Golden Age, September 28, 1932
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A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND COURAGE
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OUR SEMI-INVISIBLE FRIENDS AND FOES FLYING FEATHERS ANNUAL CONVENTION U. S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
FARM BOARD OPPRESSION SNAKE AT TOP OF LADDER END OF OPPRESSION NEAR iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii every other WEDNESDAY
five cents a copy one dollar a year Canada & Foreign 1.25
Vol. XIII . No. 340
September 28, 1932
CONTENTS
LABOR AND ECONOMICS
1 in 28 Out of Work.....811
Most Ominous Economic Crisis . . . S15
The Fee System of Robbery . . 816
SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL
Flying Feathers......811
Old Age Pensions Profitable . . 813
Four Suicides Per Day .... 814
Charges of Admiral Degouy . . 815
British Revel in America's Sorrows 818
Snake at Top oe Ladder’ .... 825
Index to Volume XIII of “The
Golden Age”.......830
MANUFACTURING AND MINING
What Becomes of Auto Tires? . . 811
New Uses for Aluminum .... 812
Winnipeg's Municipally Owned
Plants.........816
FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION
Motor Bus Statistics.....812
Michigan Has a Traveling Bank . . 813 $25,000,000 Less in Ads . . . .813 Bank Clearings Off 52 Percent . . . <813 America’s Immense Flying Business 813 20th Annual Convention U. S.
Chamber of Commerce . . . 819
World’s Fastest Train .... 822
POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN
Siam Goes Constitutional . . . 814
Confession by Lloyd George . . . 815
Governments Ridicule Disarmament 816
“Everybody Works but Father” . . 817
Bank Robber Passes Out Colorfully........826
AGRICULTURE AND HUSBANDRY
Our Semi-Invisible Friends and
Foes — the Insects .... 803
Some Opinions on Vivisection . . 818 Farm Board as Instrument
of Oppression......822
An Actual Tuberculin Test . . . 831
SCIENCE AND INVENTION
Gold from Bottom of Ocean . . . 814
Death Machine Nullifies Naval Plans 814
Motor Fits into Thimble .... 815
Burning Rubber in Britain . . . 817
HOME AND HEALTH
Vegetarians and Meat-Eaters . . 811
Worthless Anti-Typhoid Serum . 821 For Sufferers with Lung
Trouble.........823
Some Indian Remedies .... 829
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY
The Money Comes Hard .... 817
Notes from Cook Islands . . . 823
Who Is to Blame?......S24
Roman Catholic Sausage on Friday’........825
“Kingdom” Saves Two Lives . . 825
“By Order of-----” (Poem) . . 826
End of Oppression Near . . . 827
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Volume XIII Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, September 28, 1932 Number 340
Our Semi-Invisible Friends and Foes—the Insects
In Two Parts—Part 1
THE best friends man has, and the worst enemies he has, are invisible. Our praise and adoration rise “unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God”. (1 Tim. 1:17) Our hope and faith are pinned to Him “who is the image of the invisible God”. (Col. 1:15) Like Moses of old, we endure “as seeing him who is invisible”.—Heb. 11: 27.
Next to our heavenly Father and our Savior, our best friends are in their entourage invisible, the holy angels that go forth to do Jehovah’s will, the members of the heavenly organization that we know are soon to smite all evil in the earth and really and truly robe it in God’s glory.
Ranged on the opposite side, and equally invisible, are Satan and his cohorts. In “the evil day”, since Satan was cast out of heaven, there is utmost need of “the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places”.—Eph. 6:11,12.
Our visible friends are mostly good men and women, the plant world and the domestic animals. Our visible enemies are mostly bad men and women. The foes of the plant world are, generally speaking, semi-invisible. The wild animals that onee were serious foes to man have been mostly killed off. The semi-invisible friends and foes of man exist by the duodecillions. This article is about them; we briefly discuss a few of the better known insects.
185J000 Kinds of Flies
We hope nobody will conclude that we are about to attempt to describe the 185,000 kinds of flies estimated to be in existence. In the first place, only about 35,000 of these flies have been described by anybody, and a complete description of even the common house fly would be a considerable article in itself.
About the house fly, you may have had one determined to land somewhere on your body. If you have, why should we write about it? All we will say is that a female fly will at one time lay 120 eggs in a pile of manure, and thereby puts to lasting shame the hen that has so much to say when she gingerly lays but one. In six or eight hours the fly’s eggs turn into maggots, and in ten days the maggots turn into adult flies, and the procession begins all over again. It is estimated that one pound of manure will sustain the eggs of 1,200 house flies, and bring to maturity 144,000 flies.
The house fly is not particular what kind of excrement it lives in. It does not mind in the least making its home in privies, or in the sick room. It likes to go from one to the other, and from there to the kitchen and dining room, and then to your bald head, and if anywhere en route it can wipe itself off and spread typhoid germs or anything else around it is most happy.
In its number of eyes the fly has us all beat. We forget the exact figures but believe the estimates are that each fly has some 5,000 pairs of eyes, or lenses through which to receive information. At one time he can look all around him in a circle horizontally, and at anything and everything that is anywhere overhead, and pretty much everything around his feet.
When it comes to strength we are nothing. The big Turk in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West supported ten men on his shoulders, but a bluebottle fly can lift thirty times its own weight and can draw a load 150 times as heavy. It is not so strong on its wings; if kept continuously on the move for 18 minutes its strength is exhausted and it refuses to move.
The odor of daisies is objectionable to flies. It is said that a few bouquets of these placed around the room will keep them away entirely. The cost of keeping flies out of American homes has been estimated at about $10,000,000 annual-
ly. The stable fly, big brother to the house fly, is worse than his little brother, because he bites harder.
The Hessian Fly
The Hessian fly gets after us another way. It eats our food, our wheat. It is short-lived, its usual life span lasting less than a week. But during that week it makes up for lost time. The female of the spring generation'lays 230 eggs; and of the fall generation, 285. The eggs are laid on the upper surface of the wheat leaves, being reddish in color, very minute, and just visible to the unaided eye.
In a few days the eggs hatch and maggots emerge which crawl down the leaf to joints near the base of the plant, where they suck the sap from the stem and damage or ruin the plant. The feeding stage lasts about three weeks, when, without changing its location, the maggot forms a brown case about itself called a puparium. It then has the appearance of a flaxseed. From this puparium the adult fly eventually emerges, and leaps to another plant to start life all over again.
The farmer can get but one crop of wheat a year, but he gets two crops of Hessian flies: one in the spring, to feed on his spring wheat, and one in the fall, to feed on his winter wheat. In the fall the fly has sense enough to stay low down on the plant, where it will be relatively warmer, but in the spring it gets into the upper branches, where it can get better food and enjoy being waved about in the breezes.
The Mediterranean Fruit Fly
The Mediterranean fruit fly is another very bad actor in the fly family. When only four to ten days old the female fly knows enough to drill a tiny hole through the skin of almost any kind of fruit and lay from four to twenty eggs in the ripening pulp. She does this every day for three months, by which time she may have ruined a hundred oranges and reared five hundred children.
It takes about three weeks for one generation to mature. The eggs quickly hatch into larva;, each equipped with two spine-like hooks with which to tear the tissue as they go boring their way through the fruit. By listening with the electrical stethoscope one can hear these little fellows at their devastating work. This helped science to conquer them.
As they grow in size and strength the larva; work their way out of the fruit and drop to the ground, where they have the peculiar ability of being able to curl up and jump from one to six inches. They next go into the pupa state, and after a few days burrowed into the ground emerge as mature flies ready to begin another round of cussedness all over again.
In April, 1929, the Mediterranean fruit fly, which has ravaged the Hawaiian Islands, made -its appearance in Florida. In a whirlwind campaign it cost the government $6,355,000 to exterminate the pest completely and to reimburse the growers for the damage done to the trees and the fruit destroyed. It is believed to be the first victory science has won over an insect. At one time the government had 5,000 men on the job, fighting the pest.
The Californians have a less serious pest in the citrus white fly.
The Buffalo Fly
The buffalo fly is spreading over Australia. This insect was brought from Java, but seems to thrive more in its new home than in its old one. There are some who fear that this fly may put an end to the raising of fat cattle for slaughter, in at least some parts of the island continent. It has already become a main limiting factor in beef production in the northern area of the commonwealth.
One thing is sure. If trade and travel are not doing anything else in the world, they are spreading earth’s pests around so that no spot is overlooked in which a fly shall have a chance to see what it can do. Hundreds of new varieties are popping up every year. What harm they may do to humanity we cannot know until they have been distributed around a bit and started to add and multiply and do arithmetical and geometrical progression in squares raised to the nth power.
1,500 Kinds of Mosquitoes
Of the 1,500 kinds of mosquitoes known to scientists only 131 varieties have been found in the United States, but that is enough, and sometimes too many. The gentlemen are all well-behaved; they feed exclusively on plant juices. It is the women that found out how to torture us. It was a bad day for humanity when the first female mosquito “struck oil” by drilling through some human hide and finding juices underneath that seemed almost as good to her as the fruit or plant juices with which she was more familiar.
We say ‘almost as good’ instead of ‘quite as good’, for the reason that there is room to suspect that human blood is not as agreeable to mosquitoes as some of their other forms of food. There are varieties that will not touch a human when horses are near. They prefer the taste of the horse’s blood. Another variety is fond of frogs, but will not touch humans at all.
The female mosquito is a disagreeable person. In a deceptive manner she lands so lightly that one does not know she is present. Then she soft-soaps her intended victim into thinking that nothing serious is contemplated, by spreading a little fluid over the skin, the purpose of which is to soften it and get it ready for the saw. What a mean disposition!
The saw is a wicked contrivance, with 22 teeth, made to go through the human cuticle in shortest time. When a sufficiently large hole has been made, a small hose pipe is run down into the reservoir and the unprincipled creature begins the transfer of your lifeblood to her own anatomy.
It would not be so bad if she would do that once and stop there, but that is only the beginning. If her posterity all lived, it is calculated that one solitary mosquito mother would in one year increase the mosquito population of the earth by 159,000,000,000; yet a hen has to be encouraged in every kind of way to lay one egg a day. Shame on the hen!
A Truly Dangerous Creature
A truly dangerous creature is the female mosquito that has learned to drill holes in man and suck his blood. It is calculated that mosquitoes have slain more humans than were ever slain by all other animals put together. As distributors of yellow fever and malaria, they have caused themselves to be feared as wyell as hated. It has been found that twenty percent of the planes arriving at Miami from South American countries contain some species of disease-bearing tropical mosquitoes.
There are some varieties of mosquitoes that are cannibals; at least they live entirely by eating other mosquito larva?. Some are dwellers only in forests. Others are entirely house-dwellers. Those in the Arctic seem to be the most voracious of anywhere on earth. There is one kind in Montana which stores up fat in the summer and hibernates in the winter.
The greatest single disaster laid to mosquitoes is the Black Tom explosion of munitions at the piers in Jersey City in July, 1916. It is believed that this explosion was caused by a smudge fire built by watchmen to keep off the mosquitoes. The cost of the material destroyed is estimated at about $50,000,000.
Among scientists, Mosquito Day is celebrated on August 20, the anniversary of the date in 1897 when Sir Ronald Ross discovered in the stomach of the anopheles mosquito the black granules he had many times previously seen in the malaria cells in human blood. It was definitely proved on that day that the anopheles mosquito is the carrier of malarial germs.
Mosquitoes a Peculiar Problem
The mosquito problem is one peculiarly difficult to handle, on account of the great number of varieties. Sonie kinds are travelers, and some are not. In many instances those that annoy man were bred on his own lot. An empty tomato can makes an ideal breeding place and home for a colony of them.
Mosquitoes prefer blondes. It is said that a brunette will be spared nine times out of ten when a blonde is present, and that among the animals the light-colored ones are the greatest sufferers.
The United States Public Health Service asserts that where the effluent of a town septic-tank empties into a small stream near the edge of a town, the water thence will sometimes be black with mosquito larvae for a distance of two or three miles. The Culex variety seems to prefer dirty water to clean.
It is claimed that a person can discipline himself so as to feel a mosquito bite but slightly. Some have even said that if no resistance is made there is a certain sort of pleasurable sensation, akin to that of adding hot water to a hot foot bath.
The irritation of the flesh is caused by the softening fluid first put upon it to soften it. If this is scratched in, the wound is made more difficult to bear. It is said that if a needle is inserted in the skin exactly where the mosquito inserted its drain pipe, and two drops of blood are removed, all the poison is thereby taken and the itching ceases. Rubbing a little onion juice on a mosquito bite is said to relieve the itch and to keep mosquitoes away. Mosquitoes also dislike the odor of lemon.
The “Gambusiafinis”
The gambusia apinis, a little fish three quarters of an inch long, that makes its habitat off the coast of Florida, is one of the most efficient destroyers of mosquitoes. In a half an hour a dozen of these will eat a pint of mosquito larvae. In twenty-four hours this little fish devours sixty times its own weight in mosquito larva?, its favorite food.
Referring to the prodigious appetite of the gambusia apinis one of the New York newspapers several times miscalled it “gambusiafinis”. It was not a half bad error. The gambusia spells the finis of the mosquito in jig time when inserted in the place where he breeds. Goldfish and pollywogs eat mosquito larva? with great gusto, also. Dragon flies are fond of them, too. They take them on the wing, as do many varieties of birds, bats, spiders, lizards and frogs.
It has been discovered that if a barn stands between a swamp and a house the residents of the house will be comparatively free from annoyance. The mosquitoes get as far as the barn, and as they prefer horse meat to human, the human escapes.
A Frenchman has met with some success in substituting in a certain locality what we might call good mosquitoes for bad ones. As a result, a district which was notoriously bad is now populated by a certain variety that avoids man, probably because of the saline condition of his blood.
A §60,000 Mosquito
At the national capital in May, 1930, $60,000 was appropriated to fight mosquitoes on the White House lawn. A gentleman who had lived for twenty years in the immediate vicinity testified he had never seen one or heard one. The appropriation contained an item of $9,000 for automobiles. The House turned the legislation down, but a letter from the president insisted that it be passed, and it was.
America cannot afford to have a mosquito buzzing around on the White House lawn, not as long as we can afford $9,000 for automobiles to chase it. At the time this $60,000 mosquito was being hunted for on the White House lawn, the president was at Rapidan. We cannot afford to have a great man like Herbert Hoover bitten by a $60,000 mosquito, and so while the hunt was on he was away.
Governments do not feel as wealthy now as they did in 1928, but in that year the federal and state governments expended upward of $100,000,000 in the war against mosquitoes. Poison gases were used, deadly acids and powders, oil, fish and birds.
Airplane dusting was found a good method. A plane flies low over a mosquito swamp, spreading a Paris green mixture or oil. By this method from 80 percent to 90 percent of the larvae are destroyed, and it is cheaper and quicker than the old-fashioned hand-spraying.
There are some plants that feed on mosquito larvae. One of these, the bladderwort, has small bladders in which to entrap the larvae. One of the water ferns is also deadly to them. It is thought that the growing plant releases chemicals inimical to four of the varieties. In any event, it is known that the chara fragilis, as it is called, gives off oxygen bubbles which are fatal to larvae when they are in the wiggler stage.
The very interesting and important discovery has been made that clover, peas and beans furnish a juice called coumarin which does not destroy the mosquito but which does kill the amoeba of malaria which may be in the mosquito, with the result that there is no malaria in a region which grows these useful and valuable crops. Citronella grass, which grows only in the tropics, is a mosquito repellent.
That it is necessary that the mosquito be controlled is suggested by the fact that malaria, which is a mosquito-borne disease, is believed to have brought the downfall of Greece and Rome. It is claimed that Alexander the Great died of malaria.
Shocking Way of Dealing with Mosquitoes
An accidental but altogether shocking way of disposing of mosquitoes was discovered at the General Electric Company's laboratory at Lynn, Mass. It seems that the male mosquito has bushy antenna projecting from the side of his head. These enable him to locate the presence of the singing female anywhere for several miles around. Well, the heartless engineers put up a job on the male mosquitoes. They devised a hummer that sounds exactly like a singing female. The males came in droves and got cooked to death by the million. This probably served them right.
Outright electrocution of all kinds of insects has also been resorted to. A weak current is run through a transformer into wire gauze. Any insect alighting upon the gauze is electrocuted. During the day, bait is used to attract the in-s^ts and at night a light is placed inside the gauze.
The Gorgas plan of mosquito destruction, which changed Panama from a center of malaria and yellow fever to a health resort, is based on the destruction of mosquito larvae by a special type of drainage and other permanent work. Yellow fever had been rampant in Havana for 150 years and was conquered by the Gorgas plan in eight months.
The Gorgas plan has been put into effect in the marshlands to be found within the area of Greater New York. In one section alone 1,500,000 feet of ditches were dug. In inland districts where draining was not feasible the mosquitobreeding swamps were covered with fuel oil, which kills the larva?.
Sportsmen have objected that the drainage of swamps not only kills off the mosquitoes but also kills off the birds that feed upon them, and when the swamps are oiled it kills the larvae but it also kills the fish. But it is evidently important to reduce the number of mosquitoes, even if it does result in fewer birds and fish. The wishes of the game killers may well be ignored; the business of taking wild life is a bad business.
The Shingles of the Butterfly
Laid on with meticulous care, overlapping each other in the same manner- as shingles on a roof, the little shingles that cover the frame of the butterfly are among the most beautiful things of which we have any knowledge. Not all of these shingles are filled with coloring matter, but many of them are. Some of the colors are obtained by interference, the breaking-up of the rays of light when they hit the tiny ridges found on some of the shingles.
These shingles help to give firmness to the butterfly’s wings. They average about 1/100 of an inch long by a width one-fourth as great. Each is a little flattened sac, which may have either granules of coloring matter or simply air. In the case of the males these sacs give off an odor supposed to be attractive to the females. A male may completely envelope a female in these odors.
The shingles can be removed from a butterfly’s house, but he is still a butterfly, though all his beauty is gone. It is the exquisite way in which the shingles are laid on, and the tricks that are played on the eye, that make him so beautiful. Examined under the microscope it is found that a beautiful bronzed blue is not blue at all. It looks blue because a quite plain brown has a transparent shingle top resting upon it, and the light is interfered with in such a way as to make the color appear different from what it really is.
Certain butterflies which have unusually large and strong scales are known to make faint squeaking noises by the rubbing together of the fore and hind wings. The noise is caused by the shingles’ shifting their position as the house beneath them is moved.
One of the first creatures to venture out of doors in the spring is the so-called “mourning cloak’’. It does its eating as a caterpillar. As a butterfly it may sip the honey from a flower, but that is all.
Africa Its True Home
In Africa, the true home of the butterfly, a writer describes a migration of small white butterflies, something like the cabbage white, which he estimates to have been 600 miles long. They all flew within fifty feet of the ground. When they came to a house they flew up and over it and down again, and with trees proceeded in the same way. The heaviest rainstorms did not stop them or turn them aside. Those that lived kept on; those that died were not missed.
In their migrations in Africa it sometimes happens that one kind of butterfly will be going in one direction and one in another. If the paths meet or cross at any angle there is no confusion; both kinds keep to their course. Some of the migrations northward take groups as far as Iceland. Probably none of these survive the Icelandic winters, but there will be more from Africa to take their place the next year.
Some kinds of butterflies, as, for instance, the black-marked milkweed butterfly, migrate southward in the fall, while the southern cabbage butterfly reverses the procedure and migrates southward in the spring. The birds take millions of them, but there are millions to take.
Travelers in Ceylon report having passed through a swarm of butterflies so thick that the wheels of the auto skidded and the car with difficulty made headway through them for seven minutes. Migrations of the large cabbage white butterfly over Germany are sometimes so thick as to resemble a snowstorm.
Butterflies have various odors, according to the variety. Most of the odors are like the flowers upon which they feed; others have a repellent odor and even the birds will not eat them. It has been noticed that some butterflies are like some humans. After they have once mated they are never of any use afterwards.
A woman in Iowa has a butterfly farm. Though starting it as a hobby, she has made it a paying proposition by raising some four hundred varieties in a screened porch and selling them. Specimens are mounted for tray and table decorations, and for the use of schools.
The big blue butterfly of Brazil has been so much sought as an article of commerce that the state has had to enact legislation to protect it.
Gsiting Rid of Moths
If we could just get rid of the moths that corrupt we would save about $200,000,000 a year. Moths do not attack garments that are worn as often as once a week, or that are brushed, cleaned or- beaten twice a month. No practical treatment known will render wearing apparel absolutely immune.
Naphthalene, in the form of flakes or mothballs, is very effective, as is also paradichlorobenzol. Camphor is good for tight chests, and so is pyrethrum powder. Dry heat at 100 degrees for eight hours will finish the living inhabitants of stuffed furniture. One night of zero temperature will do the same thing. Moths are also discouraged by alternations of heat and cold. They do not like the smell of cedar oil, and will not stay in closets lined with Tennessee red cedar.
There are several large green caterpillars which weave for themselves silken cocoons in which to pass the winter, and in the spring they emerge as emperor moths. The death's head moth of Europe and Asia robs beehives and continues feeding on the honey until stung to death. When excited he utters a piteous mouse-like squeak. Persons with sharp ears can hear the caterpillars of the privet hawk moth crunch lilac leaves.
A fly which was imported from Europe to act as a parasite on the gypsy and brown tail moths so plentiful in New England has proven well adapted to its work. Certain collections of the larvie of the satin moth were found parasitized as much as 78 percent by this agent. Some fifty other agents were employed for the purpose, about fifteen of which have accomplished something.
In July, 1932, New York city had an invasion of moths that were once measuring worms. To check a similiar invasion in 1862 the English sparrow was imported and has killed off most of our American song-birds. It has proven one of the worst pests ever brought into the country.
One or Two Bee Items
On other occasions we have published articles on bees, sometimes several pages long. Here we mention one or two odd items. A French scientist claims that bees are guided solely by odor and will often pass a scentless flower stored with honey for one having a sweet perfume and little sugar.
Bees had a good time near Karlovac, Serbia. In moving a freight car it became derailed and a jar of honey was cracked. A few bees sniffed it and sent home for volunteers. The swarm came about the time the wrecking car arrived and they stayed with the honey until it was all cleaned up. The wreckers had to give it up until sundown.
Did you know that bees would eat grapes? A grape grower claims that they do, and that when the days are very warm he has known a swarm to settle down on a vine and leave nothing but the empty skins of what had been luscious fruit. Yellow jackets are more destructive of grapes than are the bees, but both know how to puncture the skin and make off with the nectar. Bees yield honey of the value of $6,000,000 annually. They are essential to the production of satisfactory crops of most orchard fruits.
Some Marvels of the Spider
The spider, speaking technically, is not an insect. Most insects have wings; the spider has none, yet it is so good an aeronaut as to fly for fifty miles or more out over the sea in an airplane of its own construction. Most insects have feelers or antenna?; the spiders have none, yet spiders speak to one another by vibrations. An insect has three pairs of legs; a spider has four. Insects have three pairs of jaws; spiders have two pairs.
At the end of the spider’s legs are curved toothed claws. By means of these claws a spider will hold on to a ceiling. If his hold slips, he instantly pays out the drag rope which is always trailing behind him, and, instead of ignominiously falling, descends with dignity on a cable made for the purpose. Sometimes he comes part way down, reascends, and takes up his journey where he left off, meantime taking up the cable.
Every variety of spider has its own peculiar kind of web, and the little spiders when they come into the world have the knowledge of how to make that particular form of web. The general plan of all webs is the same. First placed are the foundation lines, which may be three or four in number. The second step is to drop a perpendicular from the middle of the top foundation line to the middle of the bottom one. The third step is to put in the rays, all of which start at the center and are hauled taut. The fourth step is to start at the center and lay down the temporary spiral, and the last step is to start at the circumference and make the viscid permanent spiral. As this last spiral is laid the temporary spiral is taken up.
The method by which a spider connects two trees a dozen feet apart is to let down a perpendicular from one tree, descend it, cross the intervening area, taking advantage of a favorable wind if possible, ascend the other tree and haul the line taut. After that the web can be placed anywhere desired.
The Heartless Females
The young male spider contemplating matrimony has to stop, look and listen. Not only is the lady of his choice fickle, but she is many times his size, and frequently the dead and juiceless skeletons of his brothers decorate her apartments. Indeed, some of the heartless creatures make a business of eating their husbands when they have no further use for them.
The hunting spider has been seen to dance in more than one hundred circles in front of his lady love, humping himself up first on one side and then on the other, in the effort to win her admiration. One kind of hunting spider brings with him a present of a choice fly neatly wrapped in silk.
The web-spinning spider comes up to the web of his lady love and strokes a thread of the net, setting up peculiar vibrations which the lady spider recognizes. The males often fight together to determine who shall have the right to enter a certain web the entrance of which may mean death.
The female spiders, though savage sweethearts, are good mothers. Some of them carry their eggs about with them wherever they go, all carefully wrapped in silk so as to protect them from injury. When the eggs mature, fully developed spiders issue forth from them. All spiders are poisonous.
The silk for a spider’s net is exuded from its body as a liquid jet which hardens instantaneously upon exposure to the air. Though it is but one two-thousandth as large as a horsehair it is so strong that a spider has been known to entrap a mouse, a snake nine inches long, frogs and toads. In the case of the mouse, by an intricate engineering feat the tiny creature lifted the heavy body of its victim into its net.
In New Guinea the Papuans use spider webs for fishnets. The Papuans build the frames, stick them up in the forest where the giant spiders will see them, and shortly have good nets well able to hold for the purpose.
The Wonderful Water Spider
'There is a variety of spider that, though it is an air-breathing insect, lives under the water for hours at a time, builds its nest there, and rears its young by means of air which it stores in a reservoir made of silk. It may swim on the surface of the water on its back until it has collected a quantity of air, when it suddenly dives, carrying the air with it for use below the surface, as occasion may require.
One mother spider makes a trapdoor nest, sunk deep in the earth. The shaft is smooth, plastered,and fitted with a lid with a silken hinge. It provides a safe home for her babies while they are growing up and getting ready to shift for themselves.
The word “spider” is a corruption of the word “spinner” or “spinster”, the spinning one. “Cob” is an old name for spider, hence the origin of the name “cobweb”. The spider’s teeth are merely for holding his victim. He takes only liquid food. He has from six to eight eyes.
Brazil has spiders a foot across, the most repulsive creatures imaginable. These spiders catch humming birds and other creatures of equal size. The black widow, more or less common from New Hampshire to Patagonia, will sometimes, under great provocation, attack humans. A single bite has been known to kill a horse. It is spreading very rapidly in the Hawaiian Islands at the present time.
A woman in Tatsfield, England, makes a living by winding spider threads upon cards, for use in the manufacture of scientific instruments.
Spiders are extremely sensitive to changes of the weather. In advance of an impending wind or rain they will often be seen hard at work shortening the strands that support the web.
In Mexico there are spiders which live in societies, construct common nests of large dimensions, and have their food supplies in common. The nests are kept with utmost cleanliness by little creatures, Latricides, which nourish themselves on everything cast off by the spiders.
Other Little Friends of Man
While there are some scientists that profess to believe that the ultimate owners of the earth and everything in it will be giant spiders, yet the general and manifestly the correct view is that spiders are a blessing to man because they help to keep down the insects that prey upon man’s food. The general view is that it is the insects, and not the spiders, with which man is waging a fight to the death, and that man must find some way to control the insects or he is done for as a resident of earth.
Among the insects there are numerous parasites which, like the spiders, subsist entirely upon animal life, i. e., upon other insects or their larvae. The little wasp, bracon mellitor, is one of these. It lays its eggs in the hole in which the boll weevil has deposited its egg. The parasite larva, on hatching, bores into the boll weevil larva and eats it up; so good-bye, boll weevil.
Pecan growers have found a little friend in the trichogramma minutum. This friendly little sinner, which is almost invisible to human eyes, lays its eggs in multiple sets of twins inside the eggs of the foe of the pecan grower known as the nut case borer, and the hopes of the borer of raising a nice large family all perish.
There is a somewhat similar little wasp which it is believed will be useful in keeping down the coddling moth, a pest that produces worms in apples. This parasite is being studied at the Moorestown (N.J.) laboratory. The trichogramma minutum is being bred in quantities at Brownwood, Texas.
In California, for many years, the ladybug has been bred for use in the citrus groves. It has an appetite for mealy bugs, and mealy bugs have an appetite for oranges and other citrus fruits. If the ladybug lands on the mealy bug before the mealy bug lands on the orange it is good-bye, mealy bug.
It is believed that some parasite will be found that can be used in checking the ravages of the corn borer. A careful study is being made of the parasites preying upon the borer in Europe, from which place the pest came. In the selection of a parasite great care must be taken, because these little ‘critters’ when moved to a new location sometimes change their natural habits and develop an embarrassing taste for some other kind of food that it is not convenient to give them. Every effort is made to avoid a parasite which by any chance might become harmful to plant growth or to the beneficial parasites.
Texas has a blood-sucking and disease-spreading parasite known as the cattle tick. A way has been found to control this tick, which is done by dipping the cattle in some solution harmless to them but death-dealing to the tick. It is said that by this method a ranch can be freed from ticks for about 30c an acre, and with much profit to the rancher.
The V ermicelli Department
“Vermicelli” means, literally, “little worms,” so the idea that may arise in some suspicious minds that here is a covert attack on the spaghetti manufacturers is without foundation. In an article like this we must say something about little worms, so here goes.
One of the most useful little creatures in existence is the silkworm. It comes into the world with a good appetite. Almost as soon as hatched it will devour twice its weight in leaves at one sitting. Wild silkworms, when hatched, climb upward in search of leafy food, but domestic silkworms merely wave their heads about and wait to be fed. (In Japan girls are employed whose sole duty it is to feed mulberry leaves to the silkworms.) A silkworm spins three hundred yards of fine silk around itself when it is nine weeks old, and thus does more to honor its Creator than an evolutionist, in the pulpit or out, would do in nine hundred years.
Cutworms, of various kinds, do much harm to the food plants of man. The cutworm moth lays her eggs on weeds and grass in the late summer. When the eggs hatch, the worms feed for a while and then enter the ground, where they make a little nest for the winter. In the spring they come out with good appetites and are ready for business. A garden plowed or spaded late in the fall disturbs the nests and kills many of the worms. In the spring they can be kept down by poisoned bait. Some of these troublesome little rascals seem to take a delight in cutting useful plants completely off at about the point where they emerge from the ground.
When worms get into flour or other food in the home, the only thing to do with it is to give it to the chickens. It is no longer fit for human consumption. Some birds will not touch wormy flour.
In New Zealand are found glowworms which hang suspended in caves by a short thread. When a tiny insect touches the thread it is lost beyond all hope. The thread is wound up into the body of the glowworm, and the insect is then and there taken for its last ride.
{To be continued)
Flying Feathers
Vatican Continues to Slip
SHEETS of thin glass pasted across existing cracks in the Vatican continue to split and shatter, showing that the old pile continues to gravitate to its ultimate doom, oblivion.
Smoking and Drinking at Princeton
IN THE annual questionnaire of Princeton seniors, 338 admitted that they smoke, while 105 do not smoke; 430 acknowledge that they drink, while 70 claim to be teetotalers.
Across Australia in Ten Hours
A MAIL plane loaded with 13 passengers recently flew across Australia from Perth to Adelaide, 1,450 miles, in 10 hours. Conditions for flying were excellent, as there was a strong tail wind throughout the flight.
Naval Establishments May Be Closed
THE Government may close the naval establishments at New Orleans, Portsmouth, Key West, Charleston, Newport, as of no essential value. About 4,875 men will lose their jobs if this economy is put into effect.
Chicago Having a Bad Time
CHICAGO has been having a bad time. In a single month 40 banks closed, one of which, the Chicago Bank of Commerce, had deposits of more than $10,000,000. The Chicago people, nervous and excited, helped to wreck their own financial institutions, bringing suffering on themselves.
Italy's New City, Littoria
ITALY'S new city, Littoria, will be located in the center of what for centuries have been the Pontine marshes, uninhabitable by man. The marshes have been drained by a series of lesser canals draining into the Mussolini canal, which is in fact an artificial river. It is believed the district drained will provide homes for at least 100,000 people.
Military Tactics in Wisconsin
WE BO not know in what college they received their instruction, but tour men entered a village in Wisconsin, cut all communications, slugged a watchman unconscious, blew open two safes, searched a hotel, broke open all doors that were closed, shot up the tires of an automobile and. as they l°ft, threw tear-gas bombs into several rooms of the hotel.
1 in 28 Out of Work
A REPORT of the International Labor Office, connected with the League of Nations, estimates that one person in twenty-eight throughout the world is now out of work through no fault of his own. The depression is world-wide.
Vegetarians and Meat-Eaters
IN GERMANY 8 vegetarians and 14 meateaters raced 70 miles. All the vegetarians arrived within the required time of 14 hours. An hour and a half after the last vegetarian had finished, a single meat-eater straggled in. All the rest of the meat-eaters fell out on the way.
What Becomes of Auto Tires?
WHAT becomes of the auto tires? It is estimated that every year 50,000,000 pounds of them, valued at more than $1,000,000, go to make soles for shoes in China, Mexico, Spain and Portugal. In some of these lands the inner tubes are worked up into overshoes.
World Bank Cuts a Melon
THE World Bank, at Basle, Switzerland, is so new that it is still cutting its teeth, but it is already cutting melons. Last year the bank cleared $2,145,000 in profits, and would have made another $500,000 but for the Hoover moratorium. It has split up 24,600 shares of stock among its holders.
Shrinkage in Erlanger Estate
AY not up for yourselves treasures upon earth.” Abraham L. Erlanger, theatrical producer, at the time of his death, March 7,1930, was believed to be worth about $75,000,000. When his estate was settled up he was found to be worth $124.20 in cash, plus $1,270,252 in debts uncollected or uncollectible. Besides cash and debts, he left an ex-wife and a common law wife.
One-Third of Income Goes for Taxes
CM. Chester, Jr., president of the General • Foods Corporation, in a nation wide broadcast, has pointed out that national, state and local government expenditures in 1932 are liable to be one-third of the national income. In this connection, William Randolph Hearst wants to know if we could not save some money by having fewer and better congressmen, and it seems not a had suggestion. Now who will tie the bell on the cat?
An Electric Arc 60 Feet Long
AT THE laboratory of the General Electric
Company, Pittsfield, on June 9, specially designed apparatus of 10,000,000-volt capacity emitted an arc light sixty feet long by twenty feet in height. The maximum current delivered during the discharge was 50,000,000 amperes.
New York Teachers Have Given Freely
MOVED by human sympathy, and to save a cut in their own wages, New York city teachers have in the past two years given $2,225,000 for feeding and clothing needy children. More than $400,000 of this amount went for the purchase of boys’ and girls’ shoes.
Education at Clinton Prison
AT CLINTON (New York) prison the auditorium has been divided into small classrooms and a system has been established whereby the inmates work half a day and go to school half a day. More than two hundred of the prisoners are taking academic instruction.
Kidnapings in Seven Years
IN THE country at large 285 recorded kidnapings have taken place in the last seven years. In 70 of these cases the abductors were caught. In many instances the ones kidnaped were bootleggers who dared not appeal to the police for redress after payment of the ransom imposed.
Ahab’s House of Ivory
AHAB’S house of ivory, mentioned by the
Prophet Amos, has been found in Samaria. Indeed, some of the pieces of carved ivory that went into the making of the house have also been found. These are in the form of decorative panels which may have been set in the walls or may have been in the ivory bed mentioned in Amos 6:4.
“Mankind’s Faltering Trust in Democracy”
IN HIS invocation at the Republican National
Convention at Chicago, Rabbi Isserman of St. Louis made mention of “mankind’s faltering trust in democracy” and in view of what some of the Teapot Dome statesmen have done to us in the past, his words do not seem to have been badly chosen. Meantime, Mussolini, on the other side of the world, running a show which was financed by America, says derisively, and with more truth than poetry, “Democracy is nothing. The people are nothing, and can do nothing.”
Motor Bus Statistics
DUE to reductions in fares, motor bus revenues last year were but $270,000,000, as against $290,000,000 for the year previous. The buses are now running over 898,000 miles of routes, or about four times the mileage of the railroads. Five-eighths of the buses are engaged in carrying children to and from school.
Dead Miners Still on the Pay Roll
TpIGHT entombed miners in Czechoslovakia, though they have undoubtedly been dead for at least a month, are claimed by their relatives to be still on the pay roll, owing to the fact that the law requires that their- employers must bring them to the surface at the end of their work.
Mizpah Definitely Located
THE site of ancient Mizpah has now been definitely located, near Ramallah, just north of Jerusalem. On that site has just been found the seal of Jaazaniah, one of the officers in King Zedekiah’s army, mentioned in 2 Kings 25:23, at the very place where he reported to Gedaliah, as stated.
Governor Seligman, of New Mexico
Governor Seligman, of New Mexico, has exiled from the state a woman of Lovington, N. Mex., who refused to permit her children to be vaccinated. The woman probably knows that bedbugs are the only carriers of smallpox, and if she has her home free from them she does not need the governor's fetish.
Railroads That Use Aluminum
A FOLDER announces that among the railroads that use aluminum cooking utensils are the Southern, A.C.L., Rock Island, C.&A., P.R.R., G.N., N.P., M.P., I.C., U.P., S.P., Santa Fe, L.&N., M.K.&T., C.M.&St.P., and C.B.&Q. On June 1 the Aluminum Company of America made a 10-percent cut in salaries and wages.
New Uses for Aluminum
NEW uses are being found for aluminum, since the discovery that it is not fit for cooking utensils. Not only are barrows now being made of it, thus lightening the strain on the backs of the workers, but it has been worked up into the bodies of coal trucks. Nearly a ton more coal can be hauled on each trip than if the trucks are made of the heavier metal steel.
Increase of Number of Insane
IN THE year 1890 the number of insane was 118 per 100,000 of population; in the year 1928 the number was 258 per 100,000 population. Insanity is three times as frequent in army as in civil communities, and during time of war there is another threefold increase even over this.
Michigan Has a Traveling Bank
IN A DISTRICT of Michigan where there are many defunct banks the Ionia National Bank has evolved an armored bank which goes from town to town with machine guns as protection, making loans and receiving deposits in buildings of the local closed banks.
One Child Had Chicken Pox
ON THE liner Tuscania, one day out from Bombay to Liverpool, a child came down ■with chicken pox. When the boat arrived in Liverpool every one of the 1,200 persons on board had a sore arm. The ship surgeon and two other doctors vaccinated everybody on board. Profitable scare, eh ?
Now Would Be a Good Time
SINCE Mr. Hoover has offered to work for $1 a year, now would be a good time for the congressmen to give back the extra $2,500 a year which they added to their salaries a short time ago. And New York’s mayor got a big raise, too, besides all the huge donations that entered his tin box.
Old Age Pensions Profitable
TN WISCONSIN, California, Montana, Wyo--*■ ming, and Utah, the five states where they have been giving old age pensions for periods of two years or more, it has been found that the average pension of $20.60 per month is less than half of the average cost of patients in poorhouses, which cost runs to about $43.20 per inmate.
$25 000,000 Less in Ads
fDHE national advertisers cut their budgets 10 percent in 1931, with the result that the newspapers had to get along with $25,000,000 less receipts. That one fact has caused many newspapers to go to their last resting place. Tobacco advertisers increased their ads by about $5,000,000, in the effort to enslave as many young women as possible, and to increase their outlet.
Bank Clearings Off 52 Percent from Year Ago
YEAR ago everybody thought business was in awful shape, and so it was. But now business men would be glad for even a few days as bright as those we had a year ago. Bank clearings have fallen off 52 percent from what they were a year ago.
Pullman Company Improves Upper Berths
THE Pullman Company has devised a dressing platform and dormer window for upper berths, and has the improvement in effect on a train between Chicago and Detroit. The platform is about 14x19 and allows a six-foot man to stand erect while dressing. Patrons are well pleased with the improvement.
Henry Ford Thinks Banks Useless
Henry Ford thinks that a community that has been favored with a bank failure has proven very well that it can get along without banks. The bank is supposed to be a safe place to deposit money; if it is not that, it injures those whom it is supposed to serve. One thing is sure: many American communities are now finding out what it is like not to have any bank in their midst, and they still go on somehow.
Glaciers, Earth’s Worst Roads
THE glacier, the mountaineer’s road to the summit of the highest peaks, has the distinction of being the worst road in the world. The middle flows faster than the sides, resulting in cracks large enough to engulf a house. Inequalities in the underlying rock cause the already cracked ice to be subjected to shearing strains. When covered with snow, every step of the way must be tested with prodding poles. The Humboldt glacier, in Greenland, has a mouth eighty miles wide.
America’s Immense Flying Business
UNITED Air Lines alone fly 6,000,000 miles a year at night, which is more than all the day and night flying of all the European nations combined. And that is only one company. The airways are illuminated from New York to San Francisco, Boston to Washington, Dallas to St. Louis, and San Francisco to Seattle. The pilots know where they are and what is ahead. They are in constant telephone conversation with the ground, and are equipped with powerful landing lights and parachute flares so that the landing risks are now relatively negligible.
Sales Tax in Mississippi
MISSISSIPPI, faced with a $12,000,000 deficit in the state treasury, and unable to raise any money on property, on account of the depression in the farming business, now has in effect a general sales tax which is estimated to produce $1,000,000 a year revenue. The tax has been added to every item and is being paid by the citizens without complaint.
Taking No Chances on Prayers
THE Republican National Convention took no chances on not having the right kind of prayers. They had an Episcopal bishop from Washington, D. C., a Roman Catholic prelate from Chicago, and a Jewish rabbi from St. Louis, to open the different sessions. Nobody can accuse the republicans of not showing a nice sense of balance in their prayer department.
A Well-Watered Senate
WE HAVE a well-watered senate. We don’t mean by that that they drink any water out of the old well. Apparently they do not even drink it from the spigot. They seem to drink it only from the bottle. The senate’s bill for bottled waters for one year was $3,374.20, or about $35 per senator. It must be good water to be worth all that.
Gold from Bottom of Ocean
AFTER four years, the Italian salvage vessel
Artiglio not only located the steamship Egypt, which went down in 400 feet of water off Ushant, but at this writing has recovered from the bullion room about one million dollars of the gold cargo, with four million dollars more expected to be recovered shortly, along with some $14,000,000 in paper money. This is the greatest salvaging feat in history on account of the great depths encountered.
Ireland In for More Trouble
IRELAND is in for more trouble. The pope blessed the eucharistic congress at Dublin, and then wound up by blessing the whole of Ireland. We are not sure if the results are as bad when given by wireless as when bestowed in person, but the outlook is very dark. The blessing was given in Latin, so that nobody would understand what was said. Atmospheric conditions were unfavorable, and only a word or two here and there could be heard. Maybe this will soften the blow somewhat.
Some of Capone’s Methods
TN ESPITE the vast sums that passed through U his hands it is said that Al Capone never kept a bank account nor books of any sort. He was never actively concerned in violence, but always two or three removes away. In one case no fewer than fourteen men were murdered lest their testimony should inculpate the real brains of the gang that had Chicago by the throat.
Breaking Up of Home Units
TT IS very sad to learn that the depression has J- caused the breaking-up of many more than a thousand homes in New York city, for there are more than 5,000 more children in institutions and boarding homes at public expense than there were at its beginning. Their parents, after every sacrifice, were not able to make it go and had to give up the dearest things in life.
Barlow Death Machine Nullifies Naval Plans THE Barlow death machine, invented by Lester P. Barlow, Stamford, Conn., will, it is claimed, destroy all property and life in a section a quarter of a mile wide and a mile long, and can be operated either by an attendant close at hand or by remote control. The statement has been made on the floor of the Senate that it will make obsolete all present naval and military armaments.
Siam Goes Constitutional
SIAM, one of the few absolute monarchies remaining, has imprisoned a bunch of princes and gone constitutional. In order to retain his job the king has accepted the situation and has given his approval to the new government. Would it not be a strange thing if shortly after Siam went constitutional we should have a Big Business dictatorship in America, Siam moving forward and America backward?
Four Suicides per Day
IN THE five boroughs of New York city there
is an average of four suicides every day; that is 20 annually for every 100,000 people. But there are worse cities for suicides than New York. In the following towns the first in the list is more than twice as bad as New York, while even the last one named is one and a half times as bad: Madison, Sacramento, San Diego, Cedar Rapids, Seattle, Davenport, San Francisco, Macon, Fort Wayne, Portland (Oreg.), Tacoma, Decatur, Savannah, Elmira, Sioux City.
Motor Fits into Thimble yet Pulls Pound Weight AN ELECTRIC motor so tiny that it fits into a thimble, but powerful enough to pull a one-pound weight, has been produced by John Lakota, Cleveland watchmaker. It is three-eighths of an inch high, weighs an eighth of an ounce, and operates on an ordinary lighting circuit. Lakota spent three years making the parts and assembling them under a microscope. The wire on the coils is as fine as human hair.
Too Many Government Posts
BETWEEN 1900 and 1910 the number of competitive posts in the civil service doubled, and in the next succeeding twelve years doubled again. Since 1922 there have been about 50,000 additional government posts created. The department of agriculture has managed to place 25,000 persons on its pay roll, and if the farmer is any better off because of it he does not know it.
Rockefeller Ditches Prohibition
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., has publicly disowned prohibition. He now admits that the $350,000 which he and his father gave to the Anti-Saloon League failed to accomplish the good results hoped for. No doubt this marks the beginning of a general repudiation by Big Business of their past alliance with the Big Preachers that have conducted the Anti-Saloon League.
Talking Movies at Chicago
AT THE University of Chicago next fall the life of a plant, spanning six months, will be shown in ten minutes to the accompaniment of asynchronized lecture by a famous botanist. Pictures will be taken of phenomena which cannot be seen by the naked eye, and then shown simultaneously to hundreds of students now compelled to line up and take tedious turns at the microscope.
A Good Rebuke to Jazz
ONE of the greatest radio stations, unable to decide what songs to place on the program, asked listeners to write in and name their choice. Of some six thousand letters received, out of the seven songs highest on the list, only one was new. The songs the people love are those that are sweet. Jazz is really in disfavor with the people, and is never sent out over any Watch Tower station.
Most Ominous Economic Crisis
IN OPENING the Lausanne reparations conference Prime Minister MacDonald said in part: “We meet under the shadow of the most ominous economic crisis that has ever afflicted the world in time of peace. In this world catastrophe it matters not what the color of the government in authority, the State is being impoverished and the incomes of the nations are going down.”
The Ford Profits
THE Ford profits go up and down with the advent of new models. Normally $100,000,000 a year, there was a loss of $30,000,000 a year during the two years when the Model A was being brought out, and last year there was a loss of $53,000,000, when the four-cylinder car was made an eight. It looks as if it costs upward of $150,000,000 to design a new Ford model and get all parts of the production equipment up to previous levels.
The Charges of Admiral Degouy
WHILE the American and other delegates at Geneva have been considering how to disarm without disarming, Admiral Degouy has enlivened the atmosphere by charging that America leads in all kinds of old and new poison gas and chemical smokes, and that Britain comes next. The American gas headquarters, so he charges, is at Edgewood, Ill., while the British location is at Porton, near Salisbury. He claims that for the past seven years the British have been expending $1,600,000 to $2,000,000 per year developing poisonous gases and protective smokes, but that America has them outpoisoned and outsmoked, even at that.
A Confession by Lloyd George
TN A RECENT address to newspaper men T Lloyd George made the following summary of results accomplished by international conferences :
Armaments are bigger, more powerful, and more shattering than ten years ago, after ten years of handshaking and ten years of agreement at every conference that has been held. We have never yet seen or heard of a conference that did not md in complete accord, complete agreement that yon must have disarmament, complete agreement that disarmament must be by somebody else, complete agreement that you must remove the barriers against trade, and equally complete agreement that it is somebody else who has got to do it.
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