Awake!, December 8, 1946

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Twenty-one Nations Peace Conference

Were the accomplishments considered successful

Plans for Destruction

Creations for war outdistance progress on the peace front

Your Eye Is Your Camera

Comparison of principles governing eyes and cameras

Clouds of Hate over Quebec

Once again this Canadian province parades its hate of freedom

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CONTENTS

Twenty-one Nations Pence Conference

Treaty Drafts

Speed-up

Plans for Destruction

Rockets in Leading Role

Development of Submarines

The Profession of Creating Heroes

Disposing of Surplus Babies

Uiglt Time to Investigate

Yom Eve Is Yom' Camera

Bow Wonderful Is the Eye!

More \V onrlerful than Auy Camera!

Intemationnl Currency

Tlte Goal of Tobacco Kings

"Thy Word Is Truth''

Begettal by n Heavenly Life-Force

If a Man Will. Not Work. 1\1ust He EaU 19

Controls from Washington

Clouds of Hate over Quebec

What Shall We Do'

Qttehec's Bmning Hate

The Force Behind Quebec's B^chng Hate 26

What We Shall Do

Watehing the World

AWW/

&s' Now it is high time to awake?—Romans 13:11 V

Volume XXVJl Brooklyn, N.Y., December 8, 19'16 Number 709

Twenty..one Nations Peace Conference

BOYS sailed their miniature yachts in tary of state, would represent the United the pond that fronts the Luxembourg Staics on the general conference com-

Palace at Paris as diplomats and their staffs assembled on July 29 for the sessions of the momentous peace conference. Flags brightened the exterior of the palace, hut the interior, though ornate, was not impressive. Twenty-one nations were represented in the solemn conclave, which, in spite of its momentous responsibilities, was matter of faet and ordinary in many respects. PremierPresident Georges Bidault of France, the host nation, opened the conferenee with the unpretentious utterance, ''Gentlemen, I declare the peace conference open/' The speeeh which followed was not inspiring, and there was no applause. It set forth briefly the necessity for patiently seeking solutions to the difficulty of arriving at a conclusion of World War II. The speech was translated into Russian and English, as were the other deliberations of the conference.

While the emissaries to the conference seemed un-J:>retentious, there was, nevertheless, considerable talent represented. Each nation sent its experts to safeguard its interests. The United States limited its delegation to technically qualified personnel. Mr. Jas. F. Byrnes, the secre-

DECEEJIER 8, 1946 mittee, which was limited to one delegate from each government. But he had as assistants and advisers Senators Arthur H. Vandenburg of Michigan and Tom Connally of Texas, the latter chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Russia was represented by the doughty V. M. Molotov, formidable champion of the Soviet cause, wlw was accompanied by able but undiplomatic Andrei Vishinsky mid other aides. Ernest Bevin represented the British people, while France was represented by Georges Bidault, already mentioned. Otlwr nations were not less ably, though perhaps somewhat less conspicuously, represented by their delegates. some of whom will come to the fore as we proceed.

The conference at the outset backed the proposal of United States delegate J. F. ByTnes that there should be complete freedom of the press to report the conference and its .deliberations and conclusions. Molotov stated that he favored free access on the part of the correspondents not only to the plenary sessions but also to , the meetings of the various committees and commissions, dealing with details.

Treaty Drafts

T1ie conference was early supplied with treaty drafts proposed by the Cm.m-cil of Eormgn Ministers composed of the Big Four, Russia, United States, Great Britain and France. There were five or Ihef'e drafts, setting forth terms of peace for Ita!v, Bnlgariu, H nngary, Rumania and Finland. 'l'lw drafts revealed that the Big Fotr Imd come to some agreement or compromise on quite a muHher of problems, Ruch as demilitarization of tlf' named enemy nations, houndary revisions and reparations; but tJiere were also points that were left un-:finished.

TLe so-called ••smaller" nations represented at the conference, however, were iiol disposed to act. merely as a ruhher stamp l'or the Big Four decisions. Tins determination was put into words by Dr. Herbert V. Evatt, Australia's minister for external affairs. He started out to <‘ritieize the draft treaties^ severely, snying that they assured a privileged position for Russia in tLe economic affairs of thr five minor Axis powers. He set out fom fuclamenta! principles which he emphasized as being essential for just peacemaking, demanding (1) adherence to the Atlantic and United Nations Charters (which many of the smaller nntions felt were heing ignored) 5 (2) impartial examination by the conference of all facts bearing on the treaties; (3) avoidance of unjustifiable burdens on the losers in tile wnr, to foster democracy; and ( 4} the effort to attain a Just nnd diii’ahle peace.

Dr. Evatt was not the only one who was dissntisfied with the efforts of the Big' Four to draft peace treaties for the :five recent enemy powers. These five powers thE’mseJves were keenly disappointed in them.

General Dismay

Italy was dismayed in the decisions set forth in the treaty it was expected to sign even tually, although subject to review by the conference. The Italian delegates said they saw no indication in the treaty draft of any recognition on the part of the Big Four that the Italians had fought on the side of the Allies for two years before final victory. They said that other enemy states which had done much less than the Italians had hecn favoi’pd by a powerful friend (Rust-ia). TLe Italians were particularly bitter ahont the proposed internationalization of the port of Trieste, which had been held by Italy since the conclusion of the first 1VorJ<1 1Yar. Yugoslavia, wliicli had been on the side of the Allies, was also bitter about the Trieste proposal. They wanted the city and surrounding territory for thcmRelves.

Bulgaria's representatives were said to he "stupified" with the terms of the treaty drawn np for them. They said, "We f-UTj-jiol understand why we are treated bio- a beaten enemy when we never once took up arms against any of the Allies." However, Bulgaria was rather closely linked with the Nazis and very belatedly declared war on Germany on September 7, 19H. The Bnlgars protested against being cut off from the Aegean sen. The Bulgar-Greek frontier , however, hnd been left unsettled by thee Big Four, although hope for a piece of the coastline was slim.

Hungary felt it had considerable cause for uidiuppiu^-s in the provisions of the treaty made on its behaJf. Among other things, its military setup had to be drastically reduced to an m ipotent minimum. Then it must pay out $300,000,000 in reparations, aud must cede to Rumania ids territory of Transylvania.

Rumania, while it would gain Tran-sylvama, must give up to Russia the equally extensive territorv of Bessnra-bia, together with North Bukovina, both of which territories Russia liad already taken over. The arrangement gives Russia a direct mterest m the Danube river , as the Bessarahian territory borders on

that important artery of trade at its very mouth. Rumania must, further, give up to Bulgaria that piece of territory known as Southern Dobruja.

Finland, too, would lose something as a result of its association with Nazidom. A greatly minimized military setup was a feature of the Finnish treaty (as, indeed, of every one of the five) and the Russians were to get the territory of Petsamo at the extreme north of Finland, which would close to Finland her only arctic port. Russia also gained the riglit to construct on the Finnish island of Porkkala-Udd a naval base, on a fiftyyear lE>ase. E'inland must, moreover, pay reparations to Russia in the amount of $300,000,000, a crushing burden for the small country.

Such, very briefiy stated, were some of the terms which the Big Four had proposed for the defeated nations. The treaties, admittedly incomplete, were now to be eonsidered by the plenary conference of the twenty-one victorious powers, great and small, for recommendations, additions and changes.

Conference Minutiae

The pe-ace conference was heavily policed. Detectives and uniformed police were everywhere in evidence. They were also on duty in hotels occupied l>y the delegates. Nothing untoward must happen to thesu important personages, for such a mishap would only complicate the already tense situation.

The pace of the conference was slow. There was much speech-making, which tended to become wearisome mid boring, but was considered necessary to let the various delegations make their attitudes known. At the rules committee, an important part of the conference, it took more than two hours to elect a chairman. This committee also bad to decide how many votes would be required to adopt a Tecommendation with reference to the draft tTeaties. It was bere that Secretary Byrnes of the United States made DECEMBER 8, 1946 known his decision that a two-thirds vote would constitute a reeommundation which the Big l""our, and more particularly the United States representative, would consider woi’thy of serious consideration, wben they met for final decision of the treaties. A British compromise, however, was finally accepted by the rules committee, that a two-thirds vote be considered a recommendation, while a simple majority vote would have less weight and be viewed in the light of a suggestion.

The treaties were now before the conference to be taken up one liy one, first by the various conunh;sions, tlien by the conference in plenary session, for lengtby consideration. Some of the features of the treaties, Yery important, were, nevertheless, 1mt compromises between the members of the Big Four and ' were, therefore, presumably open for revision and alteration. Some points were entirely unsettled, and in these instances the reconunendations of the conference would Jiave greater weight.

As the days passed the initial hopefulness of the conferees, not too strong to begin with, waned. It was evident that there was no over-all aim to work together for peaee. Rather, the majority realized, the greater nations were cari'Y-ing on-a contest for power in which the smaller powers, and particularly the former enemy nations, were the pawns. It was a continuation of the struggle which antedated the war itself. The chief contestants were apparently the United States and Soviet Russia, with Britain discreetly in the hackground yet vitally concerned in the maneuvers. At one point Mr. Molotov of the Sovjet. made a charge that certain nations had enriched themselves through the war. Mr. Byrnes, sensing that the United States was cliief-Jy in the mind of MolotoY, took oceasion to refute the charge, saying that over $11,000,000,000 had gone to Russia under the ]cnd-lease program, and that America's expenditures during the war aggre-

gated $400,000,000,000-—money borrowed and which the people must repay. Byrnes contended that this tremendous debt did not indicate national enrichment.

.Among the interchanges, which became rather frequent as concerned the United States and the Soviet, Mr. Byrnes took occasion to say, ‘‘We will not permit admiration and. respect [for the Russian }ieoj)le] to he lessened by Mr. Molotov. We want to work with all nations. We are no!. going to gang up against any nation. But we do not intend to make all the concessions. We have not fought for a free world in order to dictate terms o£ peace to om allies or to let them dictate tenns of pence to ns."

Mr. Molotov was prompt to reply in a speech of his ovn, saying. “Mr. Byrnes has spoken in a violent and perhaps bellicose manner. There is no question of dictating decisions to the conference. Certainly it would he easier to dictate decisions, but we are doing everything to convince the conference of the justice of our opinion."

Some of the more s.tai-tling and revolutionary proposals made at the conference came from the Australian delegations. Mention ltas been made of the proposal by Dr. Evatt setting forth fom fundamental considerations in the peacemaking. But the Australians were not content to set forth mere generalities. Tliev submitted an amendment with respect to reparations which aroused the ire of the Soviet representative. Dr. Walker, speaking foT Australia, proposed that an am(‘jidment with respect to reparations be passed to ( 1) create a seven-member .reparations commission; (2) determine how much a country could pay without going bankrupt; and (3) provide for bilateral reparations agreements.

As the Big Four had in the Foreign Ministers Council spent much time on the subject of reparations, these suggestions were not at all welcomed by Mr. Molotov, especially in view of the fact that the Soviet was the beneficiary in most of the reparations provisions.

Another striking proposal by Australia was the formation of a comt o£ human rights which would enforce the treaties as far as individual freedoms (made a part of each treaty) were concerned. If each country can determine for itself to what extent it will see that such freedoms are observed, then, obviously, tJie clauses which guarantee such freedoms in the treaties are likely to be ineffective in practice. Both of these proposals were, however, set aside.

Speed-up

As the conference entered its fifth week, it was realized i;hat something must be done to <p< ed matters along, and the British urged that the deputies of the Big Four meet to try to accelerate ‘ the slow pace of the deliberations. But it was some time before the get-together actually tool< place.

Some of the delays of the conference were due to misunderstandings of an apparently trifling nature. On one occasion a translator rendei'ed the word "attend'’ as <'purticipatp", and the Question of the actual status of the delegation referred to was discussed for two hours before the snarl was finally untangled. A good deal of heat was in evidence during the discussions of this trilling difficulty.

On another occasion the chairman of a meeting walked out in a huff, ignoring all the rules, and shouting, ar will not recognize any delegate—the meeting is adjourned." Some of the members of the committee meeting were greatly incensed by his action while the .American representatives laughed and suggested the chairman read the rules before the next meetbig. .

In the midst of all the problems that faced the conference, matters were further complicated for the American delegation by a speech made by the then United States secretary of commerce, Henry A. Wallace, to an anti-Republican rally in Madison Square Garden, New York. The speech had wide repercussions, and was seen to be a direct challenge to the policy which was being pursued by Secretary of State Byrnes at Paris. The ultimate solution of this world-shaking incident was found ii the requested resignation of Secretary Wallace and a statement by President Truman that the administration unqualifiedly supported the secretary of state at Paris.

"Mention may be made in passing of the visit at about this t’me of James A. Farley, former chairman of the Democratic National Conunittee, to the pope. He praised the stand taJ\en by Byrnes but would not say that the pope had urged him to do so. Farley also visited Alcide de Gasperii liead of Italy’s “Christian Democratic" ( Catholie) party.

On September 24 the Council of Foreign Ministers (the Big Four) finally met and agreed to recommend to the conference measures that would speed up the delfbei'ations. It was urged that the commissions finish their work by October 5, thus giving the full conference au opportunity to review then^ recommendations during the following week, and allowing the entire conference to finish its work by October 15. In order to accomplish this aim speeches were to be limited as to both number and length. The dosing date of October 15 was set in view of the forthcoming United Nations Assembly in New York October 23, which would be attended by many of the diplomats present at Paris.

The commissions now got down to business in real earnest and by dint of evening work added to their daylight Rchedules finished theh’ work iji the appointed time. During these various commission sessions a total of $1,335,000,000 in reparations was approved to be assessed against the five defeated powers. Other matters, too, were put in shape for final review.

On October 15 the plenary sessions wound up their delilJerations by voting one by one on the 223 articles and 33 annexes in the treaties with Italyt Finland, Rumania, Hungary and Bulgaria. All of the five treaty drafts liad recommendations and suggestions added, and were now ready to be presented to the Big Four for 11nal consideration and action at their proposed meeting in New York, November 4. Further, tlris council will have to solve problems which the conference failed to solve, inulnding the Greek-Bulgarian frontier; the Trieste arrangement, its administration and its boundaries; the freedom of the Danube, and other questions, all of a vexations nature.

Molotov did not add to the already limited happiness of the conferees when he stated that the work of the conference was unsatisfactory. And thiR after eleven weel\s of <liflcussion and stormy debate. But these eleven weeks were themselveR but a part of more than a year of deliberations, conferences and discussions, all of them still leaving the main problems nntouebpd—-those concerning the chief aggressors, Germany and Japan.

The feeling of niany is expressed in the columns of the Camden, N.J., Evening O'ourier, when it ohserved in the course of the conference a conclusion that could not have been changed at its end: “We are convinced that the only hope for peace lies in realizing that we do not have peace, tliat this is another war of nerves . . . We know all this in our hearts. Let's face it in our minds. We dare not cry 'peace, pP.ace, when there is no pence'.''

One more thing will have to be realized by those seeking peace, and that is that only Christ Jesus the Prince of Peace and Jehovah God's Theocratic Government of Righteousness can bring peace to obedient persons of good-wilL That this will he done at the time appointed is the reliable promise of God's nnfailjng Word..

DECEMBER 8, 191,6

Plans for Destruction

IT IS eause for general concern tliat behind the glohe-revei'herating discord at the peace parleys, and the ominous events in the Mediterranean trouble spots, another rivalry between East aiiCi '\Yest is observed. The armament race is on! Already rocket and jet propulsion and the Rujwr rocket, with atomic warhead, are casting tlieir shadows of doom across the inturc.

Some authorities estimate that Russia is producing more war equipment and arms than ever before, whiJe her experiments with Uw rocket have been observed as far as nine hundred mile8 from the launching bases ill Germany—in northern Sweden and in Lisbon. It may surprise some that both Russia and the United States have the most skilled German scientists, wlw already had transatlantic' rockets on the drafting boards, now hnsy on improvements of destructive apparatus.

•While details are lacldng about developments behind tJH.1 inm curtain, considerable information has been released concerning- American progress. At White Sands, Kew Mexico, the United States is busy perfecting the space-conquering ultrasonic V-2 rocket; while elsewhere slw il' engaged in manufacturing faster submarines with target-finding torpedoes; battleships to resist atomic bombs anrl themselves discharge rocket missiles; new planes to attain a speed of 1,5110 mph.; while one AAF official contemplates a rocket conquest of the moon.

A general rule of warfare is that offense weapons spawn hetter defense weapons. But in the present held day for arms production, the killing devices have far and away outstripped any and all possible defenses lmown to man. And of all these the big rocket with atomic warhead (the warhead is the nose containing the detonator and charge) is the most staggering to contemplate. The known history of the V-2, fourteen-ton, 46-foot '•Big Ben" rocket, projected by burning alcohol and liquid oxygen, is noteworthy because of destructive efficiency already accomplished. A number of V-2 rockets were fired on London at iJie time of tlw mass bombing with the V-1 or buzz bomb, and while the British were able to conibat the latter with radar location, and blanket fire, tJie V-2 was never heard, seen, nor stopped !

It is no wonder that authorities declare the BritiR]j Isles entirely indefensible agaijjst this monster, when the following description is contemplated (Life, September 2, 19-1:6, page lOG) : •'Loaded with 71500 pounds of alcohol fuel and 11,000 pounds of liquid oxygen the V-2 of •world •War Tl rose 60 miles in the air and arced 200 miles in five minutes to deposit one ton of TNT in Loudon/' '"There i8 no known defense against the atomic rocket attacking at mile-per-seeond speed/' Further discussing the future o.f catastrophic doom, Science Illustrated (August), under the heading '•Man vs. Atom", declares tliat this devastating missile is the "cheapest death” beenuse it can be used to destroy each sqnnte mile of enemy territory for less than halt a million dollars. The horrifying truth is that “in five to ten years any major industrial nation can make enough atom bombs to destroy al the major cities of any other country over nig-ht".

In 1.9945 the American anny captured 25 of these massive projectiles. Before tlieir capture, an officer told of his observation of devastation by the V-2 during the rocket shelling of Antwerp in the fall of 1944. The Nazis were onlv ahout fifteen miles outside the city they had just evacuated. Intimation of the use of a new weapon came to 1United States observers wben terriiic explosions threw whole city blocks skyward, no plane being heard or seen. Plainly this was something different from the buzz homb, which could be seen and heard.

According to the eyewitness in the city, he had for some time watched a faithfully regular flower woman offer posies, sometimes a hit frayed but in good weather or had, in a certain unnamed street in Antwerp. Death nm::;t Imve come without a premonition. Where once had been activity, buildings upon a busy thoroughfare, and a pitiful oJd flower vendor, was in the second's fraction converted into a goping crater, from which not even a fragment of her black shawl or faded petals was discovered. Some had raised their eves after the ex-plmsion s and seen thin streaks in the stratosphere arcing down to the yawning tole that made a grave for so inany. The semicircular smoke trail momentarily ma rlHKl the missiles' trajectory. Al readv tlw war was casting its shadow not "by the rocket’s red glare'" hut beneath rocket streaks of vapor thai traced a patli to the chasm of death! Killer V-2 was striking hard.

American experimentation with the rockets captured disclosed tliat the Germans had already accomplished much : a novel lifting device for setting it on end DECEMBER 8, 1046

for firing: fiber-glass insulation to protect against the terrific Iwat generntecl by the descent at 3,800 miles per hour ( Difp gives tlw maximum speed at about .83 miles ppr second; page lUj Rt-ptem-her 2, 19-:J.G); a synchronized tele!'<'ope and motion-picture camera to I'f'c'ord its ilight for 150 miles , Aan jradar records its speed and lligJtf. np into the terrible cold 70 miles ahoYe the earth's surface: while gujilhig devices have en-ahled them to drop the projectile regularly into a four-mile circle 600 mile:: distant. Record height for \T-2 rockets is 104 miles.

Rockets in Leading Role

This is not all of the experiments with rocket propnh;ion. Plans are made lo replace some of the heavy guns dii cruisers wit]! pit:.; for rocket launching; while its use for propulsion for planes, ships and even suhmarine::-: is contemplated. Thus marine speeds of GO to 75 knots arc foreReen. A roeket-equippNl tank for jumping ditches aud rivers, tlmt:' saving precious (•omhat time, i::; being experimented with. The ntlYY also amjotnees: ''It is conccivnble also that the doughboy of the future may be equipped williii an individual rocket to help him scale wallfi and other obstacles."

Introducing- not only rocket propulsion to planes, tiiC' navy’s new A. D-1 Skyraid-t er, built liy Dongla::;, carries 1wo 1 2-inch "Tinv 'rim" rockets aml a h;04m v of twelve !j-in<>h rocketis, all neatly milled under its wings as a lwn mothers its chicks. Then there is thf' radar-guided, glider homh called thes "Dnt" that wn.s released from a naval plan<' during training excrcil)es at the Naval Aviation Ordnance To!;t Station, Ch inrotf'ague. Vu. Approximately twelve feet in length anJ with a ten-foot wing spnn. the rnissile bas a range of more than lf:'n miles aiid is capable of carrying a l.llOO-pormd bomb load.

On the Mojave desert another navy testing center experiments with firing ranges, pilotless planes (target “drones" gas-driven and j’adio-controJled from the ground), and more rockets. One of these rocket experiments resembles the chassis of a handcar clamped to the rails and having three two-foot rockets ‘trig-geTed" for progressive firing. When the first rocket is fu:ed the car is catapulted at terrific speed and at the firing of the third rocket the strange vehicle becomes a blurred streak attaining the fastest speed known on a horizontal rail upward of 1200 mph. At the take-off end the track is slanted upward and directed at the firing point, a mountain about six miles distant. Without explosive charges these vehicles are said to make "cheese holes" in concrete emplacements on the mountain. ( Science Illustrated, September, page 85) Hockets with atomic power have dated all equipment and defenses of World War II.

Just how difficult rockets and the newly developed faster planes will be to cope with is best understood by comparison of their speeds with that of sound. At 32 degrees Fall renheit sound travels in dry air about 1,087 feet per second., although its speed is 4,708 feet in water at 8 degrees Centigrade (46.2° F.). This is about 740 miles per hour. Tlte V-2 reaches a descent speeU of about five times the speed of sound! This ultrasonic speed makes the "problem of radair traoldng and interception as agonizingly difficult as coping with the atomic explosion itself". '

Passing the threshold of the speed of sound also is the new XS-1, a rocket-driven airplane designed to travel 1,700 mph. at an altitude of 75,000 feet. Already the B-3G bombers that directed B-17 drones that flew devoid of crews from Hawaii to the West coaRt are old style. Recently also the army ]s setting new records in the :sjze of planes. Up to the close of the summer of 194G the largest bomber built was the Consolidated Vultee Super Bomber XB-36. This sky giant had a wing spread of 230 feet, a fuselage 163 feet long, and is propelled by six 3,000-horsepower engines. An mmsnal device, the circulation of air through the hollow steel blades prevents ice from forming which had frequently impeded progress in subzero temperahires. aJso recently built is the Howard Hughes Hercules with plywood hull of 214 feet, a cruising speed of 175 mph.. and, while designed to carry war cargo, it could accommodate 700 passengers.

Development of Submarines

Meanwhile the navy is not at all satis-ned witli their submarines. Success against. the Japanese . and German shipping was due, so they aver, to mass production and numbers rather than quality of submarines. In quality botli these Axis powers siupassed the United States. Before the war's end the Germans had developed n true ••submersible" that by menns of a breathing tuhe (“sclnorcheP') could cruise across the Atlantic at periscope depth. Two of the handicaps were largely overcome by the U-boat type 26, which fortunately was never pToduced by the Nazis. With a submerged displacement of less than 2,000 tons it had a submerged speed of 24 knots (slightly less thnn 28 rniles pet’ hour), faster than any convoy. Further, it was practically invisible because of anti-radar paint on the breathing tube and the periscope.

Besides torpedo-carrying submarines the Germans and the Japanese developed other types of underwater craft. The Nazis designed a submarine to rai’i’y 400 tons of rubber in underwater Ijilges, and underwater oil tankers. While the Japanese, in addition to building tbl'ee of the largest underwater craft ever launched, built •'mother" submarines for launching midget submarines; cargo carriers •and submarine troopsJiips capable of landing 120 men. Their giant of the seas, the 1-400, largest ''tin fish" ever launched, had a surface displacement of 4,663 tons, uml carried three bombing planes ead of which in turn carried 1,600 pounds of

destruction. This monster was designed to homb the Pana:mn Canal and American cities.

Just how much farther the submarine may be developed in speed, depth of submergence, and striking power by adaptation of nuclear energy, rocket or jet propulsion can he vei*7 dimly dis cerned. Besides atomic bombs the submarine of the futme may also be used to spread bacteriological warfare. It ap-peaTs as another weapon for destruction.

A United Press dispatch published in the New York Times of November 8, 1946, told of plans for electric torpedoes that can be fired from 1,000 feet beneath the sea and find tlieir targets through automatic homing devices. Westinghouse Electric is making contract with naval ordnance for work on the missiles.

.As fahnlous as are the present accomplishments or man, his dreams of space conquest are even more so. According to the New York World-Telegram, July 30, 1946, the Army Air Force missile expert said ''they expected to shoot a rocket to the moon within 18 months''. According to Collier's, September 7, 1946, author G. Edward Pendray describes some of the difficulties which must he overcome: perfecting a rocket with ''liberation'' speed of 7 miles per second required to leave the planet earth; creation of moon suits with their own atmosphere, moisture, pressure and temperature equalizers (the moon has neither water nor atmosphere, and temperatme changes span about 500 degrees F., boiling to super-subzero). Such equipment, though weighing 700 pounds on earth, would weigh only 140 pounds on the moon, due to the lesser gravitational pull of the moon. The writer conceives that the moon would finally be colonized, and forti1ie<l for defense against marauders from Mars. Man is again invading the realm, of the supremacy reserved for Jehovah when he irnagirws: •'So far as sovereign power is concerned, therefore, control of the moon in the interplanetary world of the atomic future coulU mean military control of our whole portion of the solar system/' Man will not reach this fahulous achievement. Even while one branch contemplates space conquest, another branch of the army estimates that man cannot live iji the ajr at speeds mueJi greater than 750 miles per hour.

It must be evident that man should turn his eyes away from future ways to kill and to commit suicide more effectively. and give attention to .Jehovah's announcement that the peace-lovers of this generation may live forever, if they follow divine directions . “T have set before thee life and death) the blessing and the curse: therefore choose life, that thou mayest live, thou and thy seed; to love Jehovah thy Godi to obey his voice, and to cleave unto him; for that is thy life, and the length of thy days/'—Deuteronomy 30: 19, 20, Am. Stan. Ver., margin.

■«.

The Profession of Creating Heroes^

Cf. Selfish propnganda preys on a gullible publin ns never before. Recently newspaper reports have leaked out the information that Captain Colin P. Kelly's body hus been "positively identified" io the Philippines. He wns shot down by Japanese planes us he returned from the nttaek 011 the battleship Hortma. Instead of being sunk by the publicized sniiciclrl dive of Captain Kelly and his plane, the Haruna three yent'H later was discovered still afloat. A vetl:'run uewspa perm an who was in uniform during the war slated: “As Senator Elhert D. Thorn'asj Utah Democrat who heads the Military Affairs Committee, recently said^ the Army Air Forc!ti hi’ed a host of profeseional publicity wen nnd ndvertsing men, ond set them to grinding out news stories glorifying the 'bras.s hats' and covering up their mistakes . • • Other branches of the armed forces did the same thiug . . . It all became 11 world-wide, back scratching game, with everyone co-operating to glorify and cover up."

DECEMBER 8, 191,6 11

Disposing of Surplus Babies

_.. CHILDREN are a hlessed her-■'ta itage more precious than costly jewels and more desirabk1 than gold. That be.ng so, Is it not strange to hear in this day of shortages that there is a surplus of habies, the disposal of which creates a great social problem! Stranger than this is the exh;tence of a "blac<k market" in babies, which seems to he out of reach of the law. To nntlcrstnnd how this "black market” operates at a time when Hiere is a surplus, is to have a fair understanding of the whole social problem of child adoption.

A young girl that has ''gone wrong" finds herself with child. She becomes desperate. Leaving home she goes to a strange city, finds a physician to whom she tells her story, and begs him to help her ont. If he is one of the '‘baby brokers’’ he will "arrange everything": the prenatal care, the hospital, the delivery. He will even take care of her until she is hark 011 her feet again and able to return home.

And what iR his fee t All he aslcs is that the girl sign an agreement to give up her hahy when it is delivered. Wanting to keep the whole matter a secret she cannot take it with her, so ::;he gladly signs. The doctor then consults a waiting lh;t of well-to-do clients, who, for one reason or another, wnnt to adopt a baby. A deal 1s made and the hahy is sold for $1,000!

The estimate iR that in 1938 there were 16,000 adoptions made. How mnnv were obtained from the babv •bootleggers" is not known, since there are other sources that have a surplus of babies. The various states have what are known as child adoption agencies; as, for example, the Child Placing nnd Adoption Conunittee, Spence-Chapin Adoption Service, Placing Out Department of the Foundling Hospital, Catholic Home Bureau, or the Free Synagogue Child Adoption Committee. Though some of these agencif's nre financed by private interests and oi’gnnizatitms, they are approved and unde r the supervision of tlle st.:'lte.

The history of child adoption upon which these agencies are founded goes back nearly a hundred years to the time of C. L. Bract-, who the New

York Children's Aid ::-;ocieh in 1853. Instead of placing homeless and needv children in orphanages Braee placed them in private homes. That raised a dispute as to whether tlte private home with ltti irregular form of parental care was better than the regimented, heartless and machine-like life of au institution. Not until the turning of the century • was the question finally settled in favor of the private home.

In 1899 President Theodore Roosevelt called a meetijig of 200 delegatrR from everv state in the Union to discuss the problem. The platform they unanimously adopted said, in part:

The carefully selected foster home is for the normal child the best substitute for the natural home. Such homes should U(' selected by a most carciul process of iuvestigation, carried on by Skilled agents through personal investigation, and with Uue regard to the religious faith of the child. After children are placed in homes, adequate visitation. with careful consideration of the physical, mental, moral, and spiritual training and development of eaCh child on the part of the responsible home-finding agency, is essential.

Since tlwn adoption agencies have followed these principles more or less. But are they right 1 If so, theu, why have they not prevented the racketeers from robbing the cradles !

High Time to Investigate

Several committees have studied the adoption problem, one of the newest of which is sponsored by tlie United Hos-pi tal Fund, the Welfare Council and the New York Academy of Medicine. But, so far, these social workers that have set out to solve this "great human problem'' have come up with the wrong answers. One of these is a sort of "adopt-a-child" campaign in which the adoption agencies are advertised in an effort to make them popular to both unwed mothers and the adopting public. The idea is that this will bring the surplus baby supply into the hands of welfare agencies for distribution instead of letting the "black market" handle it. The public, they think, should buy their liabies as well as their meat from a licensed dealer.

Some think the shortcomings of the adoption agencies are the cause for existing conditions. The charge is that the agencies are understaffed because of insufficient funds. Others advocate stricter state lawsi forbidding the adoption of children except through approved agencies. Increase our funds, give us more help, and elamp down on all other ave-nnes of adoption, and then we can put a stop to the baby racket, say the welfare committees.

But right here is where social workers miss the whole point. One o£ the reasons why the “black market” is patronized is so tlutt existing regulations and restrictions may be by-pa::;sed and avoided. People are willing to pay extra in order to cut short the "red tape'' Of investigation into their private lives. The wife of a soldier overseas who becomes unfaithful and reckless is found with child. Fearing publicity that might be incurred through the welfare channels she seel\s another way of clisposing of her "harvest of wild oats". Consequently increased legal restriction is not the remedy, for there is a general social hi'eakdown in law and order.

Instead of striking at the underlying causes for this adoption problem many sincere social workers race around talking about new vices that sprout up here and there. Wliy not strike at the roots of social delinquency from which these unwanted babies spring There is a general abandonment of all social. moral anU ethical standards by the i'3 modern "'fTee love" world (more appropriately, free lust), which sells its "love babies" for a thousand dollars a head, many of whom (poor things) are infected and cursed from their conception with the bligltt of venereal disease. And yet, for shame! these "investignting" connnittees n1l't>r no criticism of Hiwh wicked practices. If they realJy want to put an end to the adoptiou “black market'' let them cut off the racketeers' supply of babies. Let them strike at the whoredom in the land !

Notwithstanding her feeble efforts to care for the abandoned babies and fn-tiierless children Christendom stands condemned before the judgment throne of God. By the mouth of llis prophet Jeremiah, Jehovali says: “ For among my people are found wicked men • • • they judge not the canse, the cause of the fatherless, yet they prosper; and the right of the needy d(i they noi judge. Shall I not visit for the:-;e things! sait.h the Lord: shall not my smil be avenged on such a nation a:-; thisf' (5: 26-29) Yes indeed, and shortly now, at the battle of Armageddon. At that time God will destroy Christendom and all of hej‘ abominations, for she cannot be n:fonned.

So rejoice in tlUs knowledge, you ppo-ple who sorrow over the orphan's plight today. In the righteous New World that will replace the::; present wicked one, children will be the blessed charges of those who beget them. No more will orphans and little ones be east out, nor will they be boug'ht and sold over the counter, nor will the sacred fruit of the womb be treated like a stray cat or dog. Men and women will rejoice in their children, concerning whom it will be sajd: "As arrows are iu the hand of a mighty man; so are ch:ildren of the youth. Happy i::; the man that hath ltis quiver full of them."—Psalm 127: 4i 5.

Your Cye Is

1'1' WOULD be difficult to measure the satisfaction and pleasure tliat people receive from the many accomplishments of modern cameras. Their delight is due, in a large measure, to the great improvements that have been made in Ijotlt black-and-white and n color photography. These advancements have also made people more critical of both their owr1 and other people's photographs, and many, as a consequence, have the desire to own a better camera. By a better camera they mean one with better lens and shutter; one that will capture and record a picture with greater fidelity and accuracy.

But how many of such photography enthusiasts appreciate that they already possess a far better camera than money can buy? Their eyes are in reality cameras, but because they are of such a high ordeT people seldom consider the great similarity between the two. A little comparison, therefore, between the camera and the eye wil prove enlightening and profitable to both the photographer and the layman.

Practically all cameras, whether they are midget bantams, folding or box types or whether they are ;umbo press cameras, have four principal features in common : the lens, the shutter, the dia" phragm, and the film. Of the four the lens is generally considered the most im-pmrtant single feature of a camera.

The simplest and cheapest lens is only a single piece of glass convexed on both sides. Lenses that correct distortion, astigmatism, and color are made of four to seven individual elements that are cemented and mounted together in a single unit. Those of great precision are very costly.

The shwtte-r of a camera is usually composed of overlapping leafiike plntes that are operated by springs or gears ui such a way that they momentarily open and close. Common shutter speeds for

Your Camera

the better class of cameras range from one second to one five-hundredth of a second, though speeds of one-thousandth of a second are not uncommon for focal-plane shutters. The ordinary "snapshot" is about one twenty-flfth of a second.

TJie diaphragm is made up of fan-like plates so arranged that they can be Bpread out to form an opening or aperture in the center through which the amount of light entering tlte camera can be controlled. This permits the taking of pictures under a wide variety of light conditions. Uore experienced photographers also nse the diaphragm as a control for what is calletl the "depth of fomu:." in the picture, sinee the smaUer the diaphragm opening the greater the' depth of foeus. Tho majority of cameras have the shutter and diaphragm mounted between the front and back elements of the lens.

One can have the best lens in the world, the finest shutter with a precision-made diaphragm, but if there is no film or sensitized material in the camera one might as well try to take pictures with.li a bow and arrow. The filin then is the central feature of tie camera around which the other parts are built for the purpose of recording a light image. The fihn is more fragile and delicate than the expensive lens.

How Wonderful Is the Eye!

More delicate and far more miraculous than any camera is the human eye. Essentially it has the same four parts that a camera has, but of a much higher order, with greater sensitivity, versatility and utility than possessed by any camera yet devised by man. A comparison between the two will quickly disclose the udvantages and superiority of the eye over the camera.

The eyelid that covers over the eye "camera" serves both as the carrying case and as the shutter. Its "shutterspeed" is ahvnt one-fifth of a second. The white or opaque part of the eye is oalled thu sclera by medical men, and covers over about five-sLxths of the spheroidal globe, aml acts like the box or heUows of a camera, keeping out all light except that which enters through the lens. The clear, horny part in the front of the eye that malms up the remaining :;ixth of the area is calied the cornea. It refracts or bends the light rays ro tliat they pass through the lens.

The diaphragm, or, as it is called, the is found in front of the lens. iVlieu one says that a person has blue, brown or gray eyes one is referring to the color of the iri:;;. Like the diaphragm in the camera the iris expands or contracts to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye through the hole or aperture in the middle called the p’upil. Similar to the entrance of a cave tlte pupil appears to be a black spot in the center of the eye because the interior of the eye is black, like the cave. The expausion and contract tion of the irh; may be observed by looking at the size of a person's pupil in the daytime and again at night.

Behind the iris is the lens. It is a crystalline substance, transparent, like gltss, and double-convex in shape, that focuses the light rays ou the back part of the eye in tile position corresponding to that occupied by tlte film in a camera. This “"screen" upon which the image is formed is called the reti’na, nnd, ns in the case of the film in the camera, it is the most sensitive as well as the most important part of the eye. The retina is a soft membrnne having in it an infinite number of rods or cones that receive the light energy and transform it into nerve stimulus that is relayed to the hrain.

More Wonderful than Any Camera!

When it comes to versatility and speed and simplicity of operation no manmade camera will compare -with the eye. The eye, mounted in a Iwad that ean be turned in any dh^ection by the universal joints of its neck, plus the fact that it can be quickly rolJed in it::; ::;ocket by its six controlling muscles, makes the eye better tltan any camera mounted on a tripod head.

The eye has its own built-in light exposure meter that automatically adjusts its ctiapluagin, the iris. The eye will also record picturfls over a greater range of light levels, and with much greater speed. Rush from the bright outdoors into a dark hallway and in less time than you conld load a camera with film your eyes win be taking pictures llnder conditions that would require time-exposures with a camera even It it was equipped with a high-speed film ancl supei:fast lens.

The ingenious method used to focus the image on the retina surpasses any automatic synchronized range-finder that science can devi.Rc. Fix yom- eye on an object fifty feet away a::; you walk toward it. The lenses n your eyes will start bulging out, giving them a greater curve as you approach it. Yet, so smooth is the constant change in focm; in your eyes that yon are entirely unconscious of it. Moreover, the eye gives your brain pictures in three dimensions.

Wljo will compare the marvels of modern color photog.raphy with the normal human eye nnd say that it is equal or superior? No one with knowledge and understanding. At the best, color photography is such a poor imitation of the real thing that the eye can telJ the difference at a glance.

Compared with the eye the camera is a newcomer to the Held of photography. One of the latest developments is a huge hundred-pound telephoto lens liuilt for aerial photography. Its principal Jea-ture is a built-in heating device with thermostatic controls for bjgJi-altitnde flying. But the human eye had it first— its own built-in self-controlled heating system. Likewise the eye was first to have vel)ow filters to cut down on the ultraviolet rays. This yellow coloring matter is found in the eye's lens.

And let us not overlook the "darl{-room'” where the "'film" from the eve is processed, that is, the brain. On October 15, 1946, it was demonstrated that a motion picture eonld be taken, developed, and flashed on a screen, all in 15 seconds. But still there is us much difference between this speed and that of the eye as there is between the speed of the pony express and a P-80 jet plane. Tile eye can take a picture, rush it to the brain, and have it ((developed" and hn-printed hi less than a second. And what about the mind's '•negative 'file'' 1 Deep in its reeesses it has cno rmons files, yet they are not bulky or clumsy. Instantly an image that has been recorded for many years ean be flashed on the mind's screen with the same heantv and brilliance as ‘vlten first inade. bnlv tJiese wonders of the cerebral vaults surpass the marvels of the eye.

In spite of all the defects necessitating the wearing of corrective glasses, the average eye today is still more marvelous than man-made cameras. It is true, great advances will yet be made in photographic cameras in the future, for men who live in the New World will be able to make cameras a hundred times as good as these of today. But do not forget, at that time the human eye itself will be a thousand times as good as jt is today, better than any handmade camera, perfect in every detail, the workmanship of Jehovah God, the Creator of that New World.

In^iarional Currency

Cl Mrs. Rhea McCarty, newspaperwoman and radio commentator, who returned recently from a tour of continental Em^ope, had ths to say: "Everywhere in Europe the American cigarette is truly the international currency. It is used most potently to secure merchandise and food as well as services. In fact, I found that the American cigarette was appreciated more for tips than money. In Berlin's black market the value of one cigarette rcnched $1.00 aud a carton was worth as much as $150."

The Goal ol 'Tobacco- Kings

Cl Here ll.l'e the production figures with which one can plot the course of the cigarette rocket as it shoots skyward: 1902, 2,971,360,447; 1910, 8,644,557i090: 1920, 47,458,143.000; 1980, 123,809,553,000; 1940, 189,313,497,000; and 1945, 331,000,000,000. The production for 1945 alone provided 2,500 cigarettes for every mnn, woman ami child living in the United Stales. It is the gaol of the tobacco kings that this rocket will continue to soar upward until the babies are sucking cigarettes ustead of oipples.

Begettal by a Heavenly Life-Force

T INLINE anything spokeu in the Hebrew Scriptures from Genesis to Malachi, Jesus of Nazareth spoke to His disciples continually about the Father, ''yonr Father which is in heaven." Differently from the way John the Baptist taught his disciples, Jesus taught His followers to pray, saying: "When ye pTay, say, 6ur Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name." (Luke 11: 1, 2) On the day of His resurrection from the dead Jesus said to Mary Magdalene: i'Be iiot clinging to me, for not yet have I ascended unto the Father; but be going mito my disciples, and say unto them, I am ascending unto my Father and your Father, and my God and your God." (John 20:17, Rotherham, margin) Did all sucli instruction and such speaking concerning the heavenly Father mean that Jesus’ disciples had already been begotten by a heavenly life-force anU were children of God? Scripturally the answer must be a No.

There is no question that the disciples had consecrated themselves to do God's will according as Jesus taught them and set tliem the example. Peter said to Jesus in behalf of himself and His fellow disciples: "Behold, we have forsaken all, and followed thee; what shall we Imve therefore t" (Matthew 19: 27) At His last supper with His faithful ajjostles Jesus said: ‘‘Ye are they which have continued with me in my temptations. And I appoint unto you a Jringdom, as my Father bath appointed unto me." (Liike 22: 28, 29) Those diaeiples were consecrated and fully devoted to God; of that DECEMBER 8, 1946 there can Ihc no question. However, their being consecrated to God did not entail upoii them an innnediatB Ijegettul by Jehovah God as Father.

During all the time that they were with .Jesus, including the forty days after His resurrection and until His being taken up from them into heaven, Jesus taught His disciples about God's kingdom. Bot even with their consecration aml their knowledge of Kingdom truth, there was one thing lacking. They must be born, not of the water of trntli only, but also of that heavenly life-forcei in order to he l)orn again, from above, and to become the spiritual sons of God. Til then they were simply prospective sons of God, that is, consecrated ones ili the way to become God's children. The spirit or active force of God must yet testify to them that they were the children o£ God. Jesus had that testimony of the spirit: •■for he whom God hath sent speaketli the words of God: foT he giv-eth not the spirit by measure. The Father loveth the Son, and bath given all things into his hand." As to other persons then, Jesus saki: "If any man thu’st, let him come unto me and drink. He that Ijelieveth on me, as the serip-ture hath said, out of Jus belly shall •flow rivers of living water. But this spake he of the spirit, which they that believed on were to receive : for the spirit was not yet given; because .Jesus was not yet gloriled."—John 3:3±, 35 and 7: 37-39, American Standard Version, margin.

Trne, on His resurrection day .Jesus materialized to the view of His disciples in the shut room, and then breathed upon them and "saith unto them, Receive yp lioly spirit". (John 20:22, Rother-iunu) ITowewr. that was onJy a symbolic action, an advance notice of what was to come. Renee, on the day of His aseeu-sion to heaven He said to them just he-fore parting: ",J ohn indPed immersed with water; but ye in holy spirit shall be immersed, after not many of these day8. . . . ye shall receive power when the holy spirit cometh upon you, and ye shall he my witnesses, both in Jerusalern and in all Juda.a and Smuaria, and as far as the uttermost part of the land.''. (Acts 1:5, 8, Botlletham) The consecrated disciples could not he hegotten of God before that outpouring of His holy gphrit upon them. That event arrived on the day of Pentecost, teii days after Jesus asceudeU. On the preaching toms npon whirh J esnl' had SE’nt them out, the holy spirit had beeu upon the twelve apostles and also upon the seventy evangelists, to enable them to perform the miracles which Jesus commissioned them to do. Nevertheless, t11at was not the baptism of the spirit of which John the Baptist foretold. It was no more a sign or evidence of their being sons begothen from above by the Father than the fact that God's spirit rested upon John the Baptist and filled him was proof of his being begotten. (Luke 1: 13-17; 3:16) Christ Jesus, the Son and Representative of the heavenlv Father, ‘vas the One that ••gave them authority to expel impure spirits, aud to cure diseases and maladies of everv kind”.—Matthew 10: 1-20, Tile E-mphaiic Diaglott.

On the fiftieth dav from Jesus' l'esur-rt'ction eo.me the expected baptism with the holy spirit, forwhich the disciples had tarried at typical Jerusalem or Zi?n as instructed by Jesus. (Luke 11: 13) "And when the rlay of Pentecost was fully come, they were aiJ with one mind in the same place. And suddenly there came a sound from heaven, like a violent wind rushing; and it filled the whole house where they were sitting. And divided tongues appeared to fllem, like fire, and one rested on each one of them. And tlwv were aU tilled with holy l'i]iirit ancl began to speak in other languages, as the spii'it gave them utterance." (Acts 2: 1--!, Diaglott) A multitude of Jews and proselytes then assembled ontsicle to learn what was going on. Peter told them tltat this was a fulfilluHmt of Joel's prophecy ( 2:28-32) concerning tlw pouring out of God's spirit uvon all His servants and hanWnaiUs in the !lesh iu the latter days.

The spirit's being outpoured was evidence that the way into the Kingdom had been opened i’or Christ’s followers. Tlten Peter used the lirst of the '"keys of the kingdom of heaven'' by preaching to the assembled crowd that Jesus, whom they killed on the tree, was the King after the order of Melchizedek and had been raised to life at the right hand of Jehovah God. ‘‘Therefore being by the right haml uf God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the holy [spirit]. he hath shed forth this [thing], which ye now see and hear. For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he snith himself, The Lonn said unto mv Lord, Sit thou on my right band, until i make thy foes thy footstool. Therefore let all the house of tsrael know assuredly, that God hath made that same Jesus, whom ye hnve crucified, both Lord and Christ.” Then Peter told them tltat remedv for their sins, nncl how they too might be begotten of God by His spirit. "Then Peter snid unto them, Repent, and Ijc baptized every- one of you in !he name of Jems Christ for the remission of sins, and ye sltall receive the gift of the holv [spirit]. For the promise is nnto you, and to your ehildinm, and to nil that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call. And with many other words did lie test ify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves from this untoward gen. eration."—Acts 2: 33-40.

Thus, by begetting them with His sphit or life-giving force, .Jehovah God the Father adopted Christ's faithful disciples as spiritual sons.

H a Man Will Not Work, Must He Eat?

THE National City Bank of New York has discovered that man is a lazy animal but that he likes to eut. From its October, 1946, report on economic conditions and kindred subjects come these wails that indicate the hankel's' point of view:

Instead of relying upon work and co-operation to improve economic conditions, people have tmmed increasingly to the Federal Gov-ei’iunent, but gove^rnment efforts to help ^ve been in many cnses not only aborthre but harmful. In the effort to prevent runaway prices, ceilings are maintained at pointe where they suppress production and create bottlenecks blocking other production. In the effort— now seen to have been based on wrong premises—to avoid deflation and give nn incentive to labor, government contributed to wageprice inflation.In the effort to eushion -qn-employment, it put subsidies on not worlcing.

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