Golden Age, February 3, 1932
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Golden Age
A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND COURAGE
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LAND OF THE INCAS MOONEY CASE EVENTS IN CANADA
ICICLES
ANOTHER POISONING GREAT CONSPIRACY
WHO IS YOUR GOD? "BUREAU OF INFORMATION”
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Vol. XIII. No. 323
February 3, 1932
CONTENTS
LABOR AND ECONOMICS
Wyandotte Refunds 10%> of Bills 271 Los Angeles Municipal Plant
Profits.........271
Why Workweek Must Be
Shortened ....... 272
SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL
Icicles.........271
Honesty of South African Negroes 271
Suicides Double in Ten Years . 271
People Blocking Io (lilies . . . 273
Baptist Eloquence Pruned . . 273
IIomi: Instruction of the Young . 284
So Will He!
FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION
America’s Huge Consumption of Paper
General Decline Rex ea led by Canal
Fewer Army Air Accidents . . 273
Wholesale Murders in the East . 274
Panam\ Canal Information . . 275
Demand for Narcotic Investigation 278
POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN
The Mooney (Tsi: in a Nutshell 2GG
Mv Letter to Governor Rolpii . 267
E\ents in Cxn adv......2G8
British Empire Formally Dissohid . ......272
League's Failure in Manchuria 271
AGRICULTURE AND HUSBANDRY
20,000 Buffalo in Canada . . . 273
SCIENCE AND INVENTION
Photos by Carrier Pigeons . . 271 3,600 Square Miles Photographed
in Two Days
Onions Destroy Aluminum Dishes 272
Building Roads Through Swamps 272
Snows of Many Colors .... 272
Steel Shell Diving
HOME AND HEALTH
Tuberculosis Vaccine Experiments
Still Go on
230 Poisoned at Overbrook . . . 276
TRAVEL AND MISCELLANY
The Land of the Incas .... 259
Canada Now Has 10,000,000 . . 271
Church Bonds in Default . . . '271
Stool Pigeons in French Guiana 274
Report on Judge Rutherford's Havana Lecture.....275
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY
Germany Loses 2,5C)0,0(!tI (Yureh
Members ... .... 271
Great Conspir\cy Ag \u- -r
God’s Anointed
Who Is Your (Jon ’
Radio Witness Work
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The Golden Age
Volume XIII Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, February 3, 1932 Number 323
The Land of the Incas
THOSE who have, read Prescott’s Conquest of Peru will have been so impressed by the superior civilization of the Incas to that of their conquerors that they will perhaps give little thought to the earlier civilization upon which the Inca structure was based and which, in its way, is quite as noteworthy.
The early builders of Peru, like the Incas who followed them, invented only ideographic signs in lieu of an alphabet and therefore have, left no history except such as may be gleaned from their works of architecture. These works of architecture are the most important in the Western world at the time when the first discoverers landed in America, and would be remarkable if found in any part of the world at any time. They are really in a class by themselves.
The valleys of Peru are lined with terraces ten feet high, and sometimes more than fifty terraces one above the other. The retaining walls of these terraces were built with great care. Back of the walls was dumped a coarse, gravelly subsoil, overlaid with a fine, rich top-soil. This work involved the laying of millions of perches of stone and the transportation of millions of tons of soil, and it is not known today where the soil was procured or how it was handled.
Not only are there tons of thousands of acres of these colossal terraces, or ‘'hanging gardens", as they are sometimes called, but there are in Peru cities built up on the mountainsides in a manner similar- to the terraces. Stones used in the construction of those cities are, some of them, so large that it would tax the power of any modern engineering device to handle them. These stones are laid one upon another with such precision that the unaided eye cannot discern the joint. It can be found only by means of a lens.
The Indians claim that the structures erected by the Megalithic or Big Stone people were never built at all, but were the work of enchantment. That claim has been made for the construction of the pyramids of Egypt, the ruins of Baalbek at Palmyra, and also for the great images found on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean.
In at least three of these localities, namely, Peru, Egypt and Syria, there are traditions to the effect that the laws of gravitation were suspended when these structures were built and that their construction and erection was supervised by the angels. We are thus enabled to recognize the influence of the demons in these structures, their objective, of course, being to turn the minds of the people away from Jehovah God to themselves and their works.
While on this subject, we mention that at Baalbek there are blocks of stone twenty feet off the ground which are twelve feet in breadth, twelve feet in thickness, and sixty-four feet in height, and there is no machinery in existence today that could raise a stone of that weight to such a height.
Throughout the districts of Peru where these terraces cover the slopes of the mountains other immense works were undertaken and carried out. successfully. The courses of the rivers were narrowed and straightened by the building of walls of enormous strength.
A system of aqueducts was built and the work was so well done that in modern times all that has been necessary to put them back into operation was to dig out the sand which in the course of centuries had drifted in and filled them.
Since the advent of the airplane, which is now flitting hither and thither over Peru, many ancient cities, hanging gardens and aqueducts have been located, the existence of which were not previously known.
The Advent of the Incas
About the year 1160 (A.D.) Manco Rapac (i.e., Manco, the ruler) appeared on the shores of Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable body of water in the world, and now constituting part of the border between Peru and Bolivia. Manco, the first of the Incas, informed the simple Indians that he had been sent by the sun to instruct them. He established his capital at Cuzco, and his descendants in what is regarded as the golden age of Peru, in 450 years, built up a remarkable civilization covering parts of the territory now included within Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, Peru contained six times its present population; money was unknown; labor was enforced on all for the benefit of all; the wants of the people were few and were easily satisfied; and there were frequent holidays and festivals.
Large flocks of llamas were grazed on the plateaus, while the hardy vicunas and alpacas roamed the upper heights in freedom but were driven together at stated periods to be shorn and killed. The wool yielded by these animals, and the cotton grown in the plains and valleys, were woven into fabrics remarkable for their fineness of texture and brilliancy of color.
The Coming of the Spaniards
What the Spaniards did in Mexico, they did in Peru. A tribe of bloodthirsty and conscienceless assassins, dressed in armor, accustomed to the use of horses, and provided with guns and other superior weapons, they had no difficulty in seizing this great country which, at the time they entered it, had few soldiers, crude weapons, and little need for any.
In September, 1532, the Spanish murderer, Pizarro, with a force of 177 men, twenty-seven of whom were cavalry, invaded Peru on what was purely a robber’s expedition. On November 1G of the same year, this band of thieves and murderers seized and imprisoned Atahual-pa, the then reigning Inca (or ruler or high priest of the sun’).
To gain his liberty, Atahualpa is reported to have said: “I will give gold enough to fill a room 22 feet long and 17 feet wide, up to a white line which is half way up the wall.” He said that up to that mark he would fill the room with different kinds of golden vessels, such as jars, pots, vases, besides lumps and other pieces. As for silver, he said he would fill the whole chamber with it twice over. He undertook to do this in two months. The gold and silver were melted in May, 1533, and on August 29, 1533, Atahualpa was garroted, and the Spaniards proceeded to utterly wreck the Inca civilization.
As to what it was that Pizarro and his men wrecked, let his own confession, sent to the king of Spain after his death, provide all the evidence that is needed. We recommend this confession to the careful consideration of the great financiers of Wall Street, to President Hoover, to Cardinal O'Connell of Boston, and to all the other pillars of the existing social order who have made the America of our fathers into the monstrosity that it is today, and we wonder how long it will take to extract a similar confession from these dignitaries:
The said Yncas governed in such a way that in all the land neither a thief, nor a vicious man, nor a bad, dishonest woman was known. The men all had honest and profitable employment. The woods, the mines, and all kinds of property were so divided that each man knew what belonged to him, and there were no lawsuits. The Yneas were feared, obeyed and respected by their subjects, as a race very capable of governing; but we took away their land, and placed it under the crown of Spain, and made them subjects. Your Majesty must understand that my reason for making this statement is to relieve my conscience, for we have destroyed this people by our bad examples. Crimes were once so little known among them that an Indian with one hundred thousand pieces of gold and silver in his house, left it open, only placing a little stick across the door, as the sign that the master was out, and nobody went in. But when they saw that we placed locks and keys on our doors, they understood that it was from fear of thieves, and when they saw that we had thieves amongst us, they despised us. All this I tell your Majesty, to discharge my conscience of a weight, that I may no longer be a party to these things.
After robbing Peru of its gold and silver, Pizarro returned to the sea-coast to build a city from which he could prevent some other thieves from taking from him the territory which he had taken from the Incas. Accordingly, seven miles from the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Pacific, and therefore seven miles from the present port of Callao, he founded the City of the Kings, the name of which was subsequently changed to Lima, the present Peruvian capital.
At the time Pizarro and his fellow thieves and murderers seized Peru there prevailed, and indeed there still prevails in some districts of the country which they overran, an “ayllus”, or community land system. This is a system of family communism by which the products of the common work are distributed, or by which certain tracts of land are allotted to each family in a community. In the operation of the original “ayllus” system the tracts of land were periodically redistributed to suit the size of a family, but in no case could the family sell or give away its tracts.
The Advent of the Catholic Church
Imagine now the distress and confusion brought upon these millions of peaceable, peaceloving and prosperous people when the Spanish freebooters brought along with them another variety of priests who, like the Incas, claimed to have divine right to rule and to teach, but unlike the Incas, desired to keep the people in ignorance and to take possession of their lands, which, as a matter of fact, they claimed actually belonged to them to do with as they saw fit.
This latter line of priests acting under the instructions of an old man living at Rome who at times wears a triple crown supposed to make him the complete boss of heaven, earth and hell, his representatives proceeded to turn Peru into that portion of his empire represented by the third crown, the lowest one, as is their custom wherever they get a foothold.
The Decay of Peru
It cannot be wondered at that Peru has decayed, and that instead of a happy, busy and prosperous agricultural population estimated by some to have been as high as 30,000,000, the total number of inhabitants is now only about 5,000,000. The attempt to carry the burden of pillaging conquerors and conscienceless priests has been too much for the poor natives, who still constitute 57.6 percent of the population.
The language of the common people of Peru is not Spanish, but Quichuan, the language of the Inca period.
Of the entire population of Peru, only about 13 percent claim to be white. It is these whites of Spanish descent who govern Peru. About 24.8 percent of the population are classed as mestizos; about 4 percent are Chinese and Negroes.
In bygone days the natives used to pay the Inca (the ‘ruler of the sun god’), in order to be assured of good crops, and while there has been a desperate effort on the part of the Catholic priests to switch these payments to themselves, yet the natives can well remember in their traditions the greater prosperity they had under the original Incas and are unconvinced that the Pizarro priests are as effective in procuring for them the temporal blessings they desire. Accordingly, all through Peru are thousands of Indians who still offer burnt offerings of medicinal and aromatic plants to the Incas to avoid the risk of offending them.
In 1914 some 70,000 of these poor native Peruvians gathered themselves around a native who proclaimed himself the new Inca and demanded the return of their lands and the reestablishment of the “ayllus”. Two thousand of these poor creatures were killed before their aspirations for the return of their former rights and privileges were eventually crushed.
The Peruvian Climate
Though Peru lies wholly within the torrid zone and one part of it reaches to within a few miles of the equator, yet the country has every climate imaginable. The eastern two-thirds of the entire area called the Montana division is completely covered by great forests containing an untold wealth of tropical timber trees of the most valuable woods. The western edge of the country, a strip some thirty miles in width along the Pacific, is an arid, treeless belt, a complete desert except for oases provided by the forty-six river courses which cross it and the irrigation works built before the days of the Incas and now reopened and again in use. Between the two zones above mentioned is the Sierra or mountain region, which is the heart of Peru and the backbone of the South American continent. This district is of comparatively limited extent, being only about 3S0 miles from north to south.
It thus happens that the natives of Bolivia and Peru, though living within the tropics, enjoy the stimulating climate of high temperate zones because of the elevation of their homes and valleys among the Andes. But although it often gets bitterly cold in the mountains, yet among the natives neither men nor women wear any footgear other than sandals.
The highest peaks in Peru are Coropuna, 22,900 feet high, and Huascaran, 22,240 feet, but throughout the mountain region are many peaks 10,000 to 22,000 feet high. The line of perpetual snow is usually at about 16,400 feet, though in some situations a thousand feet lower.
Up from the south, along the entire western edge of Peru sweeps the Antarctic Current of cold water, bringing along with it a great quantity of fish that are everywhere else in the world strangers to such latitudes. The effect of this current is to cool the coastal plain somewhat, so that the hottest days of summer, from December to May, rarely show a temperature higher than 80° F., or the coldest in winter lower than 60°F.
From June to November the Peruvian coast is subject to heavy fogs. These fogs are the source of very heavy dews, sufficient in many places to sustain a growth of grass. But, taken as a whole, it would be hard to find a more desolate region than the coastal desert of Peru.
The waters of Peru are rough, and as the shore line is almost unbroken, the country is without good harbors except at Callao, the port of Lima and Paita.
On account of the great height and width of the Andes, the prevailing winds of the east are stripped of their moisture before they get to the coastal region, and therefore there are places in Peru where rain falls perhaps only once in ten or twelve years. In such sections the houses are built for shelter from the sun, not from rain, and when the showers do come, they do serious damage to the contents of the homes, and also to the cotton and other crops which are sustained by irrigation.
The Sierra section contains some of the grandest scenery in the world. In one place high up in the Andes, thousands of feet above sea level, are deposits of marine shells showing that the entire region was once an inland sea. In one place is a mountain of rock salt said to be so clear that a newspaper can be read through two inches of it.
In the Montana section grows every specimen of tree and plant known to South American botany. This district includes fibrous plants and flowers in greatest profusion.
The Irish Potato from Peru
The Irish potato did not come from Ireland; it came from Peru, and this is Peru’s greatest single gift to mankind, and the world’s most productive crop. It is probable that the present-day value of a single world crop of potatoes exceeds that of all the gold that the conquerors took from the Incas.
Those.who know say that there are 200 varieties of potatoes growing in Peru with which the rest of the world is not yet acquainted. The potato did not come into instant use in Europe. It was after two centuries, and not until the period of the French Revolution, that it began to be grown as a crop.
Before Pizarro and his fellow thieves and murderers entered the country Peru had more than sixty species of plants under general cultivation, and this country has been and is the chief center of plant domestication in the new world.
Anything that will grow anywhere will grow in some part of Peru. Wheat, oats and barley are grown in the higher regions; sugar, cotton, grapes and olives, in the river valleys of the coastal section. Coffee and Indian corn are also grown, and there is an abundant supply of rubber. Coca is found wild in the forests, and there are-cultivated plantations. Peru supplies all the cocaine used in the world.
The fruits grown in Peru are oranges, grapes, bananas, lemons, alligator pears, cheri-moyas, papayas, loquats and sapodillas. The cherimoya is used extensively in flavoring of ice cream in Lima.
As Peru has a great variety of plants, so it has also a great variety of animal life. In the Pacific Ocean off Peru seals and fish are plentiful. In the coastal regions are lizards, scorpions and tarantulas. In the Sierra are found the wool-bearing animals already mentioned, the llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuna. The vicuna is diminishing rapidly. In the Montana section are found snakes, boas, vipers, alligators, turtles, parrots, flamingoes and all the creatures, big and little, that inhabit the tropical forests of Brazil.
No End of Mineral Resources
In the early history of Peru, hundreds of shiploads of guano were taken to foreign shores. When these deposits began to be exhausted, those who were engaged in that industry turned their attention toward the rich mineral deposits which make Peru a center of hidden treasures. Coal exists in Peru in vast quantities in all sections and in all forms. Ninety-live percent of the world's vanadium comes from Peru.
There are 10,000 mining claims on record, but only about 1,200 are being worked at all, on account of their inaccessibility. There is a great variety of mineral enterprises, including petroleum, silver, copper, vanadium, gold, coal, nickel, wolfram, cobalt, iron manganese, magnesium, graphite, sulphur, marble, porphyry, jasper, jade, alabaster, gypsum and kaolin.
The prevailing world-wide depression has resulted in the suspending of operations of the mining and smelting companies, and 4,000 miners are idle until the price of copper rises. These copper mines, like most of the other mines of Peru, are owned by Americans.
From Donkey’s Back to Airplane
Peru has no through railroads or wagon roads, and, until the invention of the airplane, had almost no way to get from one part of the country to another except on foot or by donkey. To go from Iquitos, on the Amazon, in the northeastern part of Peru, to Lima, the capital, used to take from twenty-five to thirty days of hard travel by mule and canoe. At present this trip is made in three days by one of the most spectacular air routes in the world. In the days of the rubber boom Iquitos was one of the richest towns in South America. The city is regularly reached by steamer service from the Atlantic.
There are plenty of children in Peru who are very familiar with the airplane, but have never seen a locomotive or an auto in their lives. Although Peru is about the size of Texas, Oklahoma, Nevada and Utah combined, yet there are hundreds of villages and towns in which the inhabitants have never seen a wheeled vehicle of any sort.
Roads are in process of building, and there is a national road conscription law establishing compulsory road service for all males between the ages of sixteen and sixty years. At present there are about 2,500 miles of roads available for autos, of which 250 miles are considered good.
As showing the effect of the construction of good roads, a road was recently paved leading back into a district inhabited almost exclusively by Indians. The year before the road was rebuilt 1,000 bags of potatoes came over it to market; in the year after it was rebuilt, 100,000 bags of potatoes came over the same road.
The Avenida Progreso, six miles long, connecting Lima and Callao is broad enough to accommodate eight motor cars abreast. It was opened up for public traffic in 1894.
The first railroad in South America went into operation April 5, 1851. The Central Railway of Peru, the world's highest standard-guage railway, starts inland from the port of Callao, passes through Lima, climbs the western Andes and passes through the Calera tunnel at an altitude of 15,865 feet. A branch of this road at Morococha reaches an elevation of 17,000 feet, the highest point reached by a standard-guaged track.
The through inland route from Mollendo to Buenos Aires is broken by the 150-mile steamer trip on Lake Titicaca. This lake, 12,545 feet, above sea level, is the highest large lake in tlm world. Three steamers ply its waters between the port of Guiqui, Bolivia, and Puno, Peru. The Indian balsas that are the principal craft on Lake Titicaca have hulls which are made* of bundles of dried bulrushes. These quickly become water-logged and the boats must be hauled ashore frequently to be dried out.
Aside from Lake Titicaca, Peru has some 3,000 to 4,000 miles of navigable rivers, all of them tributaries of the Amazon.
The Peruvian Cities
As is to be expected in a thinly populated and decadent agricultural country, the cities are very small. Cuzco, the ancient capital, which is 10,500 feet above sea level, has a population of but 26,000. This city is the mecca of all the Indians in southern Peru. Experts can tell what district a visitor is from by the cut of his garments and the patterns used. 704 feet above the city of Cuzco is the ancient Inca fortress, Sacsayhuaman. Some of the stones in this structure are 30 feet long by 12 feet wide, and very thick. These huge stones are fitted together perfectly without mortar or cement.
Arequipa, on the railroad from the port of Mollendo to Lake Titicaca, is called the City of the Stars and is one of the loveliest places in Peru. It lies at an elevation of about 8,000 feet and a hundred miles inland from Mollendo in the Chile River valley. Its population is 48,000. Towering over the city at an altitude of 19,250 feet is the great El Misti volcano. This volcano often sends clouds of sulphurous vapor into the air or spurts hot water and steam from its half-mile-wide crater.
Mollendo, the port of Cuzco and Arequipa, has but 7,000 population, and though it is a port, it has no harbor at all. Even in calm weather the swell is so heavy that passengers must be lifted from the tender to the deck in a chair operated by a steam crane. There are days when the captain of the port is obliged to exercise his power to stop all communication between ships and shore. Nevertheless, despite these conditions, this port handles a large amount of commerce consisting of hides, wool and various kinds of minerals that originate in southeastern Peru and in Bolivia.
Peru has another port, if either of them may be called such, which is as rough as Mollendo; that is, Salavery. This, like Mollendo, is little more than a roadstead, and owes its activities to the fact that there are extensive rice and sugar cane lands in the vicinity.
The principal port of Peru is Callao, with a population of 53,000, and the port of Lima, the capital, which latter has a population of 250,000. Callao has one of the finest harbors on the Pacific. The largest steamers discharge freight directly on the wharves. The island of San Lorenzo and two long breakwaters provide a large body of protective water.
Lima was the capital of all South America long before the issuance of our own Declaration of Independence. The mummy of Pizarro is shown to all visitors in the cathedral in Lima.
Peruvian Commerce and Finance
There are nearly a thousand post offices, so that the country is quite well provided with postal facilities. AIa.il between the United States and Peru may be transmitted between the two countries at the rate prevailing for domestic matter.
Foreign investments aggregate $400,000,000, of which $250,000,000 represents American capital and half that amount British capital. The British own most of the railways; the Americans control the copper’ and the vanadium mines and the oil wells. Before the World War, British trade with Peru was greater than that of the United States, France and Germany combined; but these conditions have changed and the United States now buys 35 percent of Peru's exports, and supplies 39 percent of her imports.
The Swedish Match Company pays $800,000 a year for twenty years for the exclusive right to manufacture and sell matches. As a consequence matches sell at five times the price charged elsewhere, and matches made by any other company are not allowed.
Agricultural laborers are paid forty to fifty cents a day, and city workers about $1.00 a day. The standard of living of the working class is of necessity pitifully low.
The unit of currency is the libra or gold pound sterling of $4.8065, and the tenth part thereof the gold sol. One sol has 100 centavos, making the centavo worth a little less than half a cent.
The Influence of the Church
As already stated, the operation of the Roman Catholic church has been to the disadvantage of the Peruvian people. Many of the lands which belonged to them were sequestrated to the church, and this sequestration is still going on. As everywhere, the church has backed the aristocracy against the people and has consorted with the land-owning and military classes to keep the common people in subjection and to keep them so busy trying to make a living that they will not have time to worry over the liberties and blessings they have lost or to think about the curses they have received in exchange.
The New York American tells us that years ago among the Spanish priests there was a custom (though we presume not of any general application), when wedding fees dropped off, to herd the young people of the village, even down to twelve or thirteen years of age, into a room in the church, lock them in for the night, and in the morning, as they passed out in pairs, one priest married them, while another collected fees.
The children have no toys and live a playless childhood. As soon as a child is able to walk it is set to work, and it is not uncommon to see a three-year-old child collecting firewood or driving the sheep or rendering some other service such as would be possible for a child of such tender years. Ten years ago the working hours of textile workers were from six o’clock in the morning until midnight.
Roman Catholicism is the religion of the state. All churches and convents belong to the state, and the government appropriates annually about $100,000 for the maintenance of public worship.
Political and Educational
Voting is compulsory, but is limited to the literate, so that the number of qualified voters is only about 5 percent of the population. 2V curious provision is that those who are married, even though under the normal voting age of 21 years, are entitled to vote, provided they can read and write.
The president holds office for a term of five years, and may be reelected for one additional term. There is a senate and chamber of deputies corresponding with the American Senate and House of Representatives.
Alilitary service is universal and compulsory; two years in the active army and thirty years in the three reserves.
The most ancient university in the New World is that of San Marcos, at Lima, founded in 1551. The University of Cuzco was founded in 1598, and the college at Arequipa in 1616, four years before the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth. Primary schools are of two classes : common and vocational. Elementary instruction is free and “compulsory” for children between the ages of seven and fourteen years. In Lima school luncheons are provided for the children of the poor and a fresh air school takes care of the children threatened with tuberculosis.
Besides the road conscription law which exacts two weeks of road service each year from each adult male and without any compensation, there is also a special kind of forced, unpaid domestic service to the landlords for several weeks every year. This enforced personal servitude known in Peru and Bolivia as “pongeaje”, though abolished by law, is actually enforced for the landlords by the local authorities.
The tenants of big landowners not only are forced to give unpaid, personal service to the landlord, but are forbidden to leave the landowner's district. Peasants working on the estates of big landowners are paid in products of the soil, ami almost never see any currency.
Peru’s Era of High Finance
It is only a little more than a year since Peru closed an era of eleven years of high finance by the overthrow and imprisonment of President Augusto B. Leguia after a period of virtual dictatorship. A sergeant in the Peruvian army in the war with Chile, later an insurance salesman, and eventually president of Peru from 1909 to 1912, President Leguia in the latter year went into voluntary exile, but made good use of his time principally in New York and other financial centers, forming acquaintances with American financiers who were disposed to invest millions in Peru provided the country would be adequately developed.
On July 4, 1919, President Leguia returned, seized the government, and ruled the country as virtual dictator until the time of his overthrow August 25, 1930. It is not believed even by President Leguia’s enemies that he was corrupt or that he sought other than Peru’s best welfare. When he seized the reins of government, the foreign debt was $12,000,000. At the time of his overthrow it was more than nine times as much. The money was spent in the sanitation of thirty-one Peruvian cities, the reorganization of the army and navy, the reconstruction of the educational system, the reopening of huge irrigation works, and the stamping out of yellow fever.
That he thought he was making himself the savior of his country is evidenced by the fact that he had busts and life-sized statues of himself erected in nearly every hamlet of the republic and had himself presented with gold medals and testimonials galore. Ue left behind him some splendid concrete boulevards in regions sparsely settled by the very poor. No doubt somebody will get the benefit of these boulevards in due time, but so far the principal benefactors were the contractors who built them.
About 500,000 hectares (1,235,500acres) of oil land were handed over to the Standard Oil Co. Peruvian statesmen who objected to this policy were deported, without trial, to the barren island of San Lorenzo, to which island Leguia himself was sent by bis captors as soon as the hard times in the New York stock market made it impossible for him to get any more money.
The claim is made by some of Leguia’s enemies that he cannot deny that his children and relatives and friends received millions of dollars as commissions and profits on the foreign loans and public works contracts. It is believed that he also was well aware of the fact that his children were heavily interested in the public gambling houses which during his tenure of office were open in all parts of the republic, an evil which he legalized by an amendment to the constitution.
If it had not been for a falling off in the world demand for sugar, cotton, wool, petroleum and copper, Leguia would probably still be in office, for he would still be able to borrow money in New York. Nevertheless, it is believed that his prestige was seriously injured by the Tacna-Arica controversy with Chile, which was settled in a way considered inimical to Peru's interests.
While Leguia was in power, Americans administered the Peruvian customs service, ran the Peruvian navy and aviation corps, administered tax collections, and drew up Peru’s budget. Legislation suggested by Americans favoring the exploitation of oil fields and cop-pei’ mined by American companies to the detriment of Peru’s interests was enacted. Virtually all American industries were almost entirely exempt from taxation.
Toward the latter part of his tenure of office Leguia was drawing away from the people whose interests he had first championed and always claimed to champion, and was taking steps to turn the entire government of the country over to the Roman church. Thereupon the. people turned against him, and uprisings in Lima and Arequipa put an end to his official career in two days’ time.
While Leguia was in office freedom of the press was entirely abolished; only newspapers supporting his dictatorship could be published. And while, for the sake of appearance, parliament was maintained, only candidates designated in advance by Leguia could be elected to it.
How evident it is that a great future awaits Peru! It has all the resources of field, forests, minerals, scenery and climate that the heart could wish. It needs only the just and generous constructive and forceful reign of earth’s new King to make of it one of the delights of creation.
The Mooney Case in a Nutshell
WE CANNOT attempt to equal Mayor
Walker’s eloquent and moving appeal for a pardon for Mooney, but we can state the whole case in a nutshell. F. C. Oxman, cattleman and perjurer, known to have been standing in the Woodland (Yolo County, California) railroad station at 2: OG p.m., July 22, 191G, swore that at the moment he was at the corner of Steuart and Market Sts.. San Francisco, 110 miles away, where he saw Mooney take a suitcase, supposedly with a bomb in it, over to Steuart Street. That particular perjury, devised, aided and abetted by private detective Swanson, District Attorney Fickert and Police Officer Draper Hand, condemned Mooney.
That is all there is to it. and in fifteen years California has not been able to elect a governor with the honesty or backbone to face the single fact contained in that sentence. It was on that evidence that Mooney was sentenced to be hanged. Everything else about the case is irrelevant and immaterial.
As fai’ as Oxman’s whereabouts at the time are concerned, they are perfectly established. He had luncheon that day with a cattleman, Earl K. Hatcher, and his wife, near Woodland, Calif. They drove him to the 2:15 p.m. train. That Oxman wrote to a Mr. Rigall in Illinois and wanted him to come to San Francisco and swear perjuriously that he met Oxman there on the day of the explosion is also a fact. Oxman is dead, and ought to be. He was not the only perjurer in the case; there were others, but their lies were unimportant. It was Oxman’s testimony that convicted Mooney.
Judge Griffin, who tried Mooney, has said that “every witness who testified against Mooney has been shown, by facts and circumstances developed since his trial and which are incontrovertible, to have testified falsely. There is now no evidence against him; there is not a serious suggestion that any exists’’.
Thirty witnesses, and eight photographs taken by three different photographers from three different positions, show that four minutes before the explosion took place Mooney was on the top of the Eilers Building, a mile and a quarter away, viewing the parade.
Captain Duncan Matheson, who assembled the evidence for the prosecution, the foreman of the jury that tried the case, all the living members of the jury, the attorney general of the state, the warden of the prison where he is confined, and honest editors and jurists all over the land have expressed their opinions that here is one of the grossest cases of injustice ever perpetrated. The editors of the Baltimore Suu, the San Francisco Call-Bulletin and News, the Chicago Times and the New York Worlil-Telegrani feel about the matter as we do, and the number is increasing. The only reason Mooney remains in prison is that Big Business as represented by United Railways in San Francisco has decided he must so remain, and all of California’s governors and her supreme court justices too, and all the electors of the state are in contempt of the whole civilized world.
A Copy of My Letter to Governor Rolph By Mrs. Mary Mooney
(Written from St. Joseph's Hospital, San Francisco)
Governor James Rolph, Jr.,
State Capitol,
Sacramento, California.
Dear Goveuxor:
Sure and I'm sick and in the hospital or I'd come to see you meself to talk to you about my son, Tom Mooney, so I’m writin’ you this letter. In all the long years since my boy was in prison, I've never bothered any governors, as I thought ’twould look like I wanted pity and I didn't and don't want any now. And I want my boy to get a square deal like any other man, and it’s up to you to give it to him.
Governor Rolph, 1 came to this country from old Ireland before you was born. I’ve lived here over sixty years. I raised my children to be honest. Our whole family was hard-workin’ people. Tom was the oldest child; he worked his head off to help the rest of us. Mis father died when Tom was a small boy. He never in his life did anything that wasn't honest.
Sure, 'twas because ho was honest and a brave boy and stood up like a man to fight for his own people, the workin’ people, that they framed on him and party near hanged him. Faith, and I'm proud of my son because he wouldn't sell himself to nobody for money or an easy job. That's the way I brought him up.
My son was framed on by the corporashuns because he fought for the workin’ people. They wanted him out of the way. Take the main witness in the case: Oxman. Sure and I told the scoundrel when he was walkin’ out of the court after he swore my boy’s life away for a few dollars, “You’re lyin’ on my boy and tryin’ to put the rope around his neck, but faith, with the help of God you'll never do it.-’ lie never answered me, but hung his head for shame.
You're the fourth governor since my boy went to jail and his party black hair turned gray. He became an old man in jail. Sure and it's the sixteenth Christmas he'll be spendin’ in jail. Mayor Walker, God bless him, was sure, my boy would get out for Christmas. He said to Tom, “Your mother's got a new son.” I hoped and prayed that he'd be out by Christmas, like all them other boys you're lettin' out.
Now it looks like you're usin’ my boy for a football like all the other governors did. You kick him to Air. Sullivan and 1 guess he’ll kick him back to you. You say it’ll take three or four months to look over the facts. Faith, and it makes me old Irish heart sick to hear that old blarney. Sure any schoolboy could know all the facts in three or four hours. And you were mayor when it happened and marched in the parade and sure should know all the facts.
Three or four months might not be long for you, Governor, or for Air. Sullivan, but it's a long time for me what's been waitin’ for over fifteen years and for my boy what’s had almost sixteen years stolen from his life.
Governor Rolph, I’m over eighty years old. Faith, and I'm sick; my eyesight is failin’ but my mind’s clear. I don’t care about meself. I ask you in the name of all that's just and holy to let my boy out. Sure and I’m too sick to go see my boy. I hope and pray for a pardon so my boy can come and see me and put bis arms around me a free man before it’s too late. Free my boy and get the blessin’ of an old Irish mother.
Alotherly yours,
(Signed) AIrs. AIary AIooney
THE ruling factors in Canada have combined together in an effort to force prosperity, but they realize the fact that there is little hope of deceiving the people into believing prosperity is here so long as there are hundreds of thousands unemployed. A survey of the happenings of the last parliamentary session gives some idea of the Government’s effort to deal with the problems facing Canada, particularly that of the unemployed. In this connection we quote from The Canadian Magazine:
Measures for Public Relief
Faced with national unemployment and rural distress of unprecedented magnitude, Parliament, by legislation, gave the Government blanket authority to meet both problems. Since the full extent of the need could not become evident until late autumn, the ministry was unable to give Parliament any definite information upon the amount of money required. Informed opinion places the figure at $70,000,000, of which $20,000,000 will be required for farm relief in the West, and $50,000,000 for unemployment generally. The Government may spend more or less; there were no strings attached to the power given Mr. Bennett by Parliament.
The relief scheme was outlined to Parliament by the prime minister. All relief expenditures will be met out of borrowed capital, not current revenue. Authority to spend money will lapse on March 31, 1932.
The Government will attack rural distress by creating a relief area in the drought-stricken parts of the West. This area will comprise all of southern Saskatchewan. Administration will be carried on by commission, and whatever money necessary to carry the tens of thousands of destitute farmers through the winter, maintaining them on their farms, providing sustenance for man and beaist, seed grain for the new crop, this will be provided.
General unemployment will be met by four policies:
1. There will be a national program of public ■works, to be paid for entirely by the Dominion. These works will comprise all manner of public buildings, wharfs, breakwaters, etc.
2. There will be a program of works to be carried out by municipalities and provinces with the financial assistance of the Dominion. This was done last autumn, following the September session, but this year the federal government will bear a greater share of the cost. The responsibility of formulating the program will lie with provincial governments.
3. The Canadian Red Cross will be given money to clothe and feed all destitute women and children.
4. The federal government will bear a larger share of direct relief than was the case last year.
The Farmer Hard Hit
With depression on every hand people in all walks of life are giving much thought to the situation and some are gradually awakening to the fact that prosperity cannot come from robbing the farmer. Speaking of this awakening the Toronto Globe editorially says:
It is gradually dawning on the Dominion that, while continuous efforts have been made to meet the emergency of city populations, the farmers of Canada have suffered a disastrous collapse in their sources of revenue and are seriously embarrassed. Today the food producers are surfeited with goods which are salable only at ruinous prices, city people in their reduced employment and often lower' wages have decreased buying power, which, in turn, reacts on the farmers. Thus the “vicious circle” is at work again and the farmer is caught in its relentless movement. He cannot buy as he did, he is forced to forego necessaries of life, and from his emergency the merchants and manufacturers are likewise victims.
If the farmer suffers, all must suffer. Despite our multiform activities in urban industry agriculture is still the chief, and the well-being of our country rests ultimately on our wheat fields. If they fail us, everything bears the mark of that failure, and everything tends toward ruin. It is a thought which should sober us people in the cities and towns of the Dominion. Sometimes we are inclined to think that our industry and commerce are the heart and hub of our civilization; sometimes we are apt to think that the energies of our great merchants, financiers and business men are the foundation rocks upon which the business structure must rest. Far, far from it!
The farmer not only provides our food, but his contact with the soil brings new wealth into being. Compared with him, the city man is a middleman, a trader, one whose very activity and profit depends on the success of the primary industries, such as farming, mining and fishing. No one, therefore, can remain indifferent to the position of the primary producer.
We are all familiar with the disastrous slump in the price of wheat, upon which the prosperity of a large part of the Dominion is dependent. We know, too, that fruit and vegetables arc cheap, and we hear of loads of farm produce that scarcely find a market. It is only when we compare prices that we realize the extent of the blow from which the farmer is suffering.
During the past two years, ever since the slump which was heralded by the crash in the stock market in the fall of 1929, there has been weakness in commodity prices. While copper, cotton, silver and other articles not directly related to agriculture have tumbled in value, the products of the farm have taken a
similar course. We may delay building a house, or buying clothes or a silver service, but we must have food, the output of the farms. Yet the farmers’ products have felt the decline, and those who depend on farmers’ patronage have felt the consequent reaction. Here is a table of comparative prices of first-quality products on the Toronto markets since the stock crash:
October 1,1929 October 1,1931
Wheat
$1,492 — .
.551
Steers
8.25 —
9.25
6.50
— ......
('alves
15.00 —
15.50
9.00
— 9.50
Lambs
11.00 —
5.00
— 7.00
Hogs
11.75 —
5.00
— 5.50
Chickens
.18 —
.28
.14
— .24
Butter
■40J —
.40J
.20
— .20 J
Eggs
.41 —
.43
.28
—— .......
Potatoes
1.75 —
2.00
.40
— .50
At the moment Canada is rich in food but poor in markets. Wasting food in the East should be conteyed to starving settlers in the drought-stricken portions of the prairies. There should be no problem in this land of plenty which is beyond the powers of solution of the governments concerned.
Nice Old Man for Sale Cheap
The following news item appearing in the Saskatoon Star-Phocnix under the caption “For Sale” tells of the sad state of affairs in Western Canada:
A self-styled “honest, well-liked old man of 59 years”, J. C. Zulauf, of Laird, Sask., has offered himself for sale cheap.
There’s a tragic note in every line of a letter he has written to the Star-Phoenix; he couldn’t pay for an advertisement, he said.
“I will offer myself for sale cheap,” the letter reads, “as I have no home, no family, no work. Have not had work for the past three years, that is, with salary.
“Am a British-born subject and a pioneer of Saskatchewan. Arrived at Rosthern in the year 1899. I am a carpenter and painter by trade. I always made my living on these trades till the last three years. I went begging and working for my board and went without meals lots and lots of times.
'I am an honest, well-liked old man of 59 years on the 3rd of September next, and a Lutheran Chris-lian. I have been pretty well over Saskatchewan and find no work at all at present, not even for my board.
Somebody should take pity on me, as I do not like to starve to death. You can advertise this letter in your paper if you like, as I have no money to pay for it at present.
“Yours respectfully,
“J. C. Zulauf, Laird, Sask.”
Gold Standard, and How
Canada, boasting, claims she is still on the gold standard; but is she? The following item from the Border Cities Star answers the question :
Canada may be on the gold standard, but just try and get gold at the local banks in exchange for their bills.
This morning a man went to the Bank of Montreal, the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the Imperial Bank of Canada. At each bank he presented one of that bank’s notes and asked for gold.
At the Bank of Montreal and the Bank of Commerce he tendered a ten-dollar note. At the Imperial he offered a five-dollar note.
In each case he was refused the gold.
He asked if Canada was on the gold standard and if the banks were ready to pay in gold.
The satisfaction he got was to the effect that the ten-dollar note was worth ten dollars in Canada, but he just could not have that note exchanged into gold this morning.
They Never Lose Their Charm
That the discussion of finance is not confined to Wall Street or St. James is reflected in the following item from the Financial Post:
Almost overnight everyone has become an international financier. Exchange, the gold standard and foreign credits are now discussed by the man on the street in all their phases; even barbers intersperse their comments on the world series with some succinct views on world finance. But there is an individual in Montreal who is probably still in search of information ; she is a member of the chorus of elevator girls who relieve the monotony of vertical transportation in one of the city’s largest office buildings. Her car was filled with a buzz of conversation which all centered around Great Britain’s currency inflation; everyone seemed to be too preoccupied to even give her his customary smile. At the ground floor she detained the last of her passengers as he stepped from the ear. “Say,” she said with a puzzled look, “'what is the Gold Standard? Is it a daily paper or a weekly ? ’ ’
Salvaging Canadian Wild Life
That the white man is most wanton in the destruction of that which the Lord has so abundantly supplied is brought to our attention in the following item culled from the Toronto Evening Telegram:
What is described as one of the most romantic tasks in the world is the labor of love undertaken by Grey Owl in the new Riding Mountain Park in Manitoba. The bearer of this picturesque name is an Indian of high culture who has specialized in the ways and habits of the wild life in which the great reserves of Canada abound, and by the systematic devotion of his talent and his pen he is contributing nobly to the preservation of such animals as the beaver. They come at his call, they take food from his hands, and he is revealing to the world at large the secrets of one of the most wonderful of all living creatures.
The purpose he has in view, coupled with a melancholy prophecy which one hopes will be disproved, is admirably summed up in his own words: “It seems a crying shame,” he writes, “that these animals should have been slaughtered to the point almost of extinction. They are just going the way of the buffalo. But their stumps, houses, dams and all their work will long remain against man for his shameful waste in the exploitation of the wild lands and the dwellers therein. Many a useful short cut on a circuitous canoe route, of great assistance in the proper ranging of valuable forests against fire, has become impracticable since the beaver was removed, as the dams fell out of repair and the smaller lakes and rivers became too shallow for navigation. Soon all that will remain of this once numerous clan of Little Brethren of the Waste Places will be their representative in his place of honor on the flag of Canada.”
Increased Automobile Registration
An increase of 44,249 motor vehicles registered in Canada for the year 1930 over the previous year is noted in the preliminary report of highways and motor vehicles issued by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. There were 1,239,888 vehicles registered on December 31 of last year, or one for every eight persons in the Dominion, as compared with one for every 8.2 persons the previous year.
Ontario led the registrations with nearly half those of the rest of Canada, the number being 564,669, as compared with 178,976 in Quebec, which came second; and Saskatchewan was third, with 129,861. Alberta had 102,652; British Columbia was fifth, with 98.943; Manitoba sixth, with 79,308; Nova Scotia seventh, with 43,036; New Brunswick eighth, with 34,833; and Prince Edward Island ninth, with 7,402 motor vehicles. Yukon territory had 208 vehicles registered.
Ontario also led in automobiles per capita, with one to every 5.9 persons. British Columbia had one to every six persons; Alberta, one to 6.4; Saskatchewan, one to 6.8; Manitoba, one to 8.5; Prince Edward, one to 11.6; New Brunswick, one to 12.2; Nova Scotia, one to 12.9; Quebec, one to 15.3; and Yukon Territories, one motor vehicle to every 17.2 people.
Hudson Bay Fisheries
The Canadian Press, speaking of the prospect of a large industry for Hudson Bay fish, says:
There is a great future for the fishing industry in Hudson Bay, in the opinion of John Ingebrechtson, who with a crew of eight men sailed a 30-foot fishing smack over Canada’s inland sea this summer.
Four samples of commercial fish taken by net from the waters of the bay have been forwarded here by the experienced fisherman, together with a letter telling of his experiences. “The most prolific species of fish encountered, ’ ’ he wrote, “ is a pink salmon of fine quality.” His men hauled in several hundred pounds of salmon in one fishing field far north of Churchill, and there was apparently no limit to the quantity there.
Ignoring the Everlasting Covenant
It is reported that cancer has been “successfully” grafted on monkeys. How the monkeys must appreciate human achievement!
The Collapse of Morality
That the morals of mankind are becoming-very low is evidenced by a report appearing in the Toronto Evening Telegram which reads:
The moral code practiced by Catholics and nonCatholics came in for a sweeping denunciation last night from Rev. Michael Bathe, C.S.S.R., of Omaha, Nebraska, during the course of address at St. Patrick’s Church.
Father Pathe declared that the world today was rushing drunkenly into paganism and was falling back into the condition where its womanhood would be degraded and manhood weakened. He claimed there were Roman Catholic young women who told their confessors that they were unable to find a single Roman Catholic young man who had respect for womanhood and that in future they would look for lovers outside of the faith to be fathers to their children.
“Outside of the Catholic church,” he said, “the fundamental law of nature and of God is cast out. But it is sadder still to have to acknowledge that inside the church matters are not much better.
“In our ranks the disregard of the law of God in the sixth commandment is so bad that leaders in the church are pitilessly helpless to stem the tide of immorality.
“The Catholic young manhood of today is as a class bending down to a filth of public practice that degraded the young manhood in the days of the Roman Empire. The average young man who has finished his schooling and has gone out into ordinary work has an idea that a woman is made for no other purpose than to satisfy the beast that lives in his uncultured heart. He is not at a loss for women who will live his way.
“There is being written today the most disgraceful chapter in the history of American immorality.”
Icicles
Photos by Carrier Pigeons
GERMAN military men have invented a tiny automatic camera which is strapped to the breast of a pigeon and takes two hundred pictures while the bird is in flight. The pictures are as plain as could he desired.
Quarter Million Fewer Railroad Workers
TN AUGUST, 1931, the Class I railroads had 226,000 fewer persons on their pay rolls than in August of the previous year. There was a drop of 22,000 from the number employed in July, 1931. The number still remaining on the pay roll in August, 1931, was 1,288,074.
Canada Now Has 10,000,600
CANADA now has over 10,000,000 population. In the last ten years Quebec and Ontario each gained a half million. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island slipped back a little, but all the other provinces together gained another half million.
Church Bonds in Default
THE total indebtedness of Protestant churches in the United States is now estimated at about $135,000,000. Of this amount, bonds of the total of some $7,000,000 are now in default, and church properly and church promises are no longer considered a good risk by banks.
America’s Huge Consumption of Paper
K MER1CA consumes 200 pounds of paper for every man, woman and child in the country. each year. One-third of this is newsprint paper, more than half of which comes from Canada. A groat amount goes for containers for packing purposes, including paper bags. Building operations consume large quantities.
W yandotte Refunds 10 Percent of Its Bills
THE Wyandotte (Michigan) electric division of municipal service made so much money for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1931, despite the fact that they furnish free light bulbs to consumers and charge an average of only 5 cents per kilowatt hour, that on December 1 they refunded to each consumer 10 percent of his net electric bills for the previous year. Anybody who thinks the Power Trust would have done this, indicate it by holding up the right hand.
Augusta Goes to Municipal Ownership
AFTER a seven-hour discussion in which representatives of the Georgia Power Company tried to prevent it, the city council of Augusta, Georgia, in a session lasting until 3: 00 a.m., voted 14 to 2 in favor of the issuance of $2,500,000 in bonds to build a municipal electric light and power plant.
General Decline Revealed by Canal
THE general decline in world business is very well shown by the decrease in business being done by the Panama Canal. The daily average of commercial transits through Hie canal in the banner year of 1929 was 17.62; in (he first ten months of 1931 this had decreased to 13.85, a fall of over 21 percent.
Honesty of South African Negroes
THE South African natives are so absolutely honest that until they come in contact with whites they never think of locks, bolts or bars; but after a very short acquaintance with white men both the native and the white have to resort to locks in order to be sure of keeping anything.
Germany Loses 2,500,000 Church Members
SINCE the World War there has been a decrease of 2,500,000 church members in Germany. No doubt by now most of the honest people in Germany have withdrawn from these institutions, which all can see are just what the Scriptures declare them to be, ‘cages of unclean and hateful birds.’
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