Awake!, January 22, 1948

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AND FREEDOM CAME

On-the-scenes report of mad killing in. India

How’s Your Memory?

Are you aware of memory’s problem? and how you can help?

Conquest of the Antarctic

Why nations hungrily grab for a slice of South Polar pie

Jesus Denies the "Trinity”

Blasting the myth that Jesus was His own father

JANUARY 22, 1948 semimonthly

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL..

News sources that are able to keep you awake to the. vital issues of our times must be unfettered by censorship and selfish interests. “Awake!” has no fetters. It recognizes facts, faces facts, is free to publish facts. It is not bound by political ambitions or obligations; it is unhampered by advertisers whose toes must not be trodden on; it is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that it may speak freely to you. But it does not abuse its freedom. It , maintains integrity to truth.

“Awake I” uses the regular news channels, but is not dependent on them. Its own correspondents are on all continents, in scores of nations. From the four corners of the earth their uncensored, on-the-scenes reports come to you through these columns. This journal’s viewpoint is not narrow, but is international. It is read in many nations, in many languages, by persons of all ages. Through its pages many fields of knowledge pass in review—government, commerce, religion, history, geography, science, social conditions, natural wonders—why, its cover* age is as broad as the earth and as high as the heavens.

“Awake I” pledges itself to righteous principles, to exposing hidden foes and subtle dangers, to championing freedom for all, to comforting mourners and strengthening those disheartened by the failures of a delinquent world, reflecting sure hope for the establishment of a right* eous New World.

Get acquainted with “Awake!” Keep awake by reading “Awake!”

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CONTENTS

Religion Chooses Caesar!

Rejecting the Kingdom for a Political Makeshift

End Justifies the Means

Wartime Snaps the Spiritual Ties

Two Breeds of Polish Dogs

Comets and Milky Ways

Politicians See Red

Hollywood Crumbles

Before Smear Campaign

Witch-Hunt Loyalty Purge

Propaganda’s Two-Party World

“To Secure These Rights”

A Modern Belshazzar Feast

Wicked and Wanton Wasters

Shanghai, a City of Contrasts

Night Life, Religious Tolerance

Curious Funeral Customs

An Older Definition “Thy Word Is Truth”

Death and Adam and Abel

Religious Hooliganism in Red Granite For Freedom’s Cause

Watching the World 29

/WAKE/

©/“Now it is high time to awake.’-Romans 13:11ss

Volume XXIX

Brooklyn, N. YM January 22, 1948

„ I..—.

Number 2

AND FREEDOM CAME

NESTLING at the feet of the mighty Himalayan range, like a child snuggling at its mother’s knees, sleeps the peaceful town of Dehra Dun at midnight. A monsoon breeze, cooled by Nanda Devi’s snows, sweeps softly onto the town, through the scattered bungalows of the more prosperous, and penetrating every corner of the congested bazaar, bring-ing relief from the warmth of the day to sleeping forms in rooms, on verandas, or on the public streets.

A cry I. A shout! A roar! A roar that gathers intensity, awesome and terrible! A sleeper stirs in his sleep, hears and struggles for consciousness, apprehensive. The volume increases as he gathers his senses and identifies the all-too-frequent cause in liberated India: communal rioting. "Allah ho akhbar!” (God is great!) From far away sounds the rallying cry of the Moslems. "Allah ho akhbar!" "Allah ho akhbar!" Nearer it comes as throat after throat takes it up; the cry of desperate courage mingled with blood-chilling fear. "Allah ho akhbar!"—for this night Sikhs and Hindus must slake their thirst in Moslem blood.

Our awakened sleeper, very much awake, hurries to awaken others. The town is now awake. For this night must see peaceful neighbors transformed into enemies, incendiaries, plunderers, murderers -or murdered. Death now stalks from behind every familiar pillar and post, and the one whom you befriended yesterday today thrusts a knife in your chest.

Freedom has come to Dehra Dun!

Why should India be suffering in such a way? Are communal hatred and fratricide- to be among the fruits of her hard-fought-for independence? Serious rioting, although covering a large area, has been limited to one or two provinces. It is now nearing the end of October (at time of writing), and no nation-wide rioting has taken place, although where rioting has occurred it has been terrible. But care and alertness are needed, for tension and suspicion prevail. Bitterness and hatred must give way to allow whatever tolerance and unselfishness the people possess to come to the fore. Otherwise, independence is lost.

The cause of the present trouble can well be located as coming from the Punjab, the land of the. five rivers, onv of the . old provinces of India that was. This province has been known as the sword-arm of India, whence much of her fighting force has been reared. When India was recently divided into two Dominions of the British Commonwealth of Nations last August, the Punjab’s fate as an entity was sealed. She must be split into two: the eastern part to be under the Indian Union, and the western part under Pakistan.

But here came the rub. It was in this division that one of the small but very important communities was affected very much. This was the Sikh community

which historically has predominated as a martial race. Friction was certain to follow, for they found themselves territorially divided, and their property in different Dominions: part in Pakistan under Moslem dominion, and part in the Indian Union, which. Was practically under Hindu control. Religiously the Sikhs are an offshoot of the Hindus, and politically they are far more disposed to the Union, for had they not already thrown in their lot with the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Moslem League?

With the division of India, and consequently of the Punjab, two of this province's very big towns, Lahore and Amritsar, got separated: Lahore going to Pakistan and Amritsar to the Indian Union. Both were largely inhabited by Sikhs; therefore any existing trouble would now be accentuated and these towns suffer badly. True to expectation, this is what has happened. Both have suffered in looting, arson, kidnaping and killing; and large areas now assume a wartime, blitzed appearance. The Sikhs and Hindus were the victims in Lahore and near-by Pakistan districts^ while the Moslems suffered in Amritsar and other Indian localities. This time, unlike other previous occasions, there were no British troops to keep order.

What were the natural reactions? A flight from dangers to come, of the Hindus and Sikhs to India and the Moslems to Pakistan. But wait! As the refugees fled so the terrible accounts of those demonized killings were passed on. Reprisals followed in the wake of the refugees. Pocket contmunities, Moslems in India and Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan, now insecure in their minority positions, heard of these things and feared the threatening hand of vengeance. Those who could do so took to flight, many being killed as they fled; others remained to await their fate.

The Moslem League for years past has contended that in India there are two separate and distinct nations. But Congress favors the other viewpoint, namely, that at heart all are oi one nationality, Indian, and the only difference that exists being more or less religious. The consequence today is that India urges the Moslems to remain and not migrate to Pakistan, to stay and become loyal citizens of the Indian Union. Protection has been assured to those remaining, but actually in the face of all that has happened, this assurance gives little or no confidence to those concerned. Practical fears of reprisals have urged those in the small pockets to flee fur safety. And so there has been an unprecedented two-way traffic of caravans of thousands upon thousands of refugees between the two dominions. One correspondent described one such as being 72 miles in length. The recent report a convoy of refugees to the number of 400,000 surely constitutes a record.

In a press account on October 21, the minister for relief and rehabilitation is reported as showing that in Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province some 4,700,000 have been evacuated and that there remained yet about 4,200,000 who were awaiting evacnaCion. He went on to refer to these as* “souls uprooted from their ancestral homes and carrying with them nightmare memories of their sufferings”. Here, then, we contact the irritating cause of these terrible crimes. In what way? Reprisals!

Reprisals I This tells its own story. As soon as these convoys reached their respective countries, deprived of perhaps all their possessions, the individuals gave expression to their “nightmare memory”. Accounts of the sufferings spread. Many, still smarting under such sufferings, seek for vengeance; or, having lost their lands and homes, look around for members of the community which attacked them in order that they might “right their wrong” and grab their land. Others with a misguided sense of righteousness, although not refugees, join them. Still more, seeing the chance

of loot and ill-gotten gain, are keen to assist as jackals accompany the tiger to the kill. Without doubt both sides have been guilty of these vile and wicked atrocities, instigated, perhaps, by a comparative few who have inflamed their millions of compatriots into this terrible madness of retaliation. Are all these reprisals indulged in “just by chance” or is there an organization behind the whole activity? The general pattern and shape of the rioting as a whole suggest that in most cases they are organized.

Answering the question as to which side is the more guilty, it appears that blame must be equally borne. It is from this point of view that this article is written, and which should be remembered as it is read. If one particular community is mentioned more than another, it is merely because the information gained happens to be from sources on the Indian side of the border.

Loot, Arson, Kidnaping and Murder

Returning now to Dehra Dun, then, it can easily be seen that with the influx of refugees from Pakistan trouble would follow; and it did. It was swift and deadly. Within four days, some 11,900 bodies filled the hospital morgues, practically all being Moslem. Many others must have died. One eyewitness contacted by the writer tells of a Moslem family that he had aidedj the husband of which had been killed, and the wife had had her hands cut off and the children’s limbs twisted and broken at the joints. Powerless to help her suffering children, she sat propped up ivatching them writhing in pain before death overtook her.

Looting was thorough. Orders had been given that looters should be shot. “Shoot to kill!” But police and troops stood by while looters streamed into houses and shops and carried off all kinds of articles. The jackals followed in the wake of Tiger Vengeance as she prowled through the town. All day long this human stream flowed. In other parts worse took place. Occasionally blank rounds were fired by the military, but the looters just halted, made sure that the rounds were blank, grinned at each other and at the spectators, and then continued with their work. It was easy going for them. The morning came, but not respite for the Moslems and their property. No! The stream still flowed. Suddenly five or six shots rang out. The stream stopped, halted indecisively, and those watching waited for the now familiar “Back to the looting movement”, when hallo! The stream built up into a craven flood of cowards running pell-mell for home. What had happened? Live shots had been used by a military contingent led by a British officer. One or two were killed, and this put an end to the looting on that occasion.

At nighttime improvised guards were formed for the protection of householders. Night after night people were kept awake as those guardians called out incessantly with the definite object of keeping people from sleeping lest they be taken unawares by gangs of looters. The calls of one to another every few seconds, the occasional "Sub darwaza bund karo11 (“Close all doors”) and an occasional “Allah ho akhbar” resounded throughout the night and early morning, enhancing that eerie acuteness of danger abroad in the dark. Those guards must have slept during the day; for there was little work done, and a continual curfew of nearly three days was in operation in the city.

With curfew lifted, Moslems who had lain isolated from their community and who still lived would venture to reach some Moslem locality for greater safety. The writer saw one such poignant figure furtively cross the town’s maidan and later heard from friends that round about that time two Sikhs had dismounted from cycles behind a Moslem, probably this selfsame inoffensive man, and split his belly with knives in full view of the public and then nonchalantly and unchallenged proceeded on their

way. Had these Sikhs learned of or seen similar things done to their own community in Pakistan, One wonders.

Thus it went on, Refugees, coining in their thousands, spread inflammation to other towns, caused tension, then reprisals in wholesale murder, and some would settle down, and others would pass on. Shops and houses were looted or burnt Women were kidnaped. Whole villages around Dehra Dun were fired and destroyed. But still more refugees Hooked into the town itself, and the quiet of a few days following the first outburst was again disturbed by the newcomers thirsting for revenge or looking for homes. The pockets of Moslems became smaller. As they were killed or after they had fled, refugees would take over their houses if they could. Many Moslems were transferred to camps for protection—refugees fleeing from refugees. Press accounts state that the military have now laid land mines outside the houses of evacuees in Dehra Dun and adjacent Mussoorie to safeguard this property from wrongful acquisition by the refugees.

What about other towns, and how did they fare? Let us take one quite near, India's capital, Delhi, less than 150 miles to the south. Delhi! What about this world-renowned city, was her name also besmirched by this murderous fratricide? It was. Her feet had splashed through blood, in this mad trail of murder, arson and loot. It was the same thing over again, but on a much larger scale. What heart-rending stories have been told by impartial eyewitnesses! Such accounts show how ruthless and exacting were the killing and arson and how useless were the partial police and military who either aided or ignored the crimes they were sworn to prevent.

Traveling by Rail

What amazing conditions prevailed on the railways! Military guards were on all trains in the rioting areas. Notices appeared warning the passengers that knives and arms were not allowed to be carried. Gurkhas and Sikhs were among those excepted. Sikhs were allowed kir-pans because of their religious significance, but these must not be more than nine inches long. Hastily, before reaching Delhi one or two would stick their kirpans into their pants, to avoid detection that theirs were more than nine inches in length. It always scorned so unjust that they should be allowed knives, while their opponents should be denied any defense whatsoever. Any Moslem traveling through these parts would have boon killed as soon as spotted.

Few bothered to buy tickets, for these were refugee trains. No tickets were issued to Delhi, but if you booked to a station 20 miles from Delhi and remained on the train, you got to Delhi just the same.

On Delhi station, where two or three weeks previously many had been killed, refugees were everywhere, sprawling out, just waiting for a train to take them somewhere where it was safe. Harrowing were the tales these had to tell of how they were deprived of everything before leaving Pakistan.

One passenger recounts his experiences of traveling through Pakistan to India. He tells of a small carriage, made to hold six, and into which forty persons were crowded. Of men, women and children with their luggage, and even of goats traveling on the roof of the train. The search for Moslems in every carriage by armed men at Amritsar. The story of a man who sat through it all, and finally disclosed the fact that he was a Moslem, to a friendly Christian; had it been known before he would have been killed.

Trains were running between Delhi and Bombay, but there was no connection with Lahore, Let us board the Bombay train and listen to the accounts of a man who was in Lahore when the rioting took place. He is young, somewhat slim-ly built, dressed in an old khaki shirt and pants, with canvas shoes. Beyond this.he possesses nothing. As he stands outside th? carriage his nervous anxiety reveals itself; one or two passers-by look at him, hesitate, and then pass on. What has he done? Nothing; it is just that he looks like a Moslem, and but for. the fact that a Sikli had traveled with him when coming out "from -Pakistan he would have been killed. His nervousness is due to an experience the night before. Foolishly he had ventured outside Delhi station. At once he had been grabbed by a group of six, who were sure he was a Moslem. They decided to kill him; a policeman O.K.’d the idea. With one knife pointing at his back and another at his belly, they took him down a lane. His remonstrations that he was Christian had some effect, and they decided to find out. When they saw he was uncircumcised they let him go. All Moslems are circumcised.

Just listen to the terrible accounts he gives as he recalls all he has seen. Now he is telling of the few days when he was temporarily employed as a locomotive fireman; of the time when his train was stopped, and while he and the driver were pinned down, a wholesale butchering of men, women and children took place. Listen to the accounts of the truckloads of mutilated bodies of women and men, and of children, Hindus and Sikhs who had been slaughtered in Lahore by the Moslems, of his mention of women with breasts sliced off.

Should one train carrying Hindus meet or pass another train carrying Moslems, both refugee trains, there would be the danger of a pitched battle between the passengers and guards of both. The authorities in Pakistan threatened to stop refugee trains from India, as the accounts of the bestial attacks upon the refugees inflamed the inhabitants of Pakistan who heard about them to such a pitch that automatically reprisals would follow. The reading of press clippings will confirm the foregoing. Notice these newspaper extracts, given by an eyewitness:

I have seem them all . . . lying in the most ghastly positions, soaked in blood, their heads cracked, their stomachs ripped up—men, women and children of all ages from babes in arms to boys and girls of six, seven, eight . . , Qn. Sunday one train was carrying refugees from West Punjab . . . the people in.it were shot, killed and wounded . . . Judging from those who escaped death, it is reasonable to presume that round a thousand was the casualty figure . . . Later on Monday, another refugee train arrived at Amritsar from East Punjab and, in retaliation, this train was stopped, the refugees attacked and butchered. Again the guards on the train could do but little and an English commissioned officer [perhaps the British officer referred to above] and several Indians paid with their lives. The fury of the murderers'made no distinction. I saw this train myself this morning. The stench was like the stench of Belsen, the brutality is worse than thatof theNazis. . . . Compartment after compartment were filled with the dead. . . . It is just bloody murder. . . . When and how will this nightmare stop? No one knows over here. Only ■ the law of the jungle and brute force prevails. It would be different if this were a civil war or any kind of war. Then at least both sides would be armed. But this is no war of any sort. This is just plain butchery of innocent, poor, humble people to satisfy the blood lust of the armed.

To What Will This Lead?

In the various parts of East Punjab and in the United Provinces, refugees and others say it will lead to war, one such stating that the idea was current that Russia would side with India and America with Pakistan. Will all this lead to war? Will it? The leaders say publicly that war is impossible, but nonetheless they know the dangerous drift into which these things can merge ; they are making all efforts to avert a catastrophe of such magnitude.

With praiseworthy candor, the leader of the Sikhs acknowledged the part played by their community in this brutal killing, a candor that other leaders should emulate. Among other things, this leader, Master Tara Singh, with his. colleague Udham Singh Nagoke, in a press publication dated September 24, 1947, says:

Sikhs and Hindus have been guilty of the most shameful attacks upon women and children in the communal warfare which is still continuing, . . . Human nature shudders to think of these atrocities and we do not like to repeat these and thus give a shock to the world ... It appears that most of the Moslems, Sikhs and Hindus have gone mad. . . . We know Sikhs stooped to low depths only in retaliation for what was done by the Moslems.

India in her fight for freedom inflamed the masses, and let loose a flood of destructive outlook. One cannot agitate human waters to the extent of breaking the dam of authority and restraint, even if of foreign dominion, and then, when the dam is destroyed or removed, suddenly command the waters to stop. In their mad, headlong rush these waters gather destructive momentum, and can be diverted by another power for further destructive work against the very ones who let them loose. It is easy to destroy, but very hard to construct. Many were the warnings given to Indians before independence, but so keen—and naturally so —were they to break the yoke of foreign rule that they preferred the possibility of civil war to the continuance of British rule.

Perhaps this mad killing, might have been averted had the original date of June 1948, reserved for India’s independence, been kept; and a peaceful transfer of minorities have taken place under the strong British military and police power, which could have guaranteed the transfer with safety. But, in any case, Indian leaders do not favor the removal of minorities, as it enhances the two-nation argument, and the Indian Union will work for a united country again. Pakistan and the Moslem League are dead set against such union, however.

Little pinpricks and dickering for stronger positions go on. In the Kathiawar States, there is a small state, Junagadh, which has Moslem rulers with a large Hindu population, that has gone over to Pakistan. The ruler of a neighboring state says this is a Moslem plan to extend her dominion by a contemplated pincer movement; so the Hindu raj rattles its saber. Boycotting on one side ■with an influx of Moslems on the other side have taken place.

As this article is being typed, the newspapers are anxious over the invasion of the independent state of Kashmir by Afridi Moslem tribes, and that Delhi has rushed troops by air in her defense, since the maharaja immediately acceded to the Indian Dominion as a result of this invasion. Just beyond lies Russia, that enigma in world politics today. Will either Pakistan or India appeal to her for aid? If so, and if she responds, then the tinder is struck for a third world war, and unhappy India must become the battlefield of the world.

Anxiously the people watch over their new-born freedom, fearful of all the terrible portents around. Which of these, they wonder, if any, will eventually snatch their freedom from them; and what must be done to safeguard their best interests? Blinded by demonism, religion, and by its author wdio “hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ . . . should shine unto them”, these stumble on in darkness and in a hope that is vain. For all nations now belong to Jehovah’s appointed King, Christ Jesus, and His purpose is not to establish human governments behind national barriers, but, on the contrary, to destroy all such nations “like a potter’s vessel” and in their stead give mankind their first government of real freedom, The Theocracy.—Awake! correspondent in India.

ignt on tip of

my tongue!” the distraught one helplessly laments as he racks his brain to make memory click into action. The brow is furrowed, the chin and lips are fingered, the forehead is gently rubbed, all to coax and wheedle memory to come to the rescue and flick the elusive words off the tongue’s tip. But the words playing hide-and-seek in his brain are as slippery to his mental fingertips as frightened fish in a bowl. He cannot come to grips with intangible memory. The more he tries to drive it into action, the more like a balky mule it becomes. How the elephant, with its proverbial memory, would laugh at him! Frustrated, he gives up the quest,, relaxes, waits. Then, like an uncoiling spring the wanted w’ords bound into the mind unbidden! Talk about artistic temperament !

Memory may sometimes be your problem child, but are you aware of that child’s staggering problem? Into its domain of the brain the five senses tirelessly pour their flood of messages, each one of which makes an impression there that is almost beyond erasure. Daily, hourly, minutely, the sensory nerves race their messages into the brain in countless num-, bers to add to the many billions of impressions already there. The newcomers join with the old to lodge with a permanence that baffles our comprehension. This retentiveness of the mind is another marvel of Jehovah God’s creature man. And still another is the marvel of memory, that it is able to pick out of these billions of impressions the one you wish to remember at a given time.

Memory’s amazing power to draw from the voluminous mental files is demonstrated at the time of death. Persons apparently dead from drowning but later revived tell of tlieir entire life’s passing before them in rapid review, many events long forgotten flashing in full detail. The memory propels them through the mind in a last-minute rush, working as never before, as though to unburden itself, to disgorge all its contents. Memory has amazing ability, whether the thoughts be on the tip of the tongue or in the farthermost recesses of the brain. But how does yours serve you—temperamentally, balkily, distractingly, elusive-ly, vaguely, or reliably and faithfully?

Keep the Five Senses Alert

First, the information must get into the mind before it can be reurembered. The stronger the impression it makes there, the easier its recall by the memory. Impressions come to the brain from the senses of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling. If the impressions are to be strong the senses must be alert, active, responsive to stimulus. Blank stares are characteristic of eyes that see not. Ears that hear not may be conscious of droning sound without awareness of the sound’s identity or meaning. Likewise many tastes and smells and bodily contacts that come to mouth and nose and skin never register consciously on the brain. Repeated ignoring of these

impulses causes their voice to grow weaker, dullness sets in and keenness of the senses ebbs. Most persons remember best what they take in through the eyes, though some are more ear-minded than eye-minded, gaining a stronger impression from what they receive through the ears. The three other senses make lesser impressions, but all five should collaborate to make as complete and full a mental picture of a thing as possible*

“That reminds me?J How many times have we said this when we note a new fact and it associates itself with similar facts already in the mind! It shows the value of associating new information with the old, so that when the old is easily remembered the new also comes to mind* As an experiment, think of some word or phrase or idea, and then let the other thoughts it brings to mind flow like a stream. Certain words unlock lost memories, they undam a flood of associations, thoughts tumble out, each additional one bringing still more associated ones with it.

That memory does tend to function in a chain reaction, one thought touching off another associated one, is proved in the case of committing material to memory* If, as you sail glibly along in the recitation, you suddenly forget a word or phrase, all that remains takes flight and defies capture. Seldom can you skip a portion and catch up the material at a point farther along* The loss of a link or two breaks the chain, and the forgotten links must be forged in to mend the gap before the mind will travel oh to the succeeding words and phrases* They have been learned in a certain order, set up in that association together, and in that order of association they must come, if come at all. All of which argues that, since the memory does naturally function efficiently through association of information, we do well to deliberately weld new information that we wish to remember into strong association with old and readily remembered facts in the mind.

Making Logical and Visual Associations

Logical associations may be made of like things, of contrasting things, of things having a certain time in common or following one another chronologically, or having contiguity in space* Many relationships can be detected that will as* soeiate new points with one another and with older points already learned. Remembering by visual association is specially to be noted* Do you recall that this article stated that most persons are eye-minded, that is, more impressed with what they can see or visualize 1 Hence the high value to be placed upon visualization, To help readers get clear mental pictures writers use descriptive, pictureforming language, rich in rhetorical devices. Speakers do also, but they have the added advantage of being able to make explanatory and emphatic gestures that speak loudly to the hearePs eyes* Both writer and speaker focus the mental picture to, a sharp clarity by giving illustrations and analogies* Thereby one can visualize and remember abstract ideas and principles, a much harder thing to do than visualizing events. Hence, to aid your memory of things conjure up mental pictures that associate with the event or idea to be remembered*

Christ Jesus used visual association extensively* He was always presenting parables to illustrate truths, that they might be both clear and impressive to His hearers. When He wanted His followers to know how different persons would receive the truth, He did not just say so in abstract words: it was vividly visualized in the parable of the sower, whose seed (like truth) fell on different types of ground and grew or perished, depending on the soil. Again, He did not merely say Chat those who accepted Him would live and those who did not would die, but He gave His followers a visual association to which to tie these abstract truths: those who hear and believe build their house on solid rock and beating

storms cannot topple it over, but those who reject Him build on sand and when the rain rattles against it in torrents and swirling floods lick, at its foundations and screeching winds buffet it, great is its fall.—Matthew 7:24-27; 13:1-8,18;-23.

The followers of Christ Jesus that were later used to write the Greek Scriptures followed His lead in this style that employed visual association. When the apostle Peter wanted to imbed in his readers’ minds the reproachfulness of those who first accept the clean truth and then reject it to return to their demon religions, he caustically compared it to a dog’s filthy habit of returning to its vomit and to the washed sow that returns to its muddy w'allow. These scenes can be made so vivid in the mind that not only can we see them but the four other senses can often be made to react to them, imagining that we can hear, smell, touch or taste things related to the scenes. Thus the five sense's come into play, and each contributes to the impression, and the impression is remembered, and when it is remembered the abstract truth it illustrates is associated with it and flashes forcefully to mind.

Repetition’s Role in Remembering

Jehovah God’s Word, the Bible, stresses another vital requirement in memory training, namely, repetition. The inspired writers of the Christian Greek Scriptures were alert to the need of repetition to piake the truths they preached stick safely in mind: “To repeat what I have already written does not weary me, and is the safe course for you.” (Pliilip-pians 3:1, The Twentieth Century New Testament) Words of instruction spoken beforehand must be reviewed and repeated to revive and refresh the memory: “This is the second letter which I have now written to you, beloved. In both I seek to revive in your sincere minds certain memories, so that you may recall the words spoken beforehand.” Also, “You are filled with knowledge.

. . . Still, by way of refreshing your memory, I have written to you.” (2 Peter 3:1,2, Weymouth; Romans 15:14,15, Moffatt) The imperfect human creature is so prone to forget; to be, as it were, a ‘leaky vessel’ needing refilling from time to time. Hence, things previously studied must be reviewed, lest they slip beyond memory’s grasp: “We ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard, lest at any time we should let them slip”; or, according to the marginal reading, “run out as leaking vessels,” (Hebrews 2:1) In this respect Peter said: “I will not be negligent to put you always in remembrance of these things, though ye know them.” “I think it meet ... to stir you up by putting you in remembrance.” (2 Peter 1:12,13; see also 1 Corinthians 4:17; 1 Timothy 4:6; 2 Timothy 2:14; Jude 5) Yet repetition that is mechanical, parrot-like, mumbled without interest and without understanding, Christ Jesus condemned as vain repetition.—Matthew 6: 7.

Hence, in practicing repetition to aid memory, do it with interest and mental alertness and concentration. Daily we repeatedly hear common expressions, and gaze again and again at commonplace household objects; yet if called Upon to do so we probably could not accurately repeat the expressions heard or describe the objects often seen. Lacking particular interest in them, the mere repetition does not make them stick. The mind must concentrate on what is repeated. Moreover, many repetitions at a sitting are not as valuable as a few repetitions over a period of time. Memory is exercised when time intervals separate the practice periods. Statistics show that material requiring 68 repetitions in one day for mastery required only 38 repetitions when spread over a three-day period. This discloses why last-minute cramming for tests or speeches is not good.

Finally, exercise the faculty of memory. How much can you think of that

happened last week? last month last year? Let the memory draw out events of childhood. Pluck the long-hidden thoughts from the dark nooks and crannies of the brain and bring them once more to the light of consciousness. Let memory beam back into the dim past, there to probe with its shaft of light to pick out, one here and another there, scattered thoughts that slowly piece themselves together to form more complete pictures. One thought brings forth others, and slowly and hesitantly they troop out of long hiding. It is surprising how much you can recall, if you persist for a time in the exercise. Also, try to recall as much as possible about your last walk, your last conversation, the last discourse you heard, the last article you read. Exercise the memory wnen me mind is rested and relaxed; that is when it works efficiently. Remember that when you rack your brain for words that hover on the tip of the tongue, the harder you pursue them, -th^fegtei they fly away bur that when you give up and relax, they pop into mind. Putting all the foregoing into practice will bring results that are startling.

Of passing interest is psychoanalyst Sigmufid Freud’s theory that we forget because we want to. The tenuous reasoning is that forgetting often saves us from disaster. A few isolated instances seem sufficient to establish this theory of protective forgetting in modern minds seeking new fads in thinking, to be different. So if you believe it, and Johnny forgets the hamburger when you send him to the store, don’t scold; the meat was probably ground up cats and his forgetting protected the entire family, according to Freud. How strange, to laud forgetting as a friend and frown on remembering as an enemy! But for protection from vain philosophy and theories of fallible men, forget Freud and learn how valuable remembering is rated in God’s Word.

Perfect Memory

The Bible admonishes: “Remember the Lord, [who] is great.” “Remember now thy Creator.” “Remember his marvellous works.” “Remember all the commandments of the Loud, and do them.”’ “Get wisdom, get understanding: forget it not.” (Nehemiah 4:14; Ecclesiastes 12:1; Psalm 105:5; Numbers 15:39; Proverbs 4:5) With death, memory perishes, despite the religious lies of pagan philosophers and clergymen to the contrary: “In death there is no remembrance.” “His breath goeth forth, he re-turneth to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish.” The death state is called “the land of forgetfulness”. (Psalms 6:5; 146:4; 88:12) But because of Jehovah God’s memory, hope for the righteously disposed that die is sure. Job said: “Hide me in the grave, . . . appoint me a set time, and remember me!” (Job 14:13) God’s memory is perfect, and at the appointed time of resurrection He will bring forth from the grave all such as faithful Job, held by Him “in everlasting remembrance”.

Yet with His perfect memory, Jehovah God has the power to forget at will. He forgets the name of the wicked and grants them no resurrection. He remembers the sin of His people no more. (Proverbs 10:7; Jeremiah 31:34) But so-called “protective forgetting” does not enable man to forget horrible thoughts. Did not Shakespeare’s bloody Macbeth futilely plead with the physician of his mad wife: “Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased, pluck from memory a rooted sorrow?” But Jehovah God can and will make faithful men forget the evils of Satan’s world: “Behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former [Satan’s wicked heavens and earth] shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.” (Isaiah 65:17) Then, in that New World of righteousness, perfect man with perfect memory will Jive forever and never forget the good things pertaining to Jehovah God.

SPEED is the idol of this modern age.

The world idolizes him who can sink his heavy boot the farthest down on the throttle and live through to tell the world of the thrill he felt. Those countries that lead the world in the modernistic touch demand not only ease and comfort, but high velocity. Their influence penetrates to the ramparts of the earth.

We, two travelers, came from one of those countries, in fact, from the world’s foremost city of this modern age. We moved from beneath the dark tunnels of tons of massed cement and steel girders to the daylight of outer New York. Racing down the Atlantic seaboard through city and hamlet, through green valleys and across desert sand, our comfortable speeding train meekly and gently halted in Miami. Here where the earth meets the sea, silver wings bore us upward and we wondered how long and to what estent our modernism could penetrate a wild, sparsely populated land like Brazil. Do they also live in our age? Can all go so easily in an untouched land of jungle wilderness ?

From the moment our passenger plane from Miami landed in the humid interior at Carolina, Maranhao, I knew that traveling in Brazil would be eventful, to say the least. Instead of the familiar modern gasoline truck trolling out to fill up the plane’s tanks, a crew of men rolled large oil drums over to the plane and pumped in the gas by hand. Then, with everyone on board again and ready to take off, and both motors warmed up and going full speed, the plane wouldn’t budge 1 It had slipped off the narrow runway and sunk into the mud that had formed after the rain that dav, and now everyone, passengers and airport workers, was asked to lend a hand to “pull ’er out”. Just like pulling out the old Ford flivvers back in the States, only that here was a modern, streamlined plane in the same predicament.

Only a few more hours in the air and before us spread out the world-famous, breath-taking panorama of Rio de Janeiro and its bay, basking in golden, tropical sunshine. As the plane circled downward and in for a landing, it was easy to make out Sugar-Loaf mountain off to the left, the modern city of Rio with many tall skyscrapers spread out below, Niteroi across the bay, and Corcovado peak off to the right. The only thing that man had made to .compete with the natural beauty to these rugged mountains and cliffs that nestled up to and overshadowed the water’s edge was the enormous giant mounted on Corcovado’s summit, witlf arms outspread to represent Christ. At night, as floodlights are trained on this image, the illusion is created of a fluorescent Christ riding in on a cloud.

A quick landing on the short runway of the Santos Dumont airport ended this feast for the eye, but by no means .did it end exciting travel for us. With no trouble getting through customs, we were off on a wild taxi-ride through the heart of town to the Branch office of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, where our Kio friends awaited us. It seemed as if we were right back in the tangling, snarling traffic of New York, or Chicago, or Los Angeles. I lost track of counting how many jay-walkers we almost hit. The horn seemed more important than the brake. The way our driver took corners on two wheels, it seemed as if Wie other two were yet being rationed. And don’t ask about the fee he charged us, since he could easily recognize us as foreigners and with no ability to express ourselves in Portuguese.

Bonde*

That evening we thought we would travel by a slower, safer way, the trolley car; but we didn’t labor under that delusion very long. These trolleys, called “bondes” (and pronounced “bon-dees”, which name originated from the English word “bonds”), are open, with wooden benches and no center aisle, and are entered by mounting narrow running boards upon which also the surplus passengers can stand en route. Being nearly always driven like mad, they rock perilously from side to side as they rush along cobbled streets. Men will hop on or off these bondes while they are in motion. Yes, some do get hurt or killed now and then trying'this stunt, but it doesn’t seem to deter others from doing the same thing every day. At rush hours, it is incredible the number of people that crowd into these cars. On occasions men clamber up on top of the bondes as well; Women will crowd into the narrow passageways between benches and stand there sandwiched tightly together, l,f a man oilers his seat to a woman or to an elderly man, he climbs out onto the running board with the other hangers-on called “pingentes”.

And then, the conductor. Always afraid that someone has not yet paid his fare, he clambers monkey-style over the pingentes and cries out, "Fas favor!” ("Please!”), coaxing and persuading everyone to pay, and stopping now and then to argue with someone who claims to have already paid. The bonde fare is very low in Brazil—about one cent American money. The recent raise in the fare to 2| cents in Sao Paulo raised a near riot, and organized mobs burned and destroyed many bondes and buses, and thus induced an even greater crisis.

If a motonnan or ear driver hits a pedestrian, he abandons his vehicle and runs for his life lest he implicate the traction company or an angry mob form against him. Usually he will later yield himself to the police voluntarily and before they go looking for him. Now, don’t get the idea from this that the average Brazilian goes around with an ungovernable temper. He doesn’t. He is nearly always friendly, starting a conversation at the slightest pretext with anyone who happens to be near and is willing to listen to him. If you ask street directions, not only will several speak up right away and offer you assistance in finding a place, but many will even take you there personally even though it be out of their way.

One more item about bondes. Something used here of great service, which is not seen in the States, is “freight bondes". These aid one to transport large packages, crates, machinery or even one’s entire household furniture to various parts of the city, at very reasonable rates.

“Maria Furnace."

Outstanding among the varied train systems in Brazil are Bio’s electric trains, similar to New York’s “L” trains, that feed the suburbs. These travel rapidly, and the fare is low. The only trouble is, trying to use them at rush hours. Though neat wafting lines are formed in Dom Pedro II station, they immediately disappear in the mad rush for seats that follows the opening of train doors. At each succeeding station one must be quick to get out, or else the incoming, pushing crowd blocks the exit and it would take more than an All-American tackle to buck that determined line.

On the majority of the railroad lines, some of which are narrow-gauge, the old-fashioned steam engine is used, fondly called by the Brazilians “Maria Fu-maciir (Smoky Mary). She is true to her name. Watch her coming along, lealdng forth hissing steam on all sides,' and billowing forth voluminous clouds of black smoke and soot that settles over everything, There are, however, some streamliners, and Diesel engines are taking the place of steam between Rio and Sao Paulo, part of which line is already electrified, Train schedules on most lines do not mean too much, and it is not uncommon for a train to come in hours late. First-class travel is comparable to second-class in the States, and the second-class offers the ordinary trolley-car type of seat. As most other means of transportation in Brazil, the trains are always overcrowded, and women with children in their arms frequently will journey a whole night through standing up. Still, it is better and faster than riding by horse and wagon, as so many do, or taking an oxcart drawn by white zebus, Vhich animals are common here. Others will strike out on foot rather than take a train. Some of the caipiras (hillbillies) dread train travel and will walk many kilometers, frequently with a heavy load balanced on the head, rather than take a train.

“Jardineiras”

Buses also help one get around. The buses in the city are tolerable, some very modern ones having been imported, but the jardineira of the interior is an actual miracle, seeing that such old, broken-down jalopies can still run. There you sit, on low, wooden benches close to the floor, with your knees doubled sharply. Lack of shock absorbers on these rattletraps means that the passenger must absorb any and all shocks. Usually there are no windows, and the only feeble protection against heavy downpour is a cloth flap which serves to concentrate all the individual drops of rain into one steady stream that drips into your shoes or onto the back of your neck from your neighbor’s flap.

In many parts of the states of Sao Paulo and Parana there is a rich, red earth which, when dry, is as fine as powder and stains one’s clothes and body, and, when wet, cakes on one’s shoes until they become the size of the proverbial millstones and feel just about as •heavy. The jardineira skids on this red clay worse than on ice, and you frequently find the car skidding along broadside on these dirt roads they travel, splashing mud onto all the trees that line the highway, and finally ending up in some ditch. Then alb passengers have to hop out and push the bus out of the sticky, red day, ih the midst of a steady, drenching rain and with several pounds of mud clinging to each shoe.

Bridges are lacking very often, and the only means of crossing rivers or streams is by way of rafts. These are usually large enough to hold a bus or truck. A wire cable stretched across from bank to bank keeps the raft from floating downstream, and the force of two Strong men tugging on this cable is sufficient to help pull the raft across to the other side.

Cable Train

Just time to mention one more interesting item in Brazilian travel. It is the engineering feat of stretching a railroad from the seaport of Santos to Sao Paulo over a mountain range, the “Serra do Mar”. The train is enabled to climb over 800 meters (2,625 feet) within the short distance of 10 kilometers (about 6£ miles), and pass over the mountains ana continue into Sao Paulo. The stunt is done with specially-braked locomotives and cables, and a seesaw arrangement, as follows.

An ordinary locomotive pulls all the train coaches to the first landing of the five inclined planes. The train is then divided into several sections of coaches, each of which sections is then attached individually to a special locomotive calleci oco-brake having especially strong clutch brakes that are built to secure on inclined rails, as well as having emergency rail-hooks that can also be used. This Loco-brake engine hooks onto a powerful cable that runs along between the rails up to the next landing and then back down again. On this upper landing is another train waiting to come, down, which is also attached to the same cable. Thus, as one train goes up with the aid of the moving cable, the other comes down, and the weights of the two trains counterbalance each other. At the upper landing, the loco-brake unhooks from the cable and pulls the coaches to the next cable where it hooks on, repeating the same process until the train comes over the fifth inclined plane and is joined again to an ordinary steam locomotive, read/ to head for the teeming city of Sao Paulo, the Chicago of Brazil.

Train sections follow each other at nine-minute intervals, the time*it takes to go from one level to another. There is little danger of these cables’ breaking, since they are really several strong cables intertwined and approximately two inches in diameter. They travel along smoothly and continuously over 4,800 rotating, plow-shaped pairs of wheels, evenly spaced along the tracks. Interesting, also, is the fact that three rails are used instead of four, the left rail and the center one employed in ascending and the center rail and the right

one in descending, and using double sets of rails only at points where trains pass each other midway along the cable.

At each landing underground are 1000-horsepower traction machines with large, braked wheels which the cables loop five times. Tn east of emergency these wheels can secure the cable and arrest the trains moving along the inclined planes. So, in addition to the counterbalance of the trains, and the protection through the loco-brakes, there is also an added counterweight, at ehch level, of 7 tons by these tremendous underground brakes.

A most interesting feature of this engineering maneuver is that it was not done recently. In fact, the railroad was first built in 1867 with 4 inclined planes and later rebuilt with 5 inclined planes, in 1900. It may, however, soon be outmoded by fast bus transportation that was recently instituted at the completion of a new paved highway from Sao Paulo to Santos, with buses leaving the terminals everv fifteen minutes.

There is no doubt that better transportation facilities, new modern highways, greater airlines, are opening up vast horizons of Brazil. Comfortable buses and new bridges will get one places. Before long, there will be appearing more of those new streamlined trains, such as speed along so silently and swiftly that one needs to look out the window at passing objects to realize one is in motion. But until then travelers in Brazil can continue to enjoy their open bondes, their skidding jardinelras, their smoking, tooting Smoky Marys, and, though travel may be a little slower and somewhat more inconvenient here than in other more highly favored countries, the principal thing is that one can get. around in Brazil. —Awake! correspondent in Brazil.

FOR thousands of years seals romped and played upon the high seas with little fear of enemies. Living peacefully with other mammals in the animal realm they ate only a sufficient number of fish to satisfy their hunger and were diligent to carry out the duties of propagating their own species* Such was the happy state of affairs in this aquatic home until man, through lust and greed, degenerated to the level of a ruthless, insatiable and wanton killer of these sleek and graceful creatures*

To the Greeks a seal was a+seal, and in honor of the creatures they named one of their towns Phocaea (now Foca). Aristotle made no distinction, but put all seals in the same classification. However, in seal society there are several distinct members: some are rather common folks, some are mentally dull, some are huge fellows, some are wealthy aristocrats, some are quite intelligent, and some are regular clowns. The group as a whole is divided into two classes, the true seals or hair seals and the so-called “furp seals. In the former group are the harp or saddleback seals, which are found on the ice floes west of Greenland and along the coast of Labrador; the ringed seals; the hooded seals, whose home is east of Greenland; the gray seals, which live in the north Atlantic ; the Caspian seals, found in the Asiatic sea by that name; the elephant seals, with the flexibleproboscides, which live on the fringes of the Antarctic ice pack, and the common or harbor seals, which are found in widely scattered places around the globe.

The fur seals are likewise divided into several species, there being two main groups or genera, those living in the Southern Hemisphere and those of the Northern Hemisphere. The biologists, however, protest against these fur-bearing creatures' belonging to the common society of seals. “Why/ they say, “they have ears! and wTho ever heard of a real seal having ears'? They resemble bears more than seals?' And there are internal differences too, not to mention the fact that those that wear the precious furs instead of the common coats of hair practice polygamy. But we are not all biologists, and, besides, the fur seals share the same sorrows in common with the hair seals.

The Harps

When the spring floe begins to wheedle an icy carpet with its jagged frills through the Davis straits between Greenland and Baffin island, there to be carried southward by the Labrador current, hundreds of thousands of awkward and cumbersome yet beautiful seals climb atop, for a free ride. Their barking blends with the crackling of the floe and their rippling hides tingle with the prospects of their tribal duties. It is mating time. “Harpv seals they are called, because of the brown markings on their cream-while hair. Their heads are rather small and they wear their whiskers well* And look at those big, brown and beautiful eyes with their wmtery depth and charm!

About the last of February or the first of March this massive herd has pupped on the whelpiwg-we awA the floe transformed into a huge nursery containing

thousands of baby harps that look for all the world like giant, downy white powder puffs weighing seven to nine pounds. The babies grow very rapidly, from one and a half to three pounds a day, so if the mother goes afishin’ she must first scrape together a heap of snow and squeeze upon it a good supply of rich milk to keep her young one contented. No matter how far the ice pan shifts while she is down below (sometimes these seals’dive as deep as 2,000 feet for their food) she always comes back to her own little puppy. Such deep-sea diving is made possible by the reserve supply of oxygenated blood carried in a storeroom in their lungs. By the time April comes the little white coats of the babies are no longer little nor are they white. Becoming spotted, they are called “raggedy-coats”, a change that marks the time when they forsake the ice and swim northward to their icecap home on the world’s rooftop.

Away from the main herd, called the “main patch” are other patches of young seals called “bedlamers”, ranging in age from one to three years. Not until their fourth year do they start thinking about the problems of marital life, that is, if they are among the fortunate few that escape being butchered by the hand of their great enemy, man, for about the time their newborn baby brothers and sisters are changing their coats great preparations are being made by men for their slaughter. Out of St. John’s, Newfoundland, sealing fleets have been sailing at this time of year since 1763. As many as 400 vessels and 10,000 men engaged in this business during the years 1830 to 1850 and their catch ranged from 500,000 to 700,000 seals a year. What these sealers are after is the two-inch layer of fat that lies beneath the seal’s skin and which is highly prized as a source of oil; the hides are used by the leather industry. And because only the young are killed, and no thought has been given to systematic conservation of the stock during the years, the herds have been greatly depleted and the grief of the seals has been increased.

Sealing methods consist of going through a herd and clubbing the young non-resistant animals over the head. This done, the sealers remove the skins with the fat attached. The whole job is one that is engaged in only by men who are willing to gamble their lives and endure untold hardships for a little glittering wealth that is theirs when, and if, their ship returns safely to port with a cargo of pelts. Those that reap the real fat of the sea are the avaricious merchants that own the fleets, and not the club-wielders.

Hooded and Elephant Seals Also Hunted

The hooded seal gets his name from the loose skin structure that is worn obliquely over the top of his head like a Spanish beret. This loose skin is puffed up into a hard and odd-looking cap when he is angered, and, unlike the quiet and humble harps, the hoods are easily excited, especially the old males. They know no fear and will attack a man on ice or in a boat if provoked, and the females will die with their pups rather than forsake them. But, for all their fierceness toward their enemy man, the hoods live peacefully with their cousins the harps. The species is much larger than the harps, and when fully grown measure nine feet long and weigh about 700 pounds. Though they are less valuable commercially, having tougher hides and a coarser fat, yet they are hunted down by British and Norwegian sealers.

In the Antarctic the Weddell sgals come up on the ice in October (springtime down there) and give birth to 75-pound babies that are half the length of their mothers. Eight weeks later, when they are weaned, they weigh as much as 300 pounds; their daddies reach the half-ton mark with a full armor of blubber under the skin. And if it were not for this blubber they would not be hunted down and killed off by their worst enemy, man. The killer whales are also their natural enemies, but from such they protect themselves out of the mating season by living under the ice, coming up at the numerous blow holes for air.

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