Golden Age, December 23, 1931

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The Golden Age

A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND COURAGE

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in this issue

WHEAT AS A FOOD

BUBBLES

GERMAN RAILWAYS

CONDITIONS IN ARIZONA

EDITOR LEARNS A LOT

WHY I AM A CHIROPRACTOR

WORLD-WIDE PEACE, HOW?

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every other WEDNESDAY --------—.. . J21 five cents a copy one dollar a year Canada & Foreign 1.25

Vol. XIII. No. 320

December 23, 1931

CON T E N I S

LABOR AND ECONOMICS

Boston Adopts Five-Day Week . 167

Food Relief in New York City , 167

Old Age Pensions vs. Almshouses . 167

Cooper’s Opinion on Russia . . 167

Swapping Foods in Illinois , . . 168

Cleveland’s Labor Riot . . ; , 168

Jobless AV omen in Chicago . . , 168

Germany Will Feed Jobless . . 169

Caillaux Wishes Silver

Remonetized ....... 169

Reducing Purchases by Cutting

Wages ......... 169

May Remonetize Silver . . . .170

Registration of Homeless Women 170

Conditions in Arizona ..... 172

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL

Bubbles .......... 167

Deletions from Military Manual . 170

Eight Additional Letters Needed . 174

Golden Ages in Barber Shops . .174

Bogus Negro Spirituals .... 174

FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION

Britain Faced Complete Collapse . 169

World’s Greatest Employer . .171

Editor Learns Lot in Two Months 173

POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Reconciliation of Greeks and

Turks ......... 169

Discuss Dictatorship for America 170

-Notes from Korea ...... 183

In the Courts of South Africa . 183

AGRICULTURE AND HUSBANDRY

MAANHAAR—for Lovers of Wild

Life .......... 184

HOME AND HEALTH

Wheat as a Food ...... 163 209,014 Vivisection Experiments

in Year...... 169

Why I Am a Chiropractor . . . 175 No Fish Can Live at Bauxite . . 180 Prevention of Simple Goiter . . 181 Why I Do Not Buy Red Cross

Seals ......... 182 Fatal Typical Slippical Gypical . 182

TRAVEL AND MISCELLANY

Spanish News Items ..... 168

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

Baptist Christianity in Kentucky 166

Jig Is Nearly Up ...... 170 “Along Interesting Pathways” . 184 How Will “World-Wide Peace Be

Secured? ........185

The Radio Witness Work . . . 190 From a Radio Station Manager . 190 What the Church Has Done . . 191

Published every other Wednesday nt lit Adams Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S. A., by WOODWORTH, KNORR & MARTIN

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Golden Age

Volume XIII Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, December 23, 1931 Number 320

Wheat as a Food

THE Chinese claim that Noah was the first ruler of their country and that he introduced the practice of growing wheat. It is known that it was grown by the lake dwellers of Switzerland and by the ancient Egyptians. The grain then was not greatly different from that now. Attempts to germinate samples found wrapped with mummies have not been successful.

Ancient Greek and Roman mythology is full of tales of gods and demigods descending to the earth and teaching men the use of wheat. There appears to be no authentic record that this particular cereal grows wild and sows itself without the help of man.

No other cereal except rye contains a gluten that is capable of expanding and forming a light porous loaf. Because of its unique composition no other cereal can take the place of wheat for bread-making purposes. Wheat contains more protein and less starch than corn, oats, rye or barley.

The wheat kernel is surrounded by a seed pod called the pericarp, a second covering called the episperm, an aleurone layer of nitrogenous matter, the perisperm (or third bran layer), and the endosperm (or floury portion), which constitutes about 80 percent of the wheat kernel.

Wheat belongs to the grass family. There are four principal kinds, common wheat, Egyptian wheat, English wheat, and flint wheat, to which the durum and macaroni varieties belong. There is also a dwarf variety. Differing climatic conditions and varying methods of cultivation have produced numerous hard and soft varieties. Drought conditions produce wheat with an unusual percentage of proteins.

The wheat plant assimilates its food from the soil at a rapid rate, and the soil must be in a high state of productiveness in order to yield a good crop. Because it is used more extensively as human food than any other cereal it usually commands high prices and is therefore not commonly fed to farm animals.

At times when it has been cheap and abundant it has been used for feeding live stock and has been found as valuable as other grains for the production of beef, pork, mutton and milk. When fed to animals it is best coarsely ground or pulverized instead of being fed whole.

Soils, Climates, Varieties, Enemies

Wheat can be grown on a variety of soils, but thrives best upon rich alluvium and soils formed from different kinds of rock disintegrated and mixed with vegetable mold. The principal wheatgrowing soils of the United States are of glacial formation, composed of clay, silt, fine sand and disintegrated limestone blended.

The predominance of Kansas as a wheatgrowing state dates from the arrival of an immigrant girl from Russia who came bearing with her a sack of hard Russian wheat that germinates in cold, arid latitudes. From that sack of seed, carefully selected by her father as her dowry, came the whole empire of Kansas wheat fields of today. That dates away back sixty years ago. .

Wheat responds readily to breeding and crossing of standard varieties, but readily reverts to its original condition. Minnesota, North and South Dakota and Montana constitute the main spring wheat region. Winter wheat is grown in states to the south.

Persian wheat) a short-stemmed, heavy-seeded variety, matures in a short season and may be grown successfully in a cold soil. The peasants in the Caucasian highlands follow the receding snow fields in spring, sowing this wheat along their margins as they melt. The yield of this variety is said to be as much as 50 bushels to the acre.

Wheat yields per acre range from 10 bushels to 30 bushels or more. The yields in the United States are less than would be expected and obtained in countries where land is expensive and intensified farming is practiced.

The QOLDEN AGE

Blizzards, cyclones, hailstorms, droughts, heat waves, rust, smut, grasshoppers, Hessian flies, chinch bugs, and something like 100 other kinds of insects give the wheat grower something to think about while he is waiting for his crop to mature. The smuts are destroyed by treating the seed wheat with, chemicals which kill the smut spores, while the rusts are held in check by destroying the host plants, as the barberry, upon which the parasite spends part of the cycle of its life.

Ancient and Modem Harvesting

The ancient Egyptians cut their wheat with a sickle, and their oxen tramped out the grain. In the days of our fathers the wheat was cradled, bound, shocked, and stored in the barn until the threshing machine could get to it. All these operations made work for many men.

In more recent years, in the West, the header took the tops off the stalks and left the rest, but the modern combine does the whole harvesting and threshing work at once. A twenty-foot outrigger cuts the tops, which are carried on a moving apron into the threshing plant, where the wheat is separated from the chaff and goes into a bin. When the bin is filled a truck comes alongside and within an hour the wheat is in an elevator or in a box car on the way to market.

The Wheat Farming Company, Inc., of Hays, Kansas, operates three of these combines attached to one caterpillar tractor. The tractor is sixty horsepower, and each -combine has a twenty-horsepower motor. Every time this outfit goes around the field it performs a. task equal to the work of 1,200 men. Only four men do the work; the other 1,196 are in the army of the unemployed.

The big wheat farms are getting bigger: the little farms are being swallowed up. Farming is no longer a safe business. No man can leave a farm to his boys and feel that he is leaving them well started in the world. The harvest hand of former days is done for. There is no place for him and there is no work for him.

Wheat first ripens in the Texas panhandle, and from that time, about the fifteenth of June, the zone advances toward the north at the rate of twenty miles a day. By July 10 it is in Nebraska, and- before August 1 is in the Dakotas. The final harvest is in western Canada. When the wheat is ripe it- must be cut at once: the greater part of the harvest is compressed into five weeks. .

The logical thing is that the combines and ttuckers should follow the harvesting from the Texas panhandle to Canada as the farm hands of a generation ago were wont to do, but it - seems not to have reached that stage- yet. .

Kansas is specially adapted to wheat growing. The soil is right; the climate is right. There is plenty of machinery and experience in handling it. There does not seem to be any other crop to which the state is as well suited, and the same may be said of much of the land in the states to the north, including the. Canadian Northwest And even if other crops were grown they could but displace in the markets the wheat now grown, on those broad acres.

The Crop of 1931

In Kansas the crop of 1931 surpassed in quality and quantity the best of other years. In no time the barns were full, the country elevators were full, and the central elevators were full and overflowing, and the price went down, down, until in some places the grower was offered less than 25c a bushel. One man who drove into towm with a load of wheat, when offered 24c a bushel for it, opened the tailboard of his truck and drove down the street spilling it after him as., he w'ent, saying he would prefer that- the birds should have it. The raising of the wheat cost him about 50c a bushel.

When wheat is $2.25 to $3 a bushel the wheat” country fares well, but it is in distress now. Canada is in worse distress because of a combination of a poor crop with a poor price for it. At the end of the crop year, July 31, Canada had a carry-over of 133,381,633 bushels of wheat.

Even if he feeds his wheat to the birds, the grower has to live when times are hard as well as when they are easier, and so it comes about-that many of the wheat growers are in debt, and have to mortgage their growing crops. The elevators keep lists of those who have made such mortgages, and when such a man brings in his wheat he receives in payment a cheek bearing not only his own name but the names of all his mortgagees. Before he can draw any money at the bank he must make settlements with all of these.

Less Wheat Being Used

In fifty years the per capita consumption of ■ wheat flour has declined from 233 pounds to 177 pounds annually. This shift in diet has displaced some 147,300,000 bushels of wheat annually, and

all the advertising in the world will not alter that fact. .

In the year 1920 shippers of lettuce sent into the market 12,142 carloads; last year they sent in 55,700 carloads, or more than four and a half times as much. About the same thing has happened in spinach. Ten years ago the market absorbed 2,800 cars; now it handles 10,000. Four times as many carrots are being eaten as ten years ago. All this has cut down the demand for wheat.

Perfected refrigeration of fruits and vegetables has also had its effect on the wheat market. During the World War the governments taught the people to eat other foods so that the soldiers could have the wheat. The international conference of eleven wheat-exporting countries, held last May, could only say that there is more wheat than can be sold at a profit, that the depression is world-wide, that markets are uncertain, and that the available statistics are unreliable.

During the summer the Government sold the Chinese government 450,000 tons of wheat. This amounts to some 15,000,000 bushels, or about one-tenth of the quantity still held by the Farm Board. It is doubtful if this wheat, which will be-used to feed the sufferers from the great Yangtse flood, will ever be paid for, and it does not matter much if it isn’t. It will feed the hungry.

Wheat an Excellent Food :

Wheat is an excellent food whether baked into bread or not. It contains all the elements found in the human body. The bran in whole-wheat bread is of particular value, aiding in the prevention of constipation. Everything that money could do has been done to prevent the American people from learning the value of whole-wheat bread, but they are learning it anyway.

If the whole country were to be put on rations of whole-wheat bread for a year it might be a good thing for the country. When people have their intestines packed full of plaster of paris their blood does not circulate properly, their brains are not properly nourished and they cease to think. One thing is sure; nobody need starve if he can have access to wheat.

The bakers claim that if the farmer gave his wheat for nothing, and if the miller milled the flour for nothing, and the railroads hauled the wheat and the flour for nothing, it would still cost $4.85 to make, bake and sell 100 pounds of bread. They claim that flour constitutes 26.7 percent of the cost of a loaf of bread; other ingredients, 14.5 percent; manufacture, 25.4 percent ; sale, distribution and- administration, 33.4 percent.

The influential Berliner Tageblatt has seriously proposed for Germany a public bread service, so as to assure every citizen the essentials of life which are provided even for a murderer serving a life term in prison. The Tageblatt points out that this bread service would not place any considerable burden on the state and w?ould take the wind out of Bolshevism.

Some Whole Wheat Recipes

The Bethel family of 200 hungry boys uses plenty of whole-wheat bread; the wheat is bought a half a carload at a time, and ground on the premises as needed. To make thirty big loaves requires 50 pounds whole-wheat flour, 15 quarts lukewarm water, pound yeast, ly2 pounds crisco, 3 cups salt, and 3 cups sugar. This bread is good; one slice will stay by you half a day, and two or three slices make a satisfying meal.

The Kleinhans Recipe. Two cups of milk brought to scald, three tablespoons sugar, two cups warm water, one tablespoon salt, two tablespoons shortening, one Fleischmann’s yeast cake, five cups whole-wheat flour, three cups white flour, two cups bran. Mix the ingredients into one another one after the other, in the order named. Let rise over night. In the morning put into pans and let rise once. Prick the loaves to release the gas, and bake in a moderate oven.

The Enright Recipe. Dissolve one compressed yeast cake in a half cup warm water and let it stand until it bubbles, which will take about fifteen minutes. Then add this to one quart of warm water, together with one tablespoon of salt, one tablespoon of sugar, and one tablespoon of shortening, and mix together. Then add two quarts of whole-wheat flour, and mix well. Set this to rise until it has about doubled its bulk, which Avill take from two and a half to three hours. Then punch it down and let it rise again until it has about doubled its bulk. Then put into pans and bake in a medium hot oven for a little more than an hour.

The Vance Recipe. My bread is light and delicious. The day before I bake I put a small cup of flour into a crock or pan with a half cup of brown sugar. Mix this well at noon. Strain the potato water into this, mixing it smooth. I use a quart of the water. When cool add one yeast cake. I use Royal, first dissolving the yeast in a little warm water. Set aside to rise. If it is foamy by bedtime put in a cool place. It does not hurt to chill, once the mixture has foamed. In the morning make the dough in the usual way, using whole-wheat flour or half Graham and half v,’hole-wheat. In making the dough put in about a quart of new milk. It does not need to be quite so stiff as with white flour. Set to rise. This takes about one hour, as it does not need to be more than double its size. Make it into loaves when it has risen once. Do not let it rise too long. Have the oven hot for the first half hour and cooler after that. This makes nice bread and gives a delicious nutty taste lacking in the white flour. I do not put salt into the potatoes when boiling, but add to the dry flour before mixing.

The Weaver Recipe. Three cups graham flour, one tablespoon baking powder, one teaspoon table salt, one teaspoon baking soda stirred thoroughly into one pint of thick milk. Make a stiff batter of the whole and form into biscuits. Bake about twenty-five minutes. There is no yeast in this recipe.

Boston G lobe Recipe. 2 cups whole-wheat flour, 1 teaspoon soda, % teaspoon salt, 1 cup milk, :i-/2 cup molasses, 1 cup finely ground raw apple with the skin (cut in small pieces and put through a food chopper). Sift soda and salt with flour; add milk, molasses and chopped apple. Bake in a moderate oven.' Serve hot with whipped cream, hard sauce or butter. There are no eggs nor shortening in this recipe. The batter will be soft, but whole-wheat flour absorbs a great deal of moisture.

The Rix Recipe. Take 4% pounds of wholewheat flour, 2 ounces of yeast, and a little salt (about 2 teaspoons). Mix the salt and flour and 2 ounces of shortening. Make a hole in the center. Break up 2 ounces of yeast in a little warm water with half a teaspoon of sugar. Let stand until it starts to ferment. Then stir it into the flour. Add 2:|J> pints of warm water. Pour that into the center of the flour and mix together with a wooden spoon or mixer until it becomes dough (slightly stiffer than white dough). Knead well for about five minutes, until the dough comes clean off the hands. Grease warm bread tins and place the dough in them, but only half fill the tins. Press the dough well down in the tins and prick with a fork. Warm a clean cloth and lay it over the tins. When the dough reaches the top of the tins, place the tins in a moderately hot oven and bake for one hour and ten minutes, changing the position of the tins after the first half hour. It is important to note that no rising of the dough takes place before placing it in the tins.

Rea Recipe. Take 2 cups whole-wheat flour, 2 cups sour milk, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 heaping teaspoon soda. Stir thoroughly. Have muffin rings greased and sizzling hot. Fill rings % full and bake in hot oven. See the full article describing this recipe in Golden Age No. 310, issue of August 5, 1931.

Baptist Christianity in Eastern Kentucky By Ada Lyon

AS JEHOVAH’S witnesses, and following the instructions of the Society, our little company here joyfully entered into the service of calling on the clergy of our city with the K.W, Truly it was a wonderful experience.

My first call was on a very prominent clergyman, the pastor of the -------- Baptist church.

As I started up the steps to his beautiful suburban home I had no fear whatever, but my heart was singing praises and giving thanks to Jehovah that I “was one of His witnesses.

Finding the Rev. at home, in a very pleasant and respectful manner I started to witness to him, using the testimony given us in the Bulletin. I handed him one of the booklets, but before I could finish he opened the booklet, read the author’s name and then viciously threw it at me, striking me in the face with it, saying he was acquainted with it, in such an angry tone of voice and with such a vicious look on his face that it was horrible to behold.

I turned and walked away calmly, leaving the booklet on his porch where it fell when he threw it at me. Could such men be Christians, w'hen they are not even gentlemen?

Bubbles

Boston Adopts Five-Day Week

"DOSTON lias adopted the five-day week for 7,000 of its employees and is thus adding about 800 names to the pay roll. Some 13,000 employees in the lire and police departments, schools and city hospitals, are not affected.

May Use Coal for Making Gasoline

THE Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited, a British concern, has” announced the recovery of refined gasoline from bituminous coal on a commercial scale. Sixty percent of the weight of the coal is recovered as gasoline.

Food Relief in New York City

Food relief in New York city this winter is provided by some 15,000 retail grocery and meat stores. Tickets calling for $2 to $4 are distributed to the needy and unemployed, after investigation. Police stations will give fuel and clothing to the needy.

Arnoskeag Manufacturing Company

HERE is a good word for the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company of Manchester. They cut the wages of their help by 10 percent, and that is not so good. But they also cut 10 percent off the 90c per room per month rental, with the result that one of their tenants may now get a five-room tenement for about $4 a month.

New York’s White-Collar Unemployed

NEW YORK, at last, is genuinely concerned over the plight of its so-called ‘white-collar’ workers. Thousands of clerks, teachers, engineers, architects, doctors and lawyers are now unable to find work, and the number of unmarried women and girls in desperate straits is constantly increasing.

Dr. Shapley’s Sketch of Universe

Dr. Harlowt Shapley, director of the Harvard

University observatory, in a report to the National Academy of Science in Washington, states that the universe has now been penetrated to a. distance of 200,000,000 light years, with the light traveling at the rate of 186,000 miles a second. He reports that there are 200,000 stars more than 150 times as bright as the sun, scores of stars that are more than 40,000 times as radiant as the sun, and that many have diameters equal to the earth’s orbit of 186,000,000 miles across.

Old Age Pensions vs. Almshouses

HD HE modern method of caring for the poor by old age pensions is said to have proven to be cheaper than caring for them in almshouses. In California the pensions cost $16 a month less than almshouse care; in New York state, about $5 a month less. The average cost of almshouse maintenance is $27.28 monthly.

Banker Prince Getting Peevish

fThiEODORE Prince, head of the New York banking house of Theodore Prince & Company, seems to be getting peevish. In an article in which he expressed the desire that the "wages of railroad men should be cut, he was naughty enough to say of prohibition that it is “a $2,000,000,000 endowment fund for the benefit of gunmen, racketeers and bootleggers”.

Happy Family of Standard Oil

AFTER being a wicked trust for many, -many years, the Standard Oil Company was broken up into many pieces, and all the pieces made more money than w’hen they were wicked. Now, slowly and shyly, they are coming back together. When the Standard of Jersey and the Standard of California complete their merger they will have a capitalization of $2,400,000,000.

Big Business Unable to Govern Well

IN AN address over the radio Senator Brookhart, of Iowa, recently said that Big Business has been in complete control of the government, and as great a failure in conducting it as in managing its own affairs. In the face of the terrible havoc wrought by them Senator Brookhart points out that Big Business remains helpless and is unable to suggest any way out.

Cooper’s Opinion on Russia

Colonel Hugh L. Cooper, hydroelectric engineer, considered an authority on the subject, says that Russia is the only government today whose enemies recognize it as stable and a state where law' and order prevail. He says: “Believing as I do, that the present world economic depression can be relieved quicker by recognizing that Russia is by far the soundest economic market readily available to relieve this depression, I am positive the United States could perform a great service to the world and to ourselves if we would promptly accept the official proposals from Russia for an open, round-table world trade conference.”

Swapping Foods in Illinois

ON ACCOUNT of money's being so hard to procure, farmers in the vicinity of Benton, Illinois, have restored primitive barter of foods. Vvheat has been exchanged for fruit and garden products. Fruit has been exchanged for other of the essentials of life. In many instances families have in their food supplies for the winter without handling any money at all.

Pay Cuts in Britain

HERE have been reductions in the salaries of British cabinet ministers, members of parliament, judges, civil servants, members of the defense forces, teachers, police, and many others, including the king and the prince of Wales. The king and. the prince will be able to get along, however, as they are each still in receipt of some $40,000 or $50,000 a week.

Ex-Kaiser Engulfed in Demonism

OBODY today cares much about the ex-Kaiser Wilhelm, whether he is alive or dead, but he is still alive and just now up to his ears in demonism. He is himself holding seances and expects to become a medium. The demons have told him that in another two years he will be back on the German throne and will restore the Hohenzollern house to its old glory. How those lying spirits do love to lie.

Thinks Armageddon a Necessity

EBY evidently Bertrand Russell thinks Armageddon a necessity. Writing in The Na

tion he said: .

I have no doubt whatever that methods could be devised for creating a world in which most men had friendly feelings toward other men, but I think rivers of blood will have to flow before the holders of power 'will allow such a world to be created, and I am doubtful whether rivers of blood are the right kind of rivers to water the tender plant of human kindness.

Cleveland’s Labor Riot

O RELIEVE unemployment in the vicinity of Cleveland, in mid-September it was announced that 2,500 would be given work on highways. As a result thousands stood in line all night, so that they might file applications when the employment offices opened. Late comers tried to break through the lines, rioting ensued, and it became necessary to use tear bombs. It is estimated that 13,000 men tried to make application for the jobs offered.

No Evictions of Jobless in Cleveland ■

HEBiim Sulzmann, of Cleveland, has announced that, so long as he is sheriff there will be no more evictions of jobless men and their families, unless he is assured that homes will be provided for the families being evicted. The explanation is that he himself was evicted thirty-five years ago, and he has not forgotten the suffering which it caused.

Spanish News Items

TN THE new constitution Spain is defined as A a "workers’ republic. Woman suffrage was adopted. Women must be twenty-three years of age in order to vote. The Roman Catholic church ceases to be the state church. The government has announced compulsory development of unfilled lands. Lands will be distributed among the workers, and after harvest "will be returned to their owners without indemnity.

Jobless Women in Chicago

HROUGHOUT the summer several hundred homeless women slept in the parks of Chicago. In numerous instances these poor souls had reason to complain not only of the activities of procurers, but of thieves who stole the very coats which they had thrown about them. In Nev.’ York city some twelve hundred homeless women were provided with the necessities of life throughout the spring and summer.

Ramsay MacDonald’s Start

amsav MacDonald began life as a poor little village ploughboy. He went to London without a penny in his pocket, and his first job was addressing envelopes at ten shillings a week. He was a pacifist in war time, yet six years after being rejected by his constituency with crushing emphasis because of that fact, he was directing the destinies of Great Britain and the British empire.

A School Strike in Berlin

ARRYING economies farther than parents thought reasonable, the authorities of Berlin made such consolidations of schools that in instances the children would need to walk for half an hour each way and to cross streets and squares where the traffic is dangerous. As a result, with the full consent of the parents, more than a thousand boys and girls went cm strike and failed to turn up for their lessons.

Germany Will Feed the Jobless

T PRESENT there are over 4,000,000 jobless in Germany. The expectation is that the number will run to 7,000,000 before the winter is over. The jobless insurance benefits amount to $14 per month. Besides this cash benefit the German government plans to issue ration cards for essential staples and fuel, claiming that its problem now is much simpler than when it was at war.

Caillaux Wishes Remonetization of Silver

ORMER Finance Minister Caillaux, in an article in La Republique, says:

All the money systems of the world may be represented as an upside down pyramid of paper notes resting on a point of gold. All that is necessary is to shake that gold point just the least bit to make the ■whole edifice tremble. There is only one remedy. What must be done is that another monetary metal should be joined to it. Platinum has been suggested. I would prefer that silver, which was stupidly demonetized, should be rehabilitated.

23 Years of False Imprisonment

FARMER in Illinois recently confessed on his deathbed the murder of a young stockbuyer tAventy-six years ago. The affidavits which he made were examined, and resulted in the release of a man who had suffered hventy-three years’ imprisonment for a crime which he always insisted he did not commit. He has been promised a job and a home. Officials said he had always been a good prisoner; had broken only two rules. One of these was that he had been guilty of singing in his cell.

Britain Faced Complete Collapse

EFERRING- to the fact that in eighteen days $170,000,000 was withdrawn from the

Bank of England, owing- to the shaken faith in British credit, Ramsay MacDonald, addressing his former colleagues of the Labor party, said:

Complete collapse is the alternative you must face. If there is a real panic the value of money might not sink slowly. War pensions, old age pensions, and health and insurance benefits might become worth, as was the case in Germany, only the price of a newspaper. Conscription of wealth would not have saved you from the crisis; you would have been bankrupt before the conscription took place. The country must not mistake the nature of the problem. It is not the lack of potential resources, but the lack of immediate confidence.

Reducing Purchases by Cutting Wages

EALIZING that the country is cursed by too much of everything, too much steel, too much cotton, too much coal, too much food, etc., the great minds that operate the Steel Trust, General Motors, Goodrich Company, American Smelting and Refining, Northern Pacific Railway, New York Stock Exchange, Chicago Stock Exchange, etc., are cutting the wages of their employees 10 percent, so that future purchases will be still less. The money saved by these cuts will be turned over to the stockholders in dividends. There is no intention of reducing prices to correspond with the wage reductions. These cuts were made by the men who told President Hoover there Avould be no cuts.

Reconciliation of Greeks and Turks

VERYBODY is happy over the reconciliation of the Greeks and Turks, after animosities reaching- back six hundred years. On October 4, 70,000 Greeks rose and cheered wildly in the Athens Stadium when the Turkish premier and foreign minister came marching in ’with the Greek foreign minister Venizelos,'as the bands played the Turkish national anthem. After the reception Ismet Pasha, Turkish premier, told newspaper men he was overwhelmed by the enthusiasm of the crowd. To this we merely add that the Greeks have thus Avon their greatest victory. It takes a bigger hero to say -'‘'Let’s forgive and forget” than it does to throw a bomb or operate a machine gun.

209014 Vivisection Experiments in a Single Year

HOSE aaIio think that only a few animals are tortured by vivisection will be surprised to know that in Great Britain, in a single year, there were 209,014 of these horrible experiments on living animals, mainly by medical students. It has been claimed by reputable physicians that not a single fact of any value to mankind has ever been learned by these lessons in cruelty. And think of the degrading influence upon the students, to say nothing of the suffering of the poor animals, the wards of the fallen caretaker, man. What does .Almighty God think of the way Ave are treating the four-footed creatures of Avhich He has made us the custodians and benefactors? Conditions in the United States are no doubt much AA'orse than in Britain, on account of the larger population and greater number of medical students.

May Remonetize Silver

Sir Hugo Cunliffe-Owen, president of the British Board of Trade, is out for the remonetization of silver. He declared that its price must be increased and stabilized or business with China, India and Mexico cannot be revived. He now thinks that William Jennings Bryan was right, but ahead of his time. An international committee of the chambers of commerce of the world is now reconsidering this whole subject of silver remonetization.

Bennett Hall Had No Job

Bennett Hall, Jacksonville, Fla., boy, 18 years of age, had no job, but was looking for one in the sovereign state of Georgia. He was arrested as a hobo and fined $25 for not having any job. He could not pay the fine and was sentenced to the chain gang for three months. Tiring of his bondage, after a month, he tried to escape, and now he won’t need to look for work any more: two brave armed guards shot him; and as they were good shots, it was all over in a few minutes. The judge who sentenced him to three months’ imprisonment for having no job must be happy. But the boy’s mother is not.

Registration of Homeless Women

ON OCTOBER 1, the first day in which the New7

York City Central Registration Bureau for the Homeless was opened, 1200 homeless men registered, and that was bad enough; but on the same day ten homeless women were registered, and that is too bad. It makes one’s heart ache to know that in America we have at last come to so great shame as to have women tramps. But while we have electric light and power companies that are willing to charge us for current thirty to fifty times what it costs to produce it, we may have anything. Our great financiers have no need to so hog everything' that we have to come down to having women tramps in America.

Discuss Dictatorship for America

Major General Smedley D. Butler, the same who recently advised that jails and prisons be made still more terrible places than they now are, states that recently, at the request of a group of millionaires whose fortunes control more than five billion dollars, he outlined to them a plan for setting up in America what Butler calls a benign dictatorship, but which, if actually installed, will be found to be merely an instrument of tyranny, as are dictatorships elsewhere. The word “seditious” seems to fit. But how could it be possible for those that have the whip hand to be seditious? “Are they not all honorable men?”

Deletions from the Military Manual

SLOWLY, very slowly, Militarism yields to the pressure of public opinion. Recently there has been deleted from Moss and Lang’s Manual of Military Training the following choice extract which will bo appreciated by parents who are sending their children to schools and universities where military training is still required. The deleted rules read: “To finish an opponent who hangs on, or attempts to pull you to the ground, always try to break his hold by driving the knee or foot to his crotch and gouging his eyes with your thumbs. This inherent desire to fight and kill must be carefully watched for and encouraged by the instructor.”

The Jig Is Pretty Nearly Up

A SUBSCRIBER in a southern city sends us a letter written to her husband and son, neither of whom had been in a church in fourteen years, nor donated anything to one in the meantime. It is by their former pastor, and says:

The financial condition of the church is very serious. In May we had a drive for the necessary funds to close out our year’s work. We asked the membership for $6,000. They subscribed $2,000, leaving a shortage of $4,000. This has not been made up. With the close of the Conference year right upon us, we face the possibility of ruining the reputation of a lifetime. Your church history of over seventy years has never sent its pastor to Conference without everything being paid in full.

It won’t be long now before some of these pastors will see the handwriting on the wall and get out and into some honest line of business while there is yet time. The other day, in a northern city, a Roman Catholic priest gave one of Jehovah’s witnesses for the kingdom a dollar and requested that nineteen copies of The Kingdom the Hope of the World be given to as many persons, with his compliments. And he kept one.

Another one of these witnesses called at a church building just as the congregation was being dismissed. The pastor called them to order, as many as he could, and advised the entire congregation to get the booklet, as it was timely and important. All but two took it.

Die Deutsche Reichsbahn—The World’s Greatest Employer

rpHE greatest owners of property in Germany, x and the largest employers of labor in the world, are The German Railways, “Die Deutsche Reichsbahn.” One in twenty-one of all the German people earns his livelihood by means of this colossal system. There are 700,600 persons actually on the pay roll. The value o'f the system is set at $6,180,000,000. The number of passengers carried every year is 1,900,000,000. The total distance which its trains cover every day equals 37 times the distance around the earth at the equator, or five times the distance to the moon,

In an area less than that of Texas, comparable with Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Illinois, the German Railways have tracks sufficient to encircle the globe three times, so that not only does it exceed all the other railroad enterprises of the world in point of track length, but its network is also one of the closest and makes a problem peculiarly difficult. A little over ten percent of the- system is operated by electricity.

There are 12,000 stations for the shipment of passengers and freight. The structures are among the finest in existence, calculated to stand the strain of any loads they may ever be called upon to bear. The railway bridges over the Kiel Canal are so high above the level of the water that the largest sea-going ships pass under them without hindrance.

The railway stations have roofed platforms after the style of the old Broad Street station at Philadelphia and the South Station at Boston. Their handsome fronts are designed to suit the style of architecture of the city in which they are located, so that there is great variety. Visitors to the platforms obtain special platform tickets, obtainable from slot machines.

Freight trains are operated on the same schedules as passenger trains. At transshipment stations the packages are conveyed by conveyer belts or electric trucks. In one of the shunting yards a device sets the switches for all the cars of a train automatically. To work the apparatus, the operator merely manipulates a keyboard, thereby determining the proper way for each of the cars of a train before they start running down. Without any further action on the part of the attendant, each individual car then sets the switches for the one following it.

To control the movement of the cars as they come down off the 'cat’s back’, the new shunting stations are provided with braking devices at the foot of the incline which can be operated from a, distance.

The outward appearance of the roundhouses is that of great factories. Their interiors contain all the accessories necessary for the upkeep of locomotives, and in addition are provided with well-equipped recreation rooms, tubs and shower baths for employees. Trains in Germany are rarely late. .

More than 90,000 men are employed to keep in repair the 25,500 locomotives and the 63,000 passenger and 675,000 freight cars. Everything is so standardized that the time for the complete overhauling of a locomotive has been reduced to a few days, thereby materially cutting down the amount of capital invested in locomotives. Statistics are compiled by the punched card system.

A photograph of the so-called railway settlement at Nuremberg presents a picture of an exceedingly well built, fine-looking community. An odd feature, to western eyes, is the custom of building the houses not merely on the edge of the sidewalk, but actually over it, so that the children have a dry place to play on a rainy day, and Jehovah’s witnesses can go from door to door in wet weather without hats, coats or umbrellas. Probably not all the houses are that way, but some of them are.

On German railways, at every moment of its journey the train is controlled by some signal. Besides the main signals mounted on the signal bridges there are caution signals and markers set up ahead of the signals, to notify the engineers that they are approaching the same. On an average, there are four main signals to the mile.

The management is divided into thirty district administrations. An innovation in the interest of travelers is that between Berlin and Hamburg: on any of the through vestibuled trains the traveler is in telephone communication with any telephone subscriber in either city.

At the wharves are unbroken rows of cranes of huge size and great carrying capacity. There are specially designed fruit sheds and cotton sheds. Goods in bulk are carried in cars of 60 tons capacity each. The complete unloading of a train of twenty cars can be completed in two and a half minutes. There are almost perfect facilities for the conveyance of practically all types of merchandise. A car of special design carries live fish.

in

The efficiency of the freight service is illustrated by the fact that in a year the claims paid on account of lost, spoiled or damaged consignments, and for failure to deliver within a stipulated time, amounted to only two-tenths of one percent of the total operating cost.

The dining cars seem to present a more elegant appearance than those on American railways, owing to the fact that the tables for four, instead of being square, are round. Persons who expect to dine on the train may obtain seat cards free of charge, as soon as they board the train. Whenever they are ready to dine the place is ready for them.

Sleeping compartments are small; the beds are single beds. Reservations for sleeping cars can be secured twenty-eight days in advance. The fares are lower than in most other countries, and about half the British fares. Extra fares are charged for extra fast trains. The speed of the fastest train is 55 miles an hour.

Conditions in Arizona By a Miner

JUST received one of your booklets, Oppression: When Will It End? I have read it through several times, and I have found it to be the truth. I will explain a few things as to the situation in Arizona.

This is in Gila county. There is a mine operating in this county where wages are extremely high [ ?]. Miners’ wages are $2.50 a day. Hospital fees are deducted from this, which are $2.00 every month, whether a man works twenty days or thirty days. Besides, if he is a single man, he is furnished a small cabin at the rate of $6.00 a month. No bedding is furnished. His bond is $1.50 a day straight. It’s “get in and root” just the same as if he were getting $6.00 a day.

I will give you an idea of the cost of living. In this community some of the miners live in Hayden, ten miles away. They pay $10.00 a month straight, work or no work. All these items are to be deducted from this $2.50 a day. Some of them that have big families rent company houses, this rent also to be deducted from their wages. All right, here is the cost of living: Eggs, 60c to 75c a dozen; potatoes, $4.75 to $5.50 a hundred pounds; sugar, $7.00 to $8.50 a hundred pounds; cream cheese, 60c a pound; flour, soft wheat, 48-pound sack, $1.75 to $2.25; 8-pound can lard, $2.25; butter, 60c a pound; pink beans, 10c a pound, $8.00 a hundred pounds; corn, $2.75 to $3.50 a hundred pounds; Maricopa Milk, large size, two cans for 25c (the Maricopa Milk Company reduced their one-pound cans to 14% ounces, but the price stayed the same); fresh milk, 20c a quart; one-pound loaf of bread, 15c; dried fruit and fresh fruit so high that mediumclass people cannot buy it. Work shoes are $5.00 up.

The town is company-owned. They allow so many stores and no more. These are the prices, not only in this county, but also in several other counties; it is either buy here or get out. -

We have a state labor commissioner, who sits at his desk at the capital, Phoenix, and draws a big, fat salary. If anyone goes to him about a labor debt, it’s “Can’t do anything for you”. He is controlled by the big mining companies. We have an eight-hour mining law in this state. Big companies are working what they say to work.

The Water Users Association of Salt Lake Valley import a bunch of Mexicans whenever they need men.. The immigrant comes along. “Where is your passport ?” “I have none.” He then comes along, writes out one for the man, and charges him $2.00, knowing that the Mexican has come to this country illegally, and that this company is using imported labor. Big company, “O.K.” Poor, “Shut up!”

These are only a few of our law enforcer’s doings. I could write you a thousand pages on prohibition, the graft, the different county officers connected with it, the way they handle it; the gambling houses, the way they rob the poor laborer of his money is something awful, in one town in this county especially. (I will give the name on request.) A certain man came to a certain town in Arizona. He worked at the mines for a few months, got to be chief of police, and is still chief of police. The town is owned by a big company. What the company does not own, the chief does. He had nothing twelve years ago; now he is independently rich. He goes undetected in the way he grafts, the way he handles the prostitutes and the gambling houses.

I am a native of this state.

Editor Learns a Lot in Two Months ■

THE July (1931) issue of the Tax Service Journal, published by the Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Company, contained a real good page-and-a-half story entitled “City of Chanute, Kansas, Tax Free Through Municipal Ownership”. We reproduce the story entire:

Chanute is a thriving city of 10,2'77 inhabitants located in southeastern Kansas, on the Neosho river, approximately 120 miles north of Tulsa, Oklahoma, The city lias a commission form of government, consisting of a mayor, a commissioner of finance, and a commissioner of public utilities. It is the duty of the latter- to manage the municipally owned gas, water and electric plants. So successfully have these plants been managed, Chanute’s operating expenses are taken entirely from their revenues.

The water plant is located one and a half miles from the city, on the Neosho river, from which the water is forced by electrically operated pumps into an elevated tank in the city, A Westinghouse Positive Fluid Gas Meter measures all fuel gas utilized in this plant. The electric plant, established in 1903, is located in the city adjacent to the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. During the past seven years improvements on this plant totaled $28,214.00, the entire sum being paid for out of the earnings of the plant itself. A Westinghouse Positive Fluid Gas Meter likewise measures gas used in this building. It has been in service for over twenty-five years.

SURPLUS EARNINGS WIPE OUT TAXES

During the same time these improvements were being made, transfers were made to the city’s general fund to take care of a part of the city’s expenses and reduce the tax rate, which has been lowered from 13.81 mills seven years ago to nothing- for the year 1930, The earnings of the gas and electric plants now take care of the entire expense of operating the city. This earning is being made on rates that compare very favorably with the rates charged by other utility companies throughout the state.

MUNICIPAL GAS AT LOW RATES

The gas department purchases a part of its gas from local producers, and the balance from three different companies which deliver the gas to the city ’s distribution lines. This gas is purchased, a part of it at 20e and the balance at 25c per thousand cubic feet. The rate to the consumer is 50c for the first ten thousand cubic feet, and is furnished on a graduated scale down to as low as 35c per thousand, making the average cost to the consumer about 42i/>c per thousand cubic feet.

ELECTRIC RATES ABOUT LOWEST IN STATE

The electric lighting rate is 6e for the first 50 k.w.; 5c for the next 50 k.w.; all over 100 k.w. at 4c per k.w.; minimum, charge 50e. The power rate starts at 3i/>c and graduates down to If-tc per k.w.; minimum charge 50c per connected h.p. The city officials believe their rate is the lowest in the state, taking into account the free service rendered the city. Street lighting, whiteway lighting, parks and Memorial Building, and in fact all city lighting, is done without any charge whatever, and no credit is given the Electric department. In addition to this, the Memorial Building, which contains about 33,000 square feet of radiation, is furnished with free steam from the electric plant. The free service rendered the city, if paid for at the prevailing rates charged by the utility companies throughout the state, would amount to $20,000.00 per year.

Imagine our surprise at. seeing in the September issue of the same journal an elaborate three-and-one-half-page article attacking municipal ownership, and particularly the good defense of it which had appeared in their own periodical in July., An editor can learn a lot in two months, when his job depends on it.

The arguments in the September issue are the old stock arguments, that New York city’s sewers should be in the hands of a private corporation and that Uncle Sam ought to have his postal business conducted for him by somebody else.

The bookkeeping of the municipal plant is questioned. Of course, nobody would think of questioning the bookkeeping of the public utility companies. We know in advance that it would be so crooked it would make the railroad up Mount Tamalpais look like an air line by comparison.

The whole object of the September article is to prove to us once more that in the judgment of Big Business they have not a man in their crowd that can be trusted to do the right thing by the public if put in a position of trust. The argument is that in other countries men in public office can be trusted, but not in America. They know that they themselves cannot be trusted and. they think that nobody can be.

It is a poor argument, but the editor had to 'do something to keep his job. It would be interesting to knoAv what the Big Boss said to the editor after the July issue appeared telling all the Tax Service Journal’s readers the truth about what a few honest men are doing at Chanute. No wonder he winds up his September article by saying;

I will lay mine hand upon my mouth. Once have I spoken: But I will not answer: Yea, twice: But I will proceed no further.

Fight Additional Letters Needed in Our Alphabet By Prof. J. Albert Lyons (Cuba)

TO BECOME the universal language English should be written as spoken. An alphabet should represent all the sounds of the tongue which it is designed to express. A word should be pronounced according to the sounds of the letters of which it is composed. A word should never carry any mute letters.

We need a short a, as in hat; a short e, as in bet, a short i, as in bit, a short o, as in pot, a short u, as in cut. Then we need two new vowels to express the sounds of oiv and aw, as in out and ought.

In the line of consonants we should have letters to represent the sounds of lion, th, ch, and ing. .

We could get along without It or q, w or y.

We would still need b, d, f, h, j, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, x, and z.

[Some scholars would not stop with these changes. They would want many others. They would want an a as in preface, another a as in air, another a as in infant, another a as in arm, another a as in ask, and another a as in sofa. They would want a letter to care for the sound of in verdure, of e in society, of e in novel, and of e in cinder. We need an hw for such words as what, a gz for x as in exist, a ks for x as in vex, kw for gu as in queen, an nk as in bank, an o as in Lord, an o as in soft, an oi as in oil, an oo as in moon, and another oo as in book. There is need of an sh as in she, a u as in urn, a w as in want, a y as in yard, and a zh as in azure; and an mb as in lamb and an mp as in imp could both be used. Before we got through with it we should be as badly off as we are now, and that is bad enough. To Prof. Lyons’ better alphabet of thirty-six letters we are proposing additions of twenty-seven letters, and even they would not make it perfect. Wait till the Germans, French, Spanish,, Portuguese, Italians, Welsh, Irish, Scotch, Norwegians, Finns, Swedes, Dutch, Poles, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Turks, Croatians, Russians, Hindus, Chinese and Japanese and their American descendants get at it, and then what will it be like?—Ed.)

Golden Ages in Barber Shops By 8. SaltonstaU (Michigan)

ABOUT every three weeks I get a haircut (I shave myself), with one “Dan the Barber”. For the last year I have been making Dan a present of a copy of The Golden Age.

As you know, in days gone by a real barber could no more run a barber shop without a copy of The Police Gazette than a young married couple could keep house without a picture of a fish in the dining room. All that has been changed, as far as Dan’s barber shop is concerned. The habitues are clamoring for The Golden Age; and Dan says that before he gets a chance to read it himself one or more of his customers want to borrow it to take home.

I am out in the service work almost every day; and I think that The Golden Age in numerous other barber shops would be a fine thing.

Bogus Negro Spirituals

I HAVE a radio, and listen to Judge Rutherford’s lectures over Station KTBR. But I also hear much jazz music. I am young, and I like to listen to music in the modern tempo; but I wonder if you too have noticed the sudden influx of Negro “spirituals” rendered in a manner that makes them nothing short of a mockery of God. They seem to give the Devil a chance to blaspheme to his heart’s content.

The usual formula is to take some vapid love

By Esther Daniel (Oregon)

song and sing it in darkey style, adding a few “0 Lord’s”, etc.

I used to enjoy the real Negro songs, as they seemed to be a sincere expression of his beliefs. They had beautiful melody, and were not objectionable in theme and manner of offering.

It is too bad that the Negroes must take a good share of the blame for the “Negro” songs which now flood the air, and which, at least in most cases, were written by white men and inspired by the Devil.

Why I Am a Chiropractor By Dr. B. M. Cool (Ind.)

CHIROPRACTORS view the spine as a delicate structure, whose parts are subject to derangement which causes dis-ease. Chiropractic comprises a system whose use specifically locates causative derangements and adjusts them to proper articular arrangement to restore health. This system is largely the result of the labors of B. J. Palmer, I). C., Ph. C., son of the founder of the science,/ Thousands who have been relieved of afflictions testify to their recovery at the hands of chiropractors. It has won, against mighty odds, solely on its merits.

What Is Chiropractic?

The chiropractic idea, briefly stated, is this: The cause of dis-ease is in the person afflicted. Adjustments correct conditions that produce it. The function of every organ in the body is controlled by the brain, through mental impulses, which are transmitted over nerves. Any impingement, or pinching of the delicate nerve fibers, interfering with free flow of nature’s life-giving force, results in impaired or abnormal function. This is dis-ease.

This interference is produced by vertebrae which are out of their normal position (subluxated), pressing upon nerves where they pass out from the spinal cord to vitalize various organs of the body. The trained adjuster (expert in his knowledge of the spine) locates the exact points of interference, and, by adjusting the subluxated vertebrae, removes the cause. Normal condition, health, is the result.

The Spinal Column

The spinal column is the main shaft of the body. It supports the head, trunk and extremities, and to its marvelous structure is due man’s upright position. The spine is composed of thirty-three segments, and twenty-four of these are freely movable in the normal adult.

From childhood to old age the human spine is subjected to terrific strain. Its construction and our manner of walking upright subject the column to every manner of concussion. It carries the heavy load of the trunk. It suffers the effects of constant jarring. Violence and straining jar and jolt it; contraction of muscles tends to exert abnormal pressure. Forces are concentrated on some segments and draw them out of alignment. Nerves are impinged just the moment a vertebra is thrown out of its normal position. Then the flow of the life-supplying current is impaired. There can be but one result in the organ supplied by the pinched nerve, and that is dis-ease, not at ease.

Spinal Anatomy

The spinal cord leaves the brain at the base of the skull and enters the spinal column. As the spinal cord descends it gives off thirty-one pairs of nerves. Each nerve trunk, as it passes through its allotted opening, completely fills it.

After clearing the spinal column, each nerve branches and spreads to such an extent that the combined ramifications of the thirty-one pairs of nerves reach every cell in the body. It is by this wonderful system of nerves that the mind is enabled to control and govern the function and action of every organ and tissue.

When this complete control exists, we are in a state of health. It is often the case, however, that the vertebrae are subluxated. This subluxation causes the spinal opening to become much smaller than it should naturally be and, in consequence, the nerve which passes through the opening is impinged by the bones. It can readily be seen that a nerve affected in this way cannot transmit nerve impulses as well as a nerve that is free from pressure. If this nerve supplies a muscle, that muscle becomes paralyzed; if it supplies the stomach, some form of stomach trouble will result. Disease of any organ of the body follows the impairment of the flow of vital force over the nerves supplying that organ.

The Chiropractor

A chiropractor is a person who, after being duly educated in the science of chiropractic and trained in the proper application of the art, uses his bare hands in contact with the various processes of the vertebrae to effect a peculiar adjusting move to realign the subluxated units and release nerve compression. Such adjustments are harmless and leave no ill effects with the patient.

With fingers trained to a high degree of sensitiveness by many months of constant practice, the chiropractor palpates the spine and locates the vertebrae which are out of position. Sensitive nerves are traced from the spine to affected organs of the body, and in this manner the truth of deductions is proved beyond shadow of a doubt. The adjustic move is given with a sudden thrust and no injury to the patient. So certain is its effect that 95 percent of cases obtain results from chiropractic adjustments. This may take days, weeks or months, depending upon the condition of the patient.

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