Consolation, July 31, 1946
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Contents
A Symposium on Tobacco
Tobacco and Religion
‘ Legislation Against Tobacco •
Advertising to Mislead
Testimony of Athletes
Insurance Companies
Tobacco Causes Many Ailments
Earthworms Are Humble Servants
Want to Wiggle into the Worm Business! 12
Armageddon Is at the Door
Those That Survived
Ethiopia and the Famine
“Thy Word Is Truth”
The Spirit in Man
The Great Charter of Liberties
Papal Bull Against the Charter
Incredibly Rich Illinois
The Religious Racket
Keep the “Staff of Life” from Bending
Conserving Flour at Home
The Symphony Orchestra ..
Current Scientific Facts About Humanity
“The Growth of the English Nation”
Wycliffe Stood for the Right
Breathing Aluminum Dust
Dixie Sees the Difference
A Politician Religiously Qualified
“S.D.A. Leaders Surrender to the Catholics” 31
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In Brief
Meteorological Observations
♦ That long word "meteorological” merely means “pertaining to the atmosphere and its phenomena”. It does very well to describe some items at hand.
The location of the electric north pole changes slightly from year to year. At present it is located in Canada, 1,200 miles from the geographical north pole. There have been times when the variation in location of the electro-magnetic north pole has made a difference as great as 35°. When a navigator is in a locality where, for example, the error from due north is known to be 15 degrees to the east, he turns the body of the compass until the needle is over the 15 degree mark east of the north arrow. The arrow then indicates due north.
The Russians, have established automatic weather stations all over the Arctic. Following this procedure Uncle Sam now gets a great number of robot weather reports. Unmanned balloons equipped with radio transmitters are sent up at points hundreds of miles from any ■ weather station, and automatically transmit the temperature, barometric pressure and wind velocity at various' levels up to as much as fifteen miles from the earth. Methods now in use make possible the location of a, thunderstorm 2,000 miles away.
All about its coast, the edges of the Greenland icecap are retreating farther inland, due to the action of what may be described as a horizontal chimney thousands of miles in length. A storm starts ' north, up along the Atlantic coast. In due course it loses its moisture, but its hot dry winds finally reach Greenland. Such storms formerly went clear across the ocean and landed in the British isles. Now, for some reason not readily apparent, such storms move northward rather than northeastward. As a consequence the Greenland ice is retreating. The same phenomena are observed in Alaska and in Siberia.
CONSOLATION
“And in His name shall the nations hope.”—Matthew 12:21, A.S. R Volume XXVII Brooklyn, N.Y., Wednesday, July 31, 1946 Number 701
A Symposium on Tobacco
WHEN Columbus sailed through the West Indies to San .Salvador, he little dreamt that some day practically the whole world would be indulging in the strange custom which he saw the natives of this new land practicing, namely, inhaling the smoke of a weed that has since become known as tobacco. The name comes from tabaco, a tube-like instrument used in Haiti, in which the burning leaves of the plant were placed, enabling the user to inhale the fumes through the nose.
Early explorers discovered that tobacco was used not only in San Salvador and adjacent islands but through all of North America and South America. It was unknown in the rest of the world before the days of Columbus. Today there are few countries and islands of the sea where tobacco is not known and grown. World production every year runs into hundreds of millions of pounds.
Tobacco belongs to the Solanaeeae plant family, and is therefore related to the tomato, the eggplant and the potato. The species is called Nicotiana and is composed of some fifty different members. The seeds of the tobacco plant are so small that it takes 300,000 to 400,000 of them to equal an ounce. It is not uncommon for one plant to produce a million seeds. ,
When the Spaniards in search of gold entered Mexico in 1519 they found the native Indians cultivating tobacco instead of merely making use of that which grew wild. It was not until 1535 that the Spaniards themselves began to cultivate tobacco in the island of Haiti. During the next hundred years the Spaniards and Portuguese built up a tobacco trade between the old and new 'worlds.
About this time a new world power began to rise and extend its influence into the new and strange country called America. .The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh founded the Virginia colony in 1584, and its first governor, Ralph Lane, is said to have been the first Englishman to smoke tobacco. In 1586 Ralph Lane and Sir Francis Drake introduced the smoking of tobacco to Sir Walter Raleigh. They gave him a native Indian pipe and showed him how to huff and puff, and its nicotine-laden fumes soon had him snared for the rest of his life.
And speaking of Indian pipes calls to mind that relics found in the mounds of the Mound Builders of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa show that pipe-smoking was practiced many years before Columbus discovered America. Since then pipes have varied in design from the simple “corncob”, which is said to date back to the pioneer Daniel Boone, to the elaborate Persian kalyun, hookah or water pipe, consisting of a bowl for burning the tobacco, a water bottle through which the smoke is washed and cooled, and the long flexible tube with its mouthpiece.
Slavery and Tobacco
In reading about the history of tobacco and its rise to importance as a world commodity one is impressed with the fact that tobacco and slavery became closely associated. Cultivation of tobacco in the English settlement of Jamestown began in earnest when John Rolfe plant-
.1
ed the first commercial acres in 1612. By 1619 20,000 pounds were raised and shipped to England, from this Virginia colony, and in the same year the first shipment of Negro slaves landed at Jamestown. By 1700 18,000,000 pounds , of tobacco a year were being produced '^n Virginia at the cost of the blood and fcweat and tears of the slaves. The tobacco business extended north into Maryland, which made tobacco legal tender in 1724 at one penny a pound. When the Revolution broke out Virginia and Maryland together were annually raising 100,000,000 pounds of the Indian weed.
Following the Revolution pioneers began moving west and took with them tobacco seeds. Tobacco-raising was begun in Tennessee, Kentucky7, Ohio and Missouri. At one time Missouri was the leading tobacco-producing state. Today the United States is the largest tobaccoproducing country in the world. It is no cause for boasting.
Tobacco in Europe
The Frenchman Andre Thevet, who visited Brazil in 1555, took back with him some seeds of the tobacco plant and became the first to raise tobacco in Europe. But its use did not spread until Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, popularized its use in the French court. Of him history records:
Maister John Nicot, being Embassador to his Maiestie in Portugal!, in the yeere of our Lorde 1559, went one day to see the Prysons of the King of Portugal!, and a Gentleman, being the Keeper of the said Prysons, presented him with this hearh as a strange plant brought from Florida. The same Maister Nieot caused the said hearb to be set in his Garden, where it grewe and multiplycd marvellously. .
In 1561 Nicot sent some of the tobacco to fhex French court and also sent some to the queen mothe'r, Catherine de’ Medici. As a result the terms nicotiana and nicotine, from Nicot, arc applied to to-baceo' and its drug.
About this time, too, the Spanish physician Francisco Fernandes, having been sent by King Philip IT to Mexico to study the cultivation of the strange plant, returned and began raising it in Spain (1558). It was not long until it was also being cultivated in Portugal, Beb gium, Italy7 and the Netherlands. In the beginning of the.seventeenth century its cultivation and use had spread to Persia, India and other Asiatic lands.
Although tobacco was first introduced into Europe by Spain, where the custom of chewing it was begun in 1502, the smoking of the weed was first popularized in England. Sir Richard Grenville, after a visit to America, began producing pipe tobacco in 1585. Sir WTalter Raleigh induced English courtiers to take up the practice. He even persuaded Queen Elizabeth to try a pipeful of the “bewitching vegetable”. It bewitched her all right. She became deathly sick, but had gained the distinction, though a doubtful one, of being the first woman on record to smoke. -
While pipe-smoking was fashionable in the Elizabethan court, the French court favored snuff. Louis XIII pronounced snuff-taking “far daintier and more elegant” than “puffing out tobacco smoke”. Cigars began to take the place of snuff about the end of the eighteenth century, and cigarettes lagged along until 1856, when they7 started to rise in popularity, although the aborigines of San Salvador “rolled their own” in corn shucks in Columbus’ day. Cigarettes today are by7 far the leading form in which the nicotine narcotic plagues the world.
Tobacco and Religion
At first it was believed that tobacco possessed “miraculous healing powers”, and it was therefore called “herba santa”. Spenser referred to it as “divine tobacco”, and William Lilly7 called it “our holy herb nicotian”. But this notion had its origin with the demon-w7orshiping Indians/who used it in their religious ceremonies. They believed it to possess great
curative properties for such diseases aS bronchitis, asthma and rheumatism. The tobacco pipe held among the North American Indians a place of peculiar significance in their religious rites. The calumet, peace pipe or medicine pipe was the object of great veneration.
The attitude of the Catholic Hierarchy, on the subject of tobacco is interesting. In 1575 a Mexican council ordered Catholics throughout Spanish America to stop smoking during the performance of the mass. Thirteen years later the Church council in Peru put a ban on all forms of tobacco, with the threat of everlasting damnation for those who violated it. In other words, those who smoked here would also smoke hereafter. Pope Urban VIII, in 1642, made a general interdiction barring smoking in the churches. Later Pope Innocent XI refused promotion to any priest who used tobacco. But Pope Benedict XIII, in 1725, said snuff-taking was all right, 'even in St. Peters at Borne. Whether these contradictory popes spoke infallibly is not recorded. '
In 1604 King James I of England published a book A Counterblasts to Tobacco, in which he described it as coming from the “Devill himself"..- He blasted the idea that “this filthie smoake” was able to “purge the head and stomachs of rhewmes and distillations."
Tobias Venner, in 1620,-wrote with much truth:
Tobacco drieth the brain, dimmeth the sight, vitiateth tlfe smell, hurteth the stomach, destroyeth the concoction, disturbeth the humors and spirits, corrupteth the breath, in-dueeth a trembling of the limbs, exsiccateth the windpipe, lungs and liver, annoyeth the milt, scorcheth the heart and causeth the blood to be adusted.
In his book Anatomy of Melancholy, Burton wrote that to
most men, which take it as tinkers do ale, ’tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purge of goods, lands, health,—hellish, devilish, and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul.
Legislation Against Tobacco
In England the growing of tobacco was legally forbidden in 1660 and Charles II ordered all tobacco plants uprooted. By 1782 its cultivation was finally suppressed, and the ban was not lifted until 1910. One who in England held a responsible position, like that of a school teacher, was to be “no puffer, of tobacco". In many other countries the authorities tried to eliminate the defiling effect of tobacco by prohibiting its use. Several of the American colonies enacted laws ' against tobacco and imposed fines on those who violated them. In Connecticut smoking in public was forbidden in 1647.
The Swiss council of Appenzell in 1653 prohibited smoking in any part of the city, even in the homes. In the year 1644, in Switzerland certain cantons made smoking a crime next to adultery.
The shah Abbas of Persia, realizing that tobacco was detrimental to childbirth, forbade its use and went to the extreme of burning a merchant together with his stock of tobacco. The shah Sefi also gently discouraged smoking by pouring molten lead down the throats of offenders. This method of overcoming the tobacco habit, however, is not recommended. Hehan Geer, the Mogul emperor in 1617 enforced the death penalty for the use of tobacco in any form.
When a tobacco dealer offered the Turkish sultan Amurah IV an enormous sum for the concession of selling tobacco in Asia Minor, not only was the offer turned down but the use of tobacco was * made an offense punishable by death. The law was enforced for half a century, and it is said that some 25,000 were put to death for violating it. With Turkish playfulness offenders had their pipes thrust through their noses. ■
In Russia the czar was equally-ruthless in dealing with the tobacco evil. A special, court was set up, and those caught selling the forbidden merchandise were given a public whipping; while one found smoking, after being flogged, had his nostrils slit to remind him- not to repeat the offense. At Novgorod, Russia, in 1623, those who were caught smoking were forced to swallow a bagful of . tobacco as a cure. The severity of these measures did not blot out the use of tobacco. The habit had too strong a hold on its victims.
Advertising to Mislead
• The means used by manufacturers to bring the whole human race, man, woman and child, under the enslaving control of ’ tobacco, has been that of advertising.
The old idea that .it was effeminate to smoke cigarettes was overcome by advertisements representing “he men” as smoking them. By similar means women were persuaded that smoking was smart and fashionable and a mark of social standing.
To put their advertising campaign across the tobacco cartel has employed the most skillful propagandists, the , shrewdest lawyers, the best photographers and illustrators, the prettiest models, the finest radio talent and the most deceptive slogans.
So-called “testimonials” have been widely used to persuade the readers of advertisements to smoke. Famous movie actors, athletes, statesmen (or politicians), businessmen and doctors have been paid to sign statements praising and recommending the use of tobacco and cigarettes of one kind or another. The public seldom question the integrity of the men and women who sign such * testimonials. Many of them are “faked”. As an example the case of the opera star Giovanni Martinelli may be mentioned. He had endorsed a statement reading, "These cigarettes never make my throat sore.” To a reporter who questioned him about this Martinelli said, laughing, "They never make my throat sore. I never smoke them. I never smoked anything in my life.”
A more recent example is that of Hank Greenberg, home run king of the Detroit Tigers. In the Detroit News, issue of April 15,1946, page 23, appears' a 9" x 14" cigabette advertisement. Under a large picture of the baseball player was this “testimonial”: “ ‘There’s no hocus-pocus about itf says Hank Greenberg, baseball’s home run star. ‘I’ve read the reports, and Medical Science has proved you can’t beat Raleighs for less nicotine . . . less throat irritants ... all-round safer smoking! I recommend Raleighs to all my friends. Raleighs are right!’ ” Then in the same paper, the same date, on page 17, in a sport’s article appeared this statement: “ I feel fine now, better than I have for some time,’ said Greenberg. ‘The doctors said I had a stomach disorder and I’m giving up cigarettes and coffee. I never was much of a smoker anyway. I’m sleeping better now and I feel much better.’ ” Was Greenberg here retracting his testimonial? No; for the same cigarette endorsement appeared nine days later in the New York Herald Tribune. Hank had been paid for it. Now for some truthful testimony.
Testimony of Athletes
Gene Tunney, former heavyweight boxing champion of the world, and a lieutenant commander in the U. S. N. R. during the war, said:
I’ve always opposed the pernicious advertising that extols, the “benefits” of tobacco-using. While I was training for my second fight with Jack Dempsey I was offered $15,000 to endorse a certain brand of cigarettes. I didn’t want to be rude, so, in declining, I merely said I didn’t smoke. Next day the advertising man came back with another offer: $12,000 if I would let my picture be used with the statement that “Stinkies must be good, because all my friends smoke them”. That compelled me to say what I thought—that cigarettes were a_ foul pestilence, and that advertising which promoted their use was a national menace.
Connie Mack, the famous baseball hero, never hired league players who used tobacco. He once said:
It is my candid opinion—and I have watched very closely the last twelve years or more—that boys at the age of ten to fifteen who have continued smoking cigarettes do not, as a ffile, amount to anything. They are unfitted in every way for any kind of work where brains are needed. ■
Knute Rockne, well-known football coach of Notre Dame, refused an offer of $2,000 to sign a ‘‘testimonial” declaring that a certain cigarette did not affect the wind. On the other hand he freely ■ said:
Tobacco slows up reflexes, lowers morale; any advertising that says smoking helps an athlete is a falsehood and a fraud.
Ty Cobb, the Georgia Peach of baseball, declared:
Cigarette-smoking stupefies the brain, saps vitality, undermines health and weakens moral fiber. No one who hopes to be successful in any line can afford to contract so detrimental a habit.
' The Testimony of Famous Men
Benjamin Franklin, the early American statesman who needs no introduction, said:
I never saw a well man in the exercise of common sense who would say that tobacco did him any good.
Thomas A. Edison, noted American inventor and scientist, wrote:
Acrolein is one of the most terrible drugs in its effect on the human body. The burning of ordinary cigarette paper always produces acrolein. ... I can hardly exaggerate the dangerous nature of acrolein, and yet that is what a man or> a boy is dealing with every time he smokes an ordinary cigarette.
Henry Ford, automobile manufacturer of world fame, said: ■
The youth who gets to the front in any line must be wide-awake, alert, with a mind that is clear and capable of tackling the problems that come up. The boy or the young man whose brain is fogged by the use of cigarettes finds himself hopelessly handicapped.
Herbert Hoover, former president of the United States, once said:
There is no agency in the world today that is so seriously affecting the health, efficiency, education, and character of our boys and girls as the cigarette habit. Yet very little attention is paid to it. Nearly every delinquent boy is a cigarette smoker. Cigarettes are a source of crime, and to neglect crime at its source is a shortsighted policy unworthy of a nation of our intelligence.
Westbrook Pegler, famous columnist, ■ said:
No honest physician can say that cigarettes are good for any person in any circumstances. No honest doctor can deny that they are harmful in many ways; for there is much scientific literature, never disputed, to show , that they impose strains on the heart and circulatory system and cause irritations in the throat which invite infections. . , . Smoking is a vice with no compensating (good effect.
Luther Burbank, the great botanist and scientist, declared: .
No boy living would commence the use of cigarettes if he knew what a useless, soulless, worthless thing they would make of him.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, American poet, essayist and medical doctor, who gave up tobacco after using it for years, wrote in his old age:
Tobacco often does a great deal of harm to the health—to the eyes especially, producing headache, palpitation, and trembling.
General Chang-Chi Chang, one of the leading men of China, said:
In China many use opium until their strength js gone, their mind is dull, their money is spent, and they live in hell. This is . indescribably bad, but there is an evil that is ' growing rapidly here.which is even worse; it is the use of tobacco. [The Anglo-American Tobacco Company had a slogan: “A cigarette in the mouth of every man, woman and childin China.”] Only the wealthy can afford opium, but nearly any person can get cigarettes; both of these are poisons, worms that eat our flesh and drink our blood. In its ultimate result I believe tobacco is the greater evil of the two.
Reed Smoot, former United States senator, rose on one occasion and said:
I rise to denounce the insidious cigarette campaign now being promoted by those tobacco-manufacturers interests whose only god is profit, whose only Bible is the balance sheet,
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whose only principle is greed. I rise to denounce the unconscionable, heartless, and destructive attempts to exploit the women and youth of our country in the interest of a few powerful tobacco organizations whose rapacity knows no bounds. Not since the days when ’ public opinion rose up in its might and smote ’• the dangerous drug traffic has this country J witnessed such an orgy of buncombe, quackery and downright falsehood as now marks the current campaign.
Carl Henry, a New York distributor ’ of the so-called “nicotineless” tobacco, in his booklet The True Story of Lady Nicotine, says:
If you will read any book on the tobacco habit (such a book, for.instance, as Dr. Kellogg’s Tobaccoism) you will find the data about nicotine-poisoning a great deal more alarming than I have pictured it here. You will see pictures of-organs affected that will make your flesh creep. . . . the facts these authorities present are .so overwhelming, as to the insidious and widespread injuriousness of nicotine upon the body, that the immediate reaction of every sensible person, upon reading them, is: “I quit, from this moment on!” . . . Smoking is harmful,-—there can be no question as to that fact. Its really serious effects arise from nicotine,. but even with the nicotine removed smoking is by no means beneficial to the system.
Insurance Companies
The New England Life Insurance Company, in 1911, showed from its-sixty years of data collected on 180,000 policies that out of 100 expected deaths h among non-smokers 59 died; out of 100 rare users 71 died, and out of 100 moderate users 93 died. Excessive users were not even accepted.
The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company gave out the following information, as reported by the New York Times, December 23, 1944 :
Long-term studies of large groups of policy-holders . ... . had shown 26- to 100-pereent rises in death rates among heavy smokers in the. 30-: to 50-year-age brackets as compared with: non-smokers.
The Life Extension Institute has said: Nicotine at first slows the heart and increases the blood, pressure, subsequently the blood pressure is lowered and the heart action becomes rapid. , . . Those whose thoughts flow more readily under the use of tobacco are simply in the same case with any habitue [addict] whose thoughts cannot flow readily except under the accustomed indulgence.
The Testimony of Educators
Dr. M. E. Poland reports the following in Health Culture:
Prof. W. P. Lombard, University of Michigan, found by experiment that work done by muscle is decreased, during a period of depression, from 44.8 to 24.2 in a man, after smoking one cigar.
Dean Hornell, of Ohio Wesleyan University, found that non-smokers made 84 percent of the high grades of that institution, while smokers obtained only 16 percent of them.
In the classification of Yale students by grades, tobacco was used' by 25 percent of the class having the highest grades, 48 percent of the second, 70 percent of the third, and 85 percent of the fourth. During nine years’ study of students at Yale, it was, found tjiat the lung capacity of non-smokers developed 77 percent more than that of smokers. '
Dr. Hutdhihson, Kansas State Reformatory, once said, “Cigarettes are the cause of the downfall of more boys in the institution than all vicious habits combined.”
Judge Crane, New York city, said a lot in a few words:
Cigarettes are ruining our children, endangering their lives, dwarfing their intellects, and making them criminals.
Medical “Advice”
Dr.. Logan Clendeniftg writes a syndicated column of medical advice for the newspapers. On one occasion a mother . inquired as to whether cigarette smoking was injurious to her son. He replied that “smoking is not a health hazard and does not dull the -mind”. On another occasion he wrote that ■ tobacco must be all right because the Indians used it for medical purposes. Perhaps he would also commend the medical practices of the Dark Ages. Later he retracted some of his statements about tobacco, saying, “I was not aware of any scientific study of the subject when I wrote as I did.” In other words, he did not know what he was talking about when he said tobacco was not a health hazard. This ignorance was hardly excusable, for there is a great mass of scientific information on the subject, and it might reasonably be expected that a “doctor” who professes to give reliable information would inform himself on the subject. But Dr. Clendening could hardly plead ignorance, for a year before his assertion that tobacco was not a health hazard he had written: ‘T believe that a number of people, especially those who chew tobacco, have ruined their health for life by creating an inflammation of the stomach and bowels, and consequently, malnutrition and underweight.”
Some Scientific Testimony
Some of the greatest scientists and doctors of the world have shown that tobacco is a rank poison, undermining the health. Such information, however, does not appear in cigarette advertisements. Nor have newspapers been disposed to publish such information and thereby offend advertisers. But some brief excerpts will be published here. They are only a small fraction of all the information available, derived from well-known doctors.
Dr. Raymond Pearl, late head of department of biology, Johns Hopkins:
The purpose of this paper is to report a part of the results of an investigation of the influence of tobacco upon human longevity. ... In this group of nearly 7,000 men the smoking of tobacco was associated definitely with an impairment of life duration . . .
Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, superintendent Battle Creek Sanitarium:
Disease of the heart and blood vessels has now become by far the greatest cause of death in America! . . . chiefly because of tobacco poisoning.
Dr. W. E. Dixon, Pharmacological Laboratory, Cambridge University, England:
Nicotine and tobacco-smoking, by stimulating the autonomic ganglia, increase the secretion of the alimentary glands and later, after the smoking has ceased, depress them.
Dr. J. H. Tilden:
Those of low vitality, brought on from chronic tobacco poisoning, break down and die of some form of acute disease. No one ever suspects the truth that, if they had been possessed of the energy they have wasted on stimulants, they could have survived the disease.
M. Orfilia, president Paris Medical Academy:
Prussic acid is the only substance more poisonous than nicotine.
Dr. Gustave Starke, Tupper Lake, New York: '
There is no such thing as harmless tobacco. ... It makes no difference whether snuffed, chewed, used in a pipe or a cigarette, the effects are all the same, the only difference being the quantity used.
Tobacco Causes Many Ailments
Dr. Matthew Woods, of Philadelphia:
Tobacco does not do any of the beneficial things ib is popularly believed to do. But we positively know that it causes heart disease, disease of the nervous system and mucous membrane, and it diminishes the possibilities of recovery from disease.
Dr. Alexander Lambert, in Tice’s Practice) of Medicine:
Toxic anginas (heart disease, caused by poison) are most frequently caused by tobacco.
Dr. Harry J. Johnson, medical director, Life Extension Institute and Examiners, New York:
Practically all physicians today are agreed that smoking must be stopped by anyone who xs suffering from coronary heart disease. The intelligent person will stop before there is evidence of this very prevalent disease of middle life. . . . Many people believe that smoking facilitates relaxation and helps them overcome nervousness. Nothing could he farther from the actual truth.
Dr. A. C. Ivy, department of physiology and pharmacology, Northwestern University Medical School:
, None of the data we have obtained can be {interpreted as directly indicating that smoking has a beneficial effect on the activities of ' the alimentary tract.
Dr. Alton'Ochsner, before the American Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons:
My contention is that smoking cigarettes is ' ‘ a cause of cancer of the lung . . .
Tobacco Kills Women and Children
Unborn babies indirectly “smoke” along with their mothers, according to a study of infant heart action announced today at Antioch College.—New York Times.
Smoking destroys a woman for a mother. Her baby is poisoned while she is carrying it, the baby is born sick. I have seen ten cases of this kind in one year. A baby born of a cigarette-smoking mother is sick, it is-poisoned and may die within two weeks after birth. —Dr. Chauncey L. Barber, before the American Association for Medico-Physical Research.
Smoking is more injurious to women than to men. ... Their nervous condition develops anemia and other ills to which the sex is susceptible.-—Dr. Samuel A. Brown, dean of Bellevue Hospital, N. Y. C.
The pernicious influence of tobacco on the organs of young girls is, to my opinion, a matter which the government authorities cannot allow to pass unnoticed.—Dr. Arnold Lorand, eminent medical authority of Carlsbad.
The use of tobacco is responsible more than any other one factor, for race degeneracy. —Dr. Charles G. Pease, New York city.
The delicate germ plasma of the male smoker from whieh the infant is developed ip injured by nicotine.—Dr. Hubert H. Tidswell, member Royal College of Surgeons, England.
Instead of breathing the pure, health-giving air, I injure my appetite, my memory, my sleep, and the action of my heart by breathing noxious vapors. To excuse myself I cannot even claim, like many smokers, that tobacco is harmless, since I am aware that it is harmful, exceedingly harmful. In my case, my mania for smoking is a fresh and unexpected proof of man’s incorrigible folly. Tobacco is a stupid habit.—Professor Charles Richet, Nobel Prize winner, 1913, for physiological research, Paris.
Is the comfort which the use of tobacco gives real happiness? I answer, no, it is illusory. Happiness consists in accomplishment, contentment, in satisfaction with his environment, not in Lethean passivity. There is no place in the normal life for ... a drug-provoked contentment. Tobacco never has brought and never will bring any,, real happiness. —Dr. Harvey W. Wiley. •
If these, and many more indisputable facts which so forcefully testify to the loathsome effects of tobacco were as widely published as the lying propaganda of the tobacco trust, humanity might be emancipated from the slavery of nicotine. Certain it is that in the new world under Theocratic rule there will be no place for it. For ‘nothing shall hurt or destroy’ in that glorious kingdom. —Isaiah 65: 25.
Chicago’s Busy Divorce Mill
IN HIS first year on the divorce bench
Superior Court Judge John A- Sbar-baro, of Chicago, signed 4,220 divorce decrees. That is an astounding record. If he served five days a week, with only two weeks’ vacation, that meant that he decided 17 cases a day, or one every half hour. It is too bad that so many young folks of today, misled by vicious advertising, are wholly unfitted to be good husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, or anything else worth mentioning.
Earthworms Are Humble Servants
THE lowly worms that industriously toil below the surface of the ground seldom receive a word of thanks from those who profit from their work. Only . when it is their misfortune to come out in view does man give them his personal attention by heartlessly crushing them beneath his weight with a curse on his lips. And yet earthworms are among man’s greatest friends and most faithful servants.
Over a thousand species of these humble creatures' have already been classified, and there are many more. They are found in practically all parts of the earth with the exception of the high altitudes and the frozen latitudes and the dry and sandy wastelands of the deserts. Some are strictly aquatic; others are exclusively terrestrial; still others are both land and water inhabiters.
Earthworms vary in length from a few inches to several feet. In North America they never measure over a foot, but in , the tropical countries, as South America; Africa, and India, they measure several feet. One species in Australia attains to the unbelievable length of five feet.
The habits of earthworms are very much alike in all climates. They burrow endless tunnels in damp, ground by swallowing everything as they go. The common types ordinarily go down to a depth of two feet and at night will come out on the surface and eat certain vegetation. In cold weather they know enough. to close the entrances to their subway system, and if it gets very cold and the ground starts to freeze they manage to tunnel low enough to survive, though it is known that some species can stand actual freezing. Another common practice among the earthworm nations is to build cocoons for their young ones.
It is said that the Greeks were aware of the importance of earthworms in the soil but only in comparatively recent times has their importance been calibrated through laboratory experiments. Says the Encyclopedia Americana:
The importance of earthworms as cultivators of the soil can scarcely be overestimated. By their burrowing they render it porous and permeable to the rain and air; they continually turn the earth by bringing up soil from beneath the surface and they add to its fertility by burying vegetable matter and by their secretions. Darwin has estimated that earthworms bring to the surface in rich meadow lands not less than one-fifth inch of soil per annum, and recent laboratory experiments demonstrate most emphatically the beneficial influence on plants of the presence of earthworms.
It is rather surprising, in view of the importance of the earthworm to man, to find so little written on-the subject for the general public to read. Only once in a while is one heard singing the praises of these little industrious creatures who tirelessly toil for man and never think of striking. One of the most recent of the few articles on earthworms was one written by Alfred H. Sinks and published in Collier's Magazine. Among other things Mr. Sinks said:
To most people, earthworms are just slimy, disagreeable creatures that slobber about underfoot after a hard rain. They are good for fish bait and nothing else. But that is about as far from the truth as it could possibly be.
Most of us have done enough gardening to know that it is the layer of fertile topsoil on top of the earth that enables things to grow at all. Earthworm fans claim their small champion has a monopoly on its manufacture; for each earthworm is his own miniature chemical factory. He eats all the decaying vegetable and animal matter that falls on the surface of the earth. His digestive juices convert this mass of organic matter into the chemicals that support plant life. Results of tests have differed a great deal under different conditions and on different soils, but they show that what comes out of the earthworm may contain as much as five times more nitrogen, seven times more
phosphates, and eleven times more potash than what went into him.
So much for the earthworm as a fertilizer ■ factory. In addition to that, he’s an in def at i. gable piek-and-shovel man. As he eats his way along, sometimes going down as deep as five or six feet, he grinds up and pulverizes the soil, 'doing the work of plow, disk and harrow, j Fill a mason jar with layers of clay, sand and topsoil, put in a few worms and give them a few days’ time to work, and you’ll see the different layers of earth intermingle until the worms have done a job as thoroughly as an egg beater.
But more than that, the earthworm is a great drainage engineer. Rain water runs off the surface of hard-packed soil and is wasted. But earthworms leave behind them a maze of small-bore tunnels that lets the water get down around the plant roots and then holds it there. Tests have shown that soil filled with earthworms can drink up four inches of rain in fifteen minutes, whereas wormless soil will take three hours.
Finally the earthworm gives his own body to the cause he serves. His decaying carcass adds just that much more topsoil to enrich the earth.
Unfortunately not nearly enough has been, done to measure the effect of earthworms on the growth of plant species. The few really scientific tests that have been made are, however, significant. One scientist planted his test seeds in sets of two boxes each. In each case the seed went into one box with earthworms, one without. For oats the worms seemed to make little difference, for the worm-filled box produced only 3 percent more than the other. But the worms really went to work on rye, potatoes, vetch,- field peas, and rape! They produced 64 percent more rye, 136 percent more potatoes, 140 percent more vetch, 300 percent more peas, and 733 percent more rape.
Want to Wiggle into the Worm Business?
If earthworms are that important to successful gardening why doesn’t somebody start raising them for farmers? Somebody has. In fact several people are now malang their living raising these little friendly squirmers. .Out in Worthington, Ohio, Miss Bernice Warner quit her job as an accountant for a paint company so that she could spend all her time raising wigglers; and she doesn’t scream when she handles them either! She says that her worms eat twelve pounds of sugar, twelve pounds of suet, and twelve pounds of corn meal every month. ■
Anybody can start raising his own army of soil tillers. Miss Warner got her start after reading about Dr. George S. Oliver’s worm business * out in Fort Worth, Texas. Dr. Thomas J. Barrett of Roscoe, Calif., is another who is in the business and supplies “egg-capsules” containing about twenty worm eggs for those who want to incubate their own. It takes from 14 to 21 days for them to hatch, and in *60 to 90 days they start laying eggs themselves, A million of them to the acre will increase the productivity of the soil amazingly.
So the next time you are out in the garden and you see one of these little creatures worming its way through the soil do not look with contempt upon it as an enemy but remember that it is a harmless friend and humble servant.
Armageddon Is at the Door
THE inability of any one nation or group of nations to control atomic energy and guarantee that it will be used only for peaceful purposes, and furthermore, the inability of the United Nations to do more than by-pass some of its elementary problems through the channels of diplomatic intrigue, make one appreciate more and more the truthfulness of Gen. MacArthur’s statement made at the time the surrender terms were signed in Tokyo bay on September 2,1945. Among other things he said:
Men since the. beginning of time have sought peace. Various methods through the ages have attempted to devise an international process to prevent or settle disputes between nations. From the very start workable methods were found in so far as individual citizens were concerned, but the mechanics of an instrumentality of larger international scope have never been successful. Military alliance, balances of power, League of Nations, all in turn failed, leaving the only path to be by way of the crucible of war.
The utter destructiveness of war now blots out this alternative. We have had our last chance. If we do not now devise some greater and more equitable system Armageddon will be at our door.
Admitting the total collapse of all human efforts of past ages to establish a permanent peace,'General MacArthur is aware of an impelling force driving this old world on to annihilation. In his pospf tion as an integral part of this world’s governments he no doubt feels this irresistible force in a particular way, as it is written in Revelation, chapter 16, verses 13 to 16: “And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs . . . for they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings [and commanders] of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty. . . . And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon.”
Fully admitting that this “battle of that great day of God Almighty” is at the door, one would think that such leaders would quickly abandon the Devil’s world organization and seek refuge on the side of the Theocratic organization of Jehovah.
An Item Luther Overlooked
SAYS a subscriber: “Perhaps it will interest you to know that the Lutheran religion omits the same commandment that the Catholic religion does, and likewise splits in two the tenth commandment. See "Luther’s Small Catechism’ by Dr, Reu of the Wartburg Publishing House, Chicago, Ill.”
Those That Survived
A TOTAL of 22,060,000 soldiers and civilians died as a result of World War II, a figure that taxes the mind to comprehend, But not all the millions of casualties that were victims of this war died; many millions continued to live out the rest of their lives (some short and some longer), some totally disabled and others crippled, all retaining memories that are like nightmares.
Focusing attention on only one part of the casualty list, that of the American army up to the time of the defeat of -Germany, we learn that 96.1 percent of the wounded soldiers in "the European theater were saved, through hospitalization, from what might otherwise have been a merciful death. Medical men were quite proud of this record and made
some comparisons between these figures and those of World War I. Only 1,200 died of contagious diseases this time, to compare with 23,000 in the first war with a much smaller army. Only 70 died of pneumonia. None died of typhoid-; while in the first war there were 166 'deaths as a result of typhoid. -
But other causes, novel to this war, took their toll in human suffering. Shortage of metal made the Germans turn to wooden bullets, which, though effective for only 100 yards, nevertheless caused nasty wounds. Upon striking bon&s’these bullets splintered and scattered put in the tissues, and, being practically invisible to X rays, they could not .be located. It has been estimated that about 10 percent of those wounded were totally disabled. 11,000 amputation eases were reported up to the defeat of Germany, 77 percent of them leg amputations.
And speaking of amputations, Milliard W. Bice thinks that other things besides arms and legs were taken from these men, that is, in many cases they . were robbed of their confidence in humanity. Said he, as quoted from the New York Times, “The irony is that many of these disabled men who come back find that the world they fought to save no longer exists for them. They discover they can’t find jobs, that pensions often are inadequate and that the whole thing is pretty much of a mockery.”
Ethiopia and the Famine
STARVATION gauntly stares hundreds of millions of people in the face, and world leaders continue to cry that, the supply of food is not sufficient, A pitiful situation indeed; And yet, at ■ the same time it is reported that Ethiopia has an abundance of food but is unable to supply it to the starving Europeans because of the squeezing pressure of Big Business and Power Politics of other nations in the so-called “brotherhood of nations”. Such facts change the famine situation from being pitiful to one of outrage. ■
■ When the world food conference was held in Hot Springs, Ga., in 1943 it was there known that Ethiopia was supplying the United Kingdom Commercial Corporation with large quantities of grain in the Middle East. Thereafter these supplies were terminated, but not because Ethiopia was not able, or willing, to continue to supply the grain.
With the passing of months the world’s supply of food dwindled. Then, in the early part of 1945 Wynant D. Hubbard, acting chief of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation mission that was commissioned to visit Ethiopia, informed the proper authorities of Ethiopia’s ability to supply food for the hungry, but nothing was done about it. After relating these facts in a letter to the New York Times, dated October 15,1945, Mr. John H. Shaw, as consul general of Ethiopia, continues and says:
It is to be hoped the United Nations Food Conference at Quebec will do a little more than just look into the Ethiopian larder and make some practical use of this source of supply.
Ethiopia has untold and untouched rich productive soil that would quickly respond to scientific agricultural management with little effort and expense. There seems to be no reason other than thoughtlessness that these fertile resources have been neglected and left unproductive in a world so out of balance in nourishment.
In utilizing these resources it would accomplish the twofold purpose of assisting Ethiopia in her economic progress of rehabilitation and at the same time provide a source of food supply so urgently required to prevent starvation in undernourished countries.
The Quebec conference came and went, the famine spread like a black cloud over 500,000,000, and still nothing was done to tap Ethiopia’s food reservoir.
Honest people learning these things find it bard to believe that men who are trusted with the responsibility of looking out for the welfare of mankind would permit such things to exist. Informed people, however, who know the behind-the-scene facts, are fully aware that situations like this do not just happen. They are deliberately created by big commercial and political interests who do not hesitate to sacrifice human life for their own selfish gain. ■
Proving the Accusation
. One of those in a position to know the inside of this food shortage condition is David A. Talbot, an American citizen who is editor of the English-language monthly magazine, Ethiopian Review,
published by the Ethiopian government. In a letter to the New ¥ork Times'on March 20, 1946, Mr. Talbot wrote as follows:
The present situation has been brought about principally because of the bungling of politicians with the vital interests of the masses of mankind. The lessons of it all should lift the sights of world leaders to the fact that if these interests are not made paramount in the new approach to world problems, we may perpetuate the same conditions which we set out to correct.
I have just returned from Ethiopia, where, beyond doubt, there exists not only an enormous potential but a large surplus of some of the dire necessities which this urgent international enterprise calls for. Ethiopian grain is rotting while Europe starves and there is a great reservoir of meats and fats there which could be gathered in and be readily applied to the European larder. Geographically this African nation is not only within the European orbit, but it is not so far distant from the European Continent that these essentials could not be siphoned out to reach there in time to be of invaluable help.
The world knows that His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie has continuously pledged to help in all international undertakings to bring about and maintain peace and security in the world. In this great hour of need Europe is welcome to the Ethiopian harvests, and even at a sacrifice the Ethiopian government would be only too glad ^o lend its, aid in alleviating * the famine. It should be pointed out that in theMiddle East t grain crisis of 1943 many, neighboring territories which suffered from severe famine were relieved by Ethiopian grain, which also saved millions af tons of Allied shipping space. Today, when the situation is in-all particulars worse, Ethiopian surpluses cannot be left out of the picture.
Mr. Talbot then points out, with an accusing finger, those that are responsible for this artificially created shortage. Says he:
From my observation one of the reasons why Ethiopian surpluses are not utilized is purely political. It is the result of the political squeeze-play which has its roots in the desire of certain'of Ethiopia’s neighbors to -check her economic development and keep her ; a perpetual pawn of European diplomacy.' After suffering so terribly through Fascist aggression and occupation, her program of reforms and modernization set back and her t economy put off balance as a result, Ethiopia is struggling to set her social and political frame in order. The purchase of Ethiopian surpluses would aid considerably in providing revenue with which to carry on her program of reconstruction and rehabilitation and at the same time assist in relieving the famine in Europe. Or must power politics be wantonly displayed at the expense of the millions already crushed?
In the United Nations Food Conference held in this country in the latter part of 1943, Ethiopia, through its Vice Minister of Finance, pledged the resources of the empire in augmenting the world granary for the successful prosecution of the war. The present emergency is so appalling that it seems inconceivable that this offer should go abegging in the face of the cry for bread to save the people of Europe and parts of Asia from this grave crisis.
From the above it is obvious that Ethiopia is not at fault for this condition but is the victim of powerful outside forces. Frankly, the international diplomats, though remaining friendly with Ethiopia, are not interested in building her up to be a strong independent nation.
Nor are the financiers of the world interested in Ethiopia’s cause. As pointed out, any surpluses purchased from that country will aid her in rebuilding her world trade, and, of course, Big Business of the stronger nations are not interested in doing that. They would not like to see a country like Ethiopia, where the prices of beef are “a third to a half cheaper than here?’ in America and “native labor is infinitely cheaper, plentiful and fairly good”, become a competitor in this postwar era after the present famine. No doubt the Chicago Board of Trade could explain why only a minimum amount of Ethiopian wheat has so far reached.the starving peoples of Europe.
-John 17:17
Ti/Word isTruth”
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The Spirit in Man
ABOUT six thousand years ago the lungs of the first man breathed in earth’s atmosphere and the man awoke to life. It was the active force of Almighty God that caused man to inhale through his nostrils and to start the life processes of the human body to operating. “And Jehovah God formed man of the dust, of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.” (Genesis 2:7, Am. Stan. Ver.) Later, when the same God created woman, He likewise breathed into her nostrils the breath of life, and she too became a living soul. (Genesis 2:18-22) God put in the man and woman the force of life, and this was sustained by breathing. Such lifeforce the man gave the name of spirit or, in Hebrew, ruach. Isaiah 42:.5 says upon this: “Thus saith God the Lord, he that created the heavens, and stretched them out; he that spread forth the earth, and that which eometh out of it; he that giveth breath unto the people upon it, and spirit [ruach] to them that walk therein.” Because the Creator gives the power to man to breathe and this sustains the life-force of man’s body, the prophet Job was correct when he said: “All the while my breath is in me, and the spirit [ruach] of God is in my nostrils; my lips shall not speak wickedness, nor my tongue utter deceit” (Job 27:3,4) It would be only a ease of religious nonsense to think that “the spirit of God is in my nostrils” meant that a supposed “third person of the trinity” or “holy ghost” was in the nostrils of patient, suffering Job, whom three religionists were falsely accusing as a hypocritical sinner.—Job 2:11-13; 32:1.
The active force of life which all flesh enjoys proceeds from the Fountain of life. (Revelation 11:11) If Jehovah God were to withdraw it because men set their heart against Him, humankind would die. As Job drew near the grave, he felt as if God were about to take away his spirit or life-force. Said Job: “He breaketh me with a tempest, and multi-plieth my wounds without cause. He will not suffer me to take my breath [rwuch], but filleth me with bitterness.” Job knew that life depended upon God, and he said: “Who knoweth not in ail these that the hand of the Lord hath wrought this ? In whose hand is the soul of every living thing, and the breath [ruach] of all mankind.” (Job 9:17; 12:9,10) How misplaced, then, is any confidence that is put in human rulers who promise to lead man out of all his troubles! “Put not your trust in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help. His breath [ruach] goeth forth, he return-eth to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish.” So says Psalm 146:3,4. The power of God to. give life and to take it away should be reason enough for us to trust in Him and to keep in unbreakable touch with Him. What if He should hide His face from us1? “Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takCst away their breath [ruach], they z die, and return to their dust. Thou send-est forth thy spirit [ruach], they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth.”—Psalm 1Q4: 29, 30; compare also Ezekiel 37: 5-10.,
At the coming battle of Armageddon, God Almighty will deal out. death to all worldly rulers opposing the rule of His Kingdom by Christ Jesus. “He shall cut off the spirit [ruach] of princes: he is terrible to the kings of the earth.” (Psalm 76 :12) In the time of the resurrection under Christ’s thousand-year reign God will not send forth His spirit or life-force to restore to life any such as wickedly fight against His King during the battle of Armageddon. At that battle God Almighty will demand their life, and His Warrior King will execute them. “There is no man that hath power over the spirit [ruach] to retain the spirit; neither hath he power in the day of death: and there is no discharge in that war; neither shall wickedness deliver those that are given to it,” “Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was: and the spirit [ruach] shall return unto God who gave it.” (Ecclesiastes 8:8; 12:7) No fighters against God go to heaven, but are annihilated.
Religion has made its dupes to think that the spirit of life or the life-force in man is different from that of the lower animals; but on this vital subject does religion disagree with the inspired Scriptures. For truth on the subject we must accept what "saith the Lord, which stretcheth forth the heavens, and layeth the foundation of the earth, and form-eth the spirit [ruach] of naan within him”. (Zechariah 12:1) The Lord God caused the wise man to set down this eye-opening truth: “That which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts; even one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea, they have all one spirit; and man hath no preeminence above the beasts: for all is vanity. All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again. Who knoweth the spirit of man, whether it goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast, whether it goeth downward to the earth ?” (Ecclesiastes 3:19-21, Am. Stan. Ver., marginal reading) Such likeness of man to beast God emphasized at the time of bringing in the deluge of Noah’s day, when He said: “Behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath [ruach] of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.” “And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath [rauc/i] of life.” Outside of the ark, “all in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit [ruach] of life, of all that was in the dry land, died,” . —Genesis 6:17; and 7:15, 22, marginal reading.
If, now, we understand what the spirit is that is in man, as explained in God’s Word, we can appreciate what the psalmist meant in saying: “Into thine hand I commit my spirit [ruach]: thou hast redeemed me, 0 Lord God of truth.” (Psalm 31:5) The fulfillment of this came when Jesus hung upon the tree; concerning which Luke 23:46 says: “When Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost.” Religionists confuse the spirit here with the soul, and say Jesus’ words prove the immateriality of the soul and its separate existence when the body is dead. They forget that Adam became a living soul, a material fleshly human soul, when God breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. To he consistent, the trinitarians should argue that Luke 23: 46 proves that their “third person of the trinity”, the so-called “holy ghost”, was inside Jesus and that when He died He gave it up, and that the spirit He commended up to God and the “ghost” He gave up are one and the same.
Actually, whereas Jesus commended His spirit to His God and Father, Jesus’ soul or existence as a creature went to hell or the tomb. It was left there only till the third day, on which day Psalm 16:10 was fulfilled, reading: “Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.” (Acts 2:24-32) On the third day; Christ Jesus came into existence again as a living soul by God’s resurrecting Him from the dead as His heavenly Son. Thus the Scriptures make a distinction between soul and spirit, as shown at 1 Thessalonians 5:23 and Hebrews 4:12. "• . . .
Jesus’ spirit, which He commended to God, was His life-force ot power of life.' That power returned..to God, who gave it to Jesus; and God alone could restore,' it'to His dead Son. God did so when He raised Him from the death state and restored Him to life as a living soul. The great Life-giver Jehovah safely kept that which Jesus commended to Him, because Jesus died in blameless integrity toward God and did not forfeit His right to everlasting life. The enemies were able by God’s permission to kill the body, yet they could not destroy Jesus’ right to life as a living soul and they could not obstruct God’s power to resurrect Christ Jesus to life as a living soul on the third day. Hence Jehovah God restored to Jesus the spirit of life or life-force on that third day.
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