Awake!, March 22, 1949

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THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

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CONTENTS

Has Democracy’s Cradle Become Its Grave? 3

Murder by Government Decree

Awake, America!

Cult Leader Leads Followers to Jail

O’Toole, What a Tool!

For Feminine Fancy

Counter Revolution in Costa Rica

Rio Defense Pact Invoked

On the Fighting1 Front

Speeding Past Sound

Rocket Power vs. Jet Propulsion

Higher Speeds Bring Greater Problems 15

Improve Your Talking Machine

Resonating the Tone

Vain Antics of Male Courtship

Posing Dandies

Muscle Men That Show Off

“Apartments” and “Lovers’ Lanes”

Graceful Waltzers, Bounding Jitterbugs 23

One Other Courting Bird

“Thy Woid Is Truth”

Proper Hatred

Gilead Graduates Its Twelfth Class

Watching the World

®™Nbw it is high. time to awake.— Romans13:119)

Volume XXX Brooklyn, N. Y., March 22, 1M« Numbers

HAS DEMOCRACY’S CRADLE BECOME ITS GRAVE?

N “POSTWAR Greece”. This expression, often read in the international press, is not in keeping yrith the facts. This because the conditions formed in Greece are very little different from an actual state of war: martial law, war activities, air raids, daily communiques on the developments of hostilities, etc., have created a war atmosphere.

Through the Truman Doctrine, declared in March, 1947, the U.S.A, manifested its decision to assist Greek people in maintaining free democratic institutions, Said President Truman to a joint session of the Congress on March 12, 1947: “Every dollar spent will count toward making Greece self-supporting and will help to build an economy in which healthy democracy can flourish.” Has .every dollar spent helped democracy flourish! Have the millions spent helped! Let the democratic principle of free worship serve as a touchstone.

It is well known to all honest and goodwill people that Jehovah’s witnesses are not meddling in politics. They do not conspire against the government within the borders of the country in which they live. Their Christian belief is utterly contrary to any worldly politico-social pursuits. In whatever part of the earth they happen to live, they are law-abiding citizens and true Christians, following in the rules laid down by the Lord Christ Jesus: They ‘render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the MAUCH as, 1949

things that are God's/ That is right.

In spite, however, of this unquestionable fact, the various religious circles, considering that the conditions now prevailing in Greece, owing to the communistic rebellion, offer them an opportunity for fully annihilating Jehovah’s witnesses^ applied themselves actively to their iniquitous work. They planned and put in practice a whole scheme of systematic slandering against Jehovah’s witnesses. They freely distributed special tracts and booklets throughout the country, wherein they rudely falsify the truth concerning the faith and work of Jehovah’s witnesses. Under the influence of such defamatory circulars, the government agents in the divers places proceeded at various times to such acts of violence as are really a black spot for modem civilization.

Empty Freedom Claims

According to the Greek Constitution in force,"... any other known religion is tolerated, and worship ceremonies thereof are performed without impediment, under protection of the laws/’ (Art. No. 1 of Greek Constitution) An existing official opinion of the attorney' at the Supreme Court of Justice states that since the belief of Jehovah’s witnesses is a “ . . . known one, namely manifest without having any secret doctrines and service and not contravening the common morality and the public order, it ensues that J.W. are entitled to enjoy the tolerance recognized by the Constitution, which tolerance comprises also—in addition to the freedom of believing in any religion or sect whatever, or even in no religion;—performance of service without any hindrance, according to the doctrines of the sect they belong to.” (Opinion No. 1,1947)

In spite, however, of the religious tolerance, safeguarded by Constitution, and the fact that the Greek government declares through its competent ministers that “no persecution is carried on against Jehovah’s witnesses in Greece”, -and even that “teaching by any religious doctrine is absolutely free, and this, of course, equally concerns Jehovah's witnesses", what is actually taking place-in Greece against this small minority Js in tragic contrast with the above official declarations of the competent Greek authorities. We mention below a few cases of the many.

At Larissa (Thessaly), on September 15, 1948, Jehovah’s witnesses were arrested during their study on the holy Bible. They were taken to the local extraordinary court-martial and, while originally charged with unlawful gathering, they were finally sentenced on October 8, 1948, to heaviest penalties, not according to the decree regarding unlawful gatherings, but in virtue of N. Law No. 509, specifically enacted for the communists. Six received prison sentences of from 4 to 15 years.

At Volo (Thessaly), in July, 1947, 55 witnesses of Jehovah were mass-arrested while listening to a Biblical sermon. They were taken to the Larissa prisons and, after a provisional examination, they were all released. Fourteen only out of the 55 were to be committed for trial on the strength of a decree. The case was almost forgotten, when suddenly these 14 Witnesses at Volo received summons to appear in the extraordinary court-martial at Larissa on November 12, 1948, to be tried for unlawful gathering.

The trial was carried out, and 9 out of the 14 Witnesses were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3 months to 5 years.

In Athens, on July 9, 1948, 35 witnesses of Jehovah were mass-arrested while listening to a sermon on the “Inspiration of the Holy Bible”. This meeting of tworship was broken in upon by the police, and all attendants were taken to Jail. After a few days’ detention therein, they were set free, but were summoned for trial in the extraordinary court-martial of Athens on September 25, 1948. There was full misconception of the faith and work of Jehovah’s witnesses. In spite of the speeches uttered by the solicitors, who had thoroughly upset the indictment, and in spite of the defenses of the brethren and sisters who had calmly and firmly explained the purpose and character of the meeting, the court sentenced 22 of the 33 defendants present in the trial to prison terms of from 2 months to years, and one was fined 2,000,000 drachmas.

What a tragical irony to the written statement made by the Greek authorities ! “If tolerance were to be the consequence of modern civilization for the other peoples, it is one of tradition for us Greeks, since religious persecutions have never been noticed in our land. .. . Teaching by any religious doctrine is absolutely free, and this, of course, concerns equally Jehovah’s witnesses.”

Murder by Government Decree

Recently the Western World wept and howled and publicly beat its breast over the horrifying treatment accorded to Roman Catholic Cardinal Mindszenty of Hungary because he plead guilty to political chicanery and received a sentence of life imprisonment But largely unnoticed went the murder of an innocent Christian by the Greek government, a government supported by United States dollars. A mere cautioning waggle of the finger of President Truman or Secretary of State Acheson would stop such atrocities in Greece, but they are too busy berating Communist-dominated Hungary for imprisoning a confessed criminal to reprimand U, S.-dominated Greece for murdering innocents. Typical

the publicity given the Greek Inquisition was the following brief Associated Press dispatch published in the New York Times of February 12,1949:

Athens, Feb. 11 (AP)—John Tsoukaris, a conscientious objector who refused military service because he belonged to the ‘‘Martyrs of Jehovah”, a religious sect, was executed today in Larissa. A military tribunal ordered his death. The “Martyrs of Jehovah’* are known in the United States as “Jehovah’s witnesses’*.

Though religion-crazed mobs goaded on by venomous Greek Orthodox priests have murdered others of Jehovah’s witnesses in that very undemocratic land, this is the first case where the Greek government has bathed its hands in the blood of these innocents. The Christian Century protested this execution in an article scoring the lack of religious liberty in Greece and said that such suppression “must be charged to the account of the Greek Orthodox Church” and that the World Council of Churches should disassociate itself from the actions of the Greek Church if it failed to “mend its ways”. Greek theologian Dr. Amileas Alivizatos, professor of canon law at the University of Athens, struck back and condemned proselytism as "a restriction of religious freedom and a sin”. Odd, but his reasoning is that mobbing and torturing, imprisoning and murdering such as Jehovah’s witnesses who pr&ach publicly is maintaining religious freedom and forestalling sin. He upheld the killing of Witness Tsoukaris, saying: "Conscientious objection is completely unknown and inconceivable among us.” (Religious News Service dispatch, February 17) Certainly an objecting Christian conscience is “completely unknown and inconceivable” to the Greek Orthodox Church.—Jeremiah 2: 34.

Protesting the execution of Tsoukaris were three clergymen of New York, a Catholic priest, a Jewish rabbi and a Protestant minister. The telegram, signed by R. W. Searle of the Protestant Council of the City of New York, S. E. Goldstein of the Free Synagogue of New York, and M. J. Deacy, a priest on the staff of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, was sent to the Greek Embassy in Washington, and said the execution by the Greek government “violates not only the principle of individual conscience but also the fundamental laws of human decency and democratic government. The entire Western World was shocked at the treatment given Cardinal Mindszenty in Hungary for his conscientious refusal to co-operate with a course of action contrary to his religious convictions. This similar action by the government of Greece is equally abhorrent to us”. (Religious News Service, February 15)

Awohe, America!

Two additional protests have appeared that deserve publicity. One is a letter written to the editor of the Evening Star, of Washington, D.C., and published therein on February 16. It follows;

I am indignant at the sentencing of Cardinal Mindszenty to life imprisonment, and I am concerned with the impairment of religious liberty in Hungary, a Communist-satellite country. But last week I noted with equal concern a news item announcing the execution of a conscientious objector in Greece, an American-satellite country.

Several days have now gone by, during which I have scanned our press with attention. Nowhere have I heard of a protest meeting being called. Greek consulates have nowhere been picketed. Secretary Acheson, in press interviews, has not, by the dicker of an eyelash, expressed abhorrence of religious persecution in Greece. The princes of the Catholic Church in America have not uttered a word of denunciation. Protestant leaders who are so exercised over the Mindszenty case and over the arrest of 15 Bulgarian detgymen charged with treason have not, even by a whisper, indicated moral revulsion against the execution of John Tsoukaris.

Yet, of the two cases, the one in Greece is surely the more flagrant. The victim in Hungary admitted partial guilt; the victim in Greece was guilty of no political opposition to the Greek government whatsoever. The victim in Hungary was intimate with those who desired to overthrow the government; the victim in Greece had no political connections of any sort. The victim in Hungary has been sentenced to imprisonment, but with the right to a review of his case; the victim in Greece is dead.

Yet in America millions of voices have denounced the Hungarian government, which we dislike on- political grounds, while dead silence obtains when a still more heinous crime is committed by the Greek government, which we have subsidized with an endless flow of American dollars.

American protests against religious persecution might have some effect upon the Greek government, which is our ward. But we make no such protests. It is unlikely that the Hungarian or any other foreign government will take seriously our protests when they appear to be motivated by political interest rather than moral outrage.

Richard Langford.

The other forceful protest appeared in the Cleveland Plain Dealer} February 14, in the form of an editorial. Who can fail to note its dear logic, as it says:

No side in the cold war, it appears, commands a monopoly on the persecution of those persons whose religious convictions do not conform with the ideas of the ruling-state power.

The trial of Josef Cardinal Mindszenty in Hungary and the coming arraignment of 15 Protestant leaders in Bulgaria are part of the traditional and concerted Communist drive against religion.

The western world is rightly incensed. The injustice is patent. The trials are a violation of the peace treaties with these former satellite states of Germany, Yet nothing of a legal character can be done to correct the injustice in the Hungarian case or prevent a recurrence of injustice in the Bulgarian case.

Charges and countercharges between the United States and Hungary have reached the point where Budapest has asked for the recall of the American minister, Selden Chapin. This was retaliation for the ouster from the United States bf John G. Florian, first secretary of the Hungarian legation, as persona non grata. This in turn was an answer to the dismissal of two lesser officials of the American legation in Budapest at the request of the Communist regime.

This game can lead nowhere. Neither will any projected protest before the United Nations. But there is one place where the west, specifically the United States, can take effective action to put an end to these persecutions. That is, it can do it if the issue involved is really religious freedom and not alone the fate of any individual person. This is in Greece.

If Russia is to be held responsible for the anti-religious upsurge in the eastern zone— and we believe it is—then the United States must be held partly responsible for the religious persecution that lias taken a most sordid twist in its zone, in the puppet state of Greece.

While the world had its eyes on Budapest and later on Sofia, the Greeks sent before a firing squad one John Tsoukaris, a member of the sect of Martyrs of Jehovah, the name of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Greece, and a conscientious objector.

It may be charged that Tsoukaris was executed because he refused to do militaiy service and not for his religious beliefs. Well, the Hungarian primate was charged with black market operations. And the Bulgarians are accused of dealing with the enemy—to wit Englishmen and Americans.

Since- when has the code of any western or civilized nation included the death sentence foi* refusal to bear arms on the basis of religious scruples t- Not even in the heat of war did any western state so rule. The Greeks are part of the western system. More, Greece is a province of American influence. However much Washington may disclaim responsibility by appeal to the old myth of nonintervention, the truth is that we interfere in political, military and economic matters at every turn every day and therefore the execution of a man in Greece because of his religious beliefs rests squarely on Washington’s doorstep.

The place to stop religious persecution is in those areas where we have the power to do ao. Only with clean hands can we then condemn those Soviet puppet states which carry such fanaticism to the extreme.

Yes, America is saving Greece from Communism; but to what is she saving the Greek people! America should wake up to what she is supporting, that the totalitarianism in Greece under the label of democracy only drives oppressed ones into the Communistic camp. Has democracy’s cradle become its grave? The odious reports that come out of Greece certainly have the smell of death!

Quit Leader Leads Followers to Jail

Some time ago, in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, G. M. Urhobo sent members of his “God’s Kingdom Society” along the streets with trumpets, announcing that whenever Jehovah’s witnesses came preaching from door to door they should be flogged. Shortly thereafter a Witness was asked inside a house,

the door locked by two members of “God’s Kingdom Society”, and a paper placed before the gospel-preacher. He was to sign a statement that he would cease activity as one of Jehovah’s witnesses and become a GKS cultist. Impossible request! For refusing the Witness was flogged with a cane and beaten with a shoe heel. When police rescued the bleeding minister he was rushed to a doctor. The Coggers were scooted to jail. Urhobo called upon the public to attend the trial to witness God’s deliverance of his cane-wielding cultists; They were delivered, but to jail. On January 24 one w^s sentenced to six months’ imprisonment, and the other t? three months’ or a fine of £5.

O'Toole, What a Tool!

It is a long jump from the days of Jefferson and Lincoln, when Congress-men cherished their freedom from papal rule and slavery, to the year & 1948 when Representative Donald L. O’Toole, Democrat from New York,

insists that the “Protestant” United States government guarantee the safety of the pope. Frightened by a red bogeyman O’Toole waits that a “terrible fear has been placed in the hearts of more than 25,000,000 Roman Catholics”, But this fear has not been placed there fay the facts, but by the propaganda of their priests. Blind to this fact O’Toole hysterically screams that if any barm is done “to this holy man, it would be a world tragedy”. Evidently O’Toole does not consider it a “world tragedy” when the pope’s henchmen blessed Mussolini’s rape of helpless Ethiopia and Albania, when the pope’s forces under bloody Franco slaughtered 2,000,000 men, women and children, or when Catholic Hitler, armed with a Vatican concordat of co-operation and friendship, touched off World War II. Oratorical O’Toole, overlooking this record of Vatican collaboration, goes on to declare: “Our State Department should, in forthright manner, take the lead in sternly warning the forces of evil that our Government and the other Governments of the Western bloc intend to, and will, guarantee the security of the Papal State and our Holy Father.” What a tool is O’Toole for his, pot “our”, “Holy Father”!

Fnr- Feminine Fancy

Shopping Therapy

“Mrs* Brown wore an angry frown as she stormed into her neighborhood food store* It had been such a frustrating day. But she hadn’t stomped far along the aisle before she slowed to the rhythm of soft music wafting gently throughout the store. The lady was undergoing some of tho latest ‘shopping therapy* which chain food stores are practicing du their customers to ease the parting of the dollars?* So reports an Associated Press dispatch of last year. It adds that Mrs. Brown left the store smiling, arms piled high with purchases.

*Bread from Trees

While on the theme of shopping, how would you like to pick a loaf of bread off a tree? It cannot quite be done, but many natives of the South Pacific come near to it. They pick breadfruit from breadfruit trees, which grow fifty-feet high and have large glossy leaves eighteen inches long. There are two or three crops a year, lasting for nine months, which means only three months annually are without fresh breadfruit. Inside the fruit is a pulp of high food value, which the natives cook for forty minutes on hot stones- Sometimes a village digs a hole several feet deep and thirty feet wide, covers the bottom with hot stones, then a layer of leaves, and on top of this go hundreds of breadfruit. Besides yielding bread, the tree furnishes wood for building houses, furniture and boats. The inner bark can be beaten and made into thread, the thread woven into doth, and the doth fashioned into clothing,

{JrysbiJs for Cnspness

A handy device called Crisp-It is a small holder of chemically treated crystals that absorb moisture with a greed that is gratifying. Put it in the breadbox or cookie jar and it will drink up the humidity from air or bread or cake, and on the most humid August “dog days” soggy foods return to crispness. It will either prevent sogginess or reclaim crackers and

cookies already wilted. Crisp-It may be used indefinitely, for when the crystals have ‘absorbed their fill of moisture and turn pink they can be wanned in the oven. They come out blue, and thirsty, and ready to go to work ojice more,

TShis Topsy-turvy World

The Manchester Guardian, November 28, 1948, reports: “A London girl is reported to be training in hopes of becoming the first woman professional boxer, but it seems highly improbable that public opinion would now tolerate such exhibitions by ‘female pugilists’ as were sometimes staged in the eighteenth century, A newspaper^ report of one such contest in 1788 recorded: ‘Two women fought for a new shift, valued at half a crown, in the Spa Fields, near Islington. The battle was won by a woman called Brusing Pe£, who beat her an ironist in a terrible manner? In the same year, in the same place, it was later recorded: ‘An extraordinary battle was fought between two women and two tailors for a guinea a head, which was won by the ladies? who beat the tailors in a severe manner? Of yet another such contest the record is preserved in a London newspaper advertisement: ‘I, Elizabeth Wilkinson, of Clerkenwell, do invite Hannah Hyfield to meet me upon the stage and box me for three guineas, each woman holding half a crown in her hand, the first to drop the money to lose? Which seems rather a good way of discouraging either of the combatants from ceasing to box and starting to scratch?’

In Hollywood it is different. There they have beauty parlors for men, Permanents, mud packs, facials, manicures, hair-shaping, hair-dyeing, eyebrow-plucking, everything goes to make the male match his mate in artificial beauty. The men customers, tired businessmen as well as movie idols, are judiciously swished in and out of the places to preserve as much of their masculine reputation as possible* Fabulous Hollywood, the exception to all rules, including the one about ‘out West where men are men\

POOR little Costa Rica, scene of tw’o revolutions in one year, all because of the political ambitions of one man and his political machine! For this reason Dr, Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia has been named Costa Rica’s public enemy number one. Having fled to Nicaragua when the defeat of the Picado government was certain, Dr. Calderon and his henchmen (Nicaraguan officials were accused of aiding) launched an attack on Costa Rica at the border town of La Cruz in Guanacaste province. This attack came upon the heels of the national election in Costa Rica when voters went to the polls to elect members for the Constitutional Congress that will ratify and put into operation the new constitution being drawn up for Costa Rica.

At present and since the successful revolt under Jose Figueres last April this country has been without a congress or constitution, but is being governed by a board or junta with Figueres as its president. The election gave PresidentElect Otilio Ulate’s party an overwhelming majority, thus proving again that he is the choice of the people. The election was calm and peaceful and no events of any consequence were registered. In the voting Ulate’s party obtained more than 63,000 votes, which will give the National Union party 34 seats in the constituent assembly. The Constitutional party headed by former Calderon supporters and made up of Calderon Communists was second in the running, with more than 10,000 votes. This gives them 6 seats. The Social Democrat party, which in the Feb-

made up part of the “Opposition” that elected Ulate, went its qwu ticket and gained enough votes to seat 4. To fill out the 45 members, the National Confraternity party headed* by Dr. Vargas Vargas polled sufficient votes to seat one member.

But the rejoicing over the results of the election of December 8 was shortlived. On December 11 La Nation carried the headline, “Is an Invasion of Our Northern Frontier Imminent?” Before noon the answer came. La Cruz had been taken by the invaders, Members of .the garrison there were able to escape when they saw that they could not cope with the situation, taking with them the radio equipment. Thus word of the invasion was gotten in to the capital, this action came just eleven days after Jose Fi-gueres had dissolved the army and at which time the Bella Vista Fort was turned over to the department of education for a museum.

With the army dissolved a call was made for volunteers to ward off the invasion, The old concentration camp of the Calderon administration was converted into a recruiting station as men from all walks of life laid aside their secular tasks and offered their services to the government. School buildings were transformed into billets as battalions were fbrmed and trained.

Nicaragua Involved

El Diario de Costa Rica, in its edition of December 13, stated that there were only eighty Costa Ricans in the invasion forces and that the balance were mercenary troops from other countries. Since the invasion was from the north, neighboring Nicaragua became involved. In an Associated Press dispatch, dated New York, December 11, General Anastasio Somoza, Nicaraguan minister of war, stated in an interview over the telephone that he had closed his side of the border to prevent Costa Ricans living in Nicaragua from crossing over into their home territory.

However, an official communique from the Costa Rican chief of staff, dated December 14, reported that in an encounter with the invaders at Potrerillos, ijear La Cruz, 38 were taken prisoners, including Pedro Jose Ordonez, Nicaraguan commanding officer of the group. He stated that he and his men were armed at Penas Blancas in Nicaragua by-Luis Somoza, son of the Nicaraguan ruler. Some of the men that were captured bore arms with the insignia of Nicaragua.

El Diario, in its issue of December JL6, carries a letter and three memorandums from the Nicaraguan Legation in San Jose. In the memorandums the Nicaraguan minister of foreign relations reaffirms his country's policy of non-intervention either directly or indirectly in the affairs of another nation. He also denies the charges made by Ordonez stating that at the time Luis Somoza was in another part of Nicaragua with some distinguished North American guests. The same issue of El Diario reprints an interview between General Somoza and a reporter of La Estrella de Nicaragua in which the general admits knowledge of the invasion plans.

Rio Defense Pact Invoked

Regardless of the foregoing, Costa Rica had been invaded from the north and Costa Rican ambassador Mario A. Esquivel in Washington lost no time in informing the Organization of American States concerning the state of affairs at home. After an exchange of cablegrams between the Council’s president, Enrique

V, Coraminas, and Costa Rican officials, during which time the matter was being debated in Washington, it was agreed upon by a vote of 12 to 0 to intervene in the conflict. (Only 15 nations had ratified the pact and Costa Rica and Nicaragua were not allowed a vote; the Dominican Republic abstained.)

Thus the Rio Defense Pact was being invoked and a four-man investigating commission was being sent to both Costa Rica and Nicaragua to make an investigation of Costa Rica's charges and Nicaragua's refutation of them. The commission was made up of the following men: Jose Maria Bello, Brazil; Paul C. Daniels, United States; Luis Quintanilla, Mexico, and Silvio-Villegas, Colombia.

This four-man commission arrived in San Jose at 4 p.m. Friday, December 17, and were met by President Figueres along with other Junta members, and the San Jose diplomatic corps, Paseo Colon and Avenida Central from the airport La ^Sabana to the Hotel Costa Rica was carpeted with flowers placed there by Costa Ricans that lined both sides of the street for more than the kilometer between these two points. President Figueres was unguarded and there was no military escort on hand to convoy these visitors from the airport to their hotel. Thus the commission could form a firsthand opinion ,that, quite contrary to reports from Calderon’s propaganda machine, San Jose as well as the rest of the country was .calm, and that the people of Costa Rica had not rebelled against the Junta. The cheering crowds proved that the government has the hacking of its people.

The commission visited Liberia, capital of Guanacaste province and center of activities in combating the invasion. This visit came after the commission had been in session on Saturday, December 18. The commission convened with President Higueras in the Ministry of Foreign Relations and examined the arms and other equipment that had been taken from the prisoner. Some of the prisoners themselves were interviewed as well as some of the members of the Caribbean Legion. No newspapermen were allowed at the session, according to an Associated Press dispatch of the same date. However, in an intetview previous with some of the 39 prisoners, they stated that Calderon Guardia was at the head of the revolutionary movement and that Calderon had told them the minister of war of Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza, had promised his aid to Calderon's movement.

On Monday, December 20, the Investigating Commission left Costa Rica for Nicaragua to confer with the government heads of the accused nation in this mixup. President Victor Roman y Reyes declared that they would prove that Nicaragua had not intervened in the affairs of another nation and that “nonintervention” was their policy. Colonel T. Alfonso Sapia-Bosch, of the United States, as military adviser for the Commission, in company with other advisory members of the Commission visited Los Mo j ones to investigate Nicaragua’s accusation that the customs outpost there had been machine-gunned from the air.

On the Fighting Front

While the investigations were in progress the Costa Ricans were strengthening their positions in Guanacaste province along the border, but on Monday, December 20, the invaders attacked at another point, this time in Heredia province at San Miguel de Sarapiqui. The government troops there asked for reinforcements and evidently these were able to repel the rebels* This news of a second invasion point was soon overshadowed by news reaching San Jose that a group of six Red Cross workers had been assassinated in Murcielago on the Pacific coast to the southwest of La Cruz, the invasion point. The official version is that these six men, including a MARCH 1&49

Roman Catholic priest and a drug salesman for Parke-Davis and Company, were signaled to a house where they were told that they could establish a hospital. Once inside the house they were machine-gunned and their bodies mutilated*

This inhumane treatment of thig Red Cross group seemed to spur on the Costa Rican defenders. Troops moved up the coast to take Puerto Soley, port to La Cruz, as another division came in from the other side to take the airfield, El Amo, and later moved into La Cruz, routing the invaders into the hills. When the order from the Organization of American States came to cease fire the Costa Ricans had regained all their territory and every thing seemed to be well in hand.

The Costa Rican government had taken with good faith the order to cease fire and had brought in a good number of its forces to be with their families over the 25th. From the throngs that filled the streets it could hardly be imagined that the country was in a revolution, and in spite of the fact that the Investigating Commission’s report had netted a “cease fire" order to both sides, the invaders, about 100 in number, attacked the small garrison left at Puerto Soley. The attack came in the late afternoon, and first reports stated that the 57 men left to keep order had been attacked while they were eating and that only a few had been on guard. However, later reports from the defenders themselves state that they were on the alert all the time and that they waged a 60-minute battle during which their machine gun jammed and their ammunition gave out. Some tried to escape, three were killed in action, and 39 were taken prisoners. An interesting note was brought to light after these prisoners were returned from Managua. The father of one of these 39 related the incident to the writer of this account, which goes as follows:

As the invaders were the victors in this encounter, our boys were rounded up and taken to the beach to be shot. One of the invaders recognized his brother among the defenders, and, through this family tie the lives of the other 38 were saved. The boys then were inarched to the Nicaraguan border, where their captors interchanged signals with the garrison on the Nicaraguan side and they were ushered into Nicaraguan territory and put into the hands of the National Guard, from where they were taken to Managua. They were treated well while in Nicaragua, and especially the civilians were most kind and showed them all kinds of favors, brought them food and cigarettes. The boys were blindfolded while they were interviewed so that they would not recognize their interrogator. Most of the questions were about the Caribbean Legion in San Jose.

This brings us to the Caribbean Legion. This is a group of military and political exiles from different Latin-American countries in the Caribbean area. Its head, General Ramirez, Dominican, who had a share in Costa Rica's revolution of last March and April on Figueres’ side, announced late in November that this group was to be dissolved early in December and that its members in Costa Rica would return to their own countries and thus avoid difficulties to Central American governments. It was against this Legion's presence in Costa Rica that the Nicaraguan minister of war, General Somoza, made complaint to the Investigating Commission. And in its findings the Council announced that Costa Rica should dissolve any military organization within its borders that was threatening the peace of Nicaragua. On January 6 Prensa Libre said the Legion was being dispersed to other countries, to conform to the Council's instruction. The Council has ordered another commission of five members to come to Costa Rica and Nicaragua and stay until the affair has been satisfactorily settled.

Thus again Dr. Calderon's plans to rule Costa Rica by force have come to nought* El Diorio, of December 29, quotes from La Estrella de Nicaragua saying that the dailies of Managua are ridiculing Dr. Calderon's ‘Revolution". It states that it was nothing more than an adventure in looting and plundering on tire part of some Costa Rican rogues, joined by a few Nicaraguans of the same stripe. The account went ahead to say that they hoped that these adventurers would not be seen again in the streets of Rivas, Nicaragua (seemingly the mili-ta:y headquarters for the group); but some have reappeared, selling their booty. According to this paper the revolution was against a defenseless people at La Cruz, the personnel of the customs outpost and telegraph operators, at times making surprise attacks on government detachments and quick retreat into the hills. Now they are scattered, and if they attempt to cross .back info Nicaragua they will be faced by the National Guard.

In a radio speech on December 31, President Figueres exhorted the Costa Ricans to get back to work and pick up the rebuilding program where it had been interrupted. The country was progressing, but this has been a setback and it will take just that much more time to get going again. One thing that has come out of this, conflict is the workability of the Rio Defense Pact. The Council went to work immediately and with its Investigating Commission was able to put the finger on the cause and is working to remedy it to the satisfaction of ail concerned.

How long all will remain in peace and quiet no one can foretell. As long as the present wicked world is in existence no lasting peace can be expected. It is only when the Prince of Peace has put down all breakers of truce and selfish, ambitious men that the' world can expect a lasting peace with plenty and complete freedom for the survivors.—Awake! correspondent in Costa Rica.

ABOUT two thousand years ago Hero of Alexandria, by means of his aeolipile, first demonstrated the propelling force of expanding gases. Since then jet propulsion has skyrocketed to heights that the Greek mathematician nqver dreamed possible. The jet power of the rocket has carried huge airships into the stratosphere, Jias hurled men through space et the fantastic speed of 1,000 miles an hour, and has even carried the zealous vision of aviation's soothsayers as far aloft as Mars and the moon. They call this the supersonic age, the age when sound is overtaken and passed by. The age, if we are to believe their stories, in which the airplanes that now fly at 500 miles an hour will shortly be put in the museum with the oxcarts and buggies.

However, few people are visionaries. The majority are realistic, practical and live in the present, with at least one foot on the ground. They are not so interested in flying off to the moon as they are in spanning an ocean or a continent While very much interested in highspeed aviation, they demand a high percentage of safety with increased speed. Consequently, the majority of people are more interested in what has actually been accomplished in supersonic flying than in the theoretical possibilities of interplanetary travel.

The rocket is not an invention of this twentieth century, for since as long ago as the thirteenth century, when blackgunpowder rockets were made, fireworks have been brightened up in many lands with colored rockets. Since the 1400’s the military establishments have used rock-MARC& 22,

ets in warfare, and in 1814 it was such a weapon that set the Capitol at Washington afire. A century ago an Englishman named Golightly suggested that the principle of the rocket could be used to fly an airship, but it was not until 1928 that rockets were first tried out in launching gliders. The idea was considered impractical, and in 1930*the thought was expressed that the design and construction of rockets had about reached their limits

Then came World War II and the Germans tried to sink the British Isles with rocket shells and buzz-bombs. The first operational aircraft powered solely with rockets was the German Me-163B, having a sustained flying time of about five minutes and a speed of GOO miles an hour. The Germans also built jet helicopters. England developed a Whittle jet engine, and seventeen months later, in 1942, the American jet-fighter, the P-59 A, was flown at about 400m.p.h.

Since the war America's rocket science, research and experiments have been speeded up in an all-out race for air supremacy. V-2 rockets 46 feet long, 5.4 Jeet in diameter, and weighing 12 tons at the take-off, 8 Ions of which ia alcohol and liquid oxygen, have risen over 100 miles to hit a speed of more than 3,000 miles per hour. Based on experiments at the Ohio State University in which liquid hydrogen and oxygen are used as rocket fuels, Prof. H. L. Johnston estimates that theoretically a rocket could be sent to the moon at a speed of 30,000 miles per hour. Explaining the “catch", Johnston said: f'All we need ia a ship to put the liquid hydrogen in.”

Of more real, practical and living interest are the results obtained by the XS-1 rocket planes, in which human flesh has actually flown. In one of these needle-ndsed ships, nearly 44 years after Orville Wright first flew his “bailing-wire” contraption, Charles E. Yeager claims he has passed up the speed of sound and flown more than 1,000 miles per hour. On December 17, 1948, Lawrence D. Bell, producer of the XS-1, speculated that it is now possible to build an airplane “with speed two or three times” that of the present model, speeds of at least 2,000 or 3,000 miles per hour. The midget XS-1 is only 31 feet long and 28 feet in wingspread. It carries 600 gallons of rocket fuel, which if used sparingly lasts 7 minutes, but with the throttle wide open it burns itself up in 2J minutes. Carried in the bomb rack of a B-29 to an altitude of 25,000 feet and then launched, the XS-1 is able to climb to a height of 13 miles.

From behind the Iron Curtain of Russia comes the following sensational rocket news, as reported by United Press from Berlin, December 20, 1948:

The world's first piloted supersonic rocket projectile is the spearhead of a new, gigantic Soviet air force, a Russian science magazine claimed today. The aircraft-rocket was described by the magazine Vokrug Sveta (Around the World) as “a flying arrowhead with a speed far in excess of sound”, which is about 700 miles an hour at sea level. The projectile was said to have been put through its first public paces on Red Air Force Day, June 25, when, the Soviet author said", “a huge crowd stood awe-struck by the sight of this extraordinary . propellerless machine hurtling past them at colossal speed."

Rocket Power vs. Jet Propulsion

The essential difference between rocket and jet engines is that rockets carry liquid oxygen to burn the fuel, whereas jets obtain oxygen from the air while in flight In the rarefied atmosphere where there is little oxygen the rocket has it all over the jet in performance, but at lower levels the jet planes need to carry only one-sixth as much fuel as rocketcraft

Hitler’s infernal buzz-bombs sent over England were powered with what is known as pulse-jet engines. Launched by rockets, the pulse-jet begins operating when sufficient air pressure is built up ahead of the engine to open the intake valves. Air is then sucked iirT mixed with gasoline, and fired. The explosion closes the intake valves, drives the machine forward, and thus allows the exhaust gases to escape through the back end. This in turn causes a partial vacuum which opens the intake valves for another charge of air. Thus firing about 40 times per second it acquired its name “pulse”

Further development in jet propulsion gave birth to the turbo-jet, now used extensively on military planes. The open end of this engine continually scoops in the air and runs it through a rotary compressor where its pressure is built up nearly five times normal before it enters the combustion chamber. The hot exhaust gases, as they pass out, are used to turn the turbine blades of the compressor. Then, by nozzling down the exhaust opening the escaping gases jet out against the outside atmosphere at twice the velocity of the moving plane.

Variations of the jet principle are used in combination with standard reciprocal engines to recover exhaust energy that would otherwise be lost. One of these is called the “piston-jet”. Another, the Wasp-Major VDT, utilizes the exhaust energy of 28-cylinder Pratt-Whitney engines.

There is another type of jet engine known as the ram-jet, called by the British “athodyd”, and also known as the “flying stovepipe”. It gets its latter name from the fact that it is nothing more than a tube, open at both ends, and made of a special stainless steel alloy. Like the turbo-jet it is a continuous duct engine, but unlike the turbo-jet it has no compressor, and hence no energy is lost turning a turbine. In fact, the ram-jet, having no moving parts, is about the simplest-type engine there is, yet one of the most powerful.

How the Ram-Jet Works

Air rushes into the forward section called the diffuser, say, at the speed of 1,000 miles an hour. Once inside, its velocity is slowed down to almost a complete stop, and thus it is automatically compressed to an extremely high pressure before entering the middle section, the combustion chamber, where it is mixed with a fuel like kerosene. The recoil from the explosion drives the engine forward, and because of the solid head of compressed air in the forward section the exhaust gases can escape out only through the back section, which is narrowed down to increase the velocity of the exhaust. Theoretically, it would seem that there is no limit to the speed of the ram-jet, for the harder it rams ahead, the greater the compression, the greater the explosion, and the greater the speed. Friction and drag, however, place a limit even on the ram-jet.

One might suppose that the ram-jet is the most ideal engine yet developed for the airplane. It is very light in weight. The first models weighing but 70 pounds attained a speed of 1,400 miles an hour. The largest ram-jet, some 10 feet long and" 2J feet in diameter, delivers 25 times as much power as the best reciprocal engine. On a weighthorsepower basis it weighs but a halfounce to the horsepower, to compare with one pound of the horsepower delivered by the conventional internal combustion engine. In this respect the ram-jet compares favorably with the liquid fuel rocket. The big drawback with the ramjet is the fact that it will operate only at extremely high speeds, and unlike the rocket it will not function at high*alti-tudes, where friction and drag are the lowest. So, there seems to be a useful place in aviation for each type of engine.

The propeller-driven reciprocal engine is good for speeds between 0 and 550; the turbo-jet, from 550 to 1,200; and above 1,200 the ram-jet. For high altitude there is as yet no engine that will take the place of the rocket.

What about atomic energy as a source of power! Why not fly airplanes with a uranium "pile” instead of wasting the ■ stuff in A-bombs! It is true,-that one weight-unit of atomic power is equal to 2,000,000 weight-units of gasoline. And a nuclear engineer says that the problem of flying a plane with atomic power has been worked out, at least 90 percent in theory. But there is a lot more involved than tlieory. The technical problems that must first be solved are very great. For example, the shielding necessary to protect the crew from radiation would be so great it could be installed only in the very largest planes, weighing at least 150 tons.

Higher Speeds Bring Greater Problems

Building more powerful engines that will increase the speed of planes only brings the aeronautical engineer face to face with greater problems. If a highspeed, long-distance airship driven with an atomic engine took to the air it would run head on into the sizzling problem of air friction. When an F-80 fighter chases after an enemy at 600 miles an hour the friction of the air makes the plane 50 degrees hdtter than the air. The XS-1 flew at nearly twice this speed, but only for a few minutes. If transoceanic flying is attempted at such elevated speed temperature control will become a major problem. Friction at high altitude is much less, it is true, but if a plane were streaking along at 1,500 miles an hour at an altitude of 50,000 feet, up where the temperature of the air is 70 degrees below' zero Fahrenheit, the temperature of the plane would be 270 degrees above zero, a difference of 340 degrees I

Friction, technically called drag, raises another problem besides that of heat control—that of fuel consumption. If the speed of a plane is doubled, instead of twice the consumption, it takes four times as much fuel to overcome the drag. Because of the weight and bulkiness of liquid fuels, like the liquid oxygen and alcohol used in the XS-1, some engineers have suggested using powdered aluminum, magnesium or a mixture called thermite, used jn welding, because such powders are twenty times as efficient. However, before such powdered fuels can be used it is necessary to find materials out of which to build engines that will withstand the terrible temperatures produced. The best alloy steels would How like molten lava.

How to navigate a supersonic ship is still another problem that will have to be solved before long-distance supersonic flights become feasible. Present radio directional finders, like the Loran system, lake a little time to compute and are therefore impractical. As an Air Force general says: "When you find out where you are, you're somewhere else.”

From Subsonic to Supersonic

Up until the time Yeager pushed his XS-1 up to the 1,000-mile-an-hoUr mark there were all kinds of frightful stories about the perils imposed'by the sound barrier. Why, they said, it would shatter planes and knock pilots unconscious. Though properly designed planes have proved these fears to be greatly exaggerated, yet there is a definite sonic "barrier” that must be overcome in supersonic flying. At sea level the speed of sound is 761 miles per hour, but 35,000 feet up it is around 600. Morton M. Hunt, writing in Science Illustrated, briefly relates what actually happens when a plane approaches the speed of sound:

It [the air] no longer has time to separate and flow smoothly around the wing; instead, it packs up like snow in front of a plow, and more or less solidifies and has to be forcibly shoved aside. Then, as the shattered air passes by the wings and fuselage, it reaches a place where it suddenly switches back to normal pressure and subsonic speeds; all within 12 ten-thousandths of an inch.

That sudden switch-over produces a ^shock-wave.” Behind the shock-wave everything goes wrong. The air boils around in violent eddies and gusts ; it no longer clings smoothly to the wing surface, but swirls off it in violent turbulence. Pounding, fluctuating blows hammer the plane continuously. The controls —ailerons, rudder, and elevator, which depend for their effect on pressure against smooth-flowing air—become useless. Drag multiplies until it takes terrific power to push the plane faster, into the stiller air beyond. This, then, is the picture of the sonic barrier.

Wings are one of the greatest drawbacks, and a major problem in the design of high-speed planes. If the wings are given an extreme sweepback design the plane is unstable except at high speed. Reducing the wings to the minimum size, as in the case of the XS-1, gives the plane so little lift it has to be carried aloft by a mother ship, and in landing it has to hit the runway at the scorching speed of 160 miles per hour.

These facts, then, show that supersonic flying, although possible for a few moments at a time, is still very much in its infancy. Experiments will continue, new alloys will be cast, ceramin-coated metals will he perfected, improvements in jet engines will be designed, and more planes of higher speeds wijl be built. However, commercial aviation that transports the majority of the air-minded will continue to fly in the subsonic range for years to come.

*3? Recently s New York airport did dual duty. A flock of twenty-six wild geese made a forced landing there during a rainstorm. After circling the field three times, they swooped in for a perfect landing. Twenty minutes later they took off, headed south.

A good voice. If it id round and strong, we are more likely to have faith in the. speaker. If the voice is pure, melodious and warm, it is disarming; it is subtly and gently persuasive. Good voices carry conviction; bad voices create doubt.” So contend Sarett and Foster, in their book Basic Principles of Speech*

A g\>ud ts fur more than a mechanical reproducer of words. It interprets the meaning of the words to a large extent. It portrays inward emotions at the time the words are spoken: the love, mirth, wrath, joy or tranquillity of the speaker's mind and heart. A good voice is easy to listen to, and a voice that is easy to listen to is easy to believe. A good voice holds the audience's attention; a bad voice distracts their attention. A voice that is weak or rough or nasal may draw such attention to itself that the audience fails to heed the ideas expressed.

Agreed, then, that a good voice is a valuable asset, a thing to be desired. Why do not more people acquire such a voice? Training and habits greatly influence voice development; bad forms bad vocal habits. The person that abuses his voice raving and ranting as a vocal pugilist develops such a habit of coarse and gruff speaking that is unable to give proper expression to a variety of ideas. '

Bad vocal habits can be overcome and corrected as easily as other bad habits, but to do the remodeling job a person must have the de-MAHCH 22, 1949

training

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sire to improve his voice. Then, one must be diligent to exercise, train and work at it until good habits have replaced the bad ones. Understanding, first of all, of the different parts of the vocal machine and how they work together to produce a good voice (or against each other if the voice is bad) will enable one to tackle the problem of correction intelligently.

Hom the Voice Machine Works

The human voice follows definite laws of acoustics made1 possible by the wonderful anatomy and construction of the lungs, throat and mouth. The basis of all vocal utterances is the breath that comes up from the bellowsiike lungs. Abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles control the pressure of this air column. Pumped up through the windpipe the air enters the larynx, called the “voice box”, where complicated muscles and cartilages cause the vocal cords to set the air vibrating at a certain cycle or pitch, known as the fundamental tone. After leaving the larynx the air-wave enters the space above the esophagus in the back of the mouth, called the pharynx, as well as the nasal caverns and passageways, where overtones are added to the fundamental tone. These overtones, called resonance, modify, qualify, amplify and reinforce the tone. The roof of the mouth, called the hard palate, the teeth, gums, tongue, jaw and lips combine to break up the vibrating waves and mold them into vowels and consonants before expulsion as the articulated human voice.

Truly, the human voice mechanism is marvelous, not 17

to be equaled by any man-made instrument Says Donald Hayworth, in An Introduction to Public Speaking: "Although the human voice is produced by a very compact system of structures, it offers more variety than any musical instrument yet devised/1 As with the playing of any other instrument, the whole purpose of voice culture, should be aimed at training one to use it properly in order that it be not strained or abused. (No amount of training will lengthen 'the vocal cords or change the shape of the pharynx or nasal passages or size of the mouth. Nor is there any need for such alterations. Afc is; it can cover a range of three octaves and deliver a great volume of beautiful ear-tingling; heart-stirring patterns of speech—all of this, if properly developed and trained. Voice development, therefore, narrows down to that of strengthening certain vocal muscles, relaxing other throat muscles and controlling muscles of the soft palate, tongue, jaw and lips so that they work together without giving vocal interference.

Breathe Properly

Strange as it may seem, many persons do not know how to properly inhale and exhale, and as a result they "pant’1 when speaking. Since air from the lungs is the raw material out of which speech is produced, it is necessary to have a steady supply under pressure that can be released as required. Deep breathing with the diaphragm is therefore necessary. Some authorities say to "pack your air against your belt”, which is another way of saying that the abdominal muscles should be forced outwardly against the belt when inhaling, thus permitting the diaphragm to drop. Air rushes in and fills the lower and larger parts of the lungs. Using the diaphragm in exhaling gives a full, round and controlled flow of air, and, consequently, smooth, steady tones of speech.

Like the runner that trains before entering the race, so also the speaker must develop these breathing muscles before he mounts the platform. Here, then, are some exercises for developing proper breathing.

1. Stand erect. Take a deep breath, forcing the adominal muscles outward against the .belt. Gradually exhale, drawing the diaphragm in until it feels as if it were touching the backbone. In repeating, each time "pack1 as much air as possible "under the belt”.

2. Take a deep breath. Slowly and smoothly say as many letters of the alphabet as possible. Also count as high as possible on a single breath.

3. Pick as much air as possible under the belt and repeat "Ho I” a dozen or more times 'with quick, explosive jerks on the abdomen.

4. Breathing with the diaphragm, forcefully read aloud with moderate volume Psalm 148 in the American Standard Version,

Proper Use of “Voice Box”

Once the art of proper breathing is mastered, the more difficult problem of relaxing the muscular tension of the throat is the next step. From the lungs the air enters the' larynx, called the "voice box”, where it sets the two vocal cords to vibrating at a certain pitch or tone. In reality, the larynx is a stringed instrument, and altering the length, tension and weight of the strings or cords changes the pitch. When only half the length of the cords vibrates the pitch is raised an octave. Pitch also varies according to the square of the tension on the cords. If four times the tension is applied the pitch is raised only an octave: Or if the weight/.that is, the diameter of the vibrating part of the cord, is reduced the pitch is raised. Miraculous, and unlike any other instrument, the larynx uses all three methods simultaneously to change pitch.

Complicated fibers and muscles, to-

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gether with four cartilages of which the “Adam's apple” is the largest, control the successful operation of the vocal cords. There is also an opposing set of muscles, the swallowing muscles, that close up the throat, and when these muscles are contracted while speaking, interference is set up and a false, falsetto, strained voice is produced. Roughness and harshness of the voice, caused when the two sets of muscles are made to work against each ■ other, can be avoided by relaxing and opening the throat and allowing the free movement of the cartilages and vocal cords. Says Basic Principles af Speech: “There is no excuse for hoarseness. A speaker whose neck muscles are flexible and relaxed, who keeps his throat open, may speak for hours, night after night, under trying conditions, and still have a clear voice.”

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