Golden Age, November 26, 1930

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A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND. COURAGE

■ in this issue

THE EMERALD ISLE

DRIFTWOOD

CAUSE OF HARD TIMES

REMOVING DISEASE WITH DIET

PROPHECY CONCERNING REDEMPTION ■

Full text of an address by Judge Rutherford, broadcast in watciitowek national chain program

every other

! WEDNESDAY

five cents a copy one dollar a year Canada. & Foreign 1.25

Vol. XII . No. 292

November 26,1930

LABOR ANO ECONOMICS

Victorian unemployment Relief 143

England’s Idle Land . . . 143

One-Fourth of Railroaders Jobless 144

Starvation Coming this Winter 145

The Lave of Separate Cells . . 145

Chain Store Journalism . . . 145

League is Studying Farmers’ Problems .......146

Uncle Sam’s High-priced Scrubwomen ...... 146

Consolidations Wreck Many Homes....... 148

The Cause of Hard Times . , 149

Prosperity in Jacksonville . . 148

Wise Farmers of Modesto and

Turlock ......... 148

SCIENCE AND INVENTION

Quartz Lamp Fly Traps . . 144

Great Sydney Harbor Bridge . 144

Autogiro the Coming Home Plane 145

Increase in Canned Foods . . 147

Too Many Chemicals (?) . . 152

DOME AND HEALTH

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL

Driftwood ........ 143

Twin Tunnels to Staten Island 143

United States the Most Warlike 145

Boston Schools Being Investigated 145

Every Filling Station a Tele

graph Office ...... 146

FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION

League of Nations and Opium 143

Great Western Sugar Generosity 144

POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Diplomatic Representatives at

Vatican...... .

Progress Toward Disarmament 146

Laying the Blame in the Eight

Place

Cities of Vaccination Martyrs 150

Removing Disease with Diet . 151

TRAVEL AND MISCELLANY

The Emerald Isle

Aborigines of Australia . . . 146

Rumania Still Attacking Jews . 147

The Island of Dogs .... 150

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

Increase of Heathen Population 143

■Wifey Says Holy Man Fibbed . 148

Prophecy Concerning Redemption 153

Pastor Battin’s Warning . . 158

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Golden Age

Volume XII Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, November 26, 1930 Number 2S2

The Emerald Isle

IRELAND is about the size of the state of South

Carolina. Its highlands are chiefly along the coast; the greater part of the interior is a plain. The highest mountain, Carrantuohill, in Kerry, near the Lakes of Killarney, is 3,414 feet. Most of the mountains have the appearance, not of peaks, but of rounded hills. On the western coast the Atlantic currents have worn awmy the land in many places, causing fiords such as exist on the coast of Norway and other places.

The rivers form excellent navigable channels. Vast sums have been expended in removing the rocky shoals from these and making artificial cuts for the purpose of avoiding them. Canals in Ireland, as elsewhere, have sunk to a condition of secondary importance.

The Giant’s Causeway in the north is one of the geographical wonders of the world. In this grim headland there are 40,000 pillars of basalt, most of them as neatly polished as if the work had been done by human hands or the finest abrasive machinery.

Iron ore exists in nearly every county. There is copper of excellent quality in the western mountains; also gold and silver in small quantities. Anthracite coal exists, but not to any great extent. There are also marble, old red sandstone and carboniferous limestone.

The deer, bear, wildcat, wolf, beaver and cattle peculiar to the island which once roamed over the Emerald Isle have all disappeared, and there are no snakes or toads. Ireland is still a paradise for fishermen. The Dublin Horse Show (managed by an Englishman, by the way) is -world famous.

Early History

Plutarch called Ireland by the name Ogygia, meaning “very ancient”. Aristotle referred to it as lerne. Pliny, Cassar and other authors mention the Druids (demon-worshipers) whose philosophies and so-called “sciences” prevailed in the reign of Eochy the First, more than a thousand years before the birth of Christ. Society was then classified into seven grades, each marked by the number of colors in its dress. Men of learning were, by law, privileged to rank next to royalty.

For many centuries Ireland was ruled over by the sons of Milesius, king of Spain, and by their descendants up to the time of the Norman-Welsh invasion in 1170. Hence the name “Milesians”. England entered Ireland by decree of Adrian IV, who sold the country and its people to King Henry II of England fifteen years previous for fifteen cents a family.

The Round Towers of Ireland have created much discussion. There are 100 of them, 18 in perfect condition. Their average size is 100 feet in height, circumference at base 50 feet, walls 3y2 feet thick. The interior is divided into as many as eight stories. It is believed that these towers are of an age antedating the Christian era.

The king of Ireland from 1002 to 1014 was Brian Born. The O’Briens and many other distinguished Irish families claim this man as their ancestor. The Celtic name of Ireland was Innis-fail, Isle of Destiny. The Greek name Eire or lerne later evolved into Erin. The early Roman waiters called it Hibernia. Tradition has it that with the sinking of Atlantis a great part of Ireland was swallowed up by the sea.

Later History

England made the fatal mistake of trying to rule the Irish by force. The penal laws were aimed at breaking the spirit of the Irish Catholics and reducing them to the position of a subject race. One who has ever tried to force an Irishman to do anything would instinctively know w-hat happened, without ever taking the trouble to read the pages of history.

The Act of 1793, and especially the Act of 1829, modified the severity of English rule and admitted Catholics into Parliament. Still later the breaking up of the holdings of the large landowners, and their distribution among the peasant proprietors made conditions more livable.

Sinn Fein (“We Ourselves”) arose in war time. In April, 1916, it seized the heart of Dublin and proclaimed Ireland a republic. But England still controlled, and arrested 3,400 men and 79 women. There were many executions and imprisonments, but peace refused to come. Disorder prevailed.

In December, 1918, the Sinn Fein won most of the Irish seats in the House of Commons and, instead of proceeding to Westminster, met in Dublin as a Dail Eireann (Irish Assembly), adopted a formal declaration, of independence and demanded admission to the Peace Conference at Paris, which was refused.

There followed tragic burnings in Cork, Balbriggan, Belfast, Lisburn and other cities: the wreckage of creameries, factories and private houses. Over two thousand houses were utterly destroyed and about fifteen hundred more were partially wrecked, so that some three thousand families were rendered homeless. In Belfast, for a time, ten thousand workers were forcibly prevented from earning their living. When Cork was burned five thousand people had to be relieved. The land was in anarchy and a change was inevitable.

The Division Occurs

By the Government of Ireland Act of 1920 as amended by the Free State Act of 1922 Ireland was divided politically into two parts, Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State. On December 6, 1922, the Free State was established by royal proclamation, the swearing in of Timothy M. Healy as governor-general and the meeting of the Parliament (Oireachtas).

The constitution which was adopted declares the Free State a coequal member of the community of nations forming the British Commonwealth, and deriving its authority from the people of Ireland. The northern part of the island, commonly known as Ulster, was separated from the rest of the country and made a self-governing province. Only local matters are considered by the latter parliament, imperial questions being handled in London.

It was hard for the people of Southern Ireland to agree to having Ulster cut off. The new government in the south followed only after an interminable debate, and even so the vote of acceptance showed the narrow majority of 64 to 57. Without doubt, to this day, the majority of Irish people regret the conditions that seemed to make division expedient.

The historical origin of the Ulster problem, and of the term Scotch-Irish, is that in 1609, six years after the accession of James VI of Scotland as James I of England, there was a Scotch occupation of the North of Ireland. There had been previous implantations of Protestant settlers in the reign of Elizabeth. These settlements were accompanied by much cruelty to the Catholic population supplanted, and the bad feeling then engendered has been handed down from one generation to another.

The Irish Free State has a total area of 17,024,481 acres, and a population of three million. The capital and largest city, Dublin, had in 1926 a population of 418,981. ■

Ulster has a total area of 3,353,754 acres, and a population of a million and a quarter. The capital and largest city, Belfast, had in 1926 a population of 415.151, almost the same as Dublin.

Northern Ireland

In the area of the six counties, Antrim, Down, Armagh, Tyrone, Derry and Fermanagh, which, with the cities of Belfast and Derry, constitute the self-governing province of Northern Ireland, are to be found nine-tenths of the manufacturing industries of all Ireland.

In respect to agriculture it may be said that this is carried on more intensively here than in any other part of the country. Almost DO percent of the total area is productive. It contains onefourth of the total plowed land in all Ireland, half the entire fruit crop, and more than three-fourths of the flax crop. Ulster is of about the size of Connecticut.

There are no physical features to make for a division between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. Thus it seems too bad that two expensive administrations must be kept up. But there are economic and cultural barriers. Northern Ireland objects to the compulsory study of Gaelic in the schools, to the forbidding of divorce and to the protective tariff. Belfast makes linens and ships, and there is no market in Ireland for either. And then there is the everpresent problem of Calvinism and Catholicism. All these items make for division.

On the other hand, one cannot motor far in Northern Ireland in any direction without being brought to the boundary and without realizing how much Ireland, like every other part of the world, needs the One Government now functioning, namely Christ’s Government, the Kingdom of God in the earth. All the rest of these governments must go, and the time of their departure is at hand.

The Lovable Irish

It is a saying that, “If you meet a man that everybody loves and nobody respects, that is an Irishman: if you meet a man that everybody respects and nobody loves, that is a Scotchman: if you meet a man that nobody either loves or respects, that is an Englishman.” The saying is pretty hard on the English, but it leaves the Irish in a delightful place, for everybody likes to be loved, and it goes without saying that many of the Irish are as worthy of respect as anybody.

The Irish are so full of fun that they do not mind putting themselves in a position to be laughed at. They like to see other people happy. They are full of sympathy. Who is so quick to show the kindness inherent in a benevolent soul as are the Irish when sorrow or trouble enters a home ?

The Irish drink too much Irish whisky. No doubt. And the Scotch drink too much Scotch whisky. And others in other lands do the same. They do too much fighting. And so do the Italians and the Poles and others. They do too much bragging. And so do the Yankees, the Canadians and others. But they are nevertheless lovable. And so are all the others mentioned, if one looks at them with kindly eyes and wants to see their good traits. ’

Austin O’Malley described the Irish in one of his books by saying, “The Irishman is the human enthymeme—all extremes and no middle.” That is merely another way of describing Irish enthusiasm. This enthusiasm manifests itself in everything into which they enter, religion, politics, etc., with a fervor and intensity of feeling which often make a calm discussion of issues impossible.

For denying that Ireland is poor, and for-accusing her of being an incorrigible beggar, George Bernard Shaw, himself an Irishman, has become a prophet without honor in his own country. By quite a large majority, namely 25 to 8, the University of Dublin has refused to confer upon him an academic distinction.

The Blarney Stone '

Ireland is a land of traditions, and the enthusiasm of the Irish people helps to keep these traditions alive. The gift of eloquence is supposed to come from kissing the Blarney stone. Almost every tourist to Southern Ireland goes at least to see it. To kiss it is another matter.

The true stone is triangular in shape. It bears the inscription, “Cormack MacCarthy Fortis Me Fieri Fecit, A.D. 1446.” To kiss it one must bend his body through an opening, twist his head and shoulders, turn his neck and kiss the stone on the under side. Formerly, the only way it could be kissed was for one to be held by the heels through an opening in the parapet.

It is claimed by some that kissing the Blarney stone enables one to deviate from veracity whenever one desires, without betraying it by blushing. Be that as it may, it is also claimed that an attendant at the castle, encouraged with a sixpence, sometimes shows a bogus Blarney stone to seekers after notoriety who lack the courage to kiss the real one. It would seem that he himself must have kissed the original.

A Natural Garden Spot

The warm, moist winds from the Atlantic blowing over Ireland make its mean temperature from 20° to 30° F. higher than that of other places in the same latitude on the eastern coast of America or the interior of Europe. It is even a few degrees warmer than in places in the same latitude on the west coast of America. The humidity enables delicate plants to flourish with vigor in the open air.

The soil of Ireland will always be rich, on account of the constant erosion of limestone. There is also a large amount of vegetable mold, which forms one of the most important ingredients of the soil. The result is a vast extent of arable surface, covered with a deep friable loam of remarkable richness. The forest trees continue to retain their leaves after similiar trees in the warmest parts of England have lost all their foliage. Grass grows luxuriantly everywhere, making the Emerald Isle a joy to the eyes wherever it is seen. The lightness of the soil makes tillage easy.

The holdings or farms have been divided and subdivided until they have been reduced to the smallest patches. The bogs, useless for tillage, furnish peat for fuel. Mismanagement of the forests has made it one of the most poorly forested areas in Europe; but reforestry is under way.

Agriculture the Principal Occupation

In a land such as Ireland it is inevitable that agriculture will always be the principal occupation. At the present time more than two-thirds of all occupied persons are directly engaged in it, or are employed in industries which depend mainly on agriculture for raw materials. Three-fourths of the wealth produced comes directly or indirectly from the land.

Ireland has turned away from the raising of cereal crops and is definitely committed to the production of beef, bacon, butter and eggs. She aims to give the British consumers the best values to be had in these. Irish prosperity depends wholly on British prosperity, for Britain is her natural and almost only market.

Privately owned creameries are rapidly disappearing, their places being taken by the cooperative creamery. There are now 1,040 cooperative farmers’ societies, comprising creameries, credit banks, poultry associations, etc., with 100,000 members. State aid is afforded to persons engaged in agriculture by means of an Agricultural Credit Corporation with a capital of £500,000. The Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction supplies traveling lecturers who give instruction in all branches of agriculture, dairying, beekeeping and stockraising. Government inspection and grading of butter aims to improve the quality. ,

The departure of British troops from "the island has not been wholly a good thing for Ireland. While they were there they originated a considerable market for horses, and for fodder and other agricultural products. Still, it is better not to have that kind of market than to have it. The withdrawal of the troops has cut off many visitors w’ho used to come and spend considerable money. However, it would be hard to build up a great tourist trade in Ireland until the country is better supplied with good hotels.

While Ireland is still poor, there is evidence that her farmers are getting ahead. The Civic Guard, as the police are now called, are unarmed. They are recruited largely from the same class as the old Boyal Irish Constabulary.

The Land Purchase Act of 1903, a very famous and wise act whereby the tenants may buy the farms and become independent of the landlords, is still functioning splendidly. The government guarantees the payment at the ruling rate of interest.

Irish Education

It is well known in American schools that the Irish boys and girls are able to hold their own with anybody, but in Ireland itself the constant intrusion of religion into public affairs has given Irish education a bad name. The trouble dates back hundreds of years.

The laws of the time of William II and Queen Anne made it a crime for Catholics to teach or to have their children taught by Catholics, or to send them abroad where they would be educated in Catholic schools. The rigid enforcement of these laws, and the attempt thus made to compel the people to abandon the Boman Catholic church, resulted in a large proportion of illiteracy, which has had its effect upon the people to this day.

Until the time of the establishment of the Free State, the management of each school, and the power of appointing and dismissing the teacher, was in the hands of the parish priest or the parish rector, according as the school was Catholic or Protestant. At present, in the Free State, most of the teaching is conducted by religious orders, and lay teachers can find employment only in an inferior capacity.

Primary education is at present administered by the two governments functioning in Ireland. The Northern government has its own education department, and the Free State has charge of primary education in its territory. Education in the primary grades is free and compulsory, but the attendance law is poorly enforced. The result is that many of the farmers’ sons who come to hear the lectures of agricultural experts have not enough education to enable them to take full advantage of the instruction given.

Mr. Cosgrave, president of the Free State, modestly says: “Politically we suffer because so many of the electors are hardly emerged from the folk state of mind. Their fathers and grandfathers were fed on folk tales, legends of the King of Ireland’s Son or the Finn Ma Cool and other errors of folk lore. We have to spend a great deal of money on education because Ave are so poor.”

Progress is being made. The organization of the farmers into agricultural and credit societies is an educational work of first magnitude. Matters have also been helped by amalgamating all the railroad companies into one, though this form of education is dearly bought in most instances.

The Telltown Fair has been revived. Established some three thousand years ago, and now lapsed for many centuries, this fair was once a center of legislation, poetry and the arts, as ■well as for merchandise, games and sports. The Irish name of the fair is Oenach Tailteann.

Of similar import is the Feis Ceoil, the equivalent in Ireland of the Eisteddfodd of Wales. In 1928 there were one thousand entrants at the Feis Ceoil held in Dublin. The ballad singers have almost disappeared from the Irish fairs. These ballad singers, in bygone years, had much to do with keeping Ireland in turmoil.

Religion in Ulster '

The latest figures for Ulster are that there are 420,428 Roman Catholics, 338,724 Protestant Episcopalians, 393,374 Presbyterians,49,554 Methodists, and 54,481 of other professions. The Presbyterian Church of Ireland, centered chiefly in the counties of Down and Antrim, is the dominant political force of Northern Ireland.

In 1798 the Presbyterians of Antrim were the leading spirits in an attempt to establish an Irish republic, but the British government of that day cleverly drove a wedge between the Presbyterians and all others, giving them preferential treatment, with the result that Ulster gradually became violently pro-empire and antihome rule.

Relations between Catholics and Protestants in Ulster are much better now than in former* years, despite the fact that there is almost no intercourse between the two, as respects education, and they are virtually forbidden to intermarry.

Most of the agricultural and industrial wealth of Northern Ireland is in Protestant hands, which complicates the matter of maintaining the happiest of relations. There is prejudice and bitterness on both sides, but the 12th of last July, the festival of Orange Ulster, came and went this year without the usual stone-throwing and fisticuffs, and for that everybody ought to be glad.

Religion in Free State

Religious professions in the Free State, according to the census of 1911 (later figures not available) showed 2,812,509 Roman Catholics, 249,535 Protestant Episcopalians, 45,486 Presbyterians, 16,440 Methodists, and 15,718 of other faiths.

Though Ireland is less than one-third the size of the state of Colorado, yet it has a Roman Catholic hierarchy of four archbishops, 1,087 parishes, and 3,688 priests. It has 543 convents, and many monasteries. It has more mitred prelates than has Germany, which has a population many times as large.

A Jesuit writer, having visited Ireland, on being asked how he found the priests in Ireland, replied: “The priests of Ireland? There is nobody but priests in Ireland. They are treading on one another’s toes.” Of course that was stretching it some, but there are so many that they exercise a predominant influence in every matter that comes up for consideration.

Though the Protestants are few (only about one in nine), they stand well in the communities in which they live. The New York Times says: “Roughly, 50 percent of the members of the learned professions and executive heads of business firms are Protestants, and the same figure applies to chartered accountants. Already in the Free State in two or three of the principal government departments at least half of the men of the staff were born on the northern side of the border.”

Saint Patrick

Mr. Ripley, of cartoon fame, recently stirred things considerably by mentioning that “Saint Patrick” was not a Roman Catholic, that his name was not Patrick? and that he was not born in Ireland. These and other statements which he stoutly defended seem supported by the histories.

“Saint Patrick’s” father was a Roman magistrate by the name of Calpornius, and lived in the village of Bannavem Taberniae, not far from Kilpatrick, Scotland. Where his father lived it is assumed “St. Patrick” was born. His mother, Conchessa, was French, and a superior woman. Patrick may have been born in France before Conchessa moved to Scotland. The facts on this are not knowm. History does not clear up for us why the 17th day of March is celebrated as “'St. Patrick’s birthday”, as it is not certainly known that he was born on that day.

Patrick was born A.D. 389, and died at the age of 72. For six years he vTas held as a slave in Ireland, and years after voluntarily returned, as a missionary to that people, and conducted the most successful and aggressive work of the fifth century.

In Patrick’s writings there is no mention of the pope, purgatory, confession, transubstantia-tion, or worship of the virgin. He said not a word about ever being in Rome or appointed by the pope. He was a devout, energetic Christian missionary.

Post Sargent thinks the story of Patrick’s driving the snakes out of Ireland must have arisen from the fact that Patrick, after his escape from captivity, took refuge in the island cloister of Lerinus. In the beginning, Lerinus had been infested by snakes, so that no man could live there. Honoratus, a monk, took possession of it, drove out the snakes and reclaimed it for cultivation. Hence the confusion. Probably the snakes were all gone by the time Patrick reached there.

Making Gaelic Compulsory

The ancient Irish language, Gaelic, is spoken in the seaboard, district on the south coast of Ireland and includes the counties of Donegal, Mayo, Galway and Kerry. This is the root language of the British Isles. A native of Cornwall, England, can understand one who speaks in Gaelic.

It was not until 1892 that the Gaelic League came into existence. It is doubtful if at that time the people who spoke only Irish numbered 20,GOO. The Gaelic League, by an appeal to Irish pride, is actually reviving a language that was virtually dead. Today the acquisition of a knowledge of Gaelic has become the badge of patriotism, and though the government may not approve all the effort and expense to turn an entire nation over to a new language, yet there seems to be no way out; for if the government lags in the work of change it incurs the wrath of the pro-Irish patriots and their intense opposition.

The Gaelic League does not intend that there shall be any let-down in the drive to make Ireland a Gaelic-speaking nation. Their intent is to make the language compulsory under heavy penalties in all spheres of life. Some of the Gaelic now being spoken in the Dail or parliament is pretty bad Gaelic, hardly understandable ; nevertheless, although English is the universal tongue, it is under the ban of the patriot’s displeasure.

Today the Irish child goes to school, learns Irish grammar and texts, and comes home rarely to speak the language again. In youth, if he goes to the movies, which have now become the talkies, it is English that he sees and hears. When he matures, if he does any considerable business it must be with Britain, and the British talk his own tongue, English. Looks as if the revival of Gaelic had a hard road before it.

Irish is compulsory in the elementary schools, and is an essential subject for admittance to the Civil Service and other public employment. It is also compulsory for lawyers. But the disadvantage of learning Irish is that it is of no use at all in any other part of the world than Ireland and if a boy emigrates he has burdened his mind with a useless language.

There are no textbooks in Gaelic suitable to advanced students, and Gaelic equivalents must still be found for scientific and abstract terms. The cost of providing good university textbooks in Gaelic has been set at about $10,000,000, which is far beyond the means of the Free State to pay.

Most Gaelic literature is in manuscript form and not published. This literature will now be collected and published, at the rate of one book a week. A small sum has been set aside for this purpose. Oddly enough, the greatest Gaelic scholar of the last generation was a German.

No great prosperity can come to Ireland while it is divided, yet there is no indication that the Northern Protestant population would ever accept Gaelic, and it is certain that the Ulster Protestant living in the Free State feels dissatisfied to send his children to schools in which the Gaelic language is compulsory.

A Few Political Notes

The Northern Irish parliament consists of a senate of two appointed and twenty-four elected members and a house of commons of 52 elected members, the latter continuing for five years. Northern Ireland also returns thirteen members to the imperial house of commons at Westminster. Matters of imperial concern, postal service, post office, savings banks, stamp designs, etc., are handled at Westminster.

Northern Ireland is finding it hard to carry the load of what might be called a useless government. When this government was started it was hoped to send £7,000,000 every year to the imperial treasury, but it cannot be done. Not even a seventh of it can be paid. Increases in pensions, unemployment insurance, costs of education and social service have all contributed to make the government much trouble financially.

Turning now to the Free State: It is doubtful if any government in the world ever consulted as carefully about its constitution, and tried to get the best out of all constitutions, as it was done in this instance. Every country in the world was called upon for something.

The Drafting Committee went to the United States for its ideas upon ministerial control and responsibility,, but as the machine of government has actually functioned it has approximated more and more closely to the British parliamentary model. All the ministers are members of parliament, though they need not be, and they are all members of one party. Numerous changes in the constitution have been necessary, as was to be expected.

The parliament of the Free State (Oireachtas) consists of the king and two houses, a senate (Seanad) and a chamber of deputies (Dail). All men and women over twenty-one years of age have a vote and may become candidates for the Dail. Members of the senate must be thirty years of age.

The Irish Free State is a coequal member of the British Commonwealth of nations, of the same status as Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The king of Britain is the king of all and the king of each. By a pleasant fiction every act of the state is esteemed to be the act of the king.

There is no such thing as president of the Irish Free State. The president of the executive council is elected by the Dail Eireann and holds that post by the votes of his fellow members, and not by popular suffrage. That explains why his resignation as president of the council does not involve a general election.

Liberty and the Censorship

It is a typically Irish “bull” that a people that love liberty as much as the Irish, and have fought so incessantly to obtain it, should maintain a censorship in time of peace. The censorship board contains a Protestant clergyman, a Catholic priest, and three others. The priest, Bev. Canon Boyland, of Maynooth College, is the chairman.

The Galway library committee, working sympathetically with the objectives of the censorship board, has ordered the burning of books of Arnold Bennett, Victor Hugo, Maeterlinck, Tolstoy and others. Other writers, including George Bernard Shaw, have been removed from the shelves of the library, and the sanction of the committee must be obtained before they may be read.

In the first two months of its operation the Irish censorship law barred six newspapers and fifteen books. The People and The Empire News, both London publications, have printed special Irish editions, to enable them to sell their papers in the Emerald Isle.

In their desire to have a very Irish Ireland, a people of all one religion and all one tongue, and in their determination to curtail freedom and restrain liberty of the mind, the people of the Irish Free State have made a very great error, and one which has cost them many valuable citizens.

William T. Cosgrave

Liam T. MaeOosgair (Gaelic for William T. Cosgrave) has remained in office since the birth of the Irish Free State, and is thus the dean of European premiers. Before the fighting that led up to the Free State he was a Dublin greengrocer and licensed victualer. At 29 years of age he was a member of the Dublin Corporation: at 35 he was chairman of its finance committee; and at 42 he was president of the executive council of the Irish Free State. He is now 50 years of age.

At age 36 he was one of the leaders of the 1,000 who took up arms against the British government in the Easter, 1916, gesture for independence. He was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he was later released. Mr. Cosgrave has made a good man for the position he fills, and' commands universal respect. Ills wit and common sense have made him a favorite among his colleagues.

De Valera, the Great Mischief-Maker

Eamonn de Valera was born in the United States. His mother was an Irish-American, and his father a Spaniard. As a result of his part in the Irish rebellion of 1916 he was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to penal servitude for life. He was released under the amnesty of 1917. Iio became a member of parliament, but, in common with all Sinn Fein M.P.’s, refused to sit at Westminster, and in 1917 was elected president of the Irish republic.

Mr. de Valera is an orator of great ability. In 1920, largely as a result of his eloquent pleas, $2,538,038 was collected from Irish sympathisers in the United States, with which he intended to partially finance the Irish republic. About 40 percent of this money was used, and with the dissipation of Mr. de Valera’s dream, the remaining 60 percent has been returned.

Mr. de Valera and his friends are disesteemed by many because they solemnly swore true faith and allegiance to the constitution of the Irish Free State and to the king of Britain and thereby committed perjury, as their speeches plainly show. One of Mr. de Valera’s friends boasted that when he took the oath he pushed the Bible as far away from him as he could, not wishing to have God too near him while he was signing the book.

Mr. de Valera and his associates make much political capital out of the fact that tenants may buy the farms and become independent of the landlords, yet this wise legislation, passed by the British away back in 1903, has done more for the Irish people than any single act ever passed.

Mr. de Valera would have the annual payments on these farms held for the use of the Irish Free State, instead of being sent to AVest-minster. This complete separation from Britain sounds well to many Irish ears, but means little in practice, because if these annuities are not paid to England in accordance with the treaty settlement, the British government could still recover them by taxing Irish products. Mr. de Valera’s eloquence will never change the natural location of Ireland with respect to its market.

Many men who greatly admire Mr. de Valera’s courage, and are impressed by his eloquence, are nevertheless fully convinced that his policy of complete separation from England could never be attained without bloodshed and economic ruin for Ireland. De Valera’s extremist policies cause his frequent arrest. Not having the majority of the Irish with him he has had to succumb or fill the country with terror by lending open or secret support to movements calculated to plunge the whole country into disorder.

Where Extremism Leads

Extremism, as advocated by De Valera, leads to crime, whether he personally condones it or not. It has been responsible in the last two years for men’s being shot in the stomach when opening the door at night in response to a knock. It has caused the stabbing of a woman in the back and the threatening of jurors and the attacking of people by masked men in the public road for no other offense than being British subjects or tolerating Protestantism. The sad part of it is that in many of these cases the legitimate government itself does nothing about the crimes, no doubt fearing the stigma attaching to things British or Protestant.

A citizen not yet subdued writes to British friends that whenever he has been attacked and has applied for police protection, the police official promises to come every time, but never comes. He says: “I have known him after eight applications to explain that he was too busy, and I have seen him during official hours on the same day boating on a lake for pleasure.”

President Cosgrave has on occasion caused the swift and sudden arrest of armed and criminal extremists, and he and his fellow officers of the government are guarded night and day to prevent assassination. Even then the assassinations occur, as witness the sad death of Kevin O’Higgins, vice president, shot down in cold blood on his way to church.

President Cosgrave is a calm-tempered and philosophically-minded man. He compares the present with the past and says hopefully: “The fact is that the Irish people in general are one of the most law-abiding peoples in the world. If you want proof of this you have only to compare the statistics of serious crime in Ireland with those of other countries, but not excluding England. It must be remembered, too, that the percentage of crime detection in this country is very high. It is quite true that a conspiracy exists to prevent the detection and punishment of a certain type of crime which masquerades under the cloak of politics. The numbers engaged in this conspiracy are very small. The majority of men are well known to the police and their movements are under constant surveillance.” '

Citizens of the United States, the crime center of the world, can obviously not have much to say about crime in Ireland, but most of the crimes in Ireland seem to be leveled at either the British or the Protestants, or at both, and to find expression in ways that are not pleasant to read. Thus the New York Times reports one. of these crimes, as follows:

Thirty Londonderry girls en route to Leenan last night, where they were going to dance with British soldiers, were stopped by a band of armed and masked men near Clonmany and stripped of their coats, hats and shoes. The bus in which the girls were riding was stopped and the girls’ apparel was taken from them and burned. The men then compelled the bus driver to proceed, leaving the girls to walk home. [A dirty, low, Irish trick.]

The bitter prejudice against things British and things Protestant is constantly fanned by somebody. The present Irish police force does not carry arms of any kind, and does not need to do so, because, as respects Catholics and Irishmen, the country is safe enough for anybody. But the Protestants, the chief taxpayers, have come to feel that they are not well protected, and thousands of them have left the country, to its injury.

A hint of the situation is seen in the fact that the government has had to introduce a bill for the protection of juries, and that in county Monaghan a motion that applicants for work should not be discriminated against because of their religious faith failed to pass. Five Protestants voted for it, and seventeen Catholics against it. Nevertheless, the Irish minister of finance, Mr. Blythe, is a Presbyterian, born in Bister.

Irish Emigration

In 1841 the population of Ireland numbered 8,000,000. Since then it has constantly declined. The Dublin Weekly Irish Times refers to the veritable processions to the emigrant ports as constituting a symbol of national suicide. More than 30,000 of the best men go away annually, about 26,000 of them to the United States.

The emigration has dropped off some, and in the year ending June 30, 1929, the Irish Free State was the only European country 'which did not send its full quota to the United States. The emigration is not only from the South, in which the number of Protestants has decreased by 106,000, but since the division in 1922 the emigration from the northern part of the country has amounted to 70,000.

The decrease of population is partly accounted for by the withdrawal of the British troops and their dependents, numbering about 34,000; more than 24,000 killed in the war: about the same number of officers and men who settled abroad after the Avar, and more than 8,000 members of the Irish constabulary that have left the country. These explanations, however, hardly account for the general decline of population since the middle of the last century, Avhich d.ecline has been Avithout a parallel in any country.

In 1921 there Avere 1,817,457 native-born. Irishmen living in foreign countries. This is 43 percent of Ireland’s population. Of them, 1,037,234 are in the United States, 367,174 in England and Wales, 159,020 in Scotland, 105,033 in Australia, 34,419 in Ngaa7 Zealand, 12,289 in the Union of South Africa, and 8,414 in India.

About 600 landlords have gone from Ireland for ever, but in their stead are 300,000 tenants who OAvn their holdings. This Ownership ought to keep the younger generation at home.

The Free State sets its income tax at tAvo-thirds the British rate. This is done with the hope of luring some rich Britishers to live in the Emerald Isle, and seems a pretty good piece of statecraft.

Free State Cost of Government ■

Considering all the disadvantages under winch they have had to labor, the administrators of the Free State government seem to have done remarkably well. Some British critics comment caustically on the fact that while the productive power of Free State taxpayers has fallen and is still falling, their cost of government has gone up from an average of £7,000,000 to one of £30,000,000 and their cost of living in a Connaught village is 14 percent higher than in Manchester, where the average family income is seA7eral times as much. The critic cited, namely, The English Review, says pessimistically:

The increase in their permanent taxation in excess of the estimates for normal years is now more than tAvice the total of the net revenue collected from the Free State area for an average of 20 years under the Union from 1894 to 1914. Though economizing this year, the Government have to find £25,000,000. They cannot find it. They must make up the deficit by borrowing. They have never balanced a budget yet and never will, unless bjr a drastic overhauling of the whole scheme for Avliich no party seems prepared.

Against this pessimistic outlook a friendly critic makes some observations that ought properly to be considered. The Quarterly Review says:

They found themselves obliged to pay enormous sums in damages to the many people w’ho had suffered injuries to property and person during the period of the Irish Avar against England, and they were only a short time in office when they had to foot the bill for a campaign of destruction by the opponents of the treaty which ran into millions of pounds. Competent authorities have placed it at over £40,000.000, nearly twice the total annual revenue of the Free State. Not merely had money to be spent in makinggood the damage, but a large army had to be kept up at an enormous outlay to enforce order and secure respect for the law. That army has now been reduced but the Free State is only slowly recovering from the disasters of those early years.

The Herald Tribune, in a friendly review of the Free State’s financial position, said:

Considering the fact that the Free State was born on the morrow of four years of civil warfare, during which trade and industry were largely paralyzed and millions of pounds in property destroyed, the present financial position of the country is remarkably sound. The first national loan was over-subscribed the day it was opened and is now quoted above par. A second loan for £15,000,000, a very large sum in a country with a total annual revenue of less than £25,000,000, was authorized two years ago. The first half was issued in Dublin and New York. The American quota of £4,000,000 was taken up within twenty-four hours, while Dublin absorbed its £3,000,000 in a day and a half.

The national debt for the Irish Free State was, on March 31, 1929, approximately $144,057,450, or equivalent to $47.50 per capita, as compared with $818 for Great Britain, $298 for Australia and $146 for South Africa. One-eighth of the State’s entire receipts from taxes goes to old-age pensions.

Northern Ireland Industries

Northern Ireland has six of the largest manufacturing concerns in the world. All the vessels of the White Star Line are built at Belfast. Twenty-one vessels were launched in 1914, with a gross tonnage of 239,819, not including warships. Later statistics are not available, but it is known that the Belfast yards employ 20,000 men and boys and are the largest in the world.

Ulster has also the largest flax and linen mills in the world, the largest thread spinning factory, the largest rope works and the largest single tobacco factory. The Belfast rope works employ over 3,500 persons and can produce 350 tons of ropes and twines a. week. The less said about Ulster’s twelve great distilleries, the better. Illicit distilling also flourishes.

In 1927 there were 2,348 persons employed in mining bauxite, chalk, clay, fire clay, flint, gravel, sand, gypsum, granite, igneous rock, limestone, salt and sandstone, and there are 102,446 farms of over an acre producing the national crops: wheat, oats, barley, here, potatoes, turnips, cabbage, flax, fruit and hay. And Irish handmade laces and embroideries are still popular.

The outstanding industry of Northern Ireland, however, as is well known, is the linen industry, which employs about 110,000 persons, not including those engaged in the growing of fiber. There are about a million spindles and 40,000 looms, and the annual value of the linens exported is over $55,000,000.

The Irish linen industry, in a commercial sense, began in 1685, when 5,000 Huguenot refugees, mostly hand spinners and weavers of flax, left Picardy and settled in the counties of Antrim and Down, near Belfast. King William VIII employed Louis Crommelin, a prominent Huguenot, to organize these refugees as a linen manufacturing unit, and since his time the whir of spinning wheels and the eliciting of the shuttle have been familiar sounds in almost every Ulster home.

Of course the invention of the power loom (1787) and its introduction into linen manufacture in Northern Ireland (1804) have entirely changed conditions as they were in the days of Crommelin, and today the power loom is responsible for over 90 percent of Irish linen production.

Nevertheless the hand loom still remains in certain districts, used mostly for weaving extra fine table damasks. Within the past few months cloths have been produced showing over 430 threads to the square inch, and Northern Ireland has ever made and probably will make for long to come the finest damasks, cloths and napkins the world has seen.

Free State Industries

The Irish Free State is admittedly underdeveloped from the industrial point of view. For the moment the chief interest is agriculture, but the Free State hopes, by a careful protective tariff, to gradually develop more industries and to train operatives. There are now some £250,000,000 of Irish capital invested abroad, much of which could be used at home.

In bygone years it was hard for Irish industries to make headway, because of legislation so contrived at Westminster as to work against them and for the British industries. At least that is the Irish claim, and the woolen industries are cited as examples. Ireland was at one time malting progress in woolen weaving, but legislation was enacted which stopped it.

In 1860 the sea fisheries of Ireland employed

13,483 boats and 55,630 hands. Sixty-five years later, in 1Q25, there were only 4,395 boats and 14,589 men and boys employed in this work. Meantime the Free State has lost the principal market, Russia, for Irish herring. Of late there is evidence of a gradual improvement in the fishing industry. The principal sea fisheries are those of herring and mackerel, amounting in 1928 to 46,641,000 pounds, valued at $1,544,000. The annual catch of salmon is about 4,000,000 pounds.

Good roads have taken the place of the ruined thoroughfares of a few years ago. People are now building where a few years ago they were burning and tearing down. Public improvements are everywhere set in motion. The Ford tractor plant at Cork employs 4,000 workers. All the Ford tractors are made at the Cork plant. These American-Irish-made tractors are imported into the United States duty free. It is declared that in Kerry there is a copper mine which is likely to be one of the finest in the world.

Though in a sense isolated, being an island beyond an island, Ireland is nevertheless in a favored position with regard to transoceanic travel, whether it be by sea or air, and the time may come -when it will be the terminus of the air trips of the aerial fleets sure to maintain schedules over the vast Atlantic between the Old World and the New.

President Cosgrave, always cheerful, points out that the place occupied by the Irish Free State in the list of Britain’s customers is not sufficiently appreciated by British manufacturers. In the year 1928 the Free State stood fifth in the list of total values of purchases and with the exception of New Zealand the Free State imports per head from Great Britain were the highest of any country in the world.

A favorable sign is that there are today at least eight times as many Jews in Ireland as there were twenty years ago. The influx is attributed to the protection granted by the Free State government to the ready-made clothing industry. These Jews have established many flourishing clothing and furniture factories, both of which industries are protected in Southern Ireland.

In the Irish Free State men and women marry very late in life, probably due to the excessive caution of the small farmer, who fears to lose the title to his holdings. Between the ages of 25 and 30 the percentage of unmarried men is 80 percent. Between the ages of 35 and 40 it is 50 percent. Between the ages of 55 and 65 it is 26 percent. These figures are unparalleled in the world.

In the ease of the women, between the ages of 25 and 30 the percentage of unmarried is 62 percent (as compared with 23 percent in the United States). Between the ages of 30 and 35 the percentage of unmarried women is 42 percent. Though Irish marriages are late, the fertility is high. The families are therefore of the same size as elsewhere, but the parents are older.

The good roads now traversing the country have led to such an increase of motor transportation that the railways have inaugurated their own bus service. The railways are now all in one system, constructed on a gauge of five feet three inches.

The Irish Free State has a new, complete and splendid currency, which has been previously described in our columns. The new Consolidated Bank notes are as interestingly and suggestively designed as the coins. On the front of the one-pound note is a representation of a sturdy-looking farmer with plow and team at work, ■while on the back is a representation of the beautiful custom house at Dublin, set afire during the troublous times, but now restored and occupied by a number of the government departments.

The Free State has 12,163,157 acres under crops and pasture, producing mostly hay, turnips, potatoes, oats, sugar beets, barley and wheat. There are 13,000 places licensed to sell intoxicants in the Free State, .or one to every 230 persons, and the government is taking steps to cut the number in half.

The Shannon Electrification Scheme

The River Shannon, largest in the British Isles, rises near Sligo, on the west coast, and after flowing through numerous lakes and cutting off nearly a fourth of Ireland on its way, eventually enters the sea at Limerick.

Its watershed, 4,000 square miles, is one-sixth of the area of Ireland. This river, famous in Irish song and dear to Irish hearts, is the scene of Ireland’s greatest industrial development. The whole length of this river is about 250 miles, 130 of which are navigable for large steamers.

The River Shannon project is primarily a power-generating scheme, but wisely takes into consideration the question of navigation, flood control, and land drainage. The completion of the partial development alone makes arable 12,000 acres.

The great plant, first provided for in 1925, utilizes Derg Lough, Ree Lough and Allen Lough as reservoirs, with a storage capacity of 827,000,000 meters. The fall is 98 feet. The first installment generates 90,000 horsepower of the 165,000 horsepower contemplated.

The area to be supplied with power is over 25,000 square miles. The cost of the first step of the work was in the neighborhood of $15,000,000, and the total will be about $35,000,000. The intake gates, which control the passage of water into the seven-and-a-half-mile-long canal to the power house, were opened with ceremony by President Cosgrave on July 22, 1929. Technically and scientifically the enterprise is a success and will no doubt be such commercially and practically. A special postage stamp has been issued to commemorate the completion of the River Shannon scheme. The design represents the power house at Ardnacrusha.

Irish Friends and Neighbors

Ireland’s neighbor on the east is Britain, and on the west, America. She cannot escape constant contact with these two countries, which have meant so much to her in the past and will mean so much in the future. England now knows and admits that she made a great mistake in not giving the Irish their freedom generations ago. She had many splendid opportunities to provide the present solution of Irish government, but always took the wrong course, the course of government by force, which could never succeed with a people like the Irish.

Ireland has fought back through America, with which, the historians now find, she has been connected for at least a thousand years. Indeed, the “Voyages of St. Brendan”, translated into many languages, and known more or less throughout Europe, accredit him with having voyaged to America in the sixth century and exploring the coast from Nova Scotia to Florida. Brendan called this country Ireland the Great.

When the Spaniards conquered Mexico they were told of a strange people, white, who came to them by sea in corraughs. Now it happens that the Irish name for a large boat is corraugh. It also happens that there are at least four Irish names in Mexico and Central America, which names were here before Columbus ever sailed from Spain. These names are Anahuac, Tulia, Tehuantepec and Nehuedafallen.

An Icelander, Ari Marson, great grandson of O’Carroll, king of Dublin, sailed from Iceland for Great Ireland and was wrecked on the coast of Florida in 983, and Prof. Bafn, of Copenhagen, states in his American Antiquities that people speaking the Irish language were found in Florida as far back as the eighth century.

It is not surprising to learn that the Irish were in America first, when one stops to consider that Ireland is the nearest European country to North America. Sixty-five years previous to the discovery of Iceland by the Northmen in the ninth century, Irish immigrants had settled on that island, showing that the Irish were used to taking long sea voyages.

It was from Irish traditions of the discovery of Great Ireland, early current in Scandinavian countries, that Erie the Red and later his son Leif were inspired to explore the Western seas, resulting in Leif’s discovery of Finland, the present New England, about the year 1000.

From a letter preserved by the son of Columbus it seems that that gentleman had visited Iceland, and it is a tradition among the Icelanders that he there came to know of the existence of Great Ireland, which afterward he was privileged to discover anew, and for which discovery he has received most of the glory until recently.

Laying the Blame in the Right

T70R years I had used aluminum kitchen utensils, coffee pots and oatmeal boilers.

From time to time I suffered much from numb hands and feet, headaches, and trembling spells and dizzy spells, for years. My husband also had bad spells of heart tremble, liver trouble, and rheumatism, also spells of indigestion and terrible bowel trouble. I have discarded all my Place By Mrs. Mabel Travis (Fla.) aluminum, and since then have had no trouble.

At one time I cooked a vegetable dinner with beef and left it in my pretty, bright kettle, to be warmed over for the next meal. The next day my husband had a terrible spell of bowel trouble and thought he would never recover. As I read your articles on aluminum from time to time, we both lay the trouble to aluminum.

Driftwood

Paintless Cars Soon, Maybe

RESENT experiments suggest that it may not be long before we shall see paintless automobiles running up and down the streets. The hues Avill be obtained by alloys in the stainless steels used in construction, and lacquering and enameling can be dispensed with. ,

Gold Supply Vanishing

THE gold delegation of the League of Nations -®- has reported that gold is vanishing so rapidly that it is probable that by the year 1934 there will be a shortage of new gold for monetary purposes. May be something to that free coinage of silver proposition after all, before all is said and done.

Twin Tunnels to Staten Island

HE War Department has approved the application of the Department of Plant and Structures of New York city for the construction of a twin vehicular tunnel from the foot of Ninety-seventh street, Brooklyn, to the foot of Lyman avenue, Staten Island. The city is given until 1937 to complete the job. Two methods of construction will be used, shield excavation and the trench form of construction.

Ex-Kaiser Still a Rich Man

HE ex-Kaiser is still a rich man, his holdings in Germany in real property being valued at $6,476,633, according to recent reports. The German people as a whole have now no interest in him, nor even in the monarchy of which he was at one time such a conspicuous figure.

Scranton’s Clock-eyed Boy

□TH eyes of Harold Maeonegh, Scranton, Pa., have the iris circled by the Roman numerals from I to XII, as in a clock. The marking was occasioned by prenatal influence. Similar markings have been infrequently met with. A French boy had in one eye the perfect likeness of a 20-franc gold piece.

Victorian Unemployment Relief

OR relief of unemployment in Victoria the new law provides for a tax of 2-cents on a wage of $5 a week, with a larger tax on higher wages. The tax on incomes ranges from $8.45 on a yearly, income of $1,750 to $320 on an income of $25,000. The $5,000,000 thus raised will be used for public works and for providing sustenance for persons for whom employment cannot be found.

Cone Cotton Mills

EMPLOYEES of the Cone Cotton Mills,

Greensboro, N. C., have been notified that if they read trade union literature or the Raleigh Neivs and Observer they will be discharged. That is rich, for “the land of the free and the home of the brave”. We hope the cotton mills do not shut down on reading the Bible, but maybe they will even do that before they get through.

England’s Idle Land

NGLAND has over twelve million acres of arable land held out of use. She also has two million unemployed who have to have something to do. One would think the logical thing to do would be to put the idle men on the idle land and help them to produce something, at least for their own personal needs. If the world is now safe for democracy what would it look like if it should be unsafe for it?

League of Nations and Opium

THE League of Nations continues to get nowhere on the opium question. After ten years it is still unable to arrive at a yardstick by 'which the world’s medicinal requirements of narcotics can be determined. In a late report, without mentioning Turkey, France, Switzerland and G-ermany by name it timidly says: “Certain countries have been permitted to pile up excessive stocks of narcotics, which are being smuggled into victim countries the world over.”

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