was set back at the starting point, and the little crank again began to turn. The air was tense with silence and expectation. Faintly the oft-repeated words of childhood echoed back from the foil-covered cylinder. Onlookers blinked their eyes in amazement. Even the grave face changed to a huppy smile as Thomhs Alva Edison heard his own voice for the first time. An idea had succeeded; Edison’s first "talking machine” worked!

That was back in 1877 in the inventor’s famous Menlo Park laboratory. Since then a whole string of improvements in sound-reproducing machines have been made. Flat records took the place of the cylinders, except on dictaphone machines; shellac-faced laminated discs replaced the clumsy nonbreakable ones of a generation ago; electric-driven turntables did away with spring-wound motors. Automatic record changers, electrical pickup heads, and slow-turning, narrow-grooved records made of nonbreakable plastic have all added refinement to the "canned music" machines. The beautiful console cabinet, an essential part of the modern home's furniture, housing phonograph, radio and television sets, is a far cry from that crude gadget that Edison first assembled more than seventy years ago.

Of great importance also was the introduction a few years ago of recorders and reproducers using magnetized wares and tapes in place of the conventional embossed dises. While these machines are strictly a product of thus electronic age, the idea of sound-on-wire is not novel. Before Edison’s phonograph, the principle of putting sound on wire was patented, back in 1862, but nothing was done about it, because of lack of technical knowledge. Discovery of the vacuum tube was first necessary. During the recent war rapid progress was made in developing and perfecting wire recording.

In making regular phonograph records the 4electrical impulses from the microphone are turned into mechanical vibrations that are engraved in a wax disc, which are later transferred by embossing onto plastic discs. In magnetic wire recording, however, the electrical impulses from the "mike” remain electrical and are used to operate an electromagnet through which a spool of thin stain less-steel wire is run at the rate of about two feet per second. A pattern of magnetic impulses is deposited on the wire, and when re-run through a coil of a reproducing machine the magnetized area on the wire creates a magnetic field that sets up a corresponding electrical current. Such method gives practically 100-percent reproduction of the original .music or speech with none of the surface noise so characteristic .of groove-and-needle records. Another interesting thing is that the recording on the wire can, if desired, easily be "erased” simply by passing the wire through a coil having a high-frequency current. Thus demagnetized the wire can be used over again.

Marvels of Magnetic Tape

In this fast-moving age, as modern as wire recording may seem, it- has already been made out-of-date by tape recording. This improvement consists of using a reel of narrow tape in place of a spool of wire, an idea that originated in Germany during the war. The tape is made of a strip of paper, about 14-thousandths of an inch thick, upon which is spread a coating of smooth, mirror-like synthetic resin about ^-thousandth of an inch thick Imbedded in this resin are millions of microscopic grains of magnetite, sometimes called loadstone. As in the case of the wire recorder, when this tape is passed through the magnetic field the molecules of the iron oxide are arranged in magnetic patterns. Likewise, the tape can be demagnetized and used again if desired.

Tape recording, though employing the same ba^c principles, has many advantages over wire recording. For one thing, the cost of tapes is only a fraction of that of wire. Tape is a half or a third as likely to break, is not so likely to get tangled; and after playing can be rewound in one-twelfth the time it takes to rewind wire. Another advantage over wire, tapes can be snipped at any place with the scissors and spliced together again with Scotch tape, thus allowing editing or deleting of sentences, paragraphs or section of a speech or any portion of a musical number, a thing that is impossible to do with grooved records.

Both tape and wire recordings have many advantages over the more conventional groove recording system. There is no needle scratch or background poise. There is practically no wear, even when played thousands of times, and hence no distortion due to wear. Whereas the older records played hut a few minutes, and the new long-playing records run but 45 minutes, tape recordings will play from 30 to 60 minutes, and the large studio models run continuously for 8 hours or more. If, on the other hand-, temporary dictation is used, then the recording can be “rubbed out?7 when its usefulness ends, and the tape or wire can be used over again. This makes for economy. But the initial cost of tape is even less than phonograph recordings on an equal playing-time basis, and with the recent announcement that mass production machinery has been developed for making hour-long tapes, the cost of such will be even cheaper in the future.

Simplicity of recording on wire and tape have permitted these machines to be taken into far-off places where wax recording would be out of the question. Explorers have plunged deep in African jungles and there they have recorded native dance and tribal music, as well as the language of strange people. Scientists have used tape recording to study the languages of birds and animals in zoos, and in the laboratory the marching footsteps of centipedes have been captured. The big broadcasting companies record their programs around the clock on 5,400-foot tapes for the historical record. Schools and business colleges find wire and tape recording very useful in giving instruction in any number of fields. Convention programs are easily and cheaply recorded and later reproduced with an exactness and trueness to life impossible to duplicate in a printed report. If unable to hear certain radio programs at the time of broadcast, individuals can obtain equipment that will automatically record such, and then at a later time it can be played back with absolute fidelity.

Cut Records Stage a Comeback

When wire and.tape recording threatened the very existence of the multimillion dollar phonograph business this giant combine marshaled all of its technical resources in a desperate effort to improve groove recording. The results were more than they expected. Last year when Columbia record corporation placed on the market 10- and 12-inch non-breakable records made of vinylite plastic they were hailed as the greatest improvement since the introduction of the automatic record changer.

These new records were revolutionary not only in the material out of which they were made, but also in the way they were made. Instead of running at 78 r.p.m. (revolutions per minute) like the old shellac records these vinylite stampings leisurely ran at 33J r.p.m. Also, the grooves of the new records are cut very much smaller and closer together, only .001 instead of .003 of an inch wide. Mierogrooves they are called. This permits a 10-inch record to run from 22 to 27 minutes and a 12-inch record to play for 45 minutes. The ol0 78’s ran themselves out in a matter of 4 minutes. So close together are the microgrooves that it is estimated that the needle travels a distance of three-quarters of a mile as a 45-minute symphonic piece unwinds. It is this long-playing quality that highly recommends these records to music lovers who enjoy hearing music uninterrupted with record-changing. The other quality possessed by these records is their ability to capture the whole range of audible tones, the high and the low notes, a thing that the old records could not do.

The cost of these records, though more per disc, is much less on a playing-time basis. The music on a 12-inch microgroove record costing $4.85 would cost around $8 in an album of 78-r.p.m. records. Space and weight are also greatly reduced by these new records. In space they take up only an eighth as much, and in weight only one-tenth that of the old shellac recordings as figured on playing time. Comparing the new with the old, Consumers' Research says the long-playing records were “significantly quieter”, had a “wider frequency response, especially in the high register”, and. gave “‘clean’ reproduction of the highs as against a noticeable lack, rather than distortion, of the highs in the regular press-ngs”, There is also “less difference in quality between the outer and inner grooves”, and “beyond any question” these new records have a “wider dynamic range”. Their fidelity is so. high that if run on cheap, noisy turntables much of their beauty is lost.

If the 16.000,000 record-users that buy between two hundred million and three hundred million discs a year are to enjoy the pleasures of these records they have to buy new machines or converting units to attach to their old equipment. Special tone arms and pickup heads, as well as slow-running, quiet motors are necessary. Only one-fifth of an ounce pressure on the needle can be used, whereas an ounce of needle pressure is used on the old records. Even dust must be kept at a minimum to avoid “ticks” and other noises in the reproducer. That thousands of consumers have gone to the expense of getting the necessary equipment to handle these new Columbia records is shown by the fact that in less than a year’s time more than 1,500,000 records were sold by this company.

Battle of the Record Makers

It began this last winter. A competitor of Columbia, RCA-Victor, announced they were bringing out a grooved record different from the others. It is a 7-inch vinylite record, having the same high qualities as Columbia’s, but running at 45 r.p.m, instead of 78 or 33J, and having a still smaller groove, only .0009 of an inch, T^hese records have lj-inch holes in the center that fit over a special spindle in which is housed the mechanism for changing the records in less than 3 seconds. With eight records loaded on tlje spindle they will play for 42 minutes. Victor says that this is “the best phonograph record ever made” and the system gives “recorded music a quality and fidelity never before possible at low cost”.

Well, Victor’s announcement had the force of a declaration of war on Columbia, with the poor consumer, as usual, caught in the middle of the fight. Music lovers had not recovered from the financial burden of changing over their equipment to handle Columbia’s new records when Victor told them another layout was necessary if their recordings were to be enjoyed. But even if those financially able do get the necessary equipment it still does not end the consumers confusion. As one frustrated record enthusiast said, in part, in a lamentable letter to the New York Times:

Imagine the plight of the consumer who wants to listen to an evening of music for which he has selected, say, a London 10-ineh record, a Victor 7-inch, 45 r.p.m, record, a Columbia 10-ineh LP record, and a Victor 78 r.p.m. 12-inch record. He starts with the turntable speed set at 78 r.p.m., a pick-up having a 3 mil tip radius stylus, pressure of one ounce, the automatic record player set to drop the stylus five inches out from the spindle, the equalizer cross-over switch set at 30 cycles, and a little de-emphasis On the high end. Then, after about four minutes of listening, he changes the record, changes the turntable speed to 45 r.pjn., changes the pick-up to one having a ,9 mil tip radius stylus, selects an arm counterbalanced to something eTse, resets the record player to drop the stylus 3| inches from the spindle, resets the equalizer crossover to something else, all before he can hear the Victor 7-inch record. For the Columbia 10-inch LP record every one of theqc adjustments must be made again, and again far the 12-inch Victor 78 r.p.m. record. Heaven help us, especially those who aren't electronic experts!

Here is a suggested solution. Magnetic tapes can outstrip grooved records in quality of tone and can outplay them in length of program. Why not, then, let the miracle tapes outproduce both Columbia and Victor in the finest recordings of both popular and classical musicf The enterprising company that successfully challenges and breaks the monopolistic strangle-hold of the big. record cartels will find both customers and friends among music lovers.

c5runvm,s Savior

<L In a letter written last October to the chairman of the Layman's Movement for a Christian World President Truman declared: "The spirit of man will not be enslaved. Religion alone will set men free." Whicl\ one of the hundreds of brands, Mr, President? The Bible says there is only "one faith”, and "the truth shall make you free”.—Ephesians 4:5; John 8: 32.

(Competition

EeEgious depression in New England; churches going out of business. That was the report some months ago. Then came a report of how some ministers were hanging onto their flocks. One used a ventriloquist dummy, and as he preached the dummy broke in with wisecrack questions, Since the preacher could not hold his flock hut the dummy can, who is the biggest dummy after allf See Isaiah 56:10.

^Beauty Treatment After Death

C Last November the Vatican denied "reports that Pope Pius X, who died in 1914, will be beautified during the holy year—1950. The reason, they said, is simply that the cause for his beautification has not advanced to the stage that could make such a step possible in 1950”. Seems like 36 years would be long enough to make a beauty treatment in order. Or could they mean "beatified” f

Havana’s Daily Bread

YOU have never visited the big market in Havana? Well, do come along with me while I shop for supper today. Here is where we get off the streetcar. See that huge two-story gray building surrounded by trucks and wagons? That is the market that feeds Havana’s many thousands. It is an entire city block just packed full of one of our greatest daily needs, food, and many other things besides. Watch where you step! That overripe fruit that has fallen off that cart makes walking very treacherous, and inside you will have to look sharp to find a clean path, for it is dark and musty.

Let us follow this man with the basket of fresh watercress balanced on his head up these stairs. If he were carrying a box of oranges or-grapefruit ho would cushion his load on a doughnut-like pillow that is worn like a hat. Hoar that crowing and racketing? Yes, all the fowl is sold alive: chickens for Cuba’s favorite dish, chicken and rice; turkeys and guineas, wonderful in fricassee, the traditional dish of feasts; ami even doves are for sale. That egg department seems to have sold out, for the clerks are now engaged in a lively card game atop the empty crates, quite oblivious to all the bustle of shoppers about them. But here is a great mound of fresh eggs. See the owner candle them? He is a very religious man, for you will notice a tiny wooden shrine to the “Virgin of Char-

ity” above his head. Later downstairs we shall see a larger one with the virgin's image lighted with tiny electric bulbs and adorned with fresh flowers, and all elaborately topped by a cross.

Around the corner here ... Whiff that? Fish and more fish. Over 600 kinds swim the blue waters of the Gulf Stream near this sea-coast capital, but not all are eaten. Careful! Those big boxes are full of live crabs and lobsters. You prefer fish steaks? We shall find what we want on these long metal tables. Count them; there are at least 27 tables, and all 50 mackerel like pointed silver arrows? And over there is fresh shrimp, just 35c a pound. Oh, there is a prize red snapper that clerk is cutting up! Ask his price per pound and then offer him*less. You are expected to haggle with them. Knowing prevailing prices is important in this market, for, aside from meat, the price of which is fixed by the government, all prices are flexible and you can always get a better buy with an independent merchant than at the larger places. On we go slushing through the narrow passages where the melted ice flows like tiny streams. Some of yesterday’s sardines were dumped under that table, and look now. This is truly a cat’s paradise!

Next to the fish department come the meat stalls. The huge slabs of meat hung on those wicked-looking hooks above the marble counters are just as they came from the slaughterhouse today without benefit of long chilling. Notice, however, that, unlike the fish department, here each stall has a refrigerator where at least some of the meat is kept. Beyond those gory pigs’ heads there is beef ar tender kid. You may ask the owner for first class meat for steaks, for instance, or second class for stew, and he will cut the number of pieces off the very slab that most appeals to you.

We leave the meat shops behind as on we go pushing this way and that, trying to avoid all the wandering vendors who would sell you a mahogany end table or native hand-woven shopping bags and hats. Let us stop at this counter and have a tiny cup of sweet black Cuban coffee as a pick-me-up. If you are really hungry we can get a piece of fried fish or chicken or one of the corn tamales wrapped in corn husks that lady is dipping out of her steaming cauldron oyer there. No? Well, we shall avoid the many tables of cloth, hats, jewelry and other trinkets and follow the cjrowd down this wide staircase to the fruits and vegetables.

Don’t Get Lost!

Bid I say fruits and vegetables? We seem to be in the hardware store. I will admit there is little order in the market. One must come several times before he is sure not to get lost. There are the fruits 1 See the pineapples over there? Piled right on the floor, and they are going fast. Here the Cuban variety whose meat is white are more in demand than the better-known yellow ones. The coconuts piled, beside them are green and used only for their milk; but there are plenty of dried ones. Later there will be an abundance of alligator pears, mangos, guavas, sweet custard apples, sour-sop, sweet-sop, mamey, and that most delicious of melons, papaya. Grapes, apples and pears are imported. American lemons are rare, but we use limes preferably as a drink or to flavor our cooking. Would you like some of the familiar Johnson eating bananas, or would you rather try one of the little fat Cuban kind or even a red one? The big long yellow bapanas over there are to cook (most folks prefer them fried)., and that maze of stalks beyond are green bananas considered a vegetable by most Cubans. They take the place of bread in all country families.

Past those barrels of bright green peppers and golden squash the rays of the hot morning sun stream in to us from the open square in the center of the market's first floor where the wagons are unloading the produce. Those men seem to form a continual stream as they fill their baskets with the many local root vegetables, returning in a minute with a pile of empty ones to refill. They are sure-footed, too, for they do not slip as they run barefoot among all the garbage that in spite of the signs posted no one bothers to gather up and dispose of. Two beggar children with gunny sacks over their thin shoulders make a pathetic picture scavenging among the bruised oranges and wormy ears of corn that are tossed aside in the rush. Amid the babel we faintly hear a voice over the loud-speaker asking who has lost a little girl, and later assuring us all that her father had claimed her.

We must still buy some rice, which is perhaps the most important staple in this country; so follow me past these stalls where the Chinamen, the island’s truck farmers/ display fresh greens, beets and carrots. Oh, yes, we need some cooking tomatoes. They are different from the ones for salad, for they are tiny, scarlet, very acid, and cheap too, only a penny for two. But do not try to eat them raw; they will make you quite sick.

Those huge barrels we have been passing are full of unrefined sugar, quite as good as the usual white kind, and cheaper. Other barrels are full of red, black or white beans. That stall has homemade sweets: coconut candy, prune puree, canned fruits and honey. Notice the big tin tray of honeycombs just as it came from the country this morning. It is a rich yellow almost the color of those cheeses, and sweet—anyway, the flies seem to find it so!

Row upon row of Spanish wines and other liquors are displayed against a backdrop of homemade ladies* slips that the owner’s wife undoubtedly hopes to sell. He will fill up my little bottle with dry wine for cooking for a nickel. Aside from small similar purchases his business has not been so good since the December holidays.

Holiday Feasting

I wish you could have been with me here before the holidays. The already jammed corridors were bulging with many tiny tables topped by precariously stacked wine bottles, and everywhere whole roast suckling pigs met your eye. These could be bought whole or in part. Some were quite gallantly decorated. I remember one that had grapes wedged in the empty eyesockets for eyes.

Great quantities of grapes were also coming in then in preparation for New Year’s Eve, for it is an old custom to eat 12 grapes at midnight as the old year dies, one for each month of the coming year, for luck. A clean start for the New Year is also assured, they say, by throwing a pailful of water out of the front door at midnight. Thus the sidewalks get a bath, and more than occasionally some unfortunate passer-by. The majority of Cuba’s holiday celebrating, however, is done in the dining room, judging by the prodigious quantities of food bought in preparation, for economy is thrown to the winds. Almost every family * has roast pork and, to complement it, great bunches of crisp leaf lettuce. And, of course, plenty of bread.

…