Golden Age, December 9, 1931

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Golden Age

A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND COURAGE

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NEW YORK’S MILK PROBLEM WASTING—SAVING—USING

SALT AND PEPPER

WHY GO HUNGRY?

MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP

DOCTOR CONFESSES "CAN DO NO WRONG” WISDOM AND THE WORLD CRISIS

every other WEDNESDAY t____."2 =

fi.ve cents a copy one dollar a year Canada & Foreign 1.25

Vol. XIII - No. 319

December 9, 1931

LABOR. AND ECONOMICS

Unemployment in New York , City ......... 141

With the Poor in Oregon . . . 144

St. Joseph Community Chest . . 145

■Why Go Hungry? ...... 146

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL

Wasting—Saving—Using . . , 134

Salt and Pepper . . . . . .139

Tremendous, Crazy Edifice . . 139

California's $200,000,000 Aqueduct ......... 141

Pacific Ocean Has Fever . . . 143

Removing the Fake Statues . . 143

Old World and New ..... 158

MANUFACTURING AND MINING

Deep Mine of Witwatersrand . 143

Greatest Armament Maker . . 143

FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION

More About Wheat-Coffee Trade 139

Glad to Lend Money at %% . 140

Big Railroads Come to Terms . 141

Big Business Frightened . . . 143

Among the Wolves in California . 145

The Demand for Leadership . . . 145

Flaming Financial Worlds . .151

POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

World Court Condemns Itself . 140

“'White Man No Good” . . . 142

Agreed on Main Issue (Cartoon) . 145

Municipal Ownership in Indiana , 146 “Can Do No Wrong” ...... 150

AGRICULTURE AND HUSBANDRY

New York’s Milk Problem .

X-Rays and Plant Life . . Not Much for His Wool .

. 131

. 139

. 148

SCIENCE AND INVENTION

Infra-Red Rays Locate Sun , . 139

Photographs Made in Dark . . 139

Radio Guidance of the Utah . . 139

Robot Operation of Airplane . . 142

May Be Something to Divining Rod 152

HOME AND HEALTH

Punctured Wrong Spine . u . 140

Diabetes in Canada . . . , 140

Some Recent Funerals .... 142

Doctor Confesses Guilt in

Luebeck Disaster .... 147

TRAVEL AND MISCELLANY

Terrible Conditions in

Saskatchewan ...... 138

Guggenheim in Cuba .... 140

His Only Treasure ..... 142

Blessings in Old Meiiico . . . 149

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY.

Pope Calls for Prayer .... 141 Jehovah’s witnesses Not After

Money ........151

Radio Witness Work ..... 152

Wisdom and Present World Crisis 153

What the Watchman Sees . , . 157 Would Have to Know Who

Blessed It , . . . . ,159

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Golden Age

Volume XIII Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, December 9, 1931 Number 319

New York’s Milk Problem

FIFTY years ago, in a little village in western New York, the village dairyman had his ' own herd and delivered milk at the door for 5c a quart. He measured out two pints to the quart, and always about half a pint more for good measure. In a big family, where the kids could stand lots of milk, and the daily quota was 5

, quarts, the price was 4c a quart.

On those prices the dairyman did fairly well. His herds were improved, he built himself an __________elegant home of probably a dozen rooms, and

sent one of his boys to college. The other could -.-have gone if he had wished to do so. The milk . was not pasteurized; it did not need to be. And vqien-J. was bought t0 the door it had in it all the cream that belonged with it.

We do not know what prices the farmer receives for his milk in these days. He should receive more than the farmer back there, so long ago, but we doubt if he usually receives as much. A letter in the Philadelphia Record states that the dairyman who wrote it received for 12,000 quarts of milk only about 1.3c per quart for which the consumers paid 12c per quart. It hard. ly seems possible that such villainy could exist.

The dairyman went on to say that his milk came into market as surplus milk, and that though there were thousands like him who were suffering from low prices, yet the average for all the farmers around Philadelphia, at the time he wrote, was only about 3.2c per quart.

........ There seems to be a conspiracy among the big dealers to prevent the public from knowing the facts about this milk business. One of the arti-flees used to conceal the truth is that the milk is bought from the farmers by the pound and is sold to the public by the quart. When the price per pound is known it becomes necessary to figure that there are 46.5 quarts in each hundred pounds, and almost nobody outside of the farmers themselves are enough interested to figure the thing out and see how these good people are being treated.

But one thing is sure: they are being treated badly. Go through any dairy district contiguous to the New York market and see for yourself the' abandoned dairy farms; that tells its own mute story of what has happened. Thousands of them have had to give up the fight. The odds against them were too great.

Bottled milk sells in retail stores at the following prices in various cities: Cleveland, 8c; San Francisco, 8c; Detroit, 9c; New Orleans, 9c; Boston, 11c; Chicago, ll^c; New York, 15c. Nobody with a grain of sense could suppose that there is any reason for charging 15c in New York for something that is sold in Cleveland, under the same conditions, for 8c.

Delivery charges are l%c per quart in Chicago, 2c in Cleveland and in San Francisco, 2^c in Boston, 3c in Detroit and in New Orleans; nothing in New York; so that the price of milk per quart bottle delivered at the residence is 10c in Cleveland and in San Francisco, 12c in Detroit and in New Orleans, 13c in Chicago, 13i^c in Boston and 15c in New York. The dairymen around New York are probably getting about 4c a quart for their milk, but quite likely much less than that.

We had a good chance to look into the hearts of the big milk distributors here in New York on the first of December, 1930. They announced that on that date, because the decline-in milk consumption, owing to the hard times, had come to be more than 1,000,000 quarts per week, they would reduce the price 1c per quart.

The same article stated that the price paid to the producer would be reduced forty-seven cents per 100 pounds. In other words, the reduction to the producers would be, on every quart of milk, just a little bit more than the distributors' reduction in price for it. Thereafter the distributors would get a slightly larger profit on each quart than previously, and as they hoped the smaller price would bring larger sales they

actually hoped to increase their profits as a result of the distress.

One thing is sure: they certainly shoved the whole burden of the Wall Street panic right over upon the dairyman, with no pretense of doing so much as to lift a finger’s weight of it. Multitudes of these dairymen are now in their last gasp as a result.

' And not only is this true, but a dairyman cannot bring his own milk into New York city and sell it, no matter how fresh and good it is. It has got to be monkeyed with by a bunch of experts who are not worth as much to society as a group of toads. Milk not pasteurized cannot come into New York. Whatever else the police are good for, they are useful to see that nothing breaks into the profits of the milk ring.

And even if the dairyman could get his milk through to the New York market he is still handicapped by the fact that at any moment along will come the serum squirters and condemn his best cattle as tuberculous, when they don’t know any more about it than the man in the moon.

And, incidentally, all those supposedly tuberculous cattle are offered to you and to me in the meat markets at the usual prices, and when they turn out to be extra fine pieces of meat, as is often the case, we pay the extra fine price.

The owner of the condemned cattle had to take what was offered, and not much is offered for cattle that have been condemned. There is no evidence that any human ever received tuberculosis from drinking the milk of tubercular cattle. •

As we said, we do not know the price that the farmers around New York get for their milk, but we do know what they received for it in August in the neighborhood of Flint, Michigan. At that time the farmers thereabouts were receiving only l%c to 2c per quart and were in desperation.

On August 1 they’ met in a big mass meetingin Goodrich, Atlas township, and demanded from their tormentors one dollar or more per 100 pounds of milk. In other words, all they asked for was a small fraction over 2c a quart; and it is nothing less than a crying shame if they have to accept so small a price as 2c. If the crooks at the other end of the line did the fair thing no farmer would be asked to produce milk in these days at less than 4c a quart, and even at that he could hardly maintain his family properly and keep up his farm expenses.

The bright minds among New York’s big milk distributors recently got together to see how they could maintain or increase their profits during these times of trial. If they once thought how many lives of the babies of the poor would be sacrificed by their plans it is hard to see how they* could have gone on with them.

The lines of their reasoning are clearly exposed to view. The very poor buy their milk loose, so as to save the costs of bottling, and the cost of the bottles themselves. It is to the financial interest of the big milk distributors to have all the milk of the city sold in bottles.

A great hue and cry was made to see if some kind of ordinance might be jammed through so that no more loose milk could be sold, and all milk marketed in the city would hereafter have to carry* the higher, that is, the bottled milk price.

This would cost the poor of the city-, the very poor, those that must have milk in order to live, an additional $46,000,000, and the milk trust, if they could put the deal through, stood to pocket most of that $46,000,000. Of course there had to be an ostensible reason for such a move, and hence it was with one eye wide open and the other one tight shut that we saw the following item in the New York Times of September 4, 1931:

The forbidding of the sale of loose milk, in New York city except for manufacturing would be welcomed by the Health Department, because that bureau lacks adequate facilities to insure its absolute freedom from contamination, Health Commissioner "Wynne declared yesterday. He added that it would be virtually impossible for the city to guarantee the purity of loose milk even if an inspector stood beside every dispenser all day long. The department is considering prohibiting milk pumps.

Well, the health commissioner named a Loose Milk Commission, and, to say the least, it was an unfortunate thing to do at a time when the poor are hard pressed and there is a suspicion in the minds of many that the zeal for having such a commission named originated with . those who expected to profit financially by any rulings it might make.

In the interests of the public, Samuel Untermyer looked up the recent history of the members of this committee and this is what he found. There was Professor Elmer V. McCollum of Johns Hopkins University. He draws $10,000 a year annual salary from the National Dairy Products Company, of which the Sheffield Pro-

ducers Association is a subsidiary. How would you think Professor McCollum would reason on that kind of a commission? '

There was Dr. Philip Van Ingen. He is one of the Borden consultants. Naturally he would see things as the Borden people do. There was Edward Fisher Brown, on the payroll of the Milbank Foundation, and Mr. Milbank is chairman of the board of Borden’s.

Patrick D. Fox, also on the Commission, is vice president of the Borden Company. Mr. Halliday, also on the Commission, is in the Sheffield Producers Association. Professor Rosenau is scientific adviser to one of the big milk com-panics of Boston. Doctor Sexauer is president of the Dairymen’s League. One could not wish to see a commission more beautifully packed with experts whose conclusions were foregone ~ by everybody.

This famous commission, eleven of the sixteen members of which were directly or indirect-"ly connected with the bottled milk industry, held ; open hearings just long enough to be able to say

— -that the hearings were open. Then they closed

them and got down to business and on October 5 insulted an intelligent people by a report favoring the abolishing of the sale of loose milk if a reduction, were made in the price of bottled milk ..... ' to 12c a quart. The document held that bottled milk at 12c a quart was possible, and at that price would be within the reach of all consumers; r -which, latter statement is untrue.

• Former Health Commissioner Harris, evi’ dently an honest man, asserted that during his term of office the Bureau of Laboratories made a careful study of the practice of dipping milk and that the practice of the selling of loose milk presents no serious aspects, nor is there .....any danger to public health.

..... A survey in 1920 by the then Commissioner of Health of New York city which covered 11,000 ,. families showed that the average amount then received by each child daily was two cups and one ounce, which is not enough. Conditions now are very much worse. If the supply of loose milk is cut off, these little folks will have to take very much less, as the loose milk is sold at 5c less per quart than the bottled.

An alleged leak in one of the offices of one of the bottled milk concerns.shows that all plans were made that should loose milk be banned they would adhere to the 12c price only until the first of the year, when it would again be boosted to 15c and nobody in the city could escape paying excess profits on every bottle thereafter consumed.

New York is one of the few great cities of the world that has done and is doing nothing to see that an adequate supply of rich milk is obtainable by all the people at a reasonable price. It is well known by even beginners in health subjects that an adequate milk supply at low prices is far more important than all this twaddle about germs and contamination.

At present Tammany has New York by the throat, and its officials will do whatever they are told to do by people as big as the Milk Trust, who pay for what they get and get what they pay for. A few years ago, in Minneapolis, a much smaller city, to be sure, the milk producers ousted the big distributors from the saddle and ..made a huge success of a cooperative dairy.

Small grocers in New York city have complained that they have not been allowed to sell bottled milk at less than 15c a quart, even when they could do so at a fair profit. The propaganda by the big distributors and the packed Loose Milk Commission has been very effective. One Brooklyn principal of a public school even urged the children not to drink loose milk, ‘as it might give them infantile paralysis.’ He would be of more use in some other line of business than as a teacher in a public school.

The Kings-Queens Milk Dealers’ Association calls attention to the fact that no epidemic has been traced to loose milk and that it is pasteurized before it reaches the retail dealer. They have offered to engage reputable chemists and analysts and to test thousands of samples of loose milk from all sections of the city. If properly handled it is as healthful as bottled milk.

Samuel Untermyer, retained by the above dealers to protect their interests, wrote the Loose Milk Commission the following pointed letter; which shows what he thinks of the whole dirty business:

The information comes to me, whether correct or not, that all the scientists listed on your commission compose what is known as the Eastern Scientific Clique and that this group can always be found identified in the same activities; that they are always together on research work; very friendly relations exist among them, and that, in effect, they constitute an “inner circle”.

W asting——S aving—U sing

JT IS probably true, as is frequently claimed, that the American people are the most wasteful people on earth; and no one can defend wastefulness. For example, no one can defend the burning of forests, factories or homes, the destruction of food and clothing, the waste of natural gas, the burning of oil Wells and coal mines, the poisoning of drinking water or the contamination of the atmosphere.

Common sense tells us that it is right to save things. When the Lord told the apostles to gather up the broken pieces of fish and bread, He gave us all an important lesson that economy has the divine approval; and the reverse must be true, that wastefulness of His bounties is displeasing to the Creator.

Yet saving can be carried to the point where it is wasteful in the extreme. What is economy in one country would be wastefulness in another. For instance, in China the leaves are gathered as they fall and are carefully saved to be used as fuel in the cooking of food, or they are piled and allowed to rot to provide humus for the impoverished soil.

In most countries of the world, the inhabitants feel that they have something vastly more important to do than to pick up leaves one by one. They would rather rake the leaves together and burn them and get their fuels and fertilizers some other way.

One of the greatest apostles of economy we have in the United States is Henry Ford. He is always talking about it. He says we ought to give more thought to not wasting than to reclaiming what is wasted. That is probably true, and yet there are people who think that Henry Ford has taught millions of people to buy what they do not need and to replace it before it is worn out.

We are not so sure that under present conditions the general use of automobiles could be considered a waste. In America most of Jehovah's witnesses either have cars of their own or have friends who have cars which arc used in the Lord’s work. No one could claim that an auto which is regularly and often used in the Lord’s work is wasteful.

If, today, Jehovah’s witnesses were to try to cover their territories on foot and carry their literature there would not be one-fourth the work done that is done; and it is doubtful if there would be a tenth. The auto seems to have been developed just in time so that the witness work now under way could be properly done. ..

Nobody’would claim that Mr. Ford would be justified in making millions of autos which he could not sell and which therefore could not be used. It would be a waste of iron, glass, rubber, cloth, tinware, paint and storage, which might better be used otherwise. .

Somebody took the trouble to count the number of small rubber bands in a pound of rubber and found a pound package contains 3,440 bands. On the strength of that showing, the statement is confidently made that an employer cannot afford to have a clerk pick up a rubber band which he drops on the floor. The same claim has been made with regard to carpenters: that a carpenter cannot afford to pick up- a nail, or even to pick up several nails, because his time is worth more than the material salvaged.

However, while it might not pay an employer to have a clerk pick up a single rubber band, or a carpenter to stoop to pick up a single nail, yet it would surely be economy to sweep up a scattered package of rubber bands and replace them in their receptacle, or to do the same with a quantity of scattered nails.

The most useful people inf he world are neither the wasters nor the hoarders; they are the users.

If we turn to the operation of the laws of nature, we find what would seem to be wastefulness on a huge scale. There are many different kinds of insects, vermin and wild and domestic animals which multiply so rapidly that their progeny would soon fill the earth unless there were foes at hand which are so efficient in destruction-as to allow but a very small minority of the young to survive.

It is said that a single mullein plant was found, by actual count, to produce approximately 700,000 seeds, yet the total results in the neighborhood months later showed only 108 mullein seedlings. Thus it required about 7,000 seeds to produce one seedling.

It is said that if all the eggs of a mother codfish were to survive and breed, it would not be long before the oceans would become completely filled with fish, so that one might walk from New York to Europe on their backs;' and if that is not a fish story, you tell one! .

Dr. Julius Klein, considered one of America’s greatest business experts, has stated over the radio that in the conduct of American business $8,000,000,000 to $10,000,000,000 is wasted every

GOLDEN AGE

year, a waste equal in amount to the whole American foreign trade. Some of the items in this huge waste Dr. Klein listed as excessive expenditures in sales promotion without adequate information as to prospects in a given market, unwise credit methods, unfair grading practices of small trading minorities, disorderly marketing (particularly of perishable goods), careless and injudicious procedure in the retail trade, high cost of unsystematic warehousing, extravagant delivery services, ill-judged adver-. tising, unwise instalment methods and packing, handling and transportation of merchandise.

The World’s Work says that the wastes in 100 American companies amount to more than $20,000,000 a year. The reasons assigned are: Ignorance of the business methods now in use by other business men; failure to test the effectiveness of a policy or method before adopting it whole-heartedly, or, in other words, the following of hunches or ideas that have not been tried first; unquestioned acceptance of methods that have been so long in use as to have become traditional ; failure to insist that every phase, activity and element of a business shall justify itself on the ground of profitableness; insistence, that is, on the homely virtue of getting one’s money’s worth; and the assumption that if a business makes any profit it is therefore probably perfect.

John F. Dylan, said to be the best mayor New York ever had, recently stated over the radio that in the government of New York city there is an annual toll of $50,000,000 a year in graft and waste, and that the ultimate saving an independent administration could effect would be over $70,000,000 a year.

Recovery of Waste Products

You have probably heard of gasoline. Did you know that there was a time when the refiners of petroleum were very much interested in getting out of the crude petroleum all the kerosene that could be recovered? There was a market for that, but there remained an explosive fluid (gasoline) for which there was no market. Not being ~ able to sell it, they poured it into the Delaware river off Marcus hook, with the result that one time they had a fire there in which the surface of the Delaware river was aflame for three miles!

Still earlier, in various parts of western New York and Pennsylvania wells were dug for brine, and in some instances the owners of the brine wells were quite disappointed because oil, which had a limited use as “medicine” got into the salt and spoiled the well. That was before the day of kerosene oil lamps.

It is only very recently that oil field brine (waste water which collects near oil wells) has been salvaged, but by-products are now’ extracted from it, including magnesium, used in flashlight powders and fireworks; bromine, used in the manufacture of dyes, in “medicines”, and as a disinfectant; iodine, used in “medicines”, dyes and photography; calcium chloride, a drying agent, and others.

Chlorine gas was once a destructive by-product of industry. Now somebody has discovered (or thinks he has discovered) that the treating of drinking water with this gas purifies the water. This is open to argument, but there is no denying the fact that much of the gas which formerly was wasted is nowT ostensibly used for water purification purposes. It looks as though the manufacturers of this gas w7ere determined to make us take it some w7ay or other, whether we want it or not.

It -does seem as though a person who is going to be killed and who has not done anything to deserve being killed ought to have some choice as to the method by which he is to be dispatched. But this reasoning does not appeal to those who attend to the chlorination of our water supplies. They want us to drink all the chlorine they put in the water, regardless of whether we like it or not, and that is just what we are doing. Anyway, it provides a way to dispose of the surplus chlorine gas, and no doubt makes work for doctors, undertakers and others, and thus keeps money in circulation and hence is more or less “a boon to mankind”.

The Wastes of Combustion

The first steam engines were extremely wasteful affairs, consuming many times as much fuel per unit of power as is now required. It is not so long since it v7as considered quite the thing to expect a great pall of smoke to hang heavy over any city in which there was much business. Some progress has been made in smoke prevention, but nothing to what will be made. A London paper estimates that even in these hard times the national output of smoke in England alone represents an annual loss of some £50,000,000 a year.

It is not so long since in the making of coke all the smoke and waste gases were belched forth into the air and all the nearby communities were smirched with soot. Today in the making of coke these gases are saved and used. Among the byproducts are illuminating gas, ammonia, coal tar, light oils, aniline dyes of every color, sulphur, “medicines,” antiseptics, benzol, explosives, synthetic perfumes, synthetic flavors and carbon dioxide. The sulphur of ammonia distilled in the manufacture of coke is one of the most valuable of all fertilizers. Hundreds of thousands of tons of carbon dioxide are used annually in the making of soda water. .

One Brooklyn generating station uses daily 576,000,000 gallons of water, which is more than the combined daily water consumption of the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx. In condensing the exhaust steam of this station, the temperature of this water is raised 20° F. There are eight other great generating stations in the neighborhood. Together, these nine stations consume daily 25,000 tons of coal, of which at least 12,000 tons go to create hot water, all of which is wasted.

It is calculated that if this heat could be saved it would take care of the daily fuel requirements of 200,000 families. It is known that the waste of this heat is foolish and extravagant in the extreme; but it seems at present unavoidable, and hence nothing has been done about it.

It seems absurd to worry about the steam that is wasted from locomotive whistles, does it not? Yet calculations made by Dr. Foley, of Indianapolis University, showed that millions of pounds of coal are consumed annually in the United States in blowing locomotive whistles. He proposes a change in these whistles to a single high-pitched note, and estimates that this would save a million pounds of coal a year.

Tn the city of Pueblo, Colo., hot water as a waste product from ice plants and other factories is being used in the wintertime by the City Highway Department to remove snow and ice from the highway. Street sprinklers filled with -the hot water are driven through the downtown streets. One sprinkler follows another, both directing streams of hot water upon the pavement, with the result that the snow and ice quickly melt. As the hot water is obtained free, the city saves large amounts usually spent in shoveling and hauling snow from the streets.

There was a time when in the smelting of copper great quantities of sulphur dioxide fumes ■were generated which killed all the vegetation over a wide area. Now this gas is first turned into sulphuric acid and then into acid sulphate, one of the three essential ingredients in agricultural fertilizers. The fumes which once destroyed vegetation now make it grow more luxuriously.

The waste products of the liquid air industry, argon and neon, two of the so-called noble gases, are now saved and utilized. Argon in electric light bulbs provides a brilliant white light; while neon furnishes-fiery orange-red lights which now give our downtown streets at night such a pleasing appearance.

Belgium’s mysterious poison fog is no longer a mystery. It was merely the sulphurous fumes of a Hearty factory which atmospheric conditions permitted to rest as a blanket covering the adjacent lowlands.

In the city of Berlin it could almost be said that nothing is w’asted. In that city all the refuse that cannot be otherwise reclaimed is burned and the resultant slag is formed into bricks which have been found excellent for building, paving and other purposes; and they are durable and readily worked.

Making Use of Wood Wastes ...........

A generation ago sawmills were put to much trouble and expense to dispose of their scrap. Now the scrap goes into the making of rayon, charcoal, wood alcohol, various acids and lacquer solvents. Sawdust is used for curing meat, -filling plaster board, making composition flooring, and for the packing of grapes. Shavings and other planing mill waste, are used in the manufacture of linoleum. .

Sawdust of various kinds is also used in the production of tar, anti-knock motor fuel, tar. acids and phenols, turpentine, wood alcohol, and acetate of. lime. A large yield of gas for fuel is also obtained. In the lumber industry now practically every bit of wood from the tree is used for some purpose.

The chemists tell us that 60 percent of wood consists of carbohydrates which will sometime be used as fodder for cattle.

In the manufacture of paper and the conversion of it by chemical action into what is known as sulphite pulp there are generated great quantities of waste liquids which have changed hundreds of our streams and rivers into black and evil-smelling open sewers. Seven thousand gallons of water must be evaporated for each ton of paper pulp manufactured from wood. Some progress has been made in converting these waste waters into alcohol, road binders, linoleum, dyes, fertilizers and other products.

Utilization of Food Wastes

Corn (maize) is America’s greatest crop and represents its greatest waste. From corncobs, of which 20,000,000 tons are now produced in the United States each year, there may now be made maizolith, a substance hard as stone and stronger’ than most kinds of wood. Other byproducts are furfurol, dyes, paints and lacquers.

Cornstalks are about 30 percent cellulose, and from this may be made artificial silk, motion picture films, paper, explosives and a wall board which is so good that a million-dollar corpora-rldn'has been organized to undertake its manu: facture.

Cornstalks, straw and potatoes can be profitably converted into alcohol. The wastes from the manufacture of glucose can be used for stock ..........feed. This last discovery in a single industry ........- resulted in a reduction of volume and concentration of the plant waste from over $800,000 to bUtlTfnbdut $50,000. ■

-- Cotton is still king, but a mighty sick king at the present writing. In 1860 cottonseed was garbage; in 1870 it was a fertilizer; in 1880 it was a cattle feed; in 1890 it was a table food; and now it provides for us, or for those who like it, oleomargarine, butterine, salad oil, "medicines,” cosmetics, illuminating oil, lubricating oil, oil ........... for mixing with paints, washing powder, roof----- ing tar, dyestuffs, explosives, celluloid, writing paper, artificial silk, carpets, rope, twine and fertilizers. A ton of cottonseed hulls will yield 500 pounds of xylose, a rare sweet so scarce that ............. . it has been selling for $100 a pound.

.......... There is hardly any limit to the products that can be derived from straw by distillation. Among "....... the products already obtained are a new germi-

• cide, a roofing and damp-proofing paint, and a fly spray. A gas may be obtained from the straw which can be used to operate an auto.

....." Oat hulls help to make a synthetic lacquer used to give a beautiful, smooth, hard finish to "autos and furniture.

Apricot pits are now made into various in! dustrial ingredients, including oils, perfumes and flavorings.

It is quite likely that in the near future many of our readers will be drinking at soda fountains an extract from peanut shells, but it will probably be sold to them under another name.

' The casein from skimmed milk is made into a glue so resistant to moisture that a glued joint can be boiled in water and will still hold. When the glue is used in fastening woodwork, the joints are stronger than the wood itself. It is being used in airplane construction. Casein may also be worked up into materials for unbreakable cups and saucers, eyeglass rims and beads, massage cream, and waterproofing for paints.

There is now practically no waste around a modern factory where herring and sardines are packed. The scales bring in hundreds of thousands of dollars to the pearl essence manufacturers ; the heads and tails are worked up into nutritious and cheap poultry food; the rvaste oils are used in the production of varnish and paint.

One of the greatest of the food wastes is the erosion or washing away of soils of the estimated value of about $2,000,000,000 a year. These soils carry away with them the nitrogen, sulphuric acid and potash which are essential to plant life. The food thus lost by erosion is estimated at twenty times the value of all the plant food removed by growing crops, .

Consider the Junk Man

In a land where as much material is wasted, as in America, the junk man fills a very important and useful place. The business of dealing in old scrap iron and steel in the United States alone runs to half a billion dollars a year. In the year 1928 there were 516,139 tons of scrap iron and steel exported to foreign lands. The tin cans that once decorated our landscape, and still decorate seme considerable part of it, are now* gathered, compressed into big bales and shipped to England. There they are detinned, smelted and made over into new sheets of metal.

The production of secondary copper (scrap copper) amounts to approximately half of the new copper output per year. About 40 percent of the annual supply of tin and lead has been used before.

The Ford Motor Company employs a force of 120 men engaged entirely in the work of dismantling 375 cars every ten hours. Many parts are salvaged in their entirety, and other materials are converted into useful articles. The steel is remelted to go into the manufacture of new Ford ears and trucks.

Mr. Ford is always on the lookout to save anything that can be saved. More than half a million dollars was saved by the discovery that a single bolt in the original design of the car was not needed.

The Western Electric Company handles annually waste material which, when reclaimed, has

a value of $7,000,000. The work of reclamation is done with a force of eighty or ninety men. Rubber shavings go to makers of bowling balls; discarded tires go to Portugal, where they are used for the manufacture of footwear. All together, there are more than 200 classifications of junk sorted out and marketed at this plant.

At the Big Four shops near Indianapolis is a reclamation department which is estimated to effect a net saving of $20,000 a month. Here cast off materials of all kinds are reconditioned for further service. Bright new tin buckets, cups and other articles are being manufactured from old metal roofs. Old broom handles are made into staffs for signal flags; old canvas is transformed into curtains for the locomotives, capes and aprons.

The Oakland Motor Company is said to have saved $542,000 in a year as a result of suggestions. A boy in a stationery stock room is said to have saved his company $25,000 a year by working out a plan for reducing all printed forms to a few standard sizes and grades of paper. The New York Edison Company has a machine specially designed for rescuing the brass shells at the base of burned out incandescent lamps.

Two-thirds of all roofing requirements in the United States are now supplied from material known as prepared roofing, in which old rags are chiefly used.

The United States Government is so economical that the waste paper that accumulates from the tiny perforations in the manufacture of postage stamps is saved and sold annually to a Baltimore firm. The amount totals seventy-two tons.

It is claimed that used carbon paper can be rejuvenated three or four times by passing it over an electrically heated cylinder.

About $3,000,000 worth of waste paper was shipped from the United States during 1928, about half of it going to the Orient, wher®*sr.m--of it is worked up into pith sun helmets. Some goes into the production of artificial flowers, fire crackers and fireworks; while in the northern...... ’

parts of the country papers are employed in the place of glass as a covering for window openings to exclude the cold winds. In almost any part of Asia one is quite likely to have his pureh-asee---

wrapped in papers which are printed in cities located on the Pacific coast. - '_________

Terrible Conditions in Saskatchewan

OUR Canadian correspondent sent us a quotation from letters which he recently received from persons in Saskatchewan:

Conditions generally are desperate in the west. Many farmers are shooting their horses and cattle because of no water or pasture. Many families with insufficient food, some with potatoes and eggs only. Some children have collapsed in school, and upon investigation it was found the cause was lack of nourishing food.

We find many in tears, completely discouraged, with perhaps an inch of drifted soil on floor of house. There have been a few scattered showers, but not enough to relieve crops from drought.

Many roads are impassable because of drifted soil. I had to leave highway three times yesterday within four miles. What few autos are on the road carry a shovel the same as if it were winter with snow.

Another says:

This land is one big desert. You can travel hundreds of miles and not find a blade of grass on the roadside; and it is growing worse day by day, if you could imagine such a thing possible. In two or three .weeks roughage will be depleted for stock; then what?

People now are treking north in quest of feed and __

fuel, and in a few days that too will be possible only - ~ by rail, as there is no feed on roadsides for stock froin/pTw. the boundary line 200 miles north.

At Wilcox they haven’t had a good rain for three years this month. It was once considered one of the* ~ garden spots of Saskatchewan. The water they have stored in cisterns was salvaged from dugouts in spring- _ time, and today is much like soup. Even at that, it ---

is quite palatable when one is thirsty.

They have also been afflicted with, terrible dust_ storms this spring, so bad at times you had to turn car lights on at 12 o’clock noon, more farms in the air than on the ground. Even at that, it came-with-----— such force as to relieve the farm buildings from their paint, and we had one this week lasting pretty nearly two days. Have yet to see one garden in Saskatchewan this year. You may think I am trying to paint a word picture of desolation, but my command of the English vocabulary is too limited to even attempt such. And through it all the Lord’s message is going grandly on; more booklets, however. If you saw the prospects you would even marvel at that'. In Moose Jaw stores open only at noon; other towns where paid help works will soon follow suit. ,

Salt and Pepper

Battle with Giant Swordfish . ’

TT TOOK three men twenty-three hours to land a 618-pound broadbill swordfish off Los An. geles recently. In the struggle the huge fish leaped nine times into the air, and towed his \ captors forty miles out to sea.

The Vampire Bats of Trinidad

THE island of Trinidad reports existence of vampire bats which, when mad, fly in the daytime. When flying at night the bat is able to suck the blood of its victims without causing pain. It settles on its victim’s toes and fans its wings to produce local anesthesia.

An Aged Pastor’s Curious Wish ■

• JN SEPTEMBER J. B. Moody, 93 years of age, - - * fox1 many years a Baptist minister, died in

Jacksonville, Fla. At his request he was buried without public notice, pall bearers or a minister ’ to utter over his corpse words which neither he

Mr. Moody believed. No announcement of - < - his death was made until after he was buried.

—-----.....X-Rays and Changes in Plant Life

"^EXPERIMENTAL treatment of seeds with .................X-rays has yielded the surprising result that

the annual plant Euchlaena was turned into a - perennial. The possible result of this discovery ■

may be vast changes in methods of growing corn, wheat and other crops that hitherto have -............been planted afresh every year.

..-Red Rays Locate Sun -

HDIIE infra-red rays of the sun are now used ..........to betray its location in any kind of weather

’ soever, They locate it immediately and ..... . .exactly in the heaviest fog or the darkest thun

der .shower. The instrument which accomplishes ' .....this remarkable result will be of much use in

aviation and navigation.

......This Tremendous, Crazy Edifice of Ours

HpHE British novelist H. G. Wells has recently J- been on a visit to the United States. Asked if he thought there was a possibility of the collapse of our present civilization, similar to that of Roman and Greek cultures of the past, he said:

Not a possibility, but a probability. And it will come much faster than the fall of any other civilization. The Roman and Grecian empires were close to the ground. The collapse of this tremendous, crazy edifice of ours will be terrible and swift.

Photographs Made in the Dark .

THE old-style photographer had to have -*■ plenty of light, and natural daylight, too, to make a good photograph. Then came the flashlight. And now we have photographs taken by the infra-red rays, which are not light at all. Excellent photographs can now be taken in a room in which everything is pitch dark.

Bernarr MacFadden’s Generous Gift

HAVING accumulated a large estate as publisher of a physical culture magazine Bernarr MacFadden has donated $5,000,000 to a charitable corporation for the perpetuation of physical culture and health building. The income will be spent to promote hygiene and health and the physical well-being of young men and-women.

More Details of Wheat-Coffee Trade

TN THE wheat-coffee barter between the United -®- States and Brazil, the United States sold its ■wheat for 49.12 cents a bushel and paid 7.38 cents a pound for Brazil’s coffee. Brazilian •steamships received $12,000,000 in freight for carrying the exchanged products from one country to the other.

Three Waterspouts at Once -

FOLLOWING the catastrophe which wrecked the city of Belize, in British Honduras, three huge waterspouts at once were seen in the Caribbean off the coast of Honduras. They disappeared to sea without causing any damage. But in the meantime hundreds of people fled terror-stricken into the surrounding country.

Radio Guidance of the Utah

THE Utah, a battleship which cost the Ameri-

, can people a good many million dollars to build, but is now supposed to be obsolete, is to be destroyed as a result of the agreement made at the London naval armament conference. This ship will be made to teach new lessons in warfare. It will be a self-animated target. Without a man on board it will be guided this way and that and its rates of speed will be changed. The throttle valves will be opened and closed. The supply of oil to the boilers will be regulated. Smoke screens will be erected. And all this will be done by radio by selective signals sent out by a controlling ship. In the end it will be sent to the bottom, . to provide a test for the navy’s latest development in bombs, guns and fire control.

World Court Condemns Itself

THE World Court has brought double condemnation upon itself: first, by lining up in a purely political front against the customs union of Germany and Austria; and, second, by letting its opinion be known, by underground channels, a week before it was made public. The clergy are strong for having America join this ., unholy thing.

Glad to Lend Money at ’/z of 1 percent

ON SEPTEMBER 28 the Government accepted subscriptions for $100,000,000 in ninety-day treasury bills. The highest bid received was equivalent to an annual interest rate of slightly less than one-half of one percent per annum. The entire amount offered was disposed of at a price equivalent to an annual interest rate of 1.22 percent.

Civil Marriages in Britain

STATISTICS in the registrar general’s office show that of the 313,316 marriages which took place in Britain in 1929, about one-fourth, or 80,475, were conducted in the register offices. In Shoreditch, London, more marriages were conducted in one register office than in all the twenty churches of the borough put together. The people are getting sick of churchianity.

“No Doctrine Is Worth Stating”

Bishop Sam R. Hay, of Fort Worth, is alleged to have said, at the Albuquerque-El Paso Methodist Episcopal church, South, conference, that “'no doctrine is worth stating”. Jesus, the Son of God, however, spent His ministry engaged in doing that very thing. Bishop Hay would be a greater success as referee in a dog fight, although, after all, that is about the job he now has. “Beware of dogs.”

’ Punctured the Wrong Spine ■

THE New York State Journal of Medicine, September 1, 1931, contains the story of a woman who was given a spinal puncture by mistake, which was intended for another woman, and was done without her consent. As a result of the puncture she suffered great physical and mental pain, severe headaches and nausea, and pains in her legs. She sued the attending physicians for $15,000 and was awarded a verdict for $6,250.

Diabetes in Canada

TN THE years 1917,1918,1919 the deaths from

diabetes in Ontario were 984; in the years 1927,1928,1929, years in which insulin was used as a remedy, the deaths jumped to 1,309. In the years 1917, 1918, 1919, the deaths from diabetes in Toronto were 171; in the years 1927, 1928, 1929, they were 259. It goes to show that people die more quickly after treatment with insulin than they would if it had never been discovered.

Presbyterian Brethren Fall Out .... _ ___________

IT SEEMS that one of the Presbyterian saints

in South Pasadena, in a moment of large-hearted, generosity, subscribed $12,500 toward . paying for a new church. He paid $3,000 and . then lost faith in his spiritual adviser—and-----—

parked himself in another Presbyterian church-- -in Pasadena. He thought that ended ii. but it did not. His former spiritual. associates-gueW-him for the unpaid $9,500, but the jury derived ~ that he had paid enough. ..... ’........ .

Coastal Erysipelas in Mexico

PORTIONS of Mexico are suffering at present . ., from attacks of coastal erysipelas which .

causes blindness. The trouble originates with a worm from one to twenty inches long which..............

lives coiled up in tumor-like swellings under the skin of human creatures. Doctors are being sent into a district where the disease is prevalent, ? with orders to operate on every person having tumors, and thus eliminate the danger of their - infecting others. . .

Guggenheim Rule in Cuba

THE Cuban Information Bureau at Washing

ton seems to think that the Guggenheim rule7 ' in Cuba is not a success. It reminds us that under Machado Cuba has been under martial law for a year, the university is closed, there is ~ ~ no free speech, free assembly is denied, newspapers have been suppressed, editors have been killed, assassinations are common, torture is inflicted, 2,000 political prisoners are in bonds,........

and, as a kind of closing argument, attention is drawn to the fact that with the Cuban budget setting aside ten millions for the army less than one million is devoted to agriculture. The budget makes a daily appropriation of 38 cents for an army horse and 9 cents for a hospital patient. The American ambassador at Havana, Harry F. Guggenheim, is said to be largely responsible for continuance of the Machado dictatorship.

Southern California's $200,000,000 Aqueduct

BY A VOTE of 5 to 1, thirteen of southern

California’s cities have decided to build a $200,000,000 aqueduct to bring the waters of the Colorado River 266 miles, to turn what is already a paradise into a land still more beautiful. How a thing like this makes one’s heart rejoice! Plow infinitely better than to squander a like sum on armaments and battleships 1 The aqueduct will give work to 10,000 men for a period of six years.

Unemployment in New York City

THE Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service of New York City made 511,742 visits to the sick poor of NewT York during the last year. A census "taken by the staff showed that in one day’s work, recently, there was no work at all in 25 percent of the homes visited, and only two or three days ---■ of work per -week in another 35 percent. Rev. Dr. -................Henry Emerson Fosdick, who has good means

of learning the truth, estimates that the unemployed in America this winter will number ten iniEior persons.

The Parking Racket

_ HpHE latest racket in New York is the parking

_ - -4s racket. One thinks to park his car for a few

minutes, in the street. A rough-looking man offers to guard it from injury for 25c. Better pay ■ him, or when you return you will find your tires ’..... punctured, engine disabled, glass broken, or car

fcCiatched. The racketeers have been known to puncture tires of 150 cars in one location at one — - time. There is some evidence suggesting that

these racketeers are employed by garages who aim thus to drum up patronage.

-- --- Some Diet Items

ELABORATE studies of the diet of Central

African tribes show that the Akikuyu diet is too rich in carbohydrates and deficient in calcium, while the Masai have insufficient carbohydrates and not enough roughage; but wThat earthly good that knowledge will be'to anybody we don’t pretend to say. Then the judges at the Canadian National Exhibition have condemned the use of alum in pickling, because it is harmful to the stomach; and that was a good thing. And, finally, Frederick Hoelzel of Chicago is on a diet wrhich includes pellets of metal, glass and solid rubber. He gets paid for helping doctors make a scientific study of indigestion.

What Was It Joe Did? . .

A DISPATCH from Loivell, Mass., says that at the funeral of Rev. Joseph Bronski, of the Polish National Catholic church, three altars were going continuously from six o’clock in the morning until ten, -when the high mass was sung, making twenty-two masses in all. One . ■wonders what it was that Joe did that made it necessary to say so many masses for him. Did he do anything more than take money from the poor under the pretense that he could do some. thing for their dead fathers and mothers? Well, they all do that. Why pick on Joe?

Four Sig Railroads Come to Terms

A FTER ten years of haggling, the big railroads of the East have come to an agreement as to what they wish. The New York Central will get the Lackawanna and the Virginian. The Lehigh Valley will be the northeastern end of the Nickel Plate and Chesapeake and Ohio system. The Jersey Central will serve as New York terminus of the Reading, B. & 0., B. R. & P., and Alton roads. The Pennsylvania will have the Wabash and the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton. All this is subject to approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Pope Calls for Prayer

Mb. Ratti has asked Thomas C. O’Reilly, bishop of Scranton, Pa., to request American bishops, at their coming reunion, to pray for the improvement of the world. It is high time. Maybe his conscience hurts.

It was on February 10, 1929, at 10:30 a.ni., with the rain falling in torrents from leaden skies, that “the pope, robed in -white and wearing a gold tiara, was seated within the gestatorial chair, borne by eight bearers”, and made his fatal mistake of blessing the whole world.

If we had been there we would have pleaded with him, “Don’t do that, Mr. Ratti. Think of all the trouble you will be causing to millions of innocent people.” But no, he went ahead and did it anyway, and now look at us. Twenty million people out of work, wages cut, China almost a complete wreck, and an Armament Conference coming which may do as much harm as was done at the Naval Conference at London.

Let the bishops go ahead and pray. It certainly won’t do any good, but it probably won’t do any harm. But don’t let them do any blessing. The world is in trouble enough.

‘‘Peradventure He Sleepeth”

WE NOTICE -where the Rev. G. C. Kinney and flock of the Washington Avenue Baptist church of Johnson City, Ill., prayed all night for the relief of the unemployed in America and the distressed throughout the world. We don’t want to discourage Mr. Kinney, but we think events will show that his god was asleep at the time and he might better have followed his god’s example and got a good night’s rest. It is too late now to cry, "0 Baal, hear us,” and get any action. And, besides, if Baal were awake, what interest did he ever take in the common people, and how does Rev. Kinney know he would wish to be disturbed?

Robot Operation of Airplane

IN A TEST over Newark airport a gyroscopic device, similar to that used for many years on the large ocean liners, carried a plane along its course for eleven minutes without the intervention of a human hand. There were nineteen passengers aboard. The Iron Mike, as it is called, is a device which weighs only about 100 pounds. It instantly corrects each erratic motion of the plane, whether caused by sudden gusts of wind from any direction whatever, or shifting of weight, as one or several passengers change their seats. This device will enable planes to fly along a set course on regular schedule, regardless of weather conditions, so long as there is sufficient visibility for landing and taking off at terminals.

His Only Treasure

A FRIEND in South Africa sends us a page of pictures from the Cape Argus. All the photographs were taken by flashlight between the hours of 11:30 and 2 o’clock. They disclose twelve Negroes sleeping out in the open. Under a pier, fast asleep on a concrete block, was one . poor colored man; clasped in his hand was a copy of Judge Rutherford’s book Creation, his only treasure. No doubt he had deprived himself of a refuge under a roof for the one night so that he might have for himself what we too have found a great treasure.

A business man in Paterson, N. J., whose brother is a minister, after reading Creation said: “I have just read the most wonderful book I ever read in my life; when I got it I hated God; now I love Him.” If the poor colored man gets an equal blessing Creation will make him rich indeed.

Some Recent Funerals

0OME recent funerals were those of William

Edward Nemetz, six years of age, Fort Worth, Texas, who died of inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) following vaccination; J. Bernard Albert, Jr., forty-five years of age, Cynthiana, Ky., who never recovered from inoculation of a serum during the World War; John Daniel Rankin, two years old, Gastonia, N.C., who died within thirty minutes after being given a serum to prevent scarlet fever; and Catherine Driscoll, twenty years of age, Rockford, HL, who died after being given an antitoxin for asthma.

Chicago Bank Pays All and Quits

"DECAUSE unable to make any profit the .

State Savings Bank of Mayfair, a suburb of Chicago, asked all of its depositors to come and get their money, paid them all in full, d closed up shop; a wise and honorable thing to do, and a thing many more banks would be glad to- — do if they could, but they can’t. Illinois has had 117 bank failures since the first of 1931. Total------------

for the United States, 932. In August alone; there -■were 154. Of the closed banks, 200 were members of the Federal Reserve system, and 162 of them were National Banks. The deposits of the banks that failed amounted to $698,816,000. .. .......

White Man No Good: Lie Too Much.

HPHE Seminoles retreated'into the swamps, of -®- Florida and lived there for generations on the ground that “white man no good: lie too -... much”. Something of their feeling shines -out ; of an article by George IT. Manning in the Editor and Publisher. Mr. Manning resents the acts of censorship practiced by the White House, the ... Federal Farm Board, the Department of Justice and the Department of Agriculture. He says that “steadily, almost stealthily, there is growing up in Washington a wall of official silence on public questions, of evasion, misrepresentation, and, in some cases, of downright lying by those public officials who are paid from public funds and who are answerable to the people of the United States”. In support of his contention that America’s dirty linen should be washed and aired in public, as is our custom, he says further: “The shame of the Veterans’ Bureau and oil lease scandals that bowed the country’s head a few years ago was conceived and born behind a veil of departmental secrecy, followed by misrepresentation of facts.”

Pacific Ocean Has a Fever

THE weather experts say that the Pacific Ocean in the season just ended has had a fever of about five degrees. There were times during the summer ivhen it exceeded 78 degrees, and tropical fish migrated into it. The weather bureau calculated that by September 1 about 1205 degree days had been piled up since the first of the year. Reports indicate unusual weather all over the world. Iceland, which usually has a summer of only a few days, had an almost unbroken warm spell lasting for four months. The South of Spain was not so blistery and sultry as is usual in the summer time. England had the coldest, wettest summer within living memory, and the summers of France and ... Germany "were also cold and wet.

The Village Deep Mine of Witwater sr and

A PIONEER, P. J. de Jager, of South Africa, sends us literature, the Rand Daily Mail, of Johannesburg, which shows that the West Sub Incline of the Village Deep gold mine on the. Witwatersrand is now down 7,638 feet (and 7 expected to go to 8,500 feet) and says (not without some-show of reasonable pride), “I think this will settle this question” (as to which of earth’s mines is the deepest one); and we have to admit that it does. Incidentally, the heat of the Rand’s rock increases at the rate of one degree. Fahrenheit for every 225 feet of vertical depth. At present the gold mines of the Wit-waiersrand employ 22,000 whites and 207,000 ei: natives. The terrible conditions under which the ” blacks live is shown by the fact that the total .........wages paid to the whites .exceed the total wages paid to the natives by more than 35 percent.

“.....'Benioving. the Fake Statues

HE Vaccination Research Association has petitioned Mayor Walker to remove the

statue of the dog Balto from Central Park, which is supposed to commemorate an alleged heroic dash to Nome, Alaska, with toxin-antitoxin several years ago.

Frank Sepalla, who led the dog team, stated at the Musher’s banquet in Quebec, February 28, 1929, that the serum dash was a fake, pure and simple. Sepalla himself brought the serum to Nome, and there was nothing spectacular about the trip. The whole newspaper story was faked so as to give publicity for a serum manufacturer.

Since this swindle was pulled off there have been so many deaths laid at the door of toxinantitoxin that the manufacturers have discarded it and gotten out something different -which they call toxoid, and which is just as valuable as a preventive, and no more so.

…