Consolation, November 24, 1943

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Contents

Some of France’s Betrayers

May Have Been Some Bad Politicians 4

The Big Business Crowd

Last Moments of French Republic

And So Comes Petain

Petain Got His Power in the Dark

“A Colorful Ceremony”

Bolivia, Famous for Tin and Potatoes 9

High Percentage of Illiteracy

The Most Important Industry

What the Chaco Is Like

Even Moderate Smoking Is Harmful

“Thy Word Is Truth”

“Purgatory” Washed Out

Spearing Souls Out of “Purgatory”

On the Street Corner

Tulsa Citizens Protest Intolerance of Public Servants

In Darkest Mississippi

“The Land of Ten Thousand Lakes”

Minneapolis, “City of Waters”

Enquirer Wants More Religion

Presenting “This Gospel of the Kingdom” '

Punctuation

“An Unusual and Outstanding Gathering of

Christians”

Report of the “Free Nation’s”

Theocratic Assembly

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Is the Hierarchy Learning?

♦ Is the Roman Catholic Hierarchy learning something about how to do its work? One could almost think so, and could imagine they were taking lessons from God’s Theocratic organization, to read closely the pastoral message of “apostolic delegate” Cicognani to the Catechetical Congress held in Cincinnati. Mr. Cicognani said they would see that in every parish “all who are capable of , teaching or promoting catechetical instruction” should be kept busy. There should be “a distribution of books, pamphlets, leaflets and similar suitable material” and the work should be in the hands of “both sexes”, “all the faithful of good will.” All such are to be “ambassadors of our Lord”. In some districts “a special organization is necessary to obtain ipeans of transportation for gatherings”. It should be borne in mind that “there are some individuals who may easily, be reached by the laity but not by the clergy”, “The first Christian school for children should be their own family and home.” It is discerned that “numerous home visitors are needed to seek out the indifferent and negligent”. This kind of work Mr. Cicognani designates as “the choicest field of Catholic Action”.

Shame on Walter Clinnin!

♦ Walter Clinnin, of Chicago, should shame himself. Three crooks came to him and trustingly turned over to him $3,200 that they had collected in the “Purgatory” racket. They traded their perfectly good whisky warehouse receipts for whisky warehouse receipts that were worthless. Moreover, several more “Purgatory” crooks lost, all together, more than $15,000 by which this Clinnin bird hung up these other birds to dry in the gale. Something has got to be done to protect “Purgatory” crooks in their honest graft in whisky hereafter or Chicago will be ruined. , ■ - •

CONSOLATION

“And in His name shall the nations hope.”—Matthew 12:21, A.R.V.

Volume XXV Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, November 24, 1943 Number 631

Some of France’s Betrayers

IT MUST be remembered that France is still suffering from what may be called a Napoleon hangover. Napoleon’s name and even his descendants are objects of veneration. In a letter from Paris, published in the New York Times Magazine, December 11, 1938, P. J. Philip goes into some detail on this:

To understand the situation, or rather the conception the French have of the State and its duties, one must go back to the 19th of Fructidor, 1789, when General Jourdan got the Council of Five Hundred to pass a little law making all men between 20 and 25 years old “defenseurs conscripts”, compelling them to take arms for the defense of their country. It is that little law, perpetuated throughout every regime ever since, which has made France different from other “democracies”, however much the French may seek to conceal or to justify the difference.

That was the law which began the gradual conversion of France into a collectivist State. In return for military service the citizenry began to demand more and more from the government until even those governments and parties which were the declared opponents of socialism were compelled to join the procession, so that now the State seems to control and direct everything from the election of an academician and a schoolmaster to the railroads, the highways, the telegraphs and telephones, the manufacture of Sevres pottery, the opera and some theaters, museums and art galleries. Add to this list huge forests, the manufacture of matches and tobacco, the refinement of oil, the Bank of France, potash mines in Alsace, coal mines in Flanders, steamship companies and mineral springs like those of Vichy.

There is scarcely anything in which the State does not take a hand, and that, in the opinion of those opposed to such laws as the forty-hour week, is the source of the present difficulty. State intervention, it is argued, has killed private initiative; it has killed the desire of the capitalist to risk his capital in enterprise.

State intervention, too, runs the argument, has killed the desire of the workman to work and save. He has derived from his experience as a soldierr—and, of course, the demands, of the war veterans are cited in this connection —the feeling that * the State owes him his livelihood. He obtained from the Blum government the forty-hour week and paid vacations. In themselves these improvements in the workers’ lot in many industries are conceded to have been legitimate and beneficial. But it is contended that they spread the conception that the individual could “take things easy” and the State would provide.

Of course, Mr. Philip is connected with and writing for America’s most outstanding representative of Big Business and writes accordingly. But he is one of the best-posted men in the world on everything French.

About the state’s having a lot to say about everything in France, it is noteworthy that in a single month 13,465 persons were punished for hindering the radio reception of their neighbors by maintaining radio howling. Has anybody ever heard that anyone at all has been . arrested for that common offense in the United States?

It is interesting to an American to learn that since January 1,1940, there is a bonus for babies in France; that is, if their parents are not Jews. If a couple produce one child each year for five years they get a premium of 11,620 francs; if they produce five children in seven and a half years they get a bonus of 5,616 francs. The franc is worth 2c; so the premium is $232.40 in the first case, and $112.32 in the second. And it doesn’t seem too much.

French soldiers are not overpaid. They used to get 14c a day. Six years ’ago this was doubled. And the 3c doesn’t seem like too much money for a day’s work either.

Many of the French generals have learned well the lesson that the army should be used, not for the protection of the French Republic and the French people, but for the protection of the clerics, the monarchists and the big business crowd that, as admitted, have as a main objective the overthrow of the republic. The brilliant and liberal writer Genevieve Tabouis (New York Times, March 9, 1942) •

quotes an Englishman who later became a member of the British Cabinet and who told her that while at lunch in a very aristocratic house in Paris he had heard two French generals seriously discussing whether it would not be better for France to be “beaten by Hitler than rescued by Stalin”. The Englishman said that no one at the table seemed in the least put out by this conversation, and added the understatement that it seemed to . him that this indifference might augur badly for the future. To the very week when Mussolini stabbed France in the back the wife of his ambassador, Mme. Cerutti, was exclaiming over teacups: “But, my dear Duchess, if yoti only knew what a wonderful thing fascism is! With fascism the aristocracy is saved!”

May Have Been Some Bad Politicians

The simple-hearted citizens that have lived in the pure atmosphere of Detroit, St.. Paul, Philadelphia, Chicago, and a few more points north, south, east and west (not to mention New York in bygone years), will be grieved to learn that some of the politicians in France are as bad as those nearer home. Such should be measurably comforted by the following dispatch sent in from Paris, September 5, 1934, which explains why, during prohibition days, there was such a neverending flood of liquid refreshment that seemed to come from the French islands St. Pierre and Miquelon, up in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and to find its* way without any serious delay into every part of the United States.

A postmaster who confessed that he was a weekly purchaser of such goods admitted to the writer that the truck driver had told him it cost $100 to get each load off the dock, $100 more to get through Hoboken or Jersey City, and $100 more to get out of the state of “New Hague”. But read the story, so that if prohibition ever comes again you wifi know the orthodox method of procedure :

Another great war mystery was solved today when the whereabouts of the almost mythical stock of United States rye whisky, sent over at the end of the war to cheer up the soldiers, was located in a vast tank near Bordeaux.

There lie 100,000 gallons of the shipment that started across the ocean in 1918 as Glen-brook Kentucky rye, 104 proof. It probably will soon be nothing but a memory here, for it will be sold in England, Scotland and the United States, according to present plans.

For the history of this liquor, which never touched the lips of an American soldier, one has to rely upon Victor Gaillard, wealthy Frenchman, who bought it from the French government as an investment and Edward Pileer, his American agent. Documentary proof is lacking but the whisky is there and even American official sources admit the plausibility of the tale.

It was shipped over by the Red Cross and, not being for sale, no record of its export was kept. It was landed in barrels at Havre, where it stayed until the French government acquired it as part of the war stocks and until M. Gaillard bought it from the government.

He has proof that he got it from the government, but there are no customs records covering its entry. M. Gaillard emptied the whisky from the barrels into the tank and sold the barrels, so another possibility of proving the original source was destroyed.

The French are not whisky-dr inkers; so, with prohibition in the United States, only American bootleggers came into the market for choice ryes. They approached M. Gaillard frequently, according to M. Pilcer, but the Frenchman refused to deal with such purchasers and none of the stock was sold.

When prohibition ended the United States again came into the market for its own product and it would have found its way back long ago duty-free if there were proof that it had been shipped from the United States. Washington now is asking for affidavits showing its history, but that is proving difficult.

The owner feels the United States government will soon recognize his claims. When that is^done the first available ship to the United States will be loaded dowm with Kentucky rye.

One shouldn’t get the idea that it is only in the present that there have been bad politicians and even bad kings and (s-sh!) once in a while a queen that was not 100-perccnt correct in her decorum. Thus, it now seems well established that Anne of Austria, while she was the wife of Louis XIII, was the mamma of a boy whose papa was not the king, but a courtier, (George Villiers, first duke of Buckingham. This boy’s younger brother became Louis XIV of France, and the two boys looked so much alike that to save the queen’s name, and preserve the odor of sanctity in the royal palace, the first child was imprisoned in the dungeons of the Bastilc (the imperial doghouse) under the name of “Le Sieur Montaigne”, where he lived with an iron mask over his features for forty years "to die at last without a murmur, without a harsh word for his inhuman tormentors”. The facts were finally brought to light by a member of the Paris detective force who was permitted to study all documents on the subject in the secret archives of the French police, about a dozen years ago.

The Big Business Crowd

Though most people knew' that the Big Business crowd of France supplied war munitions for the German army throughout the entire war of 1914-1918 (by routing the merchandise around through Switzerland), it was not until the spring of 1936 that the voters of France awoke to the fact that the von Wendels or De Wendels (the name of the head of this family changes according to whether his principal plants chance for the moment to be in Germany or in France) wrere up to their old tricks and were doing everything in their power to rearm Germany, so that there could be another world w'ar. The munition peddlers know on w'hich side their bread is buttered. They regard peace as humanity’s worst ene* my; in which case they think of themselves, their families and their sons-in-lawy and daughters-in-law as humanity.

Not wishing to die for the von Wendels or De Wendels, and thinking (incorrectly as it turned out) that they could stop the Clerical-Royalist-Big Business plan for rearming Hitler and destroying the . last great republic in Europe (barring "Russia), the French voters decided to vote the w'ould-be destroyers of the French Republic out of pov/er and give the Socialists a trial, -with Leon Blum as the premier. Tt worked, 'and on June 2, 1936, the new party went into power and straightway started to try to get rid of the 200 dictators that till then had been running the Bank of France and so running France itself. The elec-; tion posters of the time showed Hitler carrying a dagger in his mouth and on the dagger itself w7ere the words "Steel by de Wendel, Krupp and Co.” ;

Though the Bank of France had 40,000 shareholders, only the 200 richest fami- ; lies of France might have the right to, control the bank’s policy and the finances £ of the government, In trying to dorBeet? this matter Premier Blum was playing with dynamite, and knew it very well. In a year the shares of the bank went from 10,800 francs to 5,250 francs. The press lined up with its owners, which, of course, were the 200 families. But Blum went ahead and in the first nine months of his premiership the government seized the Schneider arms factory, the largest plant in France and one of the most important in Europe. A cash indemnity was paid the Schneider company.

, The big newspaper Echo de Paris (representing the army and church interests aiming at the overthrow of the Republic) and other big papers had .a serious falling off in circulation and in revenue, and serious editorial resignations and splits. But the Big Business crowds won in the end, and the war was pulled off as planned. The nationalization of the French arms factories resulted in tripled production during the eight months of the war with Germany, but the Big Business crowd sabotaged the manufacturing plan until it was too late, and, as they had the Bank of France, the other, big banks, and most of the railroads and allied industries in their hands, the friends of the French Republic stood no chance.

Commenting on this situation Paul V. McNutt, who stands very high in the administration at Washington, said in an address to the graduating class of a Washington college:

The products (which went into the Maginot Line) had been sold to an aging general staff by the corrupt French Steel Trust and the Cement Trust. French generals became smug in the knowledge they could win “the last war”—on paper. French society, military and civil alike, atrophied comfortably in “security”. '

The very plants that the Big Business Clerical crowd slowed down so that the French Republic might be overthrown are now working day and night to help Hitler re-establish in Europe the accursed “Holy” Roman Empire. And the stuff now being made in 'thmie plants is being used to kill Britons, Americans, Russians, Chinese, and other advocates of the four freedoms envisaged and encouraged in the Atlantic Charter and hated and worked against either openly or secretly by the Roman Catholic Hierarchy in every corner of the world.

Last Moments of French Republic

Some have wondered how the aged Petain so suddenly became dictator of France. It is a story to make one’s flesh creep, well told by the famous writer Frederick L. Collins in Liberty magazine, November 23,1940. Only the barest outline is here presented. The Blum ministry is out and the Reynaud ministry is in, and Reynaud is a complete captive, not to his own wife, but to another woman, beautiful, brilliant, wealthy, a representative of the 200 families determined to destroy the French Republic. At four o’clock in the morning of a day in May, 1940, in the palace of the premier of France, Reynaud and this woman were awakened by the jangling of the telephone.

General Gamelin was on the wire, to tell that the Germans had broken through at Laon and that two motorized divisions were marching on Paris. Reynaud was getting old; his enchantress was forty. In her presence, at such an hour, “Reynaud .must have had recourse to certain unaccustomed stimulants.” When he should have been at his mental best he was at his mental worst; but let Mr. Collins, who claims that France was ruined at that very hour, tell the gist of the tale in his own words:

It reveals a sordid, sex-ridden situation in high political places which, aside from every other factor, foredoomed the nation to disaster. But, in fairness, one fact should be kept in the forefront of our minds as we attempt to understand what would otherwise be, to us, incomprehensible: the American conception of sexual morality is one thing; the French conception—indeed the whole Continental European conception—is another!

Paul Reynaud, in allowing himself to fall into the meshes of a beautiful woman not his wife, was doing only that which the average Frenchman regards as the accepted order of the day, or night. The fact that this particular beautiful woman developed with the years into a scheming, overambitious intrigante who came between him and his friends, and finally between him and his country, was his hard luck and the world’s. The fact that he allowed himself to be dominated in matters of vital importance by the woman with whom he had thus become involved was a sign of unforgivable weakness.

The dame with whom Reynaud was spending the, night rushed to the telephone, and all the 200 families and the Clericals, working together for the destruction of the French Republic, knew that the day had dawned which in their hearts they really wanted. Says Collins:

I talked with one of those who received her hysterical warnings. She seemed possessed, my informant told me, with but a single thought, and we now know that, in those small hours of that morning, she had already urged that thought on Paul Reynaud: that there was no hope except in flight. We know, too, that the campaign begun that morning in that boudoir never ceased until her dead body lay mutilated almost beyond recognition on a mountain roadside near Bordeaux and the scarcely living body of Paul Reynaud— together with his predecessors, Leon Blum and Edouard Daladier, and his friend and ally Georges Mandel—was incarcerated by Hitler’s orders in the prison chateau of Chazeron.

And So Comes Petain

The student of history will sometime see how peculiarly appropriate it was that at this time, when the French government needed an odor of sanctity, it should remember that it had Petain. The way it was put (London Sunday Express, June 30, 1940) by George Slo-combe, the last British journalist to leave France, was:

A whole nation found itself listening and waiting for the government, as it moved from one secret headquarters to another, to tell the country the truth. The government changed [just the chance the Jesuits had been hoping for and planning for] mysteriously and apparently without reason. Daladier gave way to Paul Reynaud. Paul Reynaud was replaced by Petain. The decision to defend Paris street by street was revoked, and Paris was abandoned to the Germans. Town after town was abandoned without fighting, and finally the whole country was abandoned. Marshal Petain, eighty-four years old [and so safe from Reynaud’s fate], a valiant old fossil, “a resurrected corpse,” as the German broadcasters cynically described him, tried to save the army by sacrificing the nation, although Hindenburg in 1918 had only sacrificed the Kaiser,

Petain had been trained for this very place. Described by the Columbia Broadcasting Company’s correspondent in France as “almost a fanatical Catholic” (The Register, a Roman Catholic periodical, August 4, 1940), he was selected at the age of 82 to be the ambassador of the French Republic to Franco the Butcher, dictator of Spain. Henry Noble Hall, formerly first secretary of the British Embassy in Paris, says (New York World-Telegram, May 19, 1941):

Naturally the totalitarian government of Franco appealed to him.

On June 17, 1940, Reynaud resigned from the cabinet and Marshal Petain, then 84 years of age, was suddenly catapulted into power. Just how it was done remains obscure. Obviously he was supposed to represent the French Republic. Actually he did nothing of the kind. The headlines in the New York Times, July 4, 1940, after Petain and all the other haters of democracy were gathered at Vichy to do the will of Hitler and the Jesuits, were.: '

France Is Writing End to Democracy; New Constitution Is Proposed to Give Authoritative Rule to Petain’s Regime; Cuts Parliament Powers; National Assembly Is

Expected to Meet Soon and Pass on Change in Policies.

Petain Got His Power in the Dark

It is characteristic of those that conspire to take away the liberties of the people that their deeds are done in the dark; and so one can read with understanding and appreciation the statements of P. J. Philip, former French correspondent of the New York Times (Monday, October 14, 1940), when he says:

It was in these circumstances that the Petain-Laval government came into existence —overnight, in the dark, while the country as a whole, even those millions in Hight, had no idea that the end was so near and still believed that resistance and even victory were possible. It was with a sense of amazed bewilderment that both the army and the population in flight learned by radio that M. Reynaud had resigned and that Marshal Petain, with M. Laval as his first minister, had formed a cabinet and was asking for an armistice.

It is arguable that at least 80 percent of the people of France did not know and would not have approved of what was done so hurriedly and in some ways secretly at that time. The Senate and Chamber of Deputies meeting in National Assembly gave the PetainLaval government legal being in a mood that resembled that of the firemen from the Paris suburbs who ran away with their families on their fire engines instead of remaining to do their duty and protect the citizenry. Democracy, as it had been practiced in France, collapsed without a struggle.

How strange that in its darkest hour the French Republic should fall into the hands of a militarist who hated it, and one so completely infatuated with the Roman Catholic Hierarchy as to make its slightest wish the principal objective of his life. Such is Marshal Petain, the man who, without a shadow of right to do so, subsequently ordered, ruled and decreed the French Republic and its parliament out of existence.

“A Colorful Ceremony”

The inspiration for the death of the French Republic came from Petain’s mentors, the Roman Catholic Hierarchy. It was, accordingly, appropriate that the occasion should be marked by one of the so-called "colorful ceremonies” in which the Hierarchy delights to indulge. In her book War Is People, Lorna Linds-ley gives us the following description of the significant ceremony of which she was an eyewitness:

/It nine o'clock I went to the [Bordeaux] cathedral, where a requiem mass was to be held. The crown! . . . overflow-ed into the square outside the big western doors, which were wide open; inside, the cathedral was packed and silent. . . .

Tn the choir before the altar stood a high bier draped in black. Four huge candlesticks with lighted candles flanked it, and the empty coffin on the bier was covered with the Tricolor. Around the choir stood the men who were all that was left of the Government of France. There were some senators and deputies and a sprinkling of military and naval uniforms. The president, M. Lebrun, was there, and Messrs. Frossard, Chautemps, Marquet and Laval. Marshal Petain and General Weygand were received at the main door by the bishop of Bordeaux, and walked up the aisle with him. The choir sang Dies Irae and the bell of the cathedral tolled the knell. . . .

When the mass ended the absolution was given, the two old soldiers, Petain and Weygand, who had asked for the armistice, stepped up and stood at attention before the catafalque. An altar boy snuffed out the candles, the Tricolor was folded and withdrawn.

And so the republic of France came to an end, with benefit of clergy. "The colorful ceremony” was, as it were, a final ■ ironic flaunting of the perfidy of the betrayers over the remains of the victim. “Requiescat in pace.” France had been, in a manner ef speaking, a Catholic republic, as far as such an anomaly is possible. But there are still ominous sounds heard in the burial chamber.

Bolivia, Famous for Tin and Potatoes

TWO of earth’s most useful products are tin and potatoes. Hardly a meal is eaten that does not have potatoes or tin connected with it in some form or another; and Bolivia has them both. Indeed, though earth has other deposits of tin, yet Bolivia, it is claimed, is the natural habitat of the potato, and from there, in some 200 varieties, it has spread to earth’s remotest bounds. And as to the tin, in a land of 3,426,296 population, it is calculated that about one-third make a living in the tin-mining business. Sometimes it isn’t much of a living. The wages get down to as low as 10c a day; and one can’t do much on 10c, now can one? As recently as December, 1942, Vicente Lombardo Toledano, president of the Latin-American Workers Confederation, stated that laborers were working in mines 4,000 feet above sea level, shoeless and without gloves or helmets for protection. They wanted 20c a day, a 100-percent increase. Just imagine it! This, led the minister of the interior to state that he had discovered a subversive plot to promote strikes and overthrow the government! Tin comprises 90 percent of the country’s exports.

The area of Bolivia, since the territorial dispute with Paraguay was settled, has been fixed at 537,793 square miles, more than half of which consists of low plains, including extensive swamps, while the remainder is a lofty plateau between two mountain ranges; and this highly elevated part is the real Bolivia.

The national language is Spanish, but more than half of the population speak one or another of the Indian dialects and do not know Spanish.

The boliviano, worth about four American cents, is the unit of currency. The governmental budget in recent years has been around 75(1,000,000 of these little bolivianos, equaling about $30,000,000.

Bolivia is landlocked. Imports and exports have to go through Chile, Peru or Argentina. The exports in 1941 were valued at 205,654,833 bolivianos, or about $8,000,000, and consisted almost entirely of tin, tungsten and other metals,

Bolivia’s production of gold is around half a million dollars’ worth a year, but under the Spanish rule (1540 to 1750) the mines yielded gold valued at $2,000,-000,000.

There is compulsory military service in Bolivia for men from 19 to 50 years of age, and also “pre-military” instruction for boys from 12 to 19 and girls from 15 to 20.

The white populations, about 400,000, arc descended in the main from the early Spanish adventurers. They are the landowners, the government officials and the professional part of the population. The mestizos constitute the tradesmen, minor civil servants and skilled workers. The Indians are the laborers, and are suspicious of the whites. Those who live in the deep forests have little contact with the whites.

The mean temperature of Bolivia is 49 degrees, and that is “mean”, and no mistake. Water freezes every night at Alto Curcero, while at noon the sun is so hot as to blister the skin. The reason is that most of the country lies at an altitude of 12,000 feet, and when one is two mile:- up in the sky it gets chilly at night. There are three railroads up into this land of the Andes. They head for La Paz, the capital, and most of their way is over a land of desolation. Vegetation does not do well in alternate heat and frost, but potatoes do. Most strangers suffer from soroche, or mountain sickness, on account of the extra strain put upon the heart. The cities are quiet. The people talk little, and then mostly in undertones. The useful llama has no voice except a low moan. The favorite music is the dirge, and that is a rarity.

NOVEMBER 24, 1943

In other words, the people are short of breath and husband it. Strangers find it hard to sleep.

Titicaca the Size of Connecticut

There are other interesting features peculiarly Bolivian. Lake Titicaca, on the border between Peru and Bolivia, but situated mostly in Bolivia, is 12,500 feet above sea level, and is the highest steam-navigated lake in the world. Tt is of almost the size of Connecticut, being 75 miles wide and 125 miles long. Wood on its shores is so scarce that masts for boats are made by splicing small sticks together. Potatoes, Parley and a few other crops can be grown. Herds of alpacas graze near the lake. The snowclad summits of the Andes are all about. On a night in August the temperature on the lake fell to 15 degrees above zero, a terrific wind blew up, and a sloop was overturned a mile from shore. Few of the 18 passengers survived the terrible exposure.

Some years ago the government sought to compel the Indian inhabitants of the capital to abandon their bright-colored shirts, odd little hats, knitted helmets that come down over the ears, and be humdrum like Europeans and North Americans. More than half the population are Indians. They did not relish the new law, and it never went into effect. So La Paz today is as gaudy as ever. It is claimed that there is not so much color anywhere on earth as in the Sunday open-air market in La Paz. In the women’s skirts, none of the primary colors are ever omitted. So, if Bolivia does not do much to stir up the ears, it certainly does do something to stir up the eyes.

La Paz is the loftiest capital in the world. Not all of the diplomats can stand it to live 12,500 feet above sea level. In the Coolidge administration David E. Kaufman, the then U. S. minister there, found the people quiet and peaceable, but he suffered so from loss of sleep, and lost so much weight, that he felt unable to retain his post.

La Paz is a city of great charm. It lies in the heart of a gigantic canyon about three miles wide, ten miles long and 1,500 feet deep, framed in the highest Andean peaks. On occasion, the storms that raged in the near-by mountain areas have caused Hoods in La Paz that have taken lives, and caused houses to cave in.

There are frequently terrific downpours in the central section of the country; and several of the most important rivers that make up the Amazon system have their rise in Bolivia. At Oruro, Huanuni, Biveralta and Beni many valuable buildings have collapsed in Hoods and many lives have been lost. At such times the wild inhabitants of the Amazonian jungles, both savage Indians and beasts, seek the drier lands on which the white men have built their cities, and man-eating panthers and jaguars have sometimes been shot in the streets. Santa Barbara, located on a promontory 400 feet from the river Choqueyapu, has the Uneasy habit in a great storm of resuming its slide toward the river. Underground waters are the direct cause.

Though famed for their condors, eagles, ostriches, vultures and storks, Bolivia’s forests in the Amazonian areas are also the home of the useful llama and alpaca. Underfoot lurks the bushmaster, a deadly member of -the rattlesnake family, undistinguishable from the carpet of dead leaves.

High Percentage of Illiteracy

It is no disgrace to the people of Bolivia, half of whom are Indians, and half of the remainder of mixed blood, that the percentage of illiteracy is still high, despite the fact that primary education is now free and compulsory. The little folks there are in love with their teachers, the same as elsewhere, and on one occasion those in the secondary schools of La Paz served notice on the government that if their teachers who had been without their salaries for two months were not paid within five days they would go on strike. At that time the president of the country acceded to the students’ demands, despite the fact that the country was at the moment undergoing a fiscal stringency.

The government had to take a more stern position when the telegraphers of the postal'' service went on strike. It declared what is generally held elsewhere that it could not legally recognize the right of government employees to strike. Some years ago the Bolivian Congress decided that its members, instead of receiving monthly salaries throughout the year, as they had done previously, would pay themselves only for each day that they worked. That seems like a pretty high standard, don’t you think?

Roman Catholic is the recognized state religion, but other forms of worship are permitted. There is compulsory religious instruction in all public and private schools of Bolivia except those run by religious organizations.

In 1931 the native Catholic priests, dissatisfied because favoritism was shown to foreign-born church representatives, were back of a motion in the Chamber of Deputies to separate the church and the state, but the only known result is that a bill was also introduced prohibiting all secret societies. There was a beautiful row. A committee of the Congress declared that church dignitaries “through the confessional often possess state secrets whose revelation would endanger the republic” (New York Times, March 22, 1931). “It is further pointed out that the failure of foreign priests to learn the native dialects results in hardships, particularly among the Indians, who are forced to make confession through interpreters. Finally, it is alleged that the foreign clergy are prone to 'export Church revenues’ without making adequate provision for the maintenance of the churches in Bolivia and that the development of a national clergy is thus neglected.”

Four years later, and as a natural result, the Bolivians were said to be leaving the Roman church in great numbers. Even at the time, the wireless to the New York Times stated that “Press comment is divided, but public opinion appears to favor the anti-clericals”.

The Catholic Maryknoll institution of New York is sending missioners into Bolivia j indicating, in its effort to keep missioners of other denominations away, that this South American country is not as Catholic as the Hierarchy would have one believe.

One of the American priests, assigned to Provenir, tells the following story of an incident in connection with a “Christmas” celebration held in tropical heat:

The clothes for the Infant were the occasion of an argument. I, of course, am not an expert with a needle; my skill stops at buttons. But I have my own ideas, and I think that the Christ Child should be “wrapped in swaddling clothes,” just as the Scripture says. But the seamstress thought differently. She made a beautiful white dress with all the accouterments to match it. The Babe of Bethlehem was very well dressed. “It is lovely,” I said. “But God was not dressed that way. He had only some swaddling clothes.” "But these clothes will do much better!” she explained. “When He grows up, He will remember and be glad. Bight now He does not know the difference—He is only a Nino.”

So much for instruction in Catholicism. The “Baby God” wore the white dress, and that w’as that. More missioners are needed “south of the border”, according to Maryknoll. We read:

“If you can’t go along with us [to South America], will you go 'part way? How? By providing any part (large or small!) of the $500 each of us must have for fare and equipment. Even though we may be on the way when you read this, please send along your gift to Maryknoll, anyhow. Headquarters has to find $500 for each of 100 of us being sent

to ‘all points south’. That means a total of $50,GOO, you know. Will you? Thanks!” Also:

Crucifixes, dozens of them, are needed for Maryknoll houses and chapels. They cost $5.00 each. . . . Mission sick-call equipments needed for Bolivia, $25 each.

The Most Important Industry

The most important industry of Bolivia is mining. There are large deposits of tin, silver, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, bismuth, wolfram, gold, and borate, of lime. More than 15 percent of the world’s output of tin is produced in Bolivia. The country ranks second to China in the mining of antimony, and third in tungsten. The petroleum industry is growing. Ninety-eight percent of the exports consist of tin, tungsten, and other metals.

Besides potatoes, the country produces cacao, coffee, barley, coca, highland rice, rubber, and cinchona bark. It is the second rubber exporting country of South America. Patino, king of the tin business, is said to be one of the ten wealthiest men in the world. Thirty years ago he was a grocer and got his start by grubstaking a prospector. One wonders, if he is really No. 10 in the list of the world’s wealthiest men, whether he would not be just as happy if he had paid some of the poor Indians that 20c a day they wanted, in lieu of the 10c a day which they are said to have received. On occasion the miners have been hungry and attacked the company stores to obtain food. They did that at Oruro; troops were called to restore order, and several casualties resulted. Maybe some of the lOc-a-day miners tried to take home some food to their starving wives and babies. Men do such things, sometimes.

Communism has been outlawed in Bolivia, and all Communist activities have been stopped. Before the last German minister, Ernst Wendler, was run out of the country one of the letters to him was intercepted, in which he was

told of “maps showing the most favorable sites for ' landing”, and showed otherwise that his heart was with Pacelli, Hitler and Mussolini,, “for the realization of our plan,” “when we assume power.” If you are going to grab a world, it is mice to have plans all made as to what you intend to do in each and every country. But sometimes there is a slip-up in the plans.

The Munition Business

Bolivia has had a century-old conflict or dispute with Paraguay over the Gran Chaco, the interior plain between the two countries north of the Pilcomayo river and west of the Paraguay. The munition makers made a lot of money out of this, and, in 1934, were making sales to both sides at the rate of $7 a minute.

The gist of the situation is that Bolivia has no seaport and exports and imports must travel through Arica, Mollendo, Antofagasta and La Quiaca, and if she could just get undisputed possession of the Gran Chaco she could use the bosom of the Paraguay river to bear her products to the world; but the Paraguayans, though only a third as many in number, want both shores of the river, and, as they are among the world’s snappiest fighters, they have just resisted every attempt to make them let go.

When the war of 1934 flared up, the headlines in the New York Times (September 4) were “Chaco War Nears Standard Oil Area; Paraguayan Drive on Villa Montes Beaches Vicinity of American Leases; Barrier to Peace Seen; Asuncion Said to Be Determined to Obtain Possession of Potentially Rich -Fields.” And the first paragraph of the story contained a Washington dispatch reading:

Concessions of the Standard Oil Company (N. J.) are imperiled by the Paraguayan advance into the Chaco, which has brought the fighting in recent weeks into oil territory and imperiled the Bolivian position, according to word received by the State Department but not made public.

CONSOLATION

Maybe one reason for the munition makers’ prosperity at that time was that they had been well oiled.

What the Chaco Is Like

The Gran Chaco is 100.000 square miles of undulating grazing land, marsh and thick timber, sparsely settled, and the habitat of many uncivilized Indians. Virtually unexplored jungle at present, it is considered one of the richest potential orchards in the world. The Bolivians know’ so little of what it contains, or how to get about in it, that in one of their wars for it, forty years ago, one of their armies got lost, invaded Brazil by mistake, and was sent home around Cape Horn. The name “Gran Chaco” means “hunting-ground”. When the most recent war started, the ar^a was physically about equally divided between Bolivia and Paraguay.

Sweet water is, as yet, extremely scarce in the Chaco. The area next to the Pilcomayo river has been described as “a bog with as much movement as an unsqueezed sponge”. The worst insects are ihenni, vicious black Ilies that hang in dark clouds in the air. There are also poisonous snakes, jaguars, and,piranhas (carnivorous fish). Water holes are 15 to 40 miles apart. On one occasion the Paraguayan troops found the bodies of 100 soldiers of tin; Bolivian Infantry who had died of thirst in the jungle. Eighty percent of the Bolivian deaths in the Chaco were due to sickness. The mountaineers could not endure the jungles and swamps.

One of Bolivia’s most capable statesmen, Dr, Daniel S. Bustamante, onetime Bolivian minister of foreign affairs, had and still has a sensible way of settling the real troubles between Bolivia and Paraguay. Bead what he said and see how’ reasonable it all is:

Bolivia will never sign a treaty which implies her retirement from the Paraguay river, because that would be equivalent to cutting off her own head and proving her absolute incapacity to uphold her rights or understand her own destiny. Paraguay, by a strange paradox, is the one country w’hic.h should, have the most interest in arriving at an arrangement w’ith Bolivia, because the enormous territorial wealth of Eastern Bolivia lies intact and sterile for want of a railroad or eana.ls to carry it to the Paraguay river.

A great canal from the River Grande or Guapay to the Paraguay through the bed of the Otuquis and another through the centre of the Chaco to the south of the twentieth parallel are undertakings Which are not beyond the economic capacity of my country, and these canals would be more fruitful than all the wars that Bolivia might win in all directions of the compass. And Paraguay ■ would be the country which would profit most from the traffic in these imponderable riches of Eastern Bolivia, because, like Buenos Aires today, it would see an enormous commerce built up on its shores. Argentina’s production comes not from Buenos Aires, and the wealth which sustains this magnificent city docs not spring up within the city, but is that which washes about its feet and touches it'as it moves in transit to the docks.

Tt was difficult to make some of the Bolivian Indians, accustomed to live 2| miles u£ in the sky, and -who, in some instances, believe in settling their differences with slings, get civilized and go down into the swamps and fight their fellow men with machine guns. Some, from the Amazon region, had to travel 1,100 miles to get to the Chaco; it took them 73 days, and they7 had to sustain temperatures of 104 degrees Fahrenheit in the shade and from that down to 5 degrees below zero. At El Condor en route they7 passed the highest inhabited point in the world, at 13,260 feet.

. At Tiahuacano 5,000 Indians not enthusiastic about going to the war in the Chaco attacked the locomotive of a troop train, but the civilized men with the airplanes came down on them out of the skies and the Indians fled in terror into the hills. In a village not far from Da Paz the Indians killed and ate the recruiting officers sent to take them to the Chaco. This was very irregular, and it shows that these particular Indians were not civilized at all. You can't do that to a recruiting officer. Pacifists in La Paz were court-martialed and shot.

The Bolivians had 3,000,000 population, and Paraguay had 800,000. The Bolivians had tanks, artillery, machine guns and trench mortars. The tanks proved useless in the swamps. The Paraguayans took the Bolivians’ machine guns at night, and so with the trench mortars. The artillery was of no good in the woods. The air was thick with heat and disease. The Paraguayans could stand it and the Bolivians couldn’t. And so they lost the war for the Chaco once more. 100,000 men died all in vain. The war ended in an armistice.

When the war was over, General Esti-garribia, of Paraguay, did the handsome thing. He presented his own pistol to General Penaranda, of Bolivia. Pena-randa is now the president of Bolivia, and was recently on a visit to the United States. The president who preceded him committed suicide, which is quite unusual for a man in such a high office. Though his father -was a German, yet German Busch, the dead president, was a real Bolivian, and resented being called a totalitarian. At one time Ernst Roehm, personal friend of Adolf Hitler, and murdered by Hitler’s own hand (so it is supposed), was a highly placed officer in the Bolivian army. Bolivia went bankrupt a’s a result of the Chaco war.

Relations with the United States

Relations between Bolivia and the United States are so good that many Bolivians are to this day wearing garments once worn by American soldiers, and with even the United States military buttons still on the coats. The explanation is that the United States sold the suits for such little sums that it could not afford to take the time to cut off the buttons.

When the time came for settling the 14

Chaco war, the United States Supreme Court was invited to name a jurist who would help arrive at a fair settlement of the dispute.

The United States has contracted to buy all Bolivia’s copper and all her rubber. And the United States has a big interest in buying Bolivia’s tin and tungsten and in facilitating their production.

Only three days after Pearl Harbor Bolivia declared war on Japan.

A project is under way to build a $33,000,000, 400-mile railway through the heart of Bolivia, from Cochabamba, in the west, 10,000 feet above sea level, to Santa Cruz, on the eastern tropical plain, 8,000 feet lower down. Uncle Sam is allotting a portion of the funds needed. It is possible that instead of building a railroad, a high-class motor road will be built instead. The highway is considered vital to the interests of Bolivia, for both political and economic reasons.

By the constitution (1938) Hie president. of Bolivia is elected for four years' by direct popular vote. He is not eligible for re-election until four years after his term has ended. All men over twenty-one who can read and write have the vote. Congress is composed of a Senate of 27 members, elected for six years, and a House of Deputies of 110, elected police or carabineros.

Common Sense in Georgia

♦ The Georgia legislature passed a law making it a capital crime to handle poisonous snakes at a religious ceremony, provided such handling results in a fatality, and with one to twenty years penalty even if no fatalities take place. All persons have a right to know that the passage Mark 16: 9-20, containing the snake test, is found in none of the oldest manuscripts of the Bible and is certainly no part of Holy Writ. The handling of the snakes is demonism, religion; opposed to every precept of the Scriptures, which are reasonable and consistent throughout.

CONSOLATION

Even Moderate Smoking Is Harmful

EVEN if you smoke moderately, you have, much less chance of reaching 60 than if you didn’t smoke at all. It’s a slow count, but it gets you finally. The cause of most of the trouble is, of course, nicotine. No one has ever denied that nicotine is poison. Taken clear, it is as quick-acting and fatal as prussic acid. A drop of it on a shaved rabbit causes immediate convulsions and death. The nicotine dissolved out of a few cigarettes and placed on the tongue of a grown man would kill him in 15 minutes. Luckily the bulk of the nicotine in tobacco is volatilized in smoke; you do not get the poison straight. But if you smoke a pack a day, you inhale 400 milligrams of it a week. That much in a single dose would kill you as quick as a bullet.

This powerful poison is the source of all the “pleasure” derived from smoking. It touches off the mechanism, by which the adrenal glands < release quick energy from the liver and muscles. You do get a “lift” when you light a cigarette. But it’s exactly like the lift you get from cocaine, heroin, marijuana. All these things can stimulate the adrenals, cause a momentary increase of sugar in the blood. Under the flogging of the nicotine whip, the body burns up sugar faster; heart action, respiration and blood pressure are kept at a ding-dong pitch.

Nicotine also causes undue amounts of hydrochloric acid to pour into the stomach. Heartburn, indigestion and “acid” conditions are directly traceable to excessive smoking, and an almost certain way of getting stomach ulcers is to smoke regularly on an empty stomach.

But nicotine isn’t the only toxic substance found in tobacco. When you inhale, you take carbon monoxide, ammonia, carbolic acid, pyridine and a host of tarry substances into your lungs, and through them into your blood stream. Carbon monoxide causes headaches; am-NOVEMBER 24, 1943 monia irritates your nose and throat. Pyridine is a powerful irritant of the bronchial tubes. The tarry substances coat your tongue, blacken your teeth, and are thought to play an important part in causing mouth and tongue cancer, found oftenest among heavy smokers. Arsenic, sprayed on tobacco plants to kill insects, remains in the processed tobacco in measurable quantity. The scorching heat of the smoke itself, reaching 140 degrees as your cigarette burns down toward the end, sears the mucous membrane of nose, throat and lungs, reducing your resistance to colds and . other respiratory diseases.

To me the ugliest of advertising is that which features soldiers or sailors smoking cigarettes. As director of the Navy’s Physical Fitness Program, I can bluntly say that few things could be worse for physical fitness than promoting the cigarette habit.

The late Knute Kockne, Notre Dame’s wonder coach, said: “Tobacco slows up reflexes, lowers morale; any advertising that says smoking helps an athlete is a falsehood and a fraud.” William Muldoon, famous conditioner of men, considered nicotine the greatest harm to health in the modern world. Ty Cobb, the famous Georgia Peach of baseball, says: “Cigarette smoking stupifies the brain, saps vitality, undermines health and weakens moral fiber. No one who hopes to be successful in any line can afford to contract so detrimental a habit.”—Gene Tunney, former heavyweight champion boxer, in Reader's Digest.

Big Break for Californians

♦ A special papal indult gives Catholics working on night shifts in San Diego the privilege of eating solid food four hours before morning mass. Of course, this is going to make a big difference up in heaven, -where the books are kept.

Meeting places of Jehovah’s witnesses

the truth of God’s Word languages

Saldn del Reino de los Testigos de Jehov6, or Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s witnesses, at Tucson, Arizona, and some of the enthusiastic workers who

meet there and study in two

Easily identified entrance to Kingdom Hall of Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s witnesses at Hot Jehovah’s witnesses, North Unit, in Columbus, Ohio. Springs, Ark., with pleasing surroundings

ISlkUTH”

“John. 17 17

“Purgatory” Washed Out

TWO months ago, namely, in the early part of September, truth-lovers were both surprised and amused to read in the New York city newspapers the following item contained in the report of the mass services in memory of the fifth anniversary of the death of Roman Catholic cardinal, Patrick Hayes, at the city's biggest cathedral. The news report read: “The Monsignor, the 'administrator’ of the cathedral, was the preacher. He said the purpose of the mass was 'to speed Cardinal Hayes’ journey through Purgatory to heaven’.”

If you are surprised that a so-called “prince of the church” who claimed to forgive the sins of others should have to go to a place called “Purgatory”, please be reminded that the cardinal’s superior, the one who claims to be “the vicar of Christ", must also go to that reputed place of blood-chilling or bloodboiling tortures, as described by the Italian poet Dante. For example, in July, 1903, telegraphic reports told how before pope Leo’s death he received at the hands of a fellow-mortal “absolution”, freeing him from sin and its penalties; and how, when he did not die as expected that day, he asked for its repetition the next day, when he seemed to be-sinking. Yet for all this, according to his religious subjects, Leo XIII went straight to “Purgatory”, to torments. Evidently they doubt that his reported “exalted character" or his claimed high office as Christ’s vice-regent on earth, or his “absolution”, any of these or all of them, were acceptable to God, and so the poor old man, they think, went to fiery torments to expiate his sins. He claimed to be the “successor to the apostle Peter”, but Holy Writ nowhere says that at death the apostle Peter must go or did go to this traditional “Purgatory”.

At hand is a “Concordance to the Bible (Douay Version) by Rev. Newton Thompson, S. T. D. and Raymond Stock”, sold by a Roman Catholic publishing house. This Concordance sets forth all the texts in the Roman Catholic Bible w’here each prominent and important word of the approved Douay Bible version occurs; but not once in the 1255 pages of this Concordance do you find even the word “purgatory” appearing.’ This is proof positive from Roman Catholic sources that “purgatory” does not occur in the inspired Holy Scriptures, not even in the apostle Peter’s epistles. Neither do you find the word “limbo” in either the Concordance or the Holy Bible. All this proves these names and places are deceptive inventions of religious men.

No creature could be enjoying bliss in heaven, or be undergoing suffering in purgatory or torture in hell, unless that creature were conscious at the time. Some religious clergymen try to qualify the statement of bodily torment after death by saying that the wicked are merely undergoing “mental torment” because of the memory of their wickedness. Neither could this be true, unless the creature were conscious after death and able to remember what he had done on earth. Concerning the Holy Scriptures Jesus Christ said to God: “Thy word is truth.” If the Scriptural proof, then, establishes the fact that when one dies he has no knowledge nor wisdom; that he has no memory; that he cannot work and cannot think; and that he is in a condition of personal silence, this absolutely disproves the religionists’ answer that the dead are undergoing torments impossible for humans in the flesh to endure.

You believe God is true. Then his Word is also true. Religious men are not true nor is their word true, except when in harmony with God’s Word; for the same, reason their religious traditions could not be true. “But God is true; and every man a liar.” (Douay Version Bible reading at Romans 3:4) So, upon the question at issue the following quotations are made from the Roman Catholic Douay Version of the Holy Bible, to show the truthful description of the state of the dead, Catholic dead, Protestant dead, Jewish dead, heathen dead.

“For the living know that they shall die, but the dead know nothing more, neither have they a reward any more: for the memory of them is forgotten. Whatsoever thy hand is able to do, do it earnestly: for neither work, nor reason, nor wisdom, nor knowledge shall be in hell, whither thou art hastening.” —Ecclesiastes 9: 5,10.

“For there is no one in death, tl?at is mindful of thee: and who shall confess to thee in hell?”—Psalm 6:6.

“They that trust in their own strength, and glory in the multitude of their riches [for high and low masses, etc.], no brother can redeem, nor shall man redeem: he shall not give to God his ransom, nor the price of the redemption of his soul: . . . They are laid in hell' like sheep: death shall feed upon them.” —Psalm 48: 7, 8, 9,15. .

“The dead shall not praise thee, O Lord: nor any of them that go down to hell. But we that live bless the Lord: from this time now and for ever.” —Psalm 113:17,18.

“In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread till thou return to the earth, out of which thou wast taken: for dust thou art, and into dust thou shalt return.”—Genesis 3:19.

“Therefore the death of man, and of beasts is one, and the condition of them both is equal: as man dieth, so they also die: all things breathe alike, and- man hath nothing more than beast: all things are subject to vanity. And all things go to one place: of earth they were made, and into earth they return together. Who knoweth if the spirit of the children of Adam ascend upward, and if the spirit of the beasts descend downward?” —Ecclesiastes 3:19-21.

“But if thou turnest away thy face, they shall be troubled: thou shalt take away their breath, and they shall fail, and shall return to their dust.” (Psalm 103: 29) “Put not your trust in princes: in the children of men, in whom there is no salvation. His spirit shall go forth, and he shall return into his earth: in that day all their thoughts shall perish.” —Psalm 145 : 2-4. '

That all the above scriptures of truth apply to the human soul note these further Bible quotations: “And the Lord God formed man of the slime of the earth: and breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul.” (Genesis 2:7) What followed after father Adam sinned against God? God answers at Ezechiel 18:4: “Behold all souls are mine: as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, the same shall die.”

Compare now the above quotations from the Word of God with all the religious “Purgatory” teachings. If you are honest, you must admit that the Word of God makes the invented “Purgatory” teachings to be falsehoods. God’s Word, because of its purifying power, is likened to clean, pure waters. Can the falsehood of “Purgatory” stand up before the waters of God’s Word? Isaias 28:17 gives God’s word in answer: “I will set judgment in weight, and justice in measure: and hail shall overturn the hope of falsehood: and waters shall overflow its protection.” “Purgatory” is washed out of the minds of those who accept and believe in God’s sacred Word of truth. They see that all hope for the dead lies not in religious masses, but in the resurrection of the dead under God’s established Kingdom.

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