Consolation, August 29, 1945

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Contents

Structure of the Earth

garth's Annular Structure (Drawing) 5

The Troposphere Is Nearest to the Earth 6

The 700-Mile-High Ionosphere

Have You Ever Heard of the PWAf

Did Jesus Ever Pontificate!

j Where Spellman Pontificated

‘The Meek Inherit the Earth’

“Thy Word Is Truth”

Love Supplanted by Passion

“With His Own Hands in Honest Industry” 18

Flouting the Law in Ohio

So the City Licensed Bingo

A Nation-wide Conspiracy

Lawbreakers’ Brazen Impudence y 20

The Fight for Money

Crawford Not Included

Insiders Are Really Inside

* The Rare Sport of Inside Burglary

Bordering on the North Sea

Aftermath in the Balkans

Heuvel Found at Little Rock

Blessings in the Evening of Lafe

Justice for the Dusky . •

Desiderius Erasmus

Manifestly He Never Consecrated

The Shepherd Is Finding His Sheep

A Well-nigh Miraculous Deliverance

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In Brief

Churchill and Dunquerque

♦ It is a matter of history that when the British troops were evacuating Dunquerque one of the greatest comforts they had in their hour of trial and disappointment was a group of Jehovah’s witnesses right on the beach who cheered them with the good news of Jehovah’s kingdom. Some of the troops said they could never forget how the phonograph records that were played for them at that time cheered them. They could see that there are better times ahead for all that wish to do right.

In that hour the public hero, was Winston Churchill, and he showed that he is' a good deal of a man. What he has done since then is also a matter of history and needs no review here. But he forgot about Jehovah God and His faithful witnesses. Both he and his son went to see the pope, who is now and has always been a worshiper of the Devil. And Churchill took his stand on the side of the pope, and on the side of that other son of the Devil, Franco, and he at least permitted, if he did not order, together with Morrison, that the export and import of The 'Watchtower and Consolation should be prohibited.

Now see what has happened. In the United States, though Mrs. Roosevelt said kind words for Jehovah’s witnesses which the American newspapers did not have the intestinal fortitude to publish, yet Mr, Roosevelt himself never lifted a finger to protect them when the terrible tide of violence against them raged ' through America in 1940, Four years passed and Mr. Roosevelt approached his hour of triumph. He was to be the great, figure at the San B’rancisco conference. And in the hour of his triumph he died.

Now see what has happened in Britain. Churchill came to his hour of triumph at Potsdam. Many people believed him to be at that time the most powerful man in the world. Today he is a ruined politician. The British people have'repudiated him, and he can never rise again from the abyss into which be has been cast.

CONSOLATION

“And in His name shall the nations hope.”—Matthew 12:21, A.S'.V.

Volume XXVI Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, August 29, 1945 Number 677

Structure of the Earth

THE earth is the planet God created for mail's everlasting home. It is the only planet God has honored by sending to it His “only begotten Son7’. It is spherical in form, is constantly in motion, and is one of the units of the vast solar system. It is moving ever onward in majestic silence and with unerring precision amidst the canopy of the heavens. It consists of solid and liquid material within its interior and a gaseous envelope around it. ,

Being man’s everlasting home, how is the earth constructed'? Does the interior of the earth consist of a homogeneous mass of material, and does this extend all the way to the very center, or is the interior built up of discrete layers all diverse from each other? What lies in the great ocean of atmosphere above us? Is it possible to obtain any information about these great expanses where man cannot penetrate, and, if so, how? These and many other questions of like nature are of interest to all people who never cease to wonder at the marvelous works of God’s creation. Only during comparatively recent years have partial answers been found to some of such questions. With the advent of the day of general increase in knowledge of many subjects and the invention of electronic instruments of every conceivable variety, certain facts have been learned about the structure of the earth which formerly were dark and mysterious. What are some of these facts?

Astronomers have long known from devious mathematical computations that the distance to the center of the earth at the equator is 3,963 miles. The atmosphere around the earth rises to a great height, the average density of which gradually tapers off at an exponential rate toward zero. That portion about which we arc here interested rises to a height of more than 700 miles. From the standpoint of its density, practically all of the atmosphere lies below a height of 100 miles. The greatest height to which man has ever ascended in the atmosphere is thirteen miles, and the greatest depth to which he has probed the earth directly with tools is about two miles. Fifteen vertical miles, then, represents the maximum distance man has had direct observation of earth’s structure (including the 700 miles above the earth’s surface), a small fraction indeed of the 'total radius of 4,663 miles.

To explore the remaining uncharted regions in and about the earth is analogous to trying to determine the contents of a dark room without the possibility of entering it, and, in the case of the deep interior of the earth, without the possibility of even looking in. Although seemingly impossible, there are ways of doing this, ways that are scientific and logical and are not dependent upon any chimerical schemes. How this is done is one of the marvels of our day. At the outset it may be said that, in general, the conclusions deduced by the workers in this field of research are reasonable. Details thereof, however, may need to be revised in time when more accurate information is obtained.

The Measuring Sticks

Suppose some dark night you should go outdoors and throw a ball with all your might out into black space, and suppose that after a moment or two you should find the ball suddenly bouncing back towards you. What would be your conclusion? You will answer, it struck some object out there in the darkness which caused it to bounce back. But, in-’ stead of bouncing back, why did it not reflect or glance off in some other direc' tion? It would have done so had the ball struck the object at some other angle than it did. Moreover, the direction it would havS taken would have been one which obeys the physical law: “The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence.” Sound waves, light waves, radio waves, and, in fact, vibrations of any type, mechanical or electrical, in general obey this same law provided all other factors involved remain constant.

Again, it can be demonstrated that ■when vibrations are set up in some elastic medium, such as sound waves in air or mechanical vibrations in solids, the velocity with which the waves will travel through the medium is a function of the elasticity and density of the material. That is to say, the more dense the ma-. terial is, the longer will be the time interval required for the vibrations to pass through, and the more elastic the material, the less will be the time required. The principle involved is stated in the physical law which says: “The velocity of propagation of a vibration through an elastic medium is proportional to the square root of their elasticity and inversely proportional to the square root of the density.” These two common physical laws along with a third one which relates to refraction angles, give us a clew as to how it is possible - for one to probe into the mysteries of earth’s deep interior structure although it is impossible to see it.

Man cannot penetrate directly the depths below nor the heights above; therefore he must employ an agent of, some kind which can penetrate those regions and bring back the information desired. For exploring the interior of the earth just such an agency is at hand in the form of vibrations be they mechanical or electrical. Before one can use them for exploring purposes, however, it is necessary to learn how to read their “handwriting”, so to speak.

But, you may ask, how can a human creature create vibrations powerful enough to travel to the center of the earth and back again? True, imperfect man cannot do so. However, there are certain natural forces which can be used for that very purpose, and, amazing as it is, these forces originate within the earth itself. And what are’they, do you ask? The answer is, “Earthquakes I” Occasionally earthquakes occur which are powerful enough to be detected on any part of the surface of the earth. If these natural vibrations are accurately measured in every conceivable manner possible, they yield up valuable information about the media through which they have passed. Strange as it may seem, earthquakes do have some value even though at times they play havoc with the works of man.

Types of Earthquake Waves

Research workers in this field of endeavor have learned from experience that earthquake waves or vibrations are of three distinct types. These are known as longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and surface waves, respectively. Each of these has its own peculiar type of behavior. For instance, longitudinal waves travel faster than either the transverse or the surface waves. And it is known that transverse waves* do not pass, through a substance that has the characteristics of a liquid or gas; instead, they disappear completely. This latter property discloses a surprising fact about the core, of the earth which will be noted shortly.

By studying the different types of earthquake waves and noting their time

and direction of arrival at many different points on the surface of the earth, and then by correlating this data, some of the secrets of the earth’s interior structure have been divulged. Needless to say, to measure accurately the time and direction of arrival of such waves emanating from points thousands of miles away requires delicate instruments of the highest precision. Only today are such instruments possible, the day of electronic devices, -and therefore a time for learning more about God’s wonderful creation.

Earth’s

Earth’s Annular. Structure

to the center at 3,963 miles. The one next One of these astronomers, notably Hal-to the surface can be subdivided into ' ley of “Halley’s Comet” fame, reasoned

Onion-like Layers Using such instruments in conjunction with the aforesaid well-known physical laws and some higher mathematical computations, it is found that the interior of the earth is not composed of a uniform mass of material, but, instead, is divided into many discrete identifiable onion-like layers, having diverse characteristics one from another. These layers are not mere shells of a matter of feet and inches in thickness, but are gigantic areas many miles in dimension. Hour of these are outstanding and of major importance. The first extends from the surface to a depth of 50 miles; the second, from 50 to 750 miles; the third, from 750 to 1,800 miles; and the fourth, from 1,800 four other layers of lesser magnitude having boundaries at about 7, 23, 37, and 50 miles, respectively.

The four major layers have distinct boundaries at the depths of 50, 750, and 1,800 miles, as is indicated by an abrupt change in the .density of the material of each' adjoining layer. Measurements show that the density of each successive layer increases with its order of depth. That of the first, which lies near the surface, is about three times that of water, whereas that of the fourth, the innermost composing the core, has a density ’ of nine times that of water. The average density of the entire earth is 5£ times that of water.

The fact that there is a wide demarcation in the characteristics of each individual layer is what makes their detection possible. The^core of the earth, that portion at the center having a diameter of 4,326 miles, it is believed, is not a solid at all. The behavior of the transverse waves when they arrive at the boundary of this layer indicates that this region is either in a liquid state or is composed of gas. If it is composed of gas, perhaps it is some strange kind having high density and which is totally different from any known here on the surface of the earth.

It is not entirely improbable that the conjecture made by some eatly astronomers concerning the nature of the deep interior of the earth has foundation.

that the interior of the earth may be another sphere revolving on its own axis independently of the remainder or outer

shell of the earth. Halley’s basis for such a conclusion was that such an interior structure could account for certain vagaries in earth’s magnetic field which were not understood at that time and which he endeavored to explain.

Whether the central 4,326-mile-diam-'^ter core is in a liquid , state or a gaseous state, or whether it consists of another sphere having its own dense gaseous atmosphere, is not definitely known. However, it is positively known that the central portion making up the core of the earth is totally different in density and structure from the remainder of the earth. Support is lent to this conclusion by observing the design pattern the Creator uses in the construction of. spherical objects here on the surface of the earth. For example, fruits of various kinds which are spherical in form generally have a core structure entirely different from the main body. Also, a most striking example of the same principle can be observed in the structure of hailstones. Not only is a similar core structure in evidence, but also the ringlike bhdy layers are well defined.

Layers of the Atmosphere

Turning our attention now to that portion of the earth which is above us, the 700 miles or so of the circumambient atmosphere, are there any evidences that • discrete layers or “rings” exist in its structure? In what manner is-it possible to gain any information about this great expanse the major portion of which is totally inaccessible?

In some respects the exploration of earth’s circumambient atmosphere does not present so many formidable obstacles as does the exploration of the interior of the earth; therefore more reliable information may be had about it. Here we have the valuable aid of light, sight, and sound. Other tools Available for exploring this region, each of which contributes its bit of information in its own particular way, are such as cosmic rays, ultraviolet light, the aurora borealis and aurora australis, meteors, radio waves, earth’s magnetic field, sun spots, and electrical storms. For exploring that portion of the atmosphere lying adjacent to the surface of the earth there are such tools as planes, balloons, radio sondes, and sound waves. Also, much valuable information is obtained in an indirect way from laboratory research with such instruments as Geiger-Muller counters, cyclotrons, betatrons, mass spectrographs, and radioactivity. Just how each of these is employed to gather the information is beyond the scope of this article. Only a brief reference can here be made as to how some of them are used.

Various types of measurements made with electronic devices during recent years indicate that the upper atmosphere is indeed built up of concentric onion-like layers each different from the others in many respects, just as in the interior of the solid portion of the earth. It does not consist of a simple uniform structure which gradually tapers off towards zero density as the height increases. The same design pattern is followed here as in the solid portion below us, that is, a diversity of structure is in evidence. There are at least three identifiable layers of major importance, and interspersed with these three there are two “heat belts” and at least three zones at various heights which act as reflectors for radio waves. The three major layers have been given the descriptive names of troposphere, stratosphere, and ionosphere. Of the two heat belts, the first lies in, the region of the stratosphere and the second in the ionosphere. Of the .three radio wave reflectors, one lies in the stratosphere and the other two in the ionosphere. t

The Troposphere Is Nearest to the Earth

The troposphere is the layer which lies directly in contact with the surface of the earth and rises to an average height of about ten miles. Being the nearest,

CONSOLATION ■ I quite naturally the most accurate and detailed information may be had about it. The outstanding characteristic of the troposphere is its constant change. In fact, it may be said that the only thing constant about it is its changeableness. Temperature, humidity, winds, light, clouds, barometric pressure, ultraviolet radiations, and a host of other variables are never at re^t, but are always changing from day to day, year in and year out. In this layer occur the innumerable vagaries which go to make up the weather. It is well known that the magnitude of some of these can reach gigantic proportions, resulting in such whirling dervishes of the skies as cyclones, hurricanes, and tornadoes, with their accompanying destructive floods and other devastations.

Of the many variables found in the troposphere, that of temperature is of particular interest; for measurements made by the use of automatic recorders on balloons called radio sondes disclose the interesting fact that the temperature does not continuously decrease at a uniform rate as the height is increased. In general, the temperature does decrease with height, but only up to a certain point This point in the upper atmosphere where the temperature ceases to decrease is what marks the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. At this point the temperature either remains constant or reverses itself with a further increase in height.

Strangely enough, the height of the point where temperature inversion sets in is not the same in all parts of the earth, but there is a wide difference as between the poles and the equator. At the equator this point is at a height of about thirteen miles, while at the poles it is at the much lower height of about four miles. Thus the thickness of the tropospheric layer is more than three times as great at the equator as at the poles. Also, another curious fact is observed. Whereas the temperature at this point of inversion may be as low as 112

AUGUST E9, 1945

degrees below zero in the equatorial region, at the poles the lowest is only about 58 degrees below zero, approximately half as much. An interesting paradox of nature that. In the sub-stratosphere it is actually colder at the equator than at the poles. This fact may be watched with interest, for it will probably have some bearing on the mapping of air-line routes in the future when stratoliners come into general use world-wide.

The Stratosphere

Directly above the troposphere lies the stratosphere. This layer has the form of a spherical shell which completely surrounds the earth and extends from the troposphere upward to a height of about 40 miles. As its name indicates, here lies a stratum the characteristics of which are comparatively uniform, particularly so in the region adjoining the troposphere. The temperature is more constant, air currents are more stable, and in many respects this is a region approaching the ideal for airway travel.

Rising to a higher level in the stratosphere, in the vicinity of from 20 to 40 miles, the situation is quite different. In that region there is considerable variation in temperature from day to night due to the influence exerted by a dense layer of ozone believed to exist at that height. Because of the concentrated amount of ozone, this portion of the stratosphere has been given the descriptive name of “ozonosphere”. That the . gas composing this layer is ozone is deduced from several lines of reasoning. First, laboratory experiments prove that .ultraviolet light and other radiations ' from outer'space acting on oxygen transform the oxygen into ozone. And, second, meteors that have succeeded in penetrating the stratosphere in their downward plunge from outer space instantly flash up brilliantly when they enter this layer. The sudden transformation of the meteors into incandescent gases is due to the greatly increased resistance this

layer presents to the high-velocity projectile-like meteors.

A spectroscopic analysis of the light thus emitted by these incandescent meteors reveals the presence of ozone. It is known that a dense layer of some kind of gas must exist at this height, because sound waves, also long radio waves, are reflected from it. During the first World War, it is reported, on certain occasions the cannonading in Belgium was distinctly heard across the Straits in England. For sound to he heard at that distance indicates that the reflector must be at a considerable height. Computations point to the ozonosphere. Similar computations with long radio waves indicate likewise. Balloonists who have risen to the sub-stratospheric level report that they have heard earthborn sounds emanating from points above them, not below, mark you, indicating some kind of reflector overhead.

Since there are strong circumstantial evidences to substantiate the belief that a layer of ozone exists there, what effect could it have upon the atmosphere below it? Laboratory experiments prove that ozone is opaque to ultraviolet light, and that material such as rubber immediately disintegrates when exposed to ozone. The ozonosphere being at a high level above the major portion of the atmosphere and being relatively dense in structure, a great amount of heat must be generated in this layer due to the direct absorption of the sun’s ultraviolet radiations. It is estimated that the daytime temperature rises to as much as 200 degrees above, not below, zero. The nighttime temperature, though, drops to that of the normal stratospheric level, which, as noted heretofore, is about 58 degrees below zero.

This great daily temperature variation, a total of 258 degrees, must cause air currents in the ozonosphere of prodigious proportions. That such do actually exist can be observed directly. Some meteors that have succeeded in entering this layer leave behind them trains of incandescent gases which sweep across the sky at a high rate of speed. A strong wind must be the cause. This great agitation does not seem to have much effect upon the sub-stratosphere, miles 'below. Experience testifies that there the air currents are more stable.

It was said that ozone is opaque to ultraviolet light. The ozonosphere, then, may be considered to be a barrier placed high in the sky which regulates the amount of ultraviolet light reaching the earth. The proper amount of ultraviolet light is highly beneficial for the health* and well-being of plant and animal life. Too much is destructive. Here, then, is demonstrated the wisdom of the great Creator in providing protection for His creatures on earth.

The 700-Mile-High Ionosphere

The third major layer of the atmosphere extends from the stratosphere upward to a height of 700 miles. It has ' been named the ionosphere,. Some men apply the term to the narrow zone within this layer at the height of between 60 and 65 miles which acts as an electrical ■ reflector for short radio waves. This electrical reflector, though, is more prop- ■ erly termed the “E” layer, or, as those who prefer to honor creatures rather than the Creator call it, the Kennelly-ITeaviside layer. Meteorologists correctly apply the term ionosphere to the entire layer rising to an approximate height of 700 miles. Its name indicates that “ionization” plays the leading role in this layer; and, in fact, it does. So let us see what is meant by that term before we proceed farther. ■

In the broad sense, ionization simply ' means the process whereby a liquid or gaseous substance is rendered electrically conductive. To understand how this is done, let us enter the realm of the infinitesimally small, the sub-microscopic world. The building blocks of this world are called “protons”, “neutrons,” and > “electrons”, which together constitute atoms of matter. There are millions of

atoms in one cubic inch. Centering our attention on just one of these atoms, what do we see? Should the atom happen to be one of hydrogen, we shall see a simple miniature solar system having a t, sun-like nucleus named a “proton”, and, amazingly, around it there is rotating at terrific velocity a tiny little planet-like unit named an “electron”. The relative dimensions of the electron and proton and the distance between them is comparable to that of the sun and planets of the solar system. Therefore, the atom consists mostly of empty space.

The hydrogen atom is the simplest of all the atoms of the ninety-two known elements. An oxygen atom contains eight electrons rotating around its nucleus. Uranium, the most complex, has ninety-two electrons associated with its nucleus. No two elements are alike. The only distinguishing difference as between any two of the elements is in the structure of the nucleus and in the number and arrangement of the planetary electrons rotating around it. These atoms in their normal state are electrically neutral; that is, the electron always carries a definite, fixed amount of negative electrical charge which is exactly equal and opposite to the positive charge on the protons of the nucleus. Thus the electron is bound to the nucleus by the coulomb force created by the equaland opposite electrical charges.

Now suppose that some means be provided whereby myriads of high velocity projectiles, such as radiations from the sun or cosmic radiations from outer space, be made to penetrate a large group of such atoms of a gas. Even though the atom is nearly all “emptiness”, yet the chances are finite that some of the projectiles will strike some of the atoms. When this happens, and if the force of the impact be great enough, one or more of the electrons rotating in the outer orbit of the atom will be dislodged from the atom. When an electron is so removed from the atom the atom is no longer in its neutral state, because the electrical balance has been destroyed by the removal of the negative electron. In this state of unbalance the atom is positively charged. The electron with its negative charge, because of having much less mass than the protons, is free to be influenced by any other electrical field in its vicinity. When in this condition the electron will obey the natural law; “unlike charges attract; like charges repel each other.” Motion is thus imparted to it, and an electron in motion constitutes an electrical current.

Multiply the number of electrons in motion by billions and there results an electrical current of great magnitude. Should this ionized gas be located between two metallic plates, one ofAvhieh has a positive charge and the other a negative charge, an electrical current will flow from one plate to the other through the gas. Such a current exists in the ionosphere due to the atomic bombardment and the influence of earth’s magnetic poles which simulate the charged plates.

Bombardments Equivalent to

Billions of Electron Volts

In the ionosphere the process of ionization takes place on a gigantic scale. What are equivalent to projectiles hurled from outer space are cosmic rays, ultraviolet light, and other radiations of various types known and unknown. These radiations strike the rarefied gases in the upper atmosphere with such tremendous force that their effect is measured, not in thousands or millions, but in billions of electron volts. The resuit produced by this electronic bombardment can be imagined. It is atomsmashing de luxe.

. In an ordinary vacuum tube such as is used in a radio receiving set operat- . ing with but a few volts, the plate of the tube can become red-hot almost instantly from the minute electronic bombardment. What must be the effect when forces equivalent to billions of volts are used as up in the ionosphere, where electronic bombardment is carried on in a colossal manner? That such powerful electrical forces do actually exist in the ionosphere is known from direct measurements of their secondary effects in the troposphere by the use of Geiger-Muller counters and associated equipment. It is only during the past decade t^at these forces have been discovered and measured. Research workers in nuclear physics have learned a little about how to duplicate in miniature such electronic bombardment' as exists up in the sky continuously.

A laboratory device called a “cyclotron” and more recently another instrument named a “betatron” can develop potentials equivalent to 100 million electron volts or more. Even with this relatively small amount of potential, a vast new world is now being envisaged wherein transmutation, radioactivity, and electronic bombardment will play an important role. Xo longer is the transmutation of one element into another an alchemist’s dream. Today it is an accomplished fact. Research like this explains why it is believed that there exists a belt of extremely high temperature in this layer high up in the sky called the ionosphere. Some research workers estimate that the temperature may be as much as 1600 degrees Fahrenheit. At that temperature iron would flow as a liquid.

The ionosphere contains at least two regions which act as electrical reflectors for short radio waves. The lower already identified as the “E” layer, at the height of 60 to 65 miles, remains substantially constant throughout the year. The second reflector, higher up, is iden-. tilled as the “F” layer. Its height varies from day to night and from summer to winter. At night during the summertime its average height is about 145 miles. In the daytime it splits up into two layers; one, the “F'”, comes down to about 124 miles, and the other, the “If"", goes up to about 218 miles. In the winter there is but one “F” layer, at the average height of 128 miles.

The heights of the various reflectors can be accurately measured by using the same principles that are employed in radar. These reflectors high in the sky make possible world-wide radio broadcasting. Radio stations intended for long distance transoceanic communication are so designed that the power radiated is confined to a narrow beam. Using the proper angle of incidence, this beam is aimed toward these ithiized regions in the sky, and as a result the reflected wave returns to the earth at a great distance from the transmitter and with little loss in power.

In the ionosphere occur the beautiful electronic displays known as the aurora borealis and aurora australis, or northern lights and southern lights respectively. In that the earth’s magnetic field is most intense near the poles, these auroras, therefore, are more brilliant near the higher latitudes. They are caused by electronic bombardment of the rarefied gases in'the upper atmosphere. Some of such auroral displays have been observed as high as 700 miles in the sky and as low as the stratosphere. Their presence and coloring, therefore, is a positive indication of the height of the atmosphere and the nature of the gases at those heights.

Darkness upon the Face of the Deep

'Balloonists who have ascended to high altitudes report that as they ascended the sky gradually became darker. This may appear strange to some people who may think that just the very opposite should be true. A moment’s reflection, however, should convince one of the fallacy of such a conclusion. For instance, you have often seen an oblique beam of sunlight from a window stream across a darkened room. What you saw was not the radiation from the sun, but the light reflected from myriads of dust motes floating in the air. Remove every particle of dust from the air (if that were possible), and the beam of sunlight wotdd become utterly invisible. Were it not for the dust particles, the watery vapor, and the atoms of gas constituting the atmosphere around the earth, the sky would be dark even at noonday. The higher one ascends in the atmosphere, the darker the sky becomes, because of the freedom from dust, a less dense atmosphere, ' and because of being farther removed from the objects on the surface which serve to reflect and diffuse the light. In outer space where there is no matter, either solid, liquid, or gaseous, all is darkness for the same reason.

When the Architect of the earth stated, at Genesis 1:2, Tn the beginning the earth was without form and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep,’ He must have been revealing a state of development in which waters covered the earth and no atmosphere was in existence. Consequently, "darkness” was upon the “face of the deep” just as the record states. Toward the end, though, of the first 7,000-year creative day the earth had been so developed that the elements began to assume their organized positions. Here then was an agency . which could and did transform the radiations from the sun and make them visible ; hence, insofar as the earth was concerned, light first came into existence. The earth having acquired rotative motion, light and darkness would follow each other in natural sequence, or be “divided”, just as recorded at ’Genesis 1:4.

We see, then, that the present-day conception of the structure of the earth, according to the evidences deduced1 by modern research and mathematical computations, is that the earth does not consist of a homogeneous mass of material, but, instead, is composed of at least seven major identifiable onion-like layers each differing from the others in some respect and many other layers of lesser distinction. What little man knows at present about the wonders of God’s creation is very insignificant in comparison with what still remains to be learned. Throughout the endless ages of God’s kingdom now beginning it will be the blessed privilege of those peoples found worthy to live everlastingly on this earth to ever learn of and enjoy the infinite wonders of God’s creative works. Truly the inspired Word says: “O Lobd, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches.”

Have You Ever Heard of the PWA?

AT ABOUT the time that Franklin D.

Roosevelt became president there were some 13,000,000 Americans out of work. The Public Works Administration, started in the spring of 1933, was based on the theory that the expansion of construction in times of depression would relieve stagnation and assist business recovery. The Encyclopedia Americana explains:

Public works construction by State and local governments declined tremendously during the depression, and by the summer of 1933 when PWA began to function such construction had virtually ceased. Most of the municipalities throughout the country had for the two years preceding June 1933 found it difficult or impossible to &ell their bonds; and, in the face of the heavy welfare burdens, and the all-time high in tax delinquencies, the financing of public improvements out of income was out of the question. Had it not been for the financial assistance rendered by the PWA the standards of public service in the thousands of municipalities would have been jeopardized if not seriously impaired. Allotments by PWA have been used for su6h projects as schools, hospitals, public buildings, sewers, water supply, highways, bridges, river and harbor development, national defense, water-power development, reclamation, irrigation and flood control. In addition to this employment, there is the so-called secondary employment that results from the expenditure

of the wages and salaries received by employees at the site of construction and by the workers in the factories, mills, and forests that supply the materials for PWA construction. .

The PWA*continued for years, and so , did the unemployment, but after Pacelli tmd Hitler made their abortive attempt io grab the world the unemployed found employment in war industries, and as soon as those industries are over the 13,000,000 will be as jobless as they were before. That’s the truth; and it is common sense.

The Big Fellows See It Coming

Chairman Krug of the War Production Board recently made a statement in which he said:

As the cutbacks increase, some areas are bound to experience unemployment. In that event, local chambers of commerce, union leaders and business men may urge the government to take special measures, such as providing a public works program, or putting in war contracts to tide over the slump, or making special releases of materials for civilian production. . . . We must prepare to meet such emergencies when they are real; but we must also be prepared to resist the pressure when they would only delay necessary readjustments.

That is quite plain, but the National City Bank of New York, in its June, 1945, review of economic conditions, makes it plainer still. It quotes Mr. Krug approvingly, followed by this one:

We venture, to add to this statement an opinion that the pressures to which Mr. Krug refers will not come wholly from outside the government, but also from elements within it, who believe that public works programs or other government spending are desirable whenever and wherever people are out of jobs, and who constantly'urge the adoption of a legislative policy to that effect.

The bank goes on to say that it disapproves all such plans of help for the helpless or work for the workless; that the states now have in their hands some $6,000,000,000, and that must be used up first; that veterans get $300 anyway when they are demobilized, and that they may even get $20 a week up to as much as 52 weeks, if unemployed during the first two years after discharge.

Only a little while back, the big fellows were cheerfully telling how many years it would take to fill the demand for radio sets and washing machines, to be made by the concerns that have been making bombers and ships, but with peace in sight they begin to tell the truth.

Did Jesus Ever Pontificate?

IF THIS question were to.be asked of the United Press representative at present located in Jerusalem he would reply, AVhy, certainly,” and he could give his own dispatches as proof of the accuracy of his answer. Back in April, 1943, Archbishop Spellman, traveling at the expense of the United States government, visited Palestine, and the representative aforenamed sent out several dispatches about his pontificating; and if he could do it, it would seem as if Jesus could do it, though it must be admitted that Jesus was only a carpenter, and there are very few carpenters that know anything about this pontificating business.

To get a good head-start the U.P. dispatch on April 24, started off like this:

Archbishop Spellman, of New York, passed through packed throngs along the Via Dolorosa (Way of the Cross) today on his way to pontificate at the Liturgical Blessing, part of the Holy Saturday services, in the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre.

• The reader will pardon a little intrusion here of a few remarks of the carpenter who never pontificated:

’ And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept over it, saying, If thou hadst

known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes. For the ' days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall east a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side, and shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation,—Luke 19:41-44.

Jestft told the truth. Jerusalem was so thoroughly and completely destroyed A.D. 70 that “for fifty years, after its destruction, until the time of Hadrian” "there is no mention of it in history”.

Where Spellman Pontificated

In view of Jesus’ statement that Jerusalem would be without one stone upon another, and the findings of history in accord therewith, it was good of the U.P. correspondent to tell just where it was that Mr, Spellman did his pontificating. It was, so it seems, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. So here are a few facts about this dirty hole:

The approach to it from every direction lies through narrow, filthy lanes, and small bazaars generally filled with ragged Arab women, the venders of vegetables and snails, the latter of which are much eaten here, especially during Lent. . . . The key of the church is kept by the governor of the city; the door is guarded by a Turk, and opened only at fixed hours ... for as soon as the door is opened the pilgrims, who have almost all been kept waiting for some time and’have naturally become impatient, rush in, struggling with each other, overturning the dragomans, and are thumpe^ by the Turkish doorkeeper, and driven, like a herd of wild animals, into the body of the church.

Of course, that was written back in 1880, when the Turks had the city in charge, and when they tried to preserve order between the Syrian Catholics, Maronite Catholics, Roman Catholics, Greek* Catholics, and Coptic Catholics who used to bang one another up pretty badly in this place where they were supposed to have equal rights, but didn’t get them. After mentioning the “small chapels” of the Syrians and Maronites in this Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the “large chapels in the body of the church” set apart for the Roman Catholics, Greek Catholics and Armenian Catholics, the encyclopedia goes on to explain:

, The poor Copts have nothing but a nook, about six feet square, in the western end of the sepulchre, which is tawdrily adorned in the manner of the Greeks. The Syrians have ■ a small and very shabby recess, containing nothing but a plain altar.

So that the reader will get an idea of just about how holy is this Church of the Holy Sepulchre, among its 47 designated holy objects is the tomb of Adam (number 8 in the list). How Adam’s tomb survived the flood in Noah’s day, and finally came to be parked in the same “chapel” with the tomb of Melchizedpk (number 6 in the list), is all a matter of “faith”, religious faith, not'faith in God or in His Word.

To understand the dispatch which the United Press correspondent sent out the next day, it should be explained that the aristocratic and pretentious word "Basilica” is merely a term to cover up nicely the fact that where Mr. Spellman pontificated was merely in that part of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre where ' the Roman Catholic Church is permitted to have its “large chapel”, the same as its competitors the Greek Catholics and Armenian Catholics. The dispatch said in part:

The Most Rev. Francis J. Spellman, Roman Catholic archbishop of New York, pontificated at a high mass before hundreds of American soldiers and nurses in the Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher today and delivered a radio message to the United States . . .

Fighting men and refugees from all lands knelt in the streets of the Holy City to receive the archbishop’s blessing as he passed in the colorful procession to the Basilica. . . . The archbishop was scheduled to speak directly to the United States tonight . . . but static conditions prevented short-wave reception.

Whjj Jesus Could Not Pontificate

Some might rush to say £hat the reason why the carpenter of Nazareth could hot and would not pontificate was that was not a “reverend”, which term, in the Authorized Version, is applied to the Creator alone. But in the Hebrew, the term means to be feared, and occurs many times. In Mr. Spellman's case the term “Most Reverend” merely means that he is most to be feared. To be sure, this is a mistake, and if he wants to gain eternal life he had better hurry up and drop it; for this pontificating business is hooked up direct with demon-worship, and that is the reason why Jesus never did any pontificating.

Here was the way of it. When Julius Caesar was emperor of the world he had the title Pontifex Maximus (chief bridgebuilder), and, if you will remember, when you read his commentaries, he explained in detail how he made his bridges. Other duties connected with the job were heathen ceremonials to appease the gods regarding lightning and pestilence; dedication of heathen temples to the gods of demonism; and regulating the worship of dead ancestors.

That Jesus would have had nothing to do with any of these duties, discharged by the high priests of heathendom, and

then by the emperors, and subsequently by the pontiffs of Rome, goes without saying. Indeed, when the Devil took Jesus up into a high mountain and showed Him all'the governments of the world, and offered them to Him if He would acknowledge him as His overlord, Jelus refused the pontificate and said, “It is written, Thou shalt worship Jehovah thy God, and him only shalt thou serve.” So Jesus never pontificated. ’

At Plymouth Church, Brooklyn ♦ At Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, N. Y., where Henry Ward Beecher once held forth, the present pastor is Dr. Fifield. He has the degree of Doctor of Literature, and throughout the regular church season he lectures on the latest books, and other mundane subjects in which his flock are interested. He has even lectured on the Bible.

Early in May, on the, bulletin board out in front of the church appeared the announcement of a sermon followed by a notice, which read like this:

“Be of Good Cheer” ■

The Sunday evening services will be discontinued until fall

Later, the announcement was changed, and this time read t

“The Key to Better Living” The Sunday evening services ■ will be discontinued until fall

‘The Meek Inherit the Earth’

IN THE accompanying .full page of pictures are shown some of the nationwide efforts in connection with the public lecture “The Meek Inherit the Earth”. (1) Advertising the lecture at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. The lady has just accepted a notice, and the distributor is about to serve another pedestrian. (2) Releasing the booklet 'The Meek Inherit the Earth' at Poughkeepsie, as was done in hundreds of other cities. (3) A publisher at Hot Springs, Ark., with signs and handbills. (4) Another publisher at Hot Springs, with handbills and magazines. (5) One way the lecture was advertised at San Jose, Calif. (6) A publisher at Palm Beach, Fla. (7) Kingdom Hall at Hot Springs, with lecture notices on the doors. (8) Four little publishers all set -* to go to their respective positions- to advertise the lecture. (9) Advertising at Miami, Fla.

'The Meek Inherit the Earth’

grttyWORJ) H is Ts.u'nr

~John 17:17

Love Supplanted by Passion

THE first step in the exercise of true love is gratitude. Gratitude is the state of being thankful or grateful. When one receives a good gift from another and is unthankful there is something wrong in the heart of the receiver. Where there is no gratitude on his part toward the giver selfishness has control over the receiver. Selfishness is the very opposite of love. The laws or rules of action for the government of God’s intelligent creation never change. They are eternal. For this reason it is certain that it would have been pleasing to God for the first man Adam to show gratitude to God for all Adam received at His hand.

Upon this point the Word of God is explicit, saying: “Know ye that the Lord he is God: it is he that hath made us, and not we ourselves; we are his people, and the sheep of his pasture. Enter into his-gates with thanksgiving, and into his courts with praise: be thankful unto him, and bless his name. For the Lord is good; his mercy is everlasting; and his truth endureth to all generations.” (Psalm 100: 3-5) “It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord, and to sing praises unto thy name, 0 Most High.” (Psalm 92:1) “Surely the righteous shall give thanks unto thy name: the upright shall dwell in thy presence.” —Psalm 140:13.

Adam did not prove grateful to God for all he had received at the Creator’s gracious hand. When the test came to him he preferred to exercise selfishness rather than love. Had he manifested love for God he would have obeyed Him. Adam was not grateful toward God; which means he was unkind and unfriendly'in his action toward God. Loving means being another’s friend at all times. (Proverbs 17:17) What took place in Eden verifies that such mental conclusions are correct and that Adam was not the friend of God. In substance, God had said to Adam; T have made this earth for you. I have created you and placed you in this beautiful garden of Eden. Behold its glory! I make you.the caretaker over it. I have created you and placed you in dominion over the earth and given you a wife to be your companion. Everything in this wonderful place is yours to use for your pleasure and comfort. There is just one exception, and that is concerning the tree of knowledge of good and evil: “Thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.”’ (Genesis 2:17) That was a small thing for God to ask of Adam compared with what God had done for him. That commandment furnished the opportunity to test Adam as to whether he would show his love for his great Maker and Benefactor or would exercise the faculty of selfishness and yield to passion.

The invisible cherub Lucifer was man’s spiritual overlord. Being a spirit, he was, of course, not visible to man, but he held conversations with man. Lucifer became filled with pride and ambition because he cultivated the desire to be like the Most High God and to have a separate dominion of his own, (Isaiah 14:13,14; Ezekiel 28:13-18) His ambition was to control man and have man to worship him instead of God; and this he could accomplish only .by alienating man’s affection from God. Lucifer employed the serpent through which to speak. Through tjiis instrumentality he approached Eve and induced her to believe that God had lied to her and Adam and was keeping away from them something they should have. Eve said to him: “But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye

touch it, lest ye die/’ To this Lucifer replied : “Ye shall not surely die: for God doth know that in the day y.e eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.”—Genesis 3:1-5.

Eve, seeing that the fruit was good for fpod, pleasant to look at, and reportedly to be desired to make one wise, took the fruit and ate it in violation of God’s commandments. It does not appear that Adam was present during the conversation between Eve and the serpent. It is reasonable to suppose that when he did appear Eve told him, in substance, of that conversation, saying: 'Adam, God is a liar. I have been told by Lucifer through the serpent that he is a liar and now I have proved it by eating this fruit. I find it to be good, and I am unharmed and am still alive.’

Had Adam manifested love for God he would have said to Eve: 'My Father is not a liar. He could not be a bar. Why should He want to lie to us? Behold this wonderful earth which He has made and this marvelously beautiful garden which He has given us for our home. He made us and put us here to represent Him. He has given us all these blessed things to enjoy for ever if we will only obey Him. He told us not to eat of that fruit. He has some good reason for asking us not to eat of it. Why should we doubt Him for a moment? He has shown His great love for us and now we must show our love for Him. We may be sure that when He sees fit to let us eat of that tree He will have us do so.’

Adam took the very opposite course. He heeded his wife in utter disregard of his gracious Father’s command. From that day until now every man who has acted against his own reasonable judg-. ment and, in violation of his conscience^, has yielded to the influence of a woman, has gotten into trouble. It has been.extremely difficult for men to learn this

lesson, due largely to the fact that they have not heeded the Word of God. Adam yielded to his wife’s suggestion and willfully violated God’s law by eating at her hand. ’

It has been suggested that Adam’s great love for his wife induced him to violate God’s law and that therefore he is in a measure excusable. But’did Adam love his wife? No; he did not love her. When a man truly loves one, he looks after and safeguards the interests of that one. Had Adam really loved his wife he would have said; ‘You have done a great wrong, Eve, and I cannot approve of it by partaking of the fruit with you. I must leave you to the judgment and disposition of God, whom I love, and I know that what he does with you will be right and for the honor of His name.’ But Adam’s lack of love for God and lack of love for his wife, and his selfish desire, or passion, moved him to violate God’s law also, His act and conduct show that he reasoned thus: ‘If Eve,must die, I shall be deprived of her; and without her I cannot have so much joy and pleasure in this beautiful garden, and I do not want to be separated from her. I will take my chance with her.’ The motive prompting him to do that was selfish. He preferred rather to become poor with Eve than to be in harmony with his great and loving God. He chose the selfish and passionate, and not the righteous way. He showed ingratitude to God for all he had received at God’s gracious hands.

Adam was unthankful and selfish, and by his act proved that he was not God’s friend. He became unrighteous and by his wrongful act alienated himself from God. He could no longer thereafter dwell in the presence of Jehovah God. Only the righteous can dwell in His presence. (Ps. 140:13) Today all the race of Adam’s offspring are reaping the fruitage of Adam’s passionate course.

Whom have I in heaven but theel and there is. none upon the earth that I desire beside thee. My flesh and my heart faileth: but God is the strength of my heart, and my portion for ever.

■ —-Psalm 73 ;’2o, 26. '

AUGUST 29, 1046

“With His Own Hands in Honest Industry”

THE consciences of honest men endorse the translation of Ephesians 4i 28 as given in Weymouth’s 'New Testament in Modern Speech:

* He who has been a thief must steal no more, ijbut, instead of that, should work with his own hands in honest industry, so that he may have something of which he can give the needy a share.

Young’s translation is in accord, in effect:

Whoso is stealing let him no more steal, but rather let him labour, working the thing that is good with the hands, that he may have to impart to him having need, ,

The American Standard Version:

Let him that stole steal no more: but rather let him labor, working with his hands the thing which is good, that he may have whereof to giye to him that hath need.

The Scriptures do not suggest that the worker should see if he can win enough at bingo or poker or on a slot machine, or in some other way, to help the needy, and there is no record that Jesus or any of the apostles ever did anything of the kind. They were real men., Nor did the apostles encourage, the women to spend their husbands’ earnings on games of chance; nor would they have taken or used any money obtained in such a manner. Jesus was not operating a racket.

A Gambler Kicks Back

A western paper recently carried the story of an honest housewife misled into the idea that a connection’ with some church is the right thing, Her husband, unfortunately, though in many ways a good man, was addicted to gambling. She thought that if she could get him into a church her troubles would be over. While her campaign for his supposed betterment was on he came home with a handful of lottery tickets and explained that he had got them at her “church", which was giving away $500 in cash prizes. She went on to say:

My husband is now ridiculing my religion and calling us hypocrites. He says we serve liquor and sell it at our church picnics. We run public gambling affairs. But we aren’t even honest enough to pay a liquor license or admit that we are in the same class with Monte Carlo and bookie joints. He says honest bartenders pay the state the legal license and conduct their business according to law.

In the story as published there was no hint as to which church the wife was trying to get her husband into, but it could hardly have been the Greek Orthodox Church, because the legal counsel for that church, James C. Mylonas, Cleveland, Ohio, has issued a public statement i

I wish to make clear to the public that one of the firm principles of the Greek Orthodox Church is never tb permit any of its constituent churches to engage in any gambling whatsoever. Furthermore, none of our churches accepts money obtained from gambling. Our parishes are supported entirely by subscription and the donations of the membership. Any priest of the church found engaged in gambling would be suspended from his office by the archbishop of the church.

Flouting the Law in Ohio

The destruction of all law is well under way in Ohio, and it is not at all hard to find the organization that is at the bottom of it. Thus, it is illegal to play bingo in Ohio, but that means nothing to the “Very Reverend” or “Most Reverend” Anarchists, and, in fact, in the city of Cincinnati, it wafe all fixed up with the police that while they might enforce the law elsewhere they were not to do it in the case of St. Mark’s church. Everything was going along fine for the “reverends" when they tried curtailing the number of games played, and withholding a $500 special prize which had been offered. The 3,500 players got out of hand. They threw pop bottles on the floor, stamped their feet, hissed and booed and milled around the “reverend” burglars demanding an explanation. In the excitement somebody made the awful mistake of calling the police. When these minions of anarchy arrived, they wanted badly to arrest the man who had telephoned to them, as is their custom under such circumstances, but nobody could find him, and so, of course, there were no arrests. The name of the denomination operating the St. Mark’s gambling den is not known.

The same Vermont officials who refused protection to one of Jehovah’s witnesses, and would not let Jehovah’s witnesses have City Hall auditorium for a Christian meeting after they had paid the full rent in advance, allow this illegal sign in front of Holy Cross Chapel, five miles north of Burlington, without interference. ,

Being illegal in Ohio, bingo is also illegal in Cleveland, but is regularly advertised in th.e West Side News, which lists the gambling houses as St. Mary’s Annunciation, St. Stephen’s, St. Wendelin’s, St. Malachi’s, St. Michael’s, and the Blessed Sacrament church. The name of the church or churches operating these rackets is not known. Of course, it is just possible that some or all of these cesspools of crime are of the same brand as indicated in the dispatch below.

…