Awake!, October 8, 1947

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UNITING THE NATIONS

Practical example of die one force that can do it

Fear Dictates Hemispheric Defense

Rio pact betrays lack of confidence in U.N.

Cosmetics Span the Centuries

But not even their artful use is the means that will transform multitudes to youthful beauty

Murdering Jews over Moldy Bread

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

News sources that are able to keep you awake to the vital issues of our times must be unfettered by censorship and aelfish interests ’'Awake!” has no fetters. It recognizes fads, faces facts, is free to publish facts. It is not bound by political ainbitious or obligations; it is unhampered by advertisers whose toss must not be trodden on; it is unprejudiced by traditional creeds. This journal keeps itself free that it may speak freely to you. But it does not abuse its freedom. It maintains integrity to trutK

"Awake 1” uses the regular news channels,, but Is not dependent on them- Its own correspondents are on all continents, in scores of nations. From the four corners of the earth their uncensored, cn*the*acenej reports come io you through these columns, _ This journal’s viewpcint is not narrow, but is international. It is read in many nations, in many languages, by persons of all ages. Through its pages many fields of knowledge pass in review—government, commerce, religion, history, geography, science, social conditions* natural wonders—why, xis .cover* age is as broad as the earth and as high as the heavens.

41 Awoke!” pledges Itself to righteous principles, to exposing hidden foes and subtle dangers, to championing freedom for all, to comforting mourners and strengthening those disheartened by the failures of a delinquent world, ret lading sure hope for the establishment of a right* com? New World.

Get acquainted with ’'Awoke!” Keep awoke by reading ‘'Awake!”

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CONTENTS

Tmtirg the Nations

Honolulu, Nev Zealand, Australia

Philippines, Stam. Burma

Strife-torn Indi si and Pa bestir e

The Mediterranean Arr.i

Visits +« Portugal and Spain

Conventions in Europe

Convention hi London

World Tour Climaxed st Starting Point

The One Way tn I bity

Fear Dictates Hemispheric Defense Conference Gets Coder Way

Some (rood .Advice

Another Jolt to the Conference

Cosmetic Span the Centuries

e

Cosmetics Move Westward

A Commercial Racket

The Art of Cosmetics

How Do You Soive Proft/emsf

Murdering Jews over Aloidy Bread

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Firs Uy the Get a *£Saint”!

Shiloah, Gilead’s New Library

Watching the World

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Brooklyn, N.Y., October 8, 1947

Volume XXVIII

Number 18

Uniting the Nations

B DESPITE frantic tries for peace and unity among nations, the gulf that separates either remains uribridged or grows wider. Today the disappointing United Nations has shown no strength for a work of uniting. The religions of Christendom have heen hnllyhooed as a force suited for the role of unifier-of mankind, but the results prove them as divisive in the field of politics as their multitudinous sects and cults show them to be in the realm of doctrine and dogma. The nations continue to feint and maneuver, to boast and threaten, and to periodically explode in wars and hathe the world in blood and wash ever wider the separating gulf between nations. Disorder and confusion march toward chaos and ruin, and national governments have been powerless to halt the advance. Millions of thinking persons begin to wonder if there is a force existent anywhere that ean smash through the barriers of language and race and nationalism to bring about a peaceful uniting of the peoples of all nations.

There is such a force. For several years past its power for unity has been exerted with results that recommend its potency. The force is the true worship of-Jehovah God, a God not national, not racial, not a respecter of languages. His witnesses on earth have advertised Him as a universal sovereign. Unlike Catholics and Protestants of Christendom that allow their sects to be split open by language or race or nation even to the point of slaughtering their supposed spiritual brethren over national and international issues, Jehovah’s witnesses do not allow such earthly differences to break asunder their spiritual unity in pursuit of the true worship of the Universal Sovereign. The ability of this force of true worship to unite peoples from all nations is clearly exampled in the account that follows.

During August, 1946, an international assembly of Jehovah’s witnesses took place at Cleveland, Obio, with a peak attendance of 80,000, with representatives from all continents and many nations. At the closing session of the eightday assembly, however, announcement was made that during 1947, instead of having one big convention attended by representatives from all nations, there would be a series of Christian conventions held in many nations throughout the earth. It was to begin fulfillment of this proposal that on the night of February 20, 1947, N. H. Knorr and M. G. Henschel, president of the Wateh Tower Bible and Tract Society and president’s secretary, respectively, were aboard a big four-motored plane that skimmed over the airport runway at Burbank, California, and winged out over the brdad Pacific toward the Hawaiian Islands, where preparations for the first of these globe-girdling conventions were nearing completion. Five months and 50,000 air miles later, and after visiting 32 countries and giving public addresses to audiences totaling 58,000, these two traveling ministers completed their round-the-world flight by landing iu California for the final convention at Los Angeles. Attendance there by more than 45,000 swelled the aggregate world attendance heyond the 100,000 mark. In fleeting fashion Awake! here attempts to relive the highlights of that five months and 50,000 air miles in a few pages, with the climaxing finale being the All Nations Expansion Theocratic Assembly held in Los Angeles in August.

Honolulu, New Zealand, Australia

Landing in Honolulu the world travelers were greeted with dozens of leis of every descrip-tion and color, which were tumbled about their necks as the press cameras flashed and the hospitable Hawaiians joyfully received them into their midst. In reporting this event the Hilo Tribune-Herald said: “There is nothing unusual nowadays about anyone flying around the world, but this flight is different because the men are carrying a message of hope'and cheer to the people of all nations/’’ The cheering message was taken in by 838 pairs of ears in the Islands as Mr. Knorr spoke to audiences totaling that number in four cities.

In flight again the two travelers soon lost sight of Honolulu and curved over the surface of the sea toward New Zealand, but being slowed up in their arrival there by stopovers on the islands of Canton and Fiji (where they met with thirteen of like precious faith) and New Caledonia. The plane swooped down and rolled to a stop on the smooth runway of the Whenuapai Airport in New Zealand after a 5,000-mile trip from Honolulu. Traveling 450 miles down the North Island to Wellington, N. H. Knorr spoke to an audience of 817. Then back to Auckland, where he addressed a gathering of 300 before boarding a huge doubledeck British flying boat for the flight across the Tasman sea to Australia.

The Australian Branch of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society had first claim on the presidents attention when he arrived on March 11. During thte war years the Kingdom publishers in Australia had declined in numbers from 4,328 in 1943 to 2,713 by December, 1946. Manifestly the Lord had not been pleased with His witnesses there nor was His blessing upon His people in that land. Why? That was the question for answering. During the war communications were under censorship and reports to the president’s office on the Australian Branch were meager. On-the-scene investigation, however, soon disclosed that the Branch had been devoting much of its energy to operating various industries like commercial radio stations, sawmills, bakeries, farms and piggeries, commercial printing shops, machine shops, and even army canteens. Into this pitfail- of secularism the Branch had fallen and with it fell the activity of Kingdom preaching in that land.

Dispose of such Branch-sponsored industries and back to the field of gospel-preaching, was the instruction of the Society’s president. To purge out any lingering sentiments of such industrial pursuits and to put the commission to preach the gospel once more in first place in the mind and heart of the Australian witnesses Mr. Knorr arranged to make a speedy tour of the continent, holding assemblies in principal cities. The subject key-noted was “Mercy and Forgiveness”, and at each assembly a resolution was adopted amid tears of joy, not of sorrow, by the 4,726 faithful Christians present at these assemblies. The resolution expressed repentance on the part of the witnesses for past failures, and a determination to press the field witnessing work in the future. So doing, they may expect the Lord’s blessing, the same as resulted in the case of ancient Israel when the sin of Achan

was removed and a battle victory rewarded them at Ai. (See Joshua, chapters 7 and 8.) In addition to these organizational assemblies of Jehovah’s witnesses, the Society’s president gave several public lectures throughout Australia, with the total attendance passing the 5,000 mark.

Philippines, Siam, Burma

By circuitous flight from Aus-tralia, first to Singapore, then Bangkok, then Hong Kong, the tw0 traveling representatives landed at Manila in the Philippines on April 1. On all stops on the world trip thus far it was manifest that Jehovah’s witnesses dwell in solid and joyful unity despite language, color or national differences among them. This was especially emphasized in the Philippines when the chairman of the convention pointed out in his address of welcome that all present were of one blood, of one family, as true worshipers of Jehovah, be they Portuguese, American, Chinese, Ilocano, Tagalog, Pangasinan, Pampango, Bicolano, Cebuano, Boholano, Hongo, Leyteno, Samareno, Igorot, or Bagobo. “The Joy of All the Peoples” was the public talk highlighting the assembly and delivered before 4,200. This number, however, was only a small portion of those that heard, for the facilities of radio station KZPI were engaged, which station blankets the whole Philippine archipelago of 1,790 islands. Moreover, cameramen busily recorded on motion picture film the public meeting, later to be shown in every movie house in (he Philippine Islands.

There is no better example of the expansion of the Kingdom work than can be found in the Philippines. Up to the year 1912, when the first president of the Watchtower Society, C. T. Russell, spoke in the Manila Grand Opera House, there was not a single soul in the Philippines interested in the truth. Up to the time of the Second World War the good OCTOBER 8, JS47 seed had been watered and cared for until it had produced 371 publishers of the Kingdom message. Then, during the occupation of the Islands by the Japanese, and amidst violent persecution of the witnesses by those totalitarians, the Lord prospered the work, and now 2,847 published the gospel in those islands.

Engine trouble forestalled the proposed trip to Shanghai by Knorr and Henschel, and a tight schedule would brook no extended delay and demanded that they move on to meet their engagements at Bangkok, Siam. There, on April 9, in the Chulalongkorn University Hall the Society’s president addressed through interpreter an audience of 275, among whose numbers were foreign missionaries and local clergymen, plus three Buddhist priests attired in their bright yellow robes. Consequently it came as no great surprise when local Siamese papers broke out in a rash of false charges against the speaker after his lecture. The effort to discredit failed. The local representative of the Watchtower Society submitted an official copy of the speech to the C.I.D. (Britain’s Criminal Investigation De-partnjent). Close examination disclosed no statements defaming the Buddhist religion, as falsely charged.

Editors of the Chart Thai and La Liberte then extricated themselves from their predica-D MM ment by claiming that they had not heard the lecture themselves, but had relied on the statements of the Buddhist priests. Though it comes as novel news to Americans, who are used to both a lying and unrepentant public press, the newspapers in Siam apologized for misinforming the public. The Liberty newspaper, in its April 16 edition, carried the following headline across its front page: “Watch Tower Answers Criticism,” “Newspaper Editors Apologise for Injustice to Lecturer.” Also appearing on the front page of this newspaper was a signed apology by a Buddhist priest by the name of Kam Pan Kao-Wanarat. But while all these false religious charges were being cleared out of the way back in Siam, travelers Knorr and Henschel had moved on to Burma. The two-day stay in Rangoon coincided with the annual water festival, a Buddhist celebration with much hilarity. Notwithstanding, 287 made up a good attendance for the public lecture delivered in Burma.

Strife-torn India and Palestine

Troubled India, a land of seething unrest and religious turmoil where daily riots and bloodshed have become common occurrences. No unity in this land, either under British rule or under a nation divided into Hindustan and Pakistan. A lull in the rioting existed when the travelers landed in Calcutta, but the city Was under strict curfew laws. The inflammatory state of affairs, along with transportation difficulties, makes it difficult to assemble even a fraction of the population for a public lecture. Nevertheless, such a meeting was held in the park known as the Esplanade Maidan. Then, with Calcutta behind and Bombay ahead, a DC-3 plane flew the passengers over the torrid central plain of India toward another city in which curfew law's were enforced in. certain sections. With such conditions in prospect it came as a surprise to all "when some hours later 504 assembled in Bombay to hear Mr. Knorr point out that the religionists of Christendom are no better than the religionists of heathendom. This came as a cheerful draught to those in a land plagued by missionaries of Christendom who try to replace superstitions of the East with a variety of Western creeds which are just as ridiculous. It is noteworthy that in that land of division and strife and bloodshed all of Jehovah’s witnesses stand united in the true worship of the Almighty God. Into the land once trodden by the feet of Christ Jesus, the Prince of Peace, a large Skymaster of the Trans World Airline landed Knorr and Henschel in completion of the next stage of the world tour. But far indeed from Palestine is the spirit of the Prince of Pdace. In these days it is a caldron of hatred and strife. On the day of their landing the chief of the C.LD. and many police were killed in an explosion. Road blockades, barbed wire, armored tanks, machine-gun nests and sand bags are visible all along the way as one travels into Jerusalem, a city whose name means “possession of peace”. Under conditions then prevailing public meetings were im-possihle, but the travelers did meet privately with 40 of Jehovah’s witnesses in the town of Beit Jala. In nationality the attenders represented Arabic, Russian, Ukrainian and German, in addition to Jewish. But these nationalities, even the Arabs and Jews, presented no barriers that a common interest in Jehovah’s true worship could not brush aside. Time in Palestine permitted the two travelers to visit some of the places of historical importance, most of which, of course, have been taken over by money-hungry religionists of the Orthodox Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Mohammedan sects. In front of the place, where they say the virgin Mary was born three fat priests were seen rolling dice.

Short notice was given to the Lebanese telling them of arrangements for a short visit to that country. So it came as a pleasant view to the president when he saw 270 present at Tripoli to extend greetings. Thence back to Palestine and aboard plane for Egypt.

The Mediterranean Area

The presence of many languages has given a babel of tongues to the cities of Cairo and Alexandria, bringing in to that extent barriers to unity. Nevertheless the message of truth was sounded to audiences in these cities by the use of

interpreters, the speeches of the travelers being translated into Greek, French and Arabic. After regaling in this wise 175 persons at Cairo “and 240 in Alexandria, time allowed only for a hurried visit to the French Archeological Institute by the two travelers before the scheduled hop to Greece.

In disunited Greece the darkest conditions found on the whole trip were encountered. It is even a crime to talk about the Bible. Some of Jehovah’s witnesses have had their eyes put out, limbs broken, and some have been killed. This was not during the occupation by fanatical Nazis, but after Orthodox clergy had been returned to power. Because of these conditions the 10,000 of Jehovah's witnesses in that land meet secretly to worship God, broken down into little groups of about ten. Puhlic meetings, of course, were out of the question, but the travelers did meet with many of these faithful Christians in secret and measures were taken to advance the work of gospel-preaching in the land despite the clerical persecution.

In Italy Knorr and Henschel visited the,Vatican Library and saw the famous Codex Vaticanus 1209, a vellum manuscript of the entire Bible written in the fourth century. After viewing the Vatican’s fabulous ’treasures, gardens and collections of art that surround the so-called ‘‘vicar” of Christ they were deeply impressed by the contrast between this material work and the humble circumstances of Cbrist Jesus. The travelers found more pleasure by far in visiting the Rome company of Jehovah’s witnesses, which met in the very shadow of the Vatican. Journeying northward by rail to Milan the president was privileged Jo address an enthusiastic audience of 700 witnesses and persons of good-will.

Visits to Portugal and Spain

While Mr. Knorr and his companion were visiting through the eastern sec-

OCTOBER 8, 18i7 tion of the Mediterranean the vice-presidents of the Pennsylvania and New York corporations of the Watchtower Society, F. W. Franz and H. C. Covington, respectively, were busy organizing for unity in the Iberian peninsula. Spanning the Atlantic via Bermuda and the Azores, these two travelers were landed by Constellation plane outside Lisbon, Portugal, on May 5. Now Portugal, since 1932, has been ruled by a dictator believed to be a Jesuit, and as a result there is little freedom of movement in that country. Nevertheless, quite a number of persons were found that were devoted to Jehovah God and, one evening, 21 met with the Societies’ vice-presidents and an organization was set up that will speed the gathering of good-will persons in that land.

l.fSlUlL A similar state of affairs pre-vails in Spain with the Ro-man Catholic Hierarchy in full control. The two visitors were required to register with Franco’s International Police before they could move ahout. This condition met, the ministers from America had very profitable assemblies with 76 Christians' in the cities of Madrid, Torralva, Barcelona, and Barbastro.

Conventions in Europe

In France Mr. Franz and Mr. Covington attended a one-day convention in the city of Lyon, with 463 present. Then they pressed on to the capital of Switzerland, arriving May 22 and being greeted by Knorr and Henschel, who had arrived earlier from Milan.

Immediately a four-day convention in Switzerland got under way, being held in the spacious House of Arts and Conventions overlooking beautiful Lake Zurich. Attendance climbed, until on Sunday, May 25, there were 2,700 present. The chief accomplishment at this convention in Switzerland was the clearing up of the relationship of Christians

7 with the nations of tlus world, with stress being laid on the ministerial status of Jehovah’s witnesses and their recognition as such and that they not become confnsed with peddlers though they may accept contributions for literature containing printed sermons on the Bible. From now on all Switzerland will come to know who are Jehovah’s faithful ministers, in that land-locked country of magnificent beauty.

From Switzerland ministers Knorr, Covington and Henschel flew to Frankfort, Germany, and. then proceeded to Stuttgart, where a convention was attended by more than 7,000 men and women from the American and British zones, the majority of whom had been delivered from the Nazi concentration camps.

f The next unifying convention attended by this trio of minis-tens was at Briinn, Czecho-/wfflwhi* Slovakia, with an attendance at the public talk of 2,300. From Czechoslovakia Knorr and Henschel toured northward, attending a series of conventions in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway. Attendances at public meetings held in these countries were: Copenhagen, 4,000; Helsinki, 5,300; Stockholm^ 3,256, and Oslo, 1,446.

While the president and his secretary were making this northern loop Mr. Covington addressed 1,700 assembled in convention in Austria. As in ’Germany and Czechoslovakia, the witnesses there rejoiced in the freedom gained from the Vatican-sponsored totalitarian rule under Hitler and are taking advantage of this freedom to preach the gospel of the Kingdom: Returning to Germany Covington attended conventions in Berlin, Magdeburg, Hamburg, Hanover and Essen. Attendances ran as follows: Berlin, 1,300; Magdeburg, 2,000; Hamburg, 700; Hanover, 600, and Essen, 900 (meeting in the latter city was held at a coal mine).

Simultaneously served with JpTa it conventions were France and ”the Low Countries, because from Switzerland Mr. Franz had journeyed to France, where he was joined by Grant Suiter, secretary and treasurer of the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, and these two served assemblies in Strasbourg, Paris and Douay before an aggregate attendance of 6,000. Similarly served with conventions were the cities Brussels and Antwerp and the duchy of Luxembourg. But the high point of conventions in this area came- in the Netherlands. This country had suffered much under Nazi brutality, and in 1940 there were only 400 publishers of the Kingdom here; but now thousands have been united to this small nucleus, for at the convention in the Netherlands 7,650 were present. Crossing' the Channel and entering England, Franz and Suiter separated, the former serving conventions in Scotland and the latter officiating at conventions in Dublin and Belfast, Ireland.

Convention in London

“Praising Nations Theocratic Assembly,” that was the name of the convention held in London, July 3-6, in Earls Court. For the occasion all five of the Society’s directors who had been traveling in Europe converged at that point. Earls Court Exhibition building is itself something to talk about. The main hall is capable of holding 20,000 persons and there is room for thousands more in other parts of the building. It is believed that Earls Court is the largest singlespan auditorium in the world. No obstructing pillars mar the view of any person seated in the main hall. Appropriate decorations delighted the eye and an excellent public-address system carried the messages from the platform to all the attentive ears. A small army of 710 volunteer ushers, including 140 usherettes, served the 13,000 witnesses present from all parts of the British

(1) Gonventioners in Amsterdam traveling to territory for witnessing. (2) H. C. Covington, British Branch servant Pryce Hughes, and N, II. Knorr, at London convention. (3) Session at London convention.

Isles, as well as a sprinkling of witnesses from the continent of Europe and a delegation from the United States.

Good weather was a boon to the field witnessing work. More than 7,000 publishers were active in preaching the gospel from house to house and 4,000 shared in the information walking and magazine publishing on the streets, covering all central London and the West End suburbs. Hundreds of banners on busses and private cars, 30,000 posters and 1,250,000 distributed handbills thoroughly advertised the Sunday afternoon lecture entitled “Permanent Governor of All Nations”. A bus strike throughout the London area was in force on this day and was reported as effecting an 80-percent stoppage. Also, the day had been declared by the king as a national day of prayer, vith special services at St. Pauls Cathedral to be attended by the king, queen and prime minister. The bus strike, however, shriveled the anticipated 5,000 attendance to 2,000. Hence, what joy it was to Theocratic conven-tioners at Earls Court when nearly 18,000 persons gathered to hear the Watch Tower president's public lecture! Surely the “Praising Nations Theocratic Assembly” at London is the harbinger of a great forward advance of The Theocracy in the British field.

World Tour Climaxed at Starting Point

Speeding homeward by air Mr. Knorr and his secretary had time to stop off in Newfoundland and attend a three-day convention of 206 Christians there. Another stop at the Society’s headquarters in Brooklyn, New York, then on to California and the Los Angeles convention flew the travelers to bring to a close the round-the-world tour. In anticipation of hearing firsthand reports from the Society’s president and the other travelers, thousands upon thousands of witnesses in this land converged upon the convention city on the west coast. The assembly place was Wrigley Field. On opening .day, August 13, more than 27,000 filled the stands and overflowed onto the green playing field.

Loudspeakers installed in adjoining tents and a tent-and-trailer city a few miles distant swelled the overtaxed facilities to care for several thousand more. Incidentally, the population of the tent and trailer city that had sprung up a few miles distant numbered 9,000. Fok their accommodation many departments had been installed, such as a grocery store, cafeteria, post office, first aid, etc, A laundry consisting of 40 washing machines and 60 electric irons was very much appreciated by the thousands that had traveled over hot desert roads to attend the convention. In equipping this tent city with water and electricity 12,000 feet of pipe and 50,000 feet of cable were used.

Back in Wrigley Field the chairman in his address of wel-Hfcz '<ii come drew notice to the fact that 34 percent of the attendees hud come from east of the Mississippi, 15 percent from the Atlantic seaboard (3,000 miles away), 12 percent from Canada, and many others from Alaska, Mexico, South America, Central America and the islands of the Caribbean. Who were they? They were ministers ordained by Jehovah God! A strong point was made of the fact that in 1890

200 of God’s ministerial witnesses had assembled in convention at Allegheny, Pennsylvania, but now their numbers were swelled to many thousands. Like the apostle Paul, these ministers could say: “I am no peddler.”—2 Corinthians 2:17, An American Translation,

W ednesday evening the Society’s president sounded the keynote in discussing the subject “Pushing the Advance of True Worship”. By Thursday the convention was in full swing. The cafeteria organization worked with exceptional smoothness and, despite limited space, 908 volunteer workers fed persons at the rate of 5,000 an hour, and served a total of 74,000 meals. Fridays program held an attraction for all in attendance, as it w’as the day for world reports by Henschel, Franz, Suiter and Covington in the afternoon and Knorr’s report in the evening on “All Nations Expansion”, The report carried the thousands assembled along the trail of the world tour and made them feel at unity with Jehovah’s witnesses in many lands. Only 13 are assembled in the Fiji islands, 100 in far-off Calcutta, 40 in Palestine, in Greece a few are gathered together in secrecy, in Spain a few lovers of The Theocracy are found, in Italy the harvest is ripe but the laborers are few, and in London the greatest convention of Christians ever held in Europe is reported! As this news from foreign lands is related there is aroused no feeling of prejudice or hatred or nationalism, but only a unity in Christian purpose that batters aside as insignificant such divisive forces as language, race or nationality.

— When the conventioners heard i10W 10,000 of Jehovah’s wit-- nesscs went into Hitler’s con-•>. centration camps, bow 2,000 of them never came out alive, how 2,000 of those that did come out were too weak and sick to work, and how the remaining 6,000 began preaching the Kingdom message two years ago and that the re-

OCTOBER 8, 1917

Aerial view of grounds for “AlUNations Expansion” Assembly held at Los Angeles, California. The Wrigley Field stadium is shown packed out at the time of the public lecture, “Permanent Governor of All Nations,” with thousands seated out on the playing field. To the right are the tents used to accommodate the cafeteria and other departments, and also used to. seat part of the 45,729 that attended.

suit is that today there are 19,200 publishers of the Kingdom in Germany, joy soared far above the power of words to describe. Joy stayed on this high plane during the evening as the Society’s president reported on the highlights of his travels, and it even struck new highs as it was pointed out that today Jehovah’s witnesseswinhabit 84 nations. Graduates of the Watchtower’s missionary school served in 29 foreign countries a year ago, but they now minister to persons of good-will in 65 nations. Publishers have increased more than 30,000 during the last year, with the world-wide peak now 202,100. Tugging at the heart strings of those assembled, the report showed the conditions under which Jehovah’s witnesses and other persons must live in such lands as Germany, And what joy it was for the conventioners to learn that arrangements have been made with the CARE organization to prepare special packages of food at a nominal cost of seven dollars per 21-pound package to send to the faithful witnesses in Germany and Austria to help tide them over the coming winter! Long did the audience applaud this charitable move and the opportunity for them to contribute financially to prove their love for and oneness with their Christian brethren in other nations!

Additional Bible lectures that were programed led up to the public meeting to be held Sunday afternoon, August 17. Advertising efforts for this talk had been turned on full blast. Billboards, streetcars, private automobiles, and even witnesses wearing 10,000 placards, had participated in the mammoth publicity campaign. From house to house, in business places,' on the streets, the witnesses had distributed handbill invitations numbering 2,300,000. This broadcast sowing bore fruit on Sunday afternoon, Soon multitudes filled up. every seat in the stands, the bleachers, and the overflow seats in the adjoining tents. The still-coming thousands overflowed out on the ball field to fill the thousands of additional chairs placed there. The final count revealed as present 45,729!

The One Way to Unity

Introduced by Chairman Franz as a world traveler just having completed a 50,000-mile tour by air in which 32 countries had been visited and over 50,000 persons addressed through a score of interpreters, and also as a minister and ambassador of God’s kingdom, the Society’s president took his place before the microphone to regale them with the speech “Permanent Governor of All Nations”. To properly treat this subject it was necessary for the speaker to show the fallacies of the United Nations and any of its.claims as a permanent governor ushering in peace and unity among nations. Irresistibly the points piled up to prove, in the end, that only Christ Jesus could bring peace and unity to persons of good-will from all nations, kindreds and tongues. Repeatedly vigorous applause showed audience agreement to the forceful arguments advanced and by far the majority of the thousands present realized at the lecture’s close that only true worship of Jehovah could sweep aside the divisive forces to weld into indissoluble unity good-will persons from all nations.

Already the force of true worship of God as a unifier is making itself felt in the earth. The world travelers found a bond of unity existing among Jehovah’s witnesses regardless of national boundaries or language differences. During this series of world conventions incomplete reports show that over 2,500 persons were immersed iu water to symbolize their consecration to Jehovah God and an agreement to follow in unity His true worship. Moreover, a multitude of persons will, yet be drawn from all nations into this spiritual unity and peace as the. King Christ Jesus marches forward in .His work of uniting persons of good-will from all nations.

Fear. Dictates He

II

ispheric Defense

TffE official name of the conference of

American nations at Petropolis, some forty miles from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is the Inter-American Conference on the Maintenance of Peace and Security, It is commonly called the Rio Conference. Actually the Conference, which opened on August 15, was a further development of the Act of Chapultepec, formulated during World War II for the cooperation of American nations against a real enemy. The purpose of the Rio Conference was to frame a treaty for cooperation against any potential enemy that may arise, not mentioning any names. It was an interesting occasion from many standpoints.

First of all we should have a look at the national conferees represented at Rio by their respective foreign ministers, The nineteen nations so represented were all sizes and kinds, all nominally democratic and all to some extent aware of the power of the great nation that, perforce, exercised a leading influence in the deliberations—the United States of America.

As next in importance many would designate Argentina, at the opposite geographical extreme of the territory involved. In some respects Argentina may be viewed by some as also being at the opposite end in the matter of democracy, being measurably authoritarian, Vying with Argentina for second place in the galaxy of American nations is Mexico. There a considerable degree of democratic freedom is operative, though it is fought by the troublesome Hierarchical re-

OCTOBER 8, 18i7

ligious organization having headquarters at Rome. Brazil, too, contends for recognition as the most eminent of Latin-American nations, and it is certainly the largest, territorially, though designated “backward” economically. Democratically it is making progress. Communism is outlawed.

Going on to the lesser Latin-American nations represented at Rio and without adhering closely to the order of size or importance, there are the following:

Venezuela, with a good record as a democracy; Colombia, which also has a good record as to general freedoms, though the standard of living is low; Ecuador, which is more or less dictatorial, and socially backward; and Peru, not far advanced economically, exploited by foreign investors. Chile is described as good in respect to basic human rights, and more advanced in social legislation than any other country in the Americas, including the U.S.A. Paraguay, which could only send observers to the conference, is presently in a state of revolution. It is one of the most backward of Latin-American countries, ruled by a dictatorship, Uruguay stands high as a democracy, and is the most advanced Latin-American country. Guatemala is called a banana country, with a fairly democratic setup. El Salvador is not bad in respect to religious and other liberties, but economically backward, Honduras recognizes freedom of worship, but is backward in many other respects. Nicaragua, not represented at the conference because of

a recent coup d'etat that ousted the recognized government, has freedom of worship, but is otherwise unprogressive. Costa Rica is good in all democratic respects, and is the only country in the world with more teachers than soldiers, Panama is advanced in the matter of democratic freedoms, as well as socially, Cuba recognizes all basic human freedoms, and is progressive. Haiti, while good on freedom of worship and of the press, is economically disadvantaged. The Dominican Republic recognizes religious liberties, but not many others, being an absolute dictatorship.

Conference Gets Under Way

It became apparent, as the conference got under way, that there might be quite a variety of aims brought to the fore, but Secretary of State Marshall sounded a definite note as to what the objectives of the deliberations should be. Stating the position of the United States, always a weighty matter, he expressed himself in unequivocal terms. Also, the conference had a blueprint before them in the Act of Chapultepec of March, 1945, which, in fighting the Axis, called for the use, by all or some of the signatories of said treaty thereto, of any one or more of the following measures: Recall of chiefs of diplomatic missions; breaking of diplomatic relations; breaking of consular relations; breaking of postal, telegraphic, telephonic, radio-telephonic relations;, interruption of economic, commercial and financial relations; use of armed force to prevent or repel aggression.

During the Second World War, all of the 21 signatories to the Act of Chapul-tepec took the foregoing steps in declaring war against the Axis. Similar steps would be urged in connection with the proposed Pact of Rio.

The representative of Argentina, Dr. Bramuglia, came with a strange proposal, coached by his chief, President Peron. He said Argentina would insist upon "absolute and complete American solidarity*'’, What this would amount to was further shown by the statement, “Argentina will support unanimity in the assembly.’* That, in the opinion of most of the representatives at the conference, meant that Argentina wanted to introduce the veto power, which would enable one nation to block action of all the rest. It was hardly a democratic proposal, and Dr. Bramuglia softened the sinister significance of his words by adding; “But the decisions of the assembly are by a majority, and we who represent a truly democratic people will accept the majority.”

Some Good Advice

Argentine professions of democracy were somewhat under a cloud at the conference, and Secretary of State Marshall took occasion to remark: “We must reject encroachment upon the fundamental rights of the individual with the same determination that we reject encroachment upon the fundamental rights of the state.” Such encroachment had taken place in Argentina, and although the conference was not intended to act on these matters, it was timely to remind the conferees that they were there because their respective nations professed to acknowledge such rights.

Secretary Marshall further stated, “I am confident that we all agree that the state exists for man, and not man for the state, and we abhor any limitation upon the freedom of expression of men throughout the world,” These were fitting words, in view of the fact that Peron’s government had just suppressed a newspaper for criticizing SenoraPeron.

A disposition to introduce economic matters into the conference was strong at the beginning. The Latin-American countries also have their economic difficulties. Cuba, particularly, wished to bring up what her representative called “economic aggression”. Secretary of State Marshall, however, told the conference that economic aid for Europe was of primary importance, and must be given first consideration by the United States. He promised that at the prospective conference to be held at Bogota, Colombia, the economic problems of the entire hemisphere would be dealt with. A later conference, to be held at Buenos Aires in 1948, would go into the InterAmerican economic setup still more extensively. The Rio conference then settled down to the business for whieh it had come, the defense pact arrangements.

Another Jolt to the Conference

Argentina next gave a jolt to the conference by offering the unique proposal that the American nations agree to take military measures only when aggression occurred from someone outside the hemisphere. Argentina eventually bowed to the decision of the majority that aggression is aggression, whether it comes from near or from far, and that the same resistance should be offered.

Once more, toward the close of the conference, Argentina sought to limit the scope of the treaty by proposing that an amendment be added which would prevent application of its provisions in case of an attack on any American forces abroad. This proposal was finally voted down, and the writing of the final form of the treaty progressed without further incident.

Three nations which were not represented in the signing of the treaty, Nicaragua, Ecuador and Canada, may have opportunity to do so later, if they desire to adhere to its terms.

The general effect of the Rio Pact is to continue in treaty form, with suitable adaptations, the provisions of the Act of Chapultepec of March, 1945. It provides, fundamentally, that when two-thirds of .the contracting parties have ratified, the nation# of America will have bound themselves to the principle that an attack on any one of them will be considered an attack on all. The articles provide, however, that any country that declines to fight with armies may join in resisting an aggressor by action through economic sanctions. But no one may remain entirely neutral if the constituted consulting body decides by a two-thirds vote to take action. The various articles of the treaty set forth details and drew lines from north pole to south pole enclosing the territory covered in the treaty. The finished instrument is called the In ter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance.

President Truman, accompanied by his wife and daughter, flew to Rio de Janeiro August 31 to attend the final session of the conference, and to be present at the signing of the treaty. It made a nice trip for the family. Secretary Marshall and Senator Vandenberg, who had accompanied him, upon their return to the United States, made their report to Americans via radio. Said Senator Vandenberg: "We have sealed a pact of peace which possesses teeth. We have not deserted or impaired one syllable of our overriding obligations to the United Nations. This pact is not a substitute for the United Nations. It is a supplement to the United Nations and part of its machinery.”

While the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance appears to cement the nations of the Western Hemisphere more closely together, and while such regional arrangements are recognized by the United Nations as allowable, it does seem that there is in the Rio Pact an acknowledgment of failure of the United Nations organization to infuse confidence into its members that it will be able to carry out its purpose to preserve the peace. The attempt to do in a hemisphere what the United Nations presumably is doing on a worldwide scale still echoes the theme of war and aggression. Such sense of insecurity will continue to plague the nations until Jehovah makes wars to cease even u»io the ends of the earth.—Psalm 46; 9.

cosmms

Span the Centuries

/COSMETICS have long Vj been a target of criticism from many quarters. Some have objected on moral grounds; some have called them a commercial racket; others have warned that they are harmful to health ; and still others claim that they mask and cover up natural beauty. Intelligent and constructive criticism of cosmetics is both helpful and beneficial, and such is logical, reasonable and supported by the facts. However, unfounded and ill-tempered criticism is both distasteful and repugnant. Of this latter type is that which comes from sallow-faced, drab religionists who look upon and denounce users of cosmetics as wicked women and “children of sin” in these ‘last days”. But it cannot be said with truthfulness that today's universal acceptance and use of cosmetics is due to the moral degeneracy find delinquency of this twentieth century. The thousands of Christian women who use cosmetics in one form or another brand this statement as false. Moreover, these beauty preparations were not first used by women nor are they a modem invention, but as the historical facts reveal they were first introduced by men and their antiquity is as old as profane history.

Egyptian priests and kings as far back as the first (Thinite) dynasty, two thousand years before Christ, practiced the painting of their eyelids and nails. They painted their lower eyelids green and the upper lids and lashes black. Four shades of paint were used for the differ-

ent seasons. Today a lady feels “in the fashion” if she merely paints the nails on her fingers and toes, but those Egyptian glamour boys rflso painted the palms of their hands a?d the soles of their feet. The widespread use of cosmetics launched one of history's oldest commercial enterprises. Arabia, land of perfumes and spices, furnished the raw materials—myrrh, frankincense, spikenard, and oils of sesame, olive and almond. From these sense-pleasing ingredients those ancient cosmetologists developed a high art of perfumery, as shown when the tomb of King Tutankhamen was opened in the 1920’s.

Just when the women began to borrow cosmetics from the men is not known. By 909 B.C. notorious Jezebel in Israel “painted her eyelashes and adorned her head” to impress conquering Jehu. (2 Kings 9: 30, An American Translation) Centuries later the prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel spoke of the Jewish women’s using paint. (Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40, Am. Stan, Ver,) The substance used by the Egyptians for blackening the edges of their eyelids was called kohl, a mixture of soot, antimony and other substances. Rotherham says that Jezebel “set her eyes in stibium”, the crude substance having a brilliant metallic luster from which antimony is derived. Such a mascara on the eyelashes made them appear darker and longer and was thought to add charm

and expressiveness to the eye by heightening its brilliance, and when applied as an eye-shadow it provided a background for the eye, making it appear large and deep, especially under artificial light. Even the painting of the eyebrows to make them strong-appearing and thick has been th,e practice in these Eastern countries. E, S. Waring. (1807), in writing of his tour in Persia, said:

A large, soft, and languishing black eye, with them, constitutes the perfection of beauty. It is chiefly on this account that the women use the powder of antimony, which, although it adds to the vivacity of the eye, throws a kind of voluptuous languor over it, which makes it appear, (if I may use the expression,) dissolving in bliss. The Persian women have a eurious custom of making their eyebrows meet; and if this charm be denied them, they paint the forehead with a kind of preparation made for that purpose.

Cosmetics Move Westward

By the time that cosmetics reached their? zenith in Egypt during Cleopatra’s day, the Greeks had long before adopted their use and had introduced them to Italy and the Roman empire. It seems that it was the Roman beauticians that decided on a full “pretty up” job for the whole face rather than the eyes only. They were the first to make a face powder out of white lead and chalk. Later rice and -wheat grains were ground in stone mortars and used as powders, but zinc oxide was not introduced in face powder until 1866. Pliny tells us that they also ornamented their eyes like the Egyptians., After his day they went farther. It was the Italian ladies who first sought to enhance their beauty and heighten the lure of their dark eyes by dilating the pupils. They took an extract from the seeds of the deadly nightshade a id put it in their eyes, and thus the plant was renamed bella donna, meaning “beautiful lady".

By the time Nero became emperor, A.D. 54, cosmetics had become an imppr-OCTOBER 8, lBi7

tant part of court life. Not only did his wife Boppaea use the artificialities, but also Nero himself indulged liberally. The Romans had a toilet kit almost as large as present-day ones. They had their face powders of chalk and white lead; their Egyptian kohl for their eyelids and lashes; their rouge for lips and cheeks, called fucus, which they got from the red dye of a lichen; their psilotum depilatory given to them by the Greeks; their cold creams and cleansing creams; their barley-flour and butter mixture for pimples and skin eruptions; their pumice stone for whitening teeth; and their hair bleaches which they got from Gaul.

By the Middle Ages the crusaders picked up some cosmetic ideas in the East and brought them back to Europe and England, but, like the tides, fashions among beauty aids come and go. Even for a brief time they lost favor with the ladies in both France and England. During Queen Elizabeth’s time the feminine sex decided it would be smart to relinquish their superficial adornment to the gentlemen and try letting nature’s beauty speak for itself, enhanced only by that “freshly scrubbed look". The recipe for an Elizabethan complexion began with a hot bath and ended with a rinse or sponge-off of red wine. If it were not within a damsel’s means to bathe in wine, she was content with a mere milk bath. And, believe it or not, women of that period “in the natural” lost none of their appeal in the eyes of the men. In fact, when this “natural beauty” fad ebbed in popularity and women retrograded again to cosmetics, some old, crotchety member of Parliament rose up, in 1770, and actually offered the following bill, as reported by G. V. Septimus Piesse in his Art of Perfumery:

All women of whatever age, rank, profession, or degree, whether virgins, maids, or widows, that shall, from and after such Act, impose upon, seduce, and hetray into matrimony, any of his majesty’s subjects, by the scents, paints, cosmetic washes, arti-

firial teeth, false hair, Spanish wool, iron stays, hoops, high heeled shoes, bolstered hips, shall incur the penalty of the law in force against witchcraft and like misdemeanors, and that the marriage, upon conviction, shall stand null and void.

Though this stupid bill never became law in England, a similar one was written on the lawbooks of Pennsylvania in the same year. Also in the old colony in East Jersey it was once a crime punishable by death for a woman to use such devices as perfumes, high heels, false teeth or cosmetics to deceive and catch a husband. But it would have been, just as. well if these laws had never been passed, for all the prevention they did.

A Commercial Racket

Spanning the centuries from the first dynasty of Egy^t down to this twentieth centnry, cosmetics have expanded their influence over the face of the earth, and with this growth has developed one of the greatest commercial businesses of all times. One concern alone advertises 18 shades of lipstick and fingernail polishes to match. Before World War II there were over a thousand brands of face powder registered with the trademark bureau in Washington, D.C. Last year American women spent $21,500,000 just to beautify their hands, and during the fiscal year 1946 the sales of cosmetics in this country amounted to $863,470,-000. More than a ligitimate business, the field of commercial cosmetics contains some of the worst fakers, witch doctors and outright robbers there are. Peter Morell, in his book Poisons, Potions and Profits, says that the cosmetic business is the “rankest of all our commercial rackets”. And the facts seem to ably support the assertion.

Take a look at the margin of profit on nationally advertised brands, as reported by the Bureau of Health in the state of Maine. The material in a dusting powder used after bathing costs l^c, yet it sells for 75c; lipstick costing 2c sells for $1.00; face powder worth 3e sells for $1.00. To make such huge profits it is necessary to sell them. So the press and radio are employed to gush forth propaganda slush in order to convince the woman past thirty that unless she does something about it she will soon look like a total wreck. A good description of the radio publicity that is fed the people is the following, by Morrell:

These pseudo skin-specialists, hand-specialists. head-specialists, and hair-specialists, all employing the abracadabra of dermatofogy, cajole, persuade, plead, frighten, threaten and resort to any and every form of exhortation to bully milady into buying the product peddled by these “pifteh-men” of the air.

They prescribe elaborate beauty rituals which promise to achieve a metamorphosis in every ugly duckling and endow her with the seductive glamour of a cinema star. Is it difficult for you to charm a man? Use this lipstick and he is yours—absolutely guaranteed. Has your husband's love for you died? Use this beauty cream and it will reawaken in him that poetic ardor of youth. He will wrfo you once again with that love which keeps a woman eternally young and lovely. Are you unemployed? Use this shampoo and the job is yours. You will never get that promotion and raise in salary you so well deserve unless you use this hand lotion. And so on ad abswdum.

He could have gone on and told about the drivel that runs out pf the mouths of these publicity agents about care for the hands, hair and skin; the wild claims about eyelash creams’ actually making the lashes grow longer, thicker and darker; and about the rubbing out of wrinkles. The latest hoaxes that are being used to boost sales is the incorporation of vitamines and hormones, especially sex hormones, in creams and then peddling them off on the gullible public as ‘‘skin foods” that will rejuvenate old flabby skin. From time to time harmful preparations are found on the cosmetic counters due to the zeal in bringing out new products without fully testiug their effects upon the human guinea pig. So

there was “Othine” freckle remover with its irritating and poisonous ammoniated mercury; “Kolor-Bak” hair “restorer'' with its lead acetate poison; Koremlu depilatory cream with its deadly rat-poison, thallium acetate.

The Art of Cosmetics

The only purpose of Big Beauty Business is to sell more cosmetics; hence their advice to the ladies is “lay it on thick”. Those, however, who follow this poor advice and plaster on several extra layers of synthetic, laboratory-certified, test-tube “beauty” defeat their own purpose of making themselves beautiful. How repulsive the woman whose face looks like an advertisement of Sherwin-Williams paint splashed on the chalk cliffs of Dover! For art's sake don't look like Lulu, “the only woman clown in the world,” who was said to be “not much more overpainted than many of the glamour girls”. After a survey of the opinions of one and a half million college men the advice to girls is “a minimum amount of make-up applied with a maximum amount of care will suit a college suitor”. The famous model expert, John R. Powers, says: “I have a grudge against Hollywood make-up men. They wring the naturalness out of a girl and then create a 'screen personality^ by building sex and attractiveness into her. They take fresh peaches and make them into canned peaches. I prefer fresh ones.”

Two of the most misleading cosmetic ideas are -the fads of plucking the eyebrows and. painting darkly the fingernails. The girl that pulls out her eyebrows makesTierself look like a plucked chicken, which is anything but beautiful. From an artists viewpoint eyebrows give personality to an individual. Heavy eyebrows add strength to one's personality ; rejnove them and one looks like a lifeless wax dell Painting the fingernails blood red, in contrast with using a natural or light-pink polish if desired, also defeats the purpose to beautify. A

OCTOBER 8t JS47

graceful hand is one that looks long and slender with tapering fingers, but when the ends of the fingers are heavily darkened they look chopped off, short, stubby and clumsy. Any student of real art will tell you that this is so, but don't expect the commercialists that are selling millions of dollars' worth of red nail polish to tell you these simple truths.

Cosmetics should not be used to create a new and different creature. But one who has consideration for others does not like to be offensive fin the nostrils of fellow creatures, nor repulsive in their sight. Hence the only purpose of using cosmetics should be to mask over the imperfections and blemishes of the body, and the inroads of degeneration made by the creeping forward of old age. To accomplish this is an art. The person that is successful in this art uses cosmetics with such good taste that it is difficult to detect the camouflage. Use cosmetics with moderation. One should never be vain in trying to make oneself appear so worshipfully beautiful in the eyes of fellow creatures that one receives the flattery and praise of men. The proper use of cosmetics is an art. If you use them, use them artfully.

While excessive use of cosmetics may rightfully be criticized as defeating the purpose for which they are intended, there seems to be little ground for the criticism that comes from certain prudish religionists. “Look at that wicked woman Jezebel, how she painted herself,” they will say. Jezebel's wickedness, however, was not in the dolling herself up. Rather it was because of her whoredoms in the land that she was thrown out of the window and trampled under foot by Jehu’s horses, and that in spite of the fact that she had made herself to appear beautiful and queenly. Jeremiah and Ezekiel did not say that the ungodly nation of Israel would be destroyed because they beautified themselves, but rather in spite of this fact, they would be brought low because they had rebelled

against Jehovah and violated His law. In the days of Jesus cosmetics were in common use, yet He did not condemn their use. ft was wicked Judas, not Jesus, that reproved Mary for pouring the precious alabaster perfume on the feet of Jesus. (John 12: 3-6) Tt was the Catholic bishop of Carthage, Cyprian, of the third century, who did write with a 'Qiolier than thou” attitude that so-called “Christians” “anointed ’their eyes, not with the devil’s antimony, but with the eye-salve of Christ”*

Neither the apostle Paul of Home, the Rome of Nero’s day, nor the apostle Peter who visited Babylon condemned a sane and moderate use of cosmetics. Nevertheless, they both wrote that the outward attractiveness of a woman was not the main objective for which to strive, (1 Timothy 2:9,10; 1 Peter 3:3,4) Their writings are not to he interpreted to mean that women are to see how drab and puritanical they can appear, with no thought given to neatness or comeliness. Christian women make the Kingdom the big thing in their lives, and primarily ornament th einselves with the spirit of Christ, and do rot stop at mere ornamentation of their person cr with wearing of colorful apparel. They know that “beauty is vain: but a woman that, feareth the Lord, she shall be praised” (Proverbs 31:30) Striving first for the important ibeau:v of holiness in devotion to Ged’, men and women alike know that those blessed with life on earth in Jehovah’s new world will become beautiful in physical perfection. Jehovah will make “every thing beautiful in his titne”. Those displaying active faith in the ransom will experience a transformation to youthful beauty ihat no cosmetics can effect: “His flesh shall be fresher than a child’s: be shall return to the days of his ye nth.” (Job 33:25) Use cf cosmetics has spanned centuries, hut never was it made an issue by Jehovah’s prophets or Christ or the apostles. It is no issue now*

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