Golden Age, May 27, 1931

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crfie Golden Age

A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND2.COURAGE

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in this issue

SLAVERY

IN 1931 AND BEFORE

FIVE DOLLARS IN CIRCULATION

MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS

SALVATION BY GLAND ROUTE

IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS

HOW TO

INHERIT ETERNAL LIFE

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every other

.WEDNESDAY

five cents a copy one dollar a year Canada & Foreign 1.25

Vol. XII - No. 305

May 27, 1931 j

CON T E N T S

.T1 .. : ---------■--—■----~~~~

LABOR AND ECONOMICS

39% Lost Their Jobs . . . 554

Relative Poverty of Germany . 554

Wider Distribution or Goose Step 555

In Million-Dollar Income Gass . 555

Hard Times in Canada .... 555

Profits from Injuries to Workers 55'7

Only a Few Know It .... 557

World’s Economic Madhouse . 558

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL

Slavery in 1931 and Before . . 547

Dabs of Paint ....... 554

Teaching Children to Relax . 556

Columbus a Planned City . 556

A Little Historical Item , . 559

FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION

Facts About the Pullmans . . 553

Railway Across Africa . . . 555

Giant Airliners for African Route 555

31 Hours Across Continent . . 556

Passenger Service to South Amer-

lean East Coast ..... 556 Only Five Dollars per Capita in

Circulation ...... 559

Reasons for Automatic Phones . 558

Traffic Conditions in U. S. A. , 560

POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Electric Rates in Cleveland . . 557

Venezuela Still Submerged in Oil 557

Democracy Set Back 100 Years 558

Headed foe the Incline . . . 561

AGRICULTURE AND HUSBANDRY

Corporation Farming .... 554

Detroit’s Emergency Gardens . 554 s<The Social Management of

American Forests” . . . 567

SCIENCE AND INVENTION

. Manganese and Maternal Love . 554

Ultra-Violet Rays in the Hen •

House ........ 556

Seattle’s Magnificent Dam . . 557

HOME AND HEALTH

An Easy Road to Health . . 558 Once More into the Breach—

Eugenists ....... 560 Salvation by the Gland Route . 562 Vitamins and Their Importance

to Health ...... 566

TRAVEL AND MISCELLANY

A Week-End in South Africa . 568

Australia’s New Capital . , . 556 Extracts from Interesting

Letters ........ 575

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

Jobs Gone in Five Weeks . . . 554

Had the Right Idea .... 556

Seems to Be Getting the Idea . 565 An Appreciative Saint . . . 569 What Shall I Do That I May

Inherit Eternal Life? . . 570 Usual Mishaps Follow the

Blessing ........ 574

Published every other Wednesday at 117 Adams Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., U, S. A., by WOODWORTH, KNORR & MARTIN

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<2^ Golden Age

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Volume XII Brotfktyn, N. Y.t Wedbae«^ayF May 27, 1931 Number 305

Slavery in 1931 and Before

BEFORE the Bays of Abraham slavery was common in Arabia, and is common there to this day. Abraham himself must have been the owner of at least a thousand, counting the women and children, for he had three hundred and eighteen able to bear arms. When Abraham was circumcised “all the men of his house, horn in the house, and bought with money of the stranger, were circumcised with him”. (Gen. 17:27) He recognized a duty to them. At one time he seemed to think of one of these, Eliezer, as his possible heir.

The Midianites who purchased 'Joseph for twenty pieces of silver, and later sold him in Egypt, carried out a transaction with which they were entirely familiar, as were the Egyptians to whom he was sold.

The bondage of the Israelites in Egypt can hardly he called “slavery” in the absolute sense; because the Israelites had their own flocks and herds, and the accounts show that Moses and Aaron and the elders moved about with considerable liberty. The poor, as always, were the ones with “their lives bitter with hard bondage, in mortar, and brick, and in all manner of service in the field”.—Ex. 1:14; 5: 9-18.

Among the Hebrews themselves a thief was bound to ■work out the value of his restitution money in the service of him from whom the theft had been committed, if he was not able otherwise to raise the money required.

A Hebrew7 father could sell his daughter to become a maidservant, with the expectation that she would become the wife of the one to whom she was sold. To a very large extent this custom prevails throughout Asia to this day. It is not considered slavery, but, to the Oriental mind, is a method of caring for the child’s future.

Like the nations around them, the Hebrews reduced some of their war captives to slavery, but all slaves went free in the year of jubilee and in the sabbatical years in between. The slavery could last but six years, unless the slave himself desired to have the term extended. The loss of an eye or tooth gave the slave his. liberty at once, automatically.

Spasms of Righteousness

There are still some five million persons in the world who are in absolute slavery. These are found in nineteen areas: the Asiatic countries of China, Yemen, and the Hedjaz, and the African countries of Abyssinia, Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Kufra, Liberia, Morocco, South Morocco, Rio de Oro, East Sahara, West Sahara, British Somaliland, French Somaliland, Italian Somaliland, the Sudan and South. Tripoli.

As a matter of fact, there is hardly a country that can justly escape censure on this score. This is so well known by the statesmen of the world that of the fifty-six members of the League of Nations and about fourteen other organized countries, making some seventy all together, only fourteen out of the total have agreed to the gradual abolition of slavery in all its forms, debt slavery, peonage, conscript labor, etc.

In 1923 the League of Nations organized a Temporary Slavery Commission, which spent two years studying the subject, and their findings caused the world to stir uneasily in its sleep, but when it was proposed to- make the Commission a permanent one the League Assembly had no heart for it. It would drag too many skeletons out of the closet.

Japan has forty-six prefectures. In all of these there is licensed prostitution, which is white slavery. Five prefectures have circulated a petition against this form of slavery, and in seven years of agitation the number of petitioners has increased until one-fifth of the homes in these prefectures are represented, but in the other forty-one prefectures nothing has been done. Japan could hardly be expected to be enthusiastic about a League of Nations inquiry into what she considers a purely 'domestic problem, when, public sentiment is so little stirred by it right at home.

China a Bad Offender

China is a bad offender in the matter of slavery. Her child slaves are estimated to number at least two millions, and may be very many more than that. Recent wars and famines have greatly increased the usual numbers. A missionary of twenty years’ experience thinks two millions a very conservative estimate, as the Chinese are now selling their children on a scale hitherto without a precedent. In one district-four thousand little girls were sold from one community.

No person can read of what happens to the little Chinese girls without a bleeding heart. Torn from their homes at four or five years of age, they are subjected to every cruelty imaginable. Floggings, suspensions, amputation of fingers, gagging, torturing with hot irons and boiling water. All these are common.

One child slave was suspended from the ceiling by her owners and left hanging all night by one rope which bound together both wrists and both ankles. By morning the poor little limbs were mortified and all four had to be amputated. Numerous missionaries from Europe and America are in China teaching the doctrine of eternal torture. It ought to spread in such a devilishly fertile soil.

The Poor Little Mui Tsai

The little girl slaves are called Mui Tsai. Theoretically they are adopted, but this is purely an evasion. They are bought and sold right and left in every part of China, including Hongkong and Shanghai itself. The upper and middle classes buy them for small sums, -work them as slaves for ten years, from five to fifteen, and then sell them at a great bargain to some man who wants a concubine, or else outright to a house of ill fame.

Theoretically the girl becomes free at the age of eighteen, but by that time she is unable io leave the life into which she has been..thrust.. When a Mui Tsai becomes a concubine she not infrequently goes into business as a buyer and-seller of Mui Tsai herself, perhaps a shipper to other markets.

As a consequence the Mui Tsai travel in herds and are treated like cattle. They are shipped to French Cochin China, the Malay States, and British North Borneo. Some are brought into America as the wives, sisters or daughters of .Chinese merchants. Once a mother sells her daughter as a Mui Tsai it is almost impossible ever to regain her. The child does not know where she lived, and could not find her old home even if given liberty.

In the city of Hongkong, which, though a Chinese city, is under the British flag, there are now about 10,000 Mui Tsai, sold by their parents either into domestic service or into prostitution. The British are xnuch ashamed of this and have tried numerous times by proclamation and otherwise to put an end to the evil, but to no avail. .

Chinese boys are enslaved, too. In Shanghai 31 boys between the ages of 12 and 15 were found confined in a blacksmith shop, where they worked long hours, day and night, and were given but two meals of rice daily. They had no beds, but were forced to take their rest on the floor. Marks on their bodies showed they had been burned with hot irons. Any lad who refused to work was handcuffed and suspended on a wall.

Elsewhere in Asia

Uncle Sam owns the Philippines, and there is peonage there, despite legislation against it. The huge estates of Malaysia rely to a large degree upon imported or contract labor. Chinese coolies out of work have been sent from Singapore to Sumatra to ■work fourteen to sixteen hours a day under conditions that amount to slavery in woodcutting establishments.

■Arabia is one of the worst offenders, having 700,000 slaves. Slavery is carried on everywhere from Syria to the Gulf of Aden. At Jeddah there is an old-time slave market where men and women from Africa and girls from Asia are sold at auction. Every Arabian chieftain has his slaves. Many of these eventually arrive at positions of honor and distinction.

In 1926 Maharajah. Sir Chandra Shum Shere Jung, of Nepal, at a cost of $1,400,000 set free some 52,000 slaves, while 23,000 others were voluntarily released by their owners. Nepal is on the border line between Tibet and British India and is under nominal British rule. One of the features of this emancipation is that owners shall provide work and pay for the freed slaves for a period of seven years or until the ex-slave finds employment.

In 1927 slavery was abolished in the state of Kalat, Beluchistan, a dependency of India; in 1928 it was abolished in the wild country of .Upper Burma known as the Burmese Triangle. A total of 1,028 slaves were released and $75,-000 was granted to their owners. This territory is nominally British, but unadministered. In 1929 slavery was abolished in Persia.

Abyssinia, Worst of All

The greatest center of slavery in the world is Abyssinia, or Ethiopia, as it is sometimes called. Here 2,000,000 of our fellow men are in bondage and without any hope of escape. The king, Ras Tafari, has prohibited their sale, but not their possession, and the traffic goes on in spite of him.

The slaves come from the western borders of 'Abyssinia, where it touches the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The traffic is so great and slaves are so plentiful that even the servants have their own bodily attendants. They have no rights, and every duty.

In this part of the world it is impossible for a slave to escape. Most of them are seized when young, and have no idea where they came from. Their physical type marks them. When a Chau-kulla, a Sidam or an Oulamo is found wandering he must tell who is his master; if he does not tell, the person who finds him keeps him for himself.

Most of the slaves for Arabia come from this same area. As many as 10,000 of them go in a single caravan, the men chained together in rows, the women and children following. A writer reports seeing, within the past few years, the corpses of fifty who had dropped by the way, in a single day.

These slaves have to be smuggled through Italian, French or British territory and across the Red Sea to get them to the slave markets of Arabia; but in spite of police patrol boats the traffic continues, though it is not as heavy now as it once was.

Ras Tafari seems to be sincere in his efforts to abolish the traffic; but what can one man do ? The so-called "Christian” priests of his country have their slaves, and so do the magistrates, and there is a tacit agreement all around not to interfere with what has been going on for centuries. The excuse is that the slaves must be given time to learn how to make their own living. The law provides that on the death of an owner his slaves become free automatically, effective seven years after that event takes place.

Do you wonder why western Abyssinia has for centuries been the gathering place of slaves? It is because the more cruel races of men, notably the Arabs, have learned that here are men, of powerful frames, able to bear huge burdens, and at the same time about the most peaceable people in the world.

The Koran expressly permits Moslems to obtain slaves by conquest. During the Dark Ages, and more recently, the Moslems of the Barbary States obtained white slaves by piracy in the Mediterranean. But for the ability of the Europeans to make better rifles the Moslems would have overrun the world.

Liberia Is Bad, Too

Liberia was founded on the west coast of 'Africa in 1847 by American Negroes who had once themselves been slaves. One would think that these men and their descendants would have been most careful to see that nothing like slavery should ever survive or take root in their country. The very name of the country shows that it was to be a haven of liberty for all.

But alas for the frailty of fallen man! In due course of time a pawning system developed, which is merely slavery in another form. A man gets hard up for cash. He takes a child or other dependent and pawns him for an indefinite period for indentured service without compensation other than maintenance. No person pawned can redeem himself. The pawn value of men for the last ten years has been $15, and for women $30.

The pawning abuse grew until out of a population of 2,500,000 the League Commission on Slavery estimated that about one-sixth or approximately 400,000, were in bondage. The United States took a hand and wrote the Liberian Government such a sharp note that both the president and the vice-president resigned. The vice-president, indeed, was personally involved in the human pawnbroking scandals. Here is how it works.

Fernando Po is an island in the Gulf of Guinea given over to cocoa plantations. It is nearly on the equator and a white man can hardly endure it to work in the broiling sun and ; enervating climate. A Spanish tramp steamship calls at a Liberian port.. The captain sees a prominent Liberian official and offers him so much a head for conscript labor. The word is passed on to the native chiefs. Each must deliver his quota or be fined $50. The amount received is split up among government officials, labor agents, raiders, the constabulary and the chiefs. The head of a family gets something for pawning his son to the chief, with good chances that he will never see him again alive.

All Africa Is Affected

Slavery has persisted for so long in 'Africa that it seems to be almost indigenous. It is not only the whites that are involved, but the blacks ecpially so. For centuries the Negroes have had intertribal warfare and enslaved their captives. The whites have taken advantage of this and used the Negroes to catch one another.

In 1928 a quarter of a million domestic slaves were set free in the British protectorate of Sierra Leone, West- Africa. These constituted nearly one-fifth of the inhabitants. Although formally given their liberty, these captives or children of captives for the most part remained with thei.r masters.

Portugal periodically frees her slaves, but the conditions do not change with these paper promises and proclamations. Forced labor (slavery) was in full swing in Angola, West Africa, in 1929, only two years after Portugal’s last emancipation proclamation.

The gold mines of Johannesburg, the diamond mines of Kimberley, the copper mines of the Belgian Congo, the great British estates in Kenya, and many other interests throughout Africa, including Mr. Firestone’s plantations in Liberia, require more labor than is immediately available on the spot, and steps are taken to procure it.

All over South Africa are labor agents who induce boys to leave home to work in these different undertakings. At the labor camps they are herded in compounds which resemble army barracks. Wherever they go these boys must have passes to move about, and it is a criminal offense to leave. The death rate in these compounds is five to fifteen times the European death rate. Students of African affairs have declared that unless some change is made in methods of securing African labor the native population will ere long become exterminated.

Slavery is gradually disappearing in the Su-'dan, though it still flourishes in the oasis of Ku-fra, in the Libyan 'desert. It still exists in the form of military conscription in the French island of Madagascar, the third largest island in. the world. It has been abolished in Tanganyika, where 185,000 slaves were set free since the World War, but Africa is still, in every sense of the word, the Dark Continent.

Slavery in Europe

With the exception of the monasteries and convents and prisons and asylums Europe is now without slaves, though in 1929 a youth of nineteen was brought from Durham to Kent to work as a houseboy from 6:30 a.m. to 10:00 pan. at a wage of 4 shillings a week, less insurance. “Slave/’ by the way, is a European word. In the early Middle Ages the slaves of western Europe were chiefly Slavs or Slavonians; hence the term “slave”.

The civilization of ancient Greece was built upon slavery, and eventually perished because of that fact. Her so-called “philosophers” spent so much time windjamming that they finally ran out of common sense and forgot how to do anything that was really worth while.

Slaves in Greece were denied the right to marry, but an abused slave could demand the right to be sold, and could not be killed by his master, even if he slew one of the master’s family, but had to be tried by a court. He could be examined as a witness only by torture, because it was held that he would surely lie if not tortured.

In Rome the slave had originally no rights and could be put to death for the smallest misdemeanor. They were exceedingly numerous, one man in the time of Augustus having four thousand. They monopolized all the handicrafts and occupations and professions, including that of gladiators.

There were revolts, as in the days of Spar-tacus, 73 B.C. Before the burial of Pompeii the crater of Vesuvius was a favorite hiding place for the poor things. In the second century Roman law forbade the making of eunuchs of slaves, and stopped the sale of children and slavery for debt, yet the making of eunuchs has not entirely stopped, for there is a boy choir of eunuchs in Rome to this very day. The Devil hates to let go of humanity.

In the sixteenth century there was a wholesale trade in slaves centering at Constantinople. At that time the Black Sea was in effect a Turkish lake, and ilie beautiful Circassian girls were encouraged by their mothers to look forward to the time when they would be purchased by some rich pasha. Circassian girls of aristocratic families caused themselves to be offered for sale, with the stipulation that they might be bought only by a Turk whose station and appearance pleased them.

When Russia finally stopped this slave trade many Circassian girls stabbed themselves or threw themselves into the sea rather than be diverted from the Turkish harems by so hated a power. Yet these girls knew they were to be sold on the auction block and that when they left home they could never return, even for a visit.

Convent slavery is somewhat similar. It is voluntary, at the start, but there are walls and bars to cut off retreat, and even if the girls want to return to their fathers’ homes they cannot do it. Nor may they even talk with outsiders except in the presence of a spy.

In 1833 Great Britain abolished slavery in most of her colonies. One hundred million dollars was allowed the owners. The West Indies went free in 1839; India, in 1843. Sweden abolished slavery in 1846; France, in 1848; Holland, in 1859. Germany had several hundred thousand slaves in her colonies at the outbreak of the World War.

Slavery m North America

When the Spaniards first landed in the New .World the first thing they did was to enslave the Indians, patting them to work in the mines. Treated with unexampled cruelty the redskins 'died like flies, and in 1517 the Spanish clergyman Las Casas made the suggestion that Negroes be imported into the West Indies to save the remnants of the unhappy Indians.

The African slave trade at once sprang up, and all the so-called "Christian” nations of Europe engaged in it. John Hawkins brought 300 in October, 1562, though the Portuguese had landed some in Santo Domingo half a century earlier. The first African slaves, 20 of them, sold on the North American continent, were sold in Jamestown, Virginia, by a Dutch ship of war, in exchange for provisions. The colonial government purchased them and resold them to private settlers.

In the early years of American colonies 50,-.000 men were exiled here from England and sold into slavery ranging from a few years to life. A man agreed with some shipowner to sell his services for a term of years to any purchaser that would would pay the passage money. The diary of John narrower states that he ‘was obliged to engage to go to 'Virginia for four years as a schoolmaster for bed, board, washing and five pounds during the whole time’. Many such servants, on expiration of their time, set up for themselves and founded families. White servants frequently ran aivay from their masters and were advertised, pursued, arrested, whipped and branded as other slaves.

When the Declaration of Independence was drawi! up, declaring that "all men are created equal”, about one-sixth of the community were actual slaves. Newport and Bristol, R. I., were centers from which, regular raids on the African coast were made, and vast numbers of Negroes were seized and brought here into slavery.

Although slavery was forbidden by the constitutions of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, the capital for the Rhode Island slave raids was largely obtained in Boston, and slavery was common in both states. The Old North Church in Boston still contains a gallery that was used by the household slaves of some of the families that furnished the capital for the raids in question.

The treatment of the slaves varied greatly, depending upon the owner’s benevolence and the development of the community’s conscience. In 1780. in a certain American state, a Negro who had killed a white man wTas confined in a cage and left, there to be devoured by the elements and by insects. He was found by Saint-John Creveeoeur, and although his eyes had been destroyed he was still living when Creveeoeur saw him.

The Cause of the Civil War

The development, of slavery southward was 'due to the invention of the cotton gin, which made cotton a profitable crop, capable of being tilled by slave labor. At this time objection to the evangelization of slaves was raised on the ground that a baptized slave might claim freedom as a Christian.

Slavery in the North gradually became unprofitable ; and between 1777 and 1800 Pennsylvania and the states north of it had abolished it. Those who found it unprofitable could see many reasons .why it was wiehristian. 'At the beginning of the Civil War there were 384,000 slave-owners in the South. Three-fourths of the whites owned no slaves at all, but defended the institution.

Owners and managers varied greatly in intelligence and temper, and treated their slaves accordingly. Occasionally the most kind-hearted and easy-goingwere the least successful and had to sell their holdings, thus causing the heartrending breaking of family ties. By 1860 onesixteenth of all slaves had been freed, and many were enjoying full citizenship.

At first a Negro could be had for $50. By 1830 they were worth $500. By 1860 a prime cotton hand was worth $1,500. In. 1850, 2,000 families owned as many as 100 slaves each, and one family had about 2.500. After the Emancipation Proclamation prices went away off. At Frederick, Md., a girl of eight years of age was sold for one dollar, and a woman for fifteen dollars.

For two centuries the American people as a whole profited by the unpaid labor of the Negro, and then set him adrift, ragged, unguided and unlettered, to assume the burdens of citizenship and to be further exploited by politicians. It has been said that the back wages of the slaves were paid in the flood of white blood poured out on their account in 1861-1865.

After the war was over many Negroes returned to their former masters and begged to be taken back in return, for their keep. They settled down in their old quarters and refused under any circumstances to leave. The Old Slaves Reunion, still held once a. year in Alabama, is a sort of love feast of the old-time masters and their slaves who yet survive.

Other Slavery in North America

In. 1928 the leasing of convicts to coal-mine owners was brought to a close in Alabama. This ended one of the most disgraceful forms of slavery ever permitted in recent years. It required a particularly brutal murder of a convict to bring about this change.

In 1929 a white slave circuit was found operating in. a chain of cities reaching through Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York and Pennsylvania. The unfortunate girls on this circuit were shipped from one place to another like so many animals. Fifty murders were traced to this circuit.

Peonage still exists in. some parts of the South.

Negro tenant farmers are kept in 'debt year after year, and if they try to escape or leave they are imprisoned and fined. White landowners have a working agreement that one will not take tenants from another if those tenants are indebted.

The tenant farmer gets his annual credit of $200 in March. Of this, $50 goes for fertilizer, and $50 for feed for the livestock used in putting in his crop. Of the remaining $100, $10 goes for interest, and the balance is turned over to the tenant at the rate of $15 a month for six months. The crop is sold by the landowmer, and if the tenant owner is shown as having-anything coming back to him he is lucky.

In South America

In 1912 the world was stirred by hearing of the conditions of slavery on the Putumayo rubber plantations of Peru. One district won. the name of "'Devil’s Paradise”. When the free men and women of the district asserted their right to wrork or not, as they pleased, they were shot down remorselessly or subjected to tortures. Whole families were exterminated.

There is still slavery in South America, certain tribes in the remote parts of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia killing off the protectors of families and then taking the women off to sell to white people who own large plantations,. This slave trade is even encouraged by the whites, who offer large rewards for the workers brought to them.

An even more terrible form of slavery was unearthed at Buenos Aires. It was brought out a year ago that the Zwi Migdal Society, operating under a charter issued in Buenos Aires as a mutual aid society, wTas in reality a huge and highly efficient white slave machine. It had branches throughout Argentina, and Poland, France and other European countries. For forty years this company was engaged in the business of importing, exploiting, buying and selling Polish Jewish women, bringing them from Poland to Argentina as white slaves. The judge’s investigations showed that the 424 men who comprised the membership of this society were all engaged in the traffic in women.

Few of our readers, even after reading this article, have any adequate conception of the horrid conditions that obtain this very day .in every land, and of the wretchedness that is thereby caused to millions of innocent people. What a wonderful day it will be when all these prisoners are set free in the fullest sense of the

word, and how happy every honest heart will be to have the nightmare of Satan’s rule for ever at an end! '

Facts About the Pullmans

THE Pullman Company have out some charmingly gotten-up little books filled with facts about the wonderful service which these rolling hotels provide. They are all well worth reading, the twelve of them. We mention a few items that appeal to us at the moment, selected here and there from the set sent to us by some unknown friend. ’

Pullman ears are like the robins; they go north in the summer and south in the winter, but, unlike the robins, some of them are always in the North. In the matter of car requirements the various railway lines vary enormously. One road served its Florida travel in October with an average of 24 cars, but required 105 in February. Another used 96 in August and 227. in March, A New England road got along nicely on 46 cars in March, but in August used 104.

• The trucks of a Pullman car today weigh 10,000 pounds more than the first car weighed complete. The first one was lit by candles. The latest ones have a mile and a quarter of electric wires in each car. The first one had a tin washbasin; the present ear has a half mile of pipes for heat, water, wires and air, besides a complete electric generating, storage and distributing plant operating lights, fans, etc. Some of the first cars had organs and hymn books. When a man bought a sleeping car ticket he tvas put in the same bed with a total stranger, who bought the other half of the bed.

Between the outer and inner plates of the sides of a modern Pullman car is a space of about four inches, where, along with all the concealed pipes, duets and conduits, are over 6,000 square feet of insulating blankets (treated felt , and asbestos) to hold the heat in winter and exclude it in summer.

Mrs. Pullman, if there is such a lady, is the world’s greatest housekeeper. Every night she provides beds for 60,000 people, and in a year the guests number about one-fifth of the country’s population. The stock of towels, sheets, pillow slips, blankets, pillows, mattresses, head-1'est covers,, and similar items, is well ovex- ten million pieces. More than a hundred supply 'depots keep the 9,700 cars supplied with these necessities. The.'daily journeys of the cars run. to 3,306,184 miles.

One of the booklets says: “But a consideration of the Pullman washing will give the biggest kick. Remember that about 34,OCX),000 guests occupy Pullman guest accommodations in a year. If the linen were all to come out of the wash at once it would total 284,685,235 pieces. If this were hung diagonally across the American continent, you would have to stretch 20 lines from Key West to Nome to accommodate it.”

The Pullman people feel justly proud of their safety record and say:

The National Safety Council and the U. S. Bureau of Census accounted for nearly 96,000 fatal accidents in. 1928. Automobile accidents cost over 26,000 lives; falls, 17,000; drowning, 8,500; and burns 6,500. Onefourth of fatal accidents happened to persons in their own hom.es. Against this, consider that in 1929 only 114 railroad passengers lost their lives, and of these only 8 were in Pullmans—drowned when a train crashed through a bridge weakened by a mountain cloud-burst. But for this no Pullman passenger w'ould have lost his life in 1929; yet in that year half of all railroad travel mileage was covered in Pullmans, and; Pullman passengers numbered just about one-third of the country’s population.

The claim is made that the 'American sleeper rate is lower than, either the first class or second class European rate. Of the European sleeper service one of the booklets says:

In some European countries he^t is from locomotive steam; in others from a coal-burning water heater at the car’s end. A variety of car arrangements will be encountered on a European tour. One car has two seats for six passengers in a compartment; day-time passengers may use these until a certain hour, when they must be made down for night passengers—two lowers, two uppers. In some cars of this type no bedding is provided. Another arrangement affords three sleeping places in a room; one patron may take the entire room on three railroad and three sleeper tickets; or three strangers may find themselves in it. Yet another plan places two or three ehair beds in a room; at night the chair backs are pulled forward and down, making a bed. Only the arm-rest separates the sleeping passengers. A woman demanding a berth when there is none available save in a room with a maihjgeta it if he assents; and vice versa. "

Corporation Farming

THE Farmers Union Herald, of St. Paul,

Minn., states that under the chain farm system twelve men working for $4 a day will 'do the work of fifty-three farmers, and wants to know what is to become of the forty-one men and their families that are thus displaced.

Have You Your $2,977?

IF YOU have $2,977, then yon have your share of the national wealth, which is figured in 1929 as having amounted to $361,800,000,000. In Idaho, Iowa, Nebraska, Montana, Oregon, South Dakota and Wyoming the average citizen has more than $4,000, and in Nevada more than $6,000.

Telephone Crowd Gets More than Ever

AS ARESULT of the boost in telephone rates, made coincident with the present wave of hard times, the New York Telephone Company collected over $14,000,000 more from the public in the distress year of 1930 than in the boom year of 1929. How these Big Business men make you love them for their thoughtfulness, generosity and patriotism, don’t they?

Detroit’s Emergency Gardens

DETROIT has resumed its war gardens, after

an. interval of more than twelve years. Now the war, instead of being against the Germans, is against hunger of the poor. There will be 5,000 gardens, each 40 by 100 feet, and when necessary the plots will be tilled in advance and seeds supplied. The funds to put these gardens in working condition were provided by employees of the city.

Real Estate on Wall Street

O NE HUNDRED years ago, namely on March

17, 1831, the Bank of America bought the property where the bank is now located, at the corner of Wall and William streets, New York city. The price then paid for the. <50-by-100-foot lot, together with the building upon it, was $70,000. Today real estate appraisers estimate that the value of the land alone is more than $6,000,000. The present building is the fourth ©ne to stand on the site.

Where Christ Would Be Sent

A rthur Brisbane, ■writing of the second ad-vent of Christ, says:

If Christ came to earth now, preaching as He preached 1900 years ago, immigration authorities of the United States would keep Him out and advise Him to go to Russia. He told the rich man to divide his wealth among those that had nothing.

99% Lost Their Jobs at Donora

TN A CERTAIN billet mill at Donora, Pa.., 99 *- percent of the workers have lost their jobs. It formerly took 600 men to operate the mill; now the same work is done by machinery and requires only six men to throw the necessary switches. The machine never gets hungry, never goes on strike, never wants more pay.

Jobs Gone in Five Weeks

Dr. Miles H. Krumbine, pastor of Plymouth Church of Shaker Heights, Cleveland, Ohio, is alleged by the Cleveland Plain Dealer to have recently said in a public address that “there is not a preacher in this or any other city who could last five weeks in his job if he spoke the convictions that are in the depths of his heart”. The Millennium is at the door, sure enough.

Manganese and Maternal Love

ipXPERIMENTS of Dr. Elmer V. McCollum, of Johns Hopkins University, show that rats deprived of manganese cease to breed and have no interest in their young, but if their diet contains even so little as five one-thousandths of one percent of manganese they appear normal in every way. This discovery is expected to have far-reaching effects. It certainly emphasizes the importance of variety in diet.

Relative Poverty of Germany

TN THE United States $250,000 would seem like a relatively small fortune, but in Germany it is considered a great sum (a million marks) and the people are quite disturbed over the fact that they now have in their midst so many as 2,465 Germans who have this much property. An interesting fact is that, owing to greater employment of women, Germany now has 9,000,-000 more persons working for wages than prior to the IVorld War.

Wider Distribution or the Goose Step

"Dobebt P. Scbipps, president of the Scripps-

Howard newspapers, says that in his judgment unemployment must be solved through shorter hours of labor and a wider distribution of wealth among the workers or the alternative is the goose step, one way or another, Lenin or Mussolini, with little choice.

In. the Million-Dollar Income Class

IN THE year 1920 there were 33 persons in the

United States who admitted receiving incomes of $1,000,000 or more per year. Nine years later there were 504 such persons, or fifteen times as many, and the total income of those in the million-dollar income class had grown from $77,078,139 per year to $1,185,135,330 per year.

Uailwag Across Africa

THE first railway across Africa, from Portuguese East Africa to the Portuguese colony on the west coast at Lobito Bay, is now7 in operation. The road has been in process of construction, off and on, for twenty-eight years. It provides outlets for the copper mines of Northern Rhodesia.

Giant Airliners 'for African Route

THE giant airliners that will be in operation

on the African Cape-to-Cairo route, beginning with June, accommodate thirty-eight passengers each, besides more than a ton of mail and freight. These liners are the same as those used between London and Calcutta. The trip from London to the Cape will require eleven days; the distance is 8,040 miles.

Hard Times in Canada

IT IS not only in the United States that we are having hard times. They are harder still in parts of Canada. In some localities butter went down to 10$ a pound, and eggs to 15$ a dozen, but even at this price the farmers could not afford to purchase or to keep for their own use. There are farmers who live in tiny shacks, with boxes or stumps for chairs, and they have been found in their homes making a meal of soup made from Canadian thistles. It was all the farmer had left wherewith to feed his family. These items are from the Ottawa Citizen and the Manchester Guardian.

Cigarette Consumption Doubled

TN 1913 there were 116.900,090 pounds of fo-* baeco used in the manufacture of cigarettes; in 1929 there were 34.(1000,000 pounds used for the same purpose. The daily increase over sixteen years ago amounts to more than seventeen tons a day. The damage thus done has been inconceivably great.

Ice in the Antarctic

WE ARE informed by Sir Hubert Wilkins that if all the ice in the Antarctic-were to melt in a day it would raise the sea: levels thirty feet throughout the world, and also that if the ice already drifting could be: gathered in one pile a mile square the column would reach almost to the moon.

African Game Being Decimated

Majob Kingston, of the Royal Geographical

Society, maintains that in another fifty years, at present rate of slaughter, there will not be an elephant, rhinoceros or hippopotamus left alive in Africa. Hunters have recently been forbidden to hunt lions from airplanes. Few lions are bad actors.

Destruction of Jericho

Joshua was to utterly 'destroy all the citi.es of

Canaan, and the account shows that he did so. Recent discoveries of arcbmologists revealed some storerooms for grain and other supplies on a slope in the interior of the city of Jericho. All their contents (wheat, thatch, wood, rope, dates, and a cake of bread) were burned to cinders. Thus the Bible account in Joshua 8: 20 is abundantly confirmed.

Norwalk Pastor Promoted

NORWALK (Connecticut) pastor has been promoted to doing something useful for his fellow men. Owing to the hard times, he could not get enough out of the collections to keep going; so he took a job on the city dump, sorting rubbish. Now he has given up the preaching altogether and is becoming a first-class rubbish sorter, and probably has overalls and & clock. It may seem a little hard just now, but it is really a lot more honorable than to harden the minds of the people against God and get them to hate Him by misrepresenting Him. The pastor is now in a cleaner and better business.

Teaching Children to Relax

SEATTLE kindergarten teacher has introduced a ten-minute rest period into the lives of the tots in her care. They lie face down on paper mats spread on the floor, head turned to the left, right leg extended, left leg slightly bent, arms hanging limply. After a while the kids get so'they like it and beneficial effects are observable. The nervous tension relaxes.

31 Hours Across Continent

THE National Air Transport has now in operation a day and night passenger and mail schedule which lands the passenger in San Francisco thirty-one hours after leaving New York. The return trip is made in 28 hours. The states of Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming are passed during the night. The rest of the trip is by daylight.

Passenger Service to South American East Coast ASSENGER service is now maintained from Miami to the east coast of South America.

The route is via Trinidad, Georgetown, Paramaribo, Cayenne, Para and Rio de Janeiro. The terminus of the route is at Santos, Brazil. The Pan-American Airways now has a 22,000-mile system in operation throughout the West Indies, South America, Central America, and Mexico.

Columbus a Planned City

OLUMBUS, Ohio, is one of the few’ planned cities of the United States. Its location as the capital of the state of Ohio, in the center of the state, was decided upon before a stone was laid or one stick nailed to another. The population of the city and suburbs is now7 rated at 335,000. It is commonly said that you can get to Columbus overnight from almost anywhere in the country, and this is almost true.

Had the Right Idea

ev. Louis F. Martin, of Kankakee, Ill., speaking before an Episcopal clergy round table in Chicago, is alleged to have said that organized Christianity is now in a “compromise with the modern world”. He asserted that it was engaged in building up an institution rather than finding God, and advocated the burning of all parish registers and starting all over again. He must have gotten hold of some of Judge The “City of Truro" in a Museum

Rutherford’s books, we think, and must have an | the whole earth and everything honest heart. He is in the wrong business. , sorry job they have made of it all,

THE “City of Truro'’, the locomotive that in 1904 made the record of 102.3 miles an hour on the Great Western tracks between London and Plymouth, has been renovated and sent to the York Railway Museum. This run is one of seven well authenticated runs of over 100 miles an hour. The fastest run on record ivas near 'Jacksonville, Florida, at 120 miles an hour.

'Australia’s New Capital

USTRALIA’S new capital, Canberra, planned to be the most beautiful city in the world, had last year only 8,695 population, an increase of only 161 persons in a year. The construction of the city has cost $65,000,000. It is said to be not popular because laid out on too grand a scale, making it hard to get around. There is even talk of abandoning it.

Communist Radio Works Overtime

ERMANS are nettled and worried because the powerful radio station at Moscow is flooding all of Germany with communist lectures in German, English and other languages. When protest is made the Russian officials blandly explain that they have in their midst many Germans, English and others whom they feel it a 'duty to instruct and entertain.

Ultra-Violet Rays in the Hen House

OR twelve cents an hour ultra-violet rays can be diffused among a hundred chickens. In six wTeeks time one hour a day of this exposure brought two cockerels up to twenty ounces each, while two others not thus treated remained behind at eleven ounces each. It won’t be long now until we shall all be eating the best violet ray broilers.

Property Rights in 'America

IN Commerce and Finance, Stephen Bell, arguing for unemployment insurance in the United States, and convinced ■with Mr. Owen D. Young that it must inevitably come in some form soon, calls attention to the fact that the earth is the Lord’s and that in America -we have overdone this matter of property rights. It seems to have been quite overlooked that the Lord has any right whatever to administer things. Big Business cheerfully undertakes to administer on it, and a

Mr. Edgerton’s Act of God

ohn E. Edgeeton, president of the National Manufacturers’ Association, says that the current depression is an act of God. He thus fixes the responsibility for America’s nationwide mania for stock gambling, and the outcome, but meantime the Telephone Trust and the Power Trust are making more money than ever. Maybe now Mr. Edgerton will tell us who is responsible for these exceptions to the general rule. But we know without his telling us.

Billy Sunday’s Confession

MANY have wondered who is really to blame for the colossal crime wave which ■ has swept over America since the Volstead Act was passed. Now it all comes out. In an address at Nev,7 Haven, Billy Sunday made the boast, fT am blamed more than any other man in America for the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment.” Now if Aimee Semple McPherson will come out and make her confession .we shall feel that W’e are getting somewhere.

Profits from Injuries to Workers

ORTH CABOLINA. public officials have noted that private insurance companies

collected $2,799,962 in premiums for compensation insurance for those injured in industrial accidents, while but $1,792,602 was returned to the workers in benefits. This discovery of. more than a million dollar’s difference is liable to cause North Carolina to follow the example of Ohio and make workmen’s compensation insurance a state monopoly.

Only a Few Know It

IN AN interview in Florida Henry Ford said that these really are good times, but only a few know’ it. That latter statement seems to be true. After all, there are only a few people in the Telephone Trust, the Power Trust and the other aggregations of capital that have the people by the throat. Mr. Ford seems to think there is plenty of work for everybody. We can but wish he would spend a few days talking to the miners of the anthracite region, thousands of whom have the distinct impression that they have had but 56 'days of work in a year and that the times -which Henry says are ‘really good’ are really bad.

Seattle’s Magnificent Dam

IABLO dam, recently completed by the city of Seattle, Washington, is 389 feet high, over all, the highest arched dam in the world. Below is the Gorge plant, also owned by Seattle, and above it will be built Ruby dam, which will be 620 feet high, creating a reservoir that will back the water up 34 miles. This will be 200 feet higher than any other dam thus far built, but still will not be as high as the Hoover dam, now. building in the Colorado.

Electric Hates in Cleveland

T A TIME when the private companies were charging 15 cents a kilowatt hour, the Cleveland (Ohio) municipal plant started in with accent maximum, which it has kept ever since. Paying for itself and its extensions at these low rates, the plant has compelled competing plants to reduce their rates and is saving the people of Cleveland over a million dollars a year. At present there are more municipal plants in the .United States than privately owned ones.

The Electric Carillon

HE old-style carillonneur has had his day, and that, too, just as desperate efforts are being made to revive it. By a nevr device small chimes similar to those on a clock are struck by tiny electric hammers, and the sounds thus made can be so magnified electrically that they can be heard for miles. Runs or thrills never before possible can be made, sounds never before heard can be created, and a new music which will utilize these sounds is forecast.

Venezuela Still Submerged in Oil

OR thirty years Venezuela has been submerged in an oil dictatorship. An article

in the San Juan (Porto Rico) Times shows what happens when one offends the dictator, Juan .Vicente Gomez. He is loaded with irons, sometimes as many as three sets, and without trial is thrown into prison. After a few days the body is unable to bear the weight of the 30 to 1® pounds of metal attached to it, gangrene sets in, and death results. It is said that in the thirty5 years in which the oil crowd have kept Gomez in his chair 1.5,000 have thus been done 'death, 5,000 are awaiting death, and 100,0® Iwy® fled the country to escape similar fates. 5

The World9 s Economic Madhouse

THE Manchester and Salford Trade Council, with 80,000 members, has just issued a manifesto against the world’s present economic madhouse in which it says, in part:

As the ability of workers to consume is decreased the surplus of unused goods must increase, and the cause of all our distress will inevitably be multiplied. The more overproduction there is, the greater is the underconsumption. The more the workers produce, the less are they and their families able to consume. The harder the workers work, the more prolonged and terrible is their subsequent unemployment. Out of the surplus of riches arises semi-starvation. for millions. On the authority of M. Albert Thomas, of the International Labor office, no less than 100,000,000 persons axe suffering today in the world because of unemployment. Could there be a more tragic, a more absurd, a more monstrous series of contradictions?

Wheat Growers All Frightened

WHEAT growers all over the world are frightened by the surplus now piling up, and the entry into world markets of the great Russian wheat-producing machine, with which individual growers will be quite unable to compete. Argentina is trying to make a treaty with Canada and Australia for control of exports from the three countries, and American 'wheat experts are advocating the elimination of American-grown wheat from foreign markets. They would have America raise wheat only for domestic consumption; and only millers and authorized dealers would be permitted to purchase at the proposed fixed price of $2 a bushel. If this deal goes through, watch our farmers turn into bootleggers of wheat. All European grain-producing countries except Russia are facing agricultural bankruptcy.

Democracy Set Back 100 Years

OpHE press is reverberating with the address J- of Fred B. Smith, at Detroit, early in March, in which, referring to the vicious propaganda spread throughout the United States by the churches themselves, during the World War, he made the statement regarding the war slogan on democracy:

That was our cleverest platform utterance during the war. Democracy? Why, the -war set democracy back more than a hundred years. How about the Orientals ? Can you expect them to accept the religions of the Western nations -when we go to them with a Bible in one hand and a sword in the other? I don’t mean to cast any reflections on our missionaries, who certainly are doing the best they can. But why should Buddhists, who are pacifists, be expected to accept the religion of the bloody nations?

Reasons for Automatic Phones

IT IS comical, in these days of unemployment, to see the multitude of reasons that are advanced as to why automatic telephone installations are spreading all over the world. The telephone propaganda carefully explains that these automatic telephones are not being installed because they are labor-saving. Oh, not at all! It is just because they are more efficient, and because too many women operators get married and too many subscribers speak too many tongues, and too much of the old manual equipment had become old and inefficient, and telephone work for a woman is merely a temporary job, anyway, etc. Indeed, t there are so many reasons, and they are given so glibly, that one wonders why it should have seemed at all necessary to say that they are not being installed because they save labor. But the publicity men of the Telephone Trust must do something to justify their keep, must they not? '

An Easy Road to Health By Mrs. Florence Bowers '(California')

MY HUSBAND looked like a walking dead man. We thought he was suffering from stomach ulcers. My little son had violent attacks of stomach trouble in spite of the fact that his diet was above criticism; and I had brown spots all over my body. Then we learned through The .Golden Age that aluminum is poisonous, and

immediately discarded all our aluminum and bought enamel ware. .

Now, after a year, my husband is practically restored to health and gaining in weight regularly. The brown spots have entirely left my body, and my little son has never been ill a day since we discarded that terrible aluminum. This is absolute fact.

(hily Five Dollars per Capita in Circulation By W. H. Harvey (Arkansas)'

I HAVE your letter of the 4th instant quoting a newspaper clipping that reads as follows:

Washington.—Each person in the United States is the possessor of $37.30 in cash, the Treasury department estimated in announcing the amount of money in circulation. The per capita possession is $2.32 less than a year ago, when the figures were placed at $39.62.

It proceeds to say that the total amount of money in “circulation” is four billion seven hundred forty-six million dollars, a per capita circulation of $37.30.

You ask for my interpretation of it and say that you will have my reply published.

I am glad to do this and to expose this false statement. The falsity of it hangs on the word ‘■'circulation”.

The Treasury department at Washington issues a monthly statement as to the amount in existence and where it is, from which these figures you quote are taken, and under the caption “Circulation” it includes all that is in the banks outside of what is in the Treasury department at Washington and the Federal Reserve banks. In other words, all the money in the thirty thousand National and State banks is regarded by them as money in “circulation”.

Under our present financial laws partly embodied in the Federal Reserve Act, the banks are authorized to loan their credit, a checking account based on borrowed money, for an average, of ten times as much as they can show actual money in their vaults, the “ten times” amount

’drawing interest. This law encourages the banks to hoard the money as an asset upon which they can loan their credit, an interest-bearing substitute for money, an amount ten times as much as the money they have hoarded. • ,

The statement you quote counts this money hoarded in the banks as money in “circulation^ • when, in fact, it is not in; circulation, but being.....

used by being hoarded, taken out of circulation to substitute for it that which is bonding and mortgaging and forcing in debt the people of the nation.

The United States Chamber of Commerce at Washington has issued a statement that not to exceed five percent of the money issued to the banks is in the pockets and tills of the people and that the balance of business is done on credit, so that the actual amount of money in', circulation is not to exceed $5.00 per capita; and the statement of ‘$37.30 per capita’ is not true. The stat ement issued by the United States Chamber of Commerce was to encourage the banks to be liberal in extending credit to the people— loaning more money—which is tying more financial ropes around the necks of the people. A' financial system that is strangling the people of the nation, bringing with it all the horrors of the present 'depressed condition; a nation bonded and mortgaged to the limit now sounding a tocsin, an alarm bell, calling out the fire department to put out the fire.

A Little Historical Item

THE other day, examining an old file, the following clipping came to light. This clipping, taken from a newspaper of March 16, 1918, shows the earnest desire of 400 Methodist Episcopal ministers in Philadelphia, to murder Judge Rutherford and his friends.

The use of the words “German propagandists”, “American traitors,” etc., was so much dust thrown in the eyes of the public. The only people for whom the Espionage Act was passed were the Bible Students, and they were almost the only ones to suffer from its so-called “enforcement”.

These facts were well known by the Methodist ministers mentioned in the clipping. They were trying to goad the United States Government into murder, and would do it again if they had the chance. A murderer is a murderer because he is one at heart. Most of these miserable dogs that were murderers in 1918 are murderers now, and some of them will no doubt die as such at the hands of God.

DEATH TO TRAITORS IS CHURCH ADVICE

Philadelphia, March 15.—Death for German propagandists and American traitors was advocated today by the Philadelphia conference, Methodist Episcopal church in resolutions unanimously adopted at the 131st. annual meeting being held here.

“We urge the speedy enactment of a law,’’-the resolution stated, “which will mete out to German propagandists and traitorous Americans the full penalty of spies.”

Amid cheers and patriotic enthusiasm the 400 ministers attending the conference joined in approving the resolutions.

Traffic Conditions in the U. S. A.

Viscount Cowdray, interviewed by a reporter for the London News Chronicle, gave a very good summary of traffic conditions as they '< exist in the U. S. A.; and although these conditions are familiar to most of our readers, we give place to them, thinking they will be of interest in other countries than Britain within which The Golden Age has readers:

“The Americans, at any rate in the South and West, are building roads at prodigious speed, and I did not see one modern road where they have not provided ‘shoulders’. The ‘shoulder’ is a margin about 8 feet wide, covered with half an inch of gravel and soil.

“Whether the road is 20 feet wide or 40 feet, that margin is made. On it ears pull up when their drivers wish to stop for repairs, or to lunch, or admire the view. The result is that the 20-foot road remains a 20-foot road and is not reduced, by ears at a standstill, to 10 feet. The margin adds greatly to the efficiency of the road and practically nothing to the upkeep.

“Some of the new main roads near Los Angeles are divided for their whole length by three white lines into four tracks, the inner two tracks being used only when pulling out to pass a slower vehicle. The plan works admirably at night when head-lamps of strictly limited strength light up the lines and the overtaking driver knows that so long as he does not cross the centre line he is perfectly safe from all traffic coming toward him.

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