Golden Age, December 26, 1928

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(The Golden Age

A JOURNAL OF FACT HOPE AND. COURAGE

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in this issue

ITEMS ON FUELS

• points on the world’s fuel resources

AN OPEN LETTER

advice to a man who talked too much

A WORD TO RADIO FANS

DEVELOPMENT OF CANADA

COVENANT BY SACRIFICE

Jehovah’s gracious arrangement for man’s reconciliation; lecture broadcast by Judge Rutherford

EVERY OTHER WEDNESDAY

5c a copy $1.00 a year - Canada & Foreign $1.50

Volume X * No. 242 December 26, 19 2 8

Contents

===—:-----

Labor and Economics The Root Cause os Economic Distress .......... 208

Social and Educational

Thirty Years Hence ................. 207

Co-ops F ait, to Co-op .................. 208

A Good Suggestion fob Radio Fans ............ 209

Fight Not Pulled Off After An. ............ 21-5

Finance—Commerce—Transportation Colorado’s Speed Limit .......... 215

Bus Line Mergers Continue ............... 222

Science and Invention A Few Items on Fuels ................. 193

Home and Health

Whole Wheat Bread ...

When I .Stopped Biting Poison . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

The Cf.lkkkate’) Grape Cube ............... 206

Inspection of Canned Chicken ............. 207

Travel and Miscellany Rapid Development of Canada

The Bkittsii Working Man ............... 200.

Religion and Philosophy

The First Mention of the Logos .......

Ax Open Letter to Reverend De Haan ........... 203

“The Water of Life”

Civilization Weighed tn the Balances .......... 211

Bible Questions and Answers

Covenant by Sacrifice (Fart 1) ............. 216

The CiinjiBEs's Own IIadio Story ............ 223

Published every other Wednesday at 117 Adams Street. Brooklyn. N. Y., IT. S» A., by WOODWORTH, KNORR & MARTIN

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The Golden Age

Volume X Brooklyn, N. Y.( Wednesday, December 26e 1928 Number 242

A Few Items on Fuels

IN THE wooded regions of the United States every farmhouse still has its woodshed, though the concrete roads, running here, there, and everywhere, have made trips to the woodlot less necessary than was once the case. Now, two truckloads of coal from town, and the job is done for the season.

It was not such a bad job, getting the wood sawed, split and piled for winter. It gave splendid exercise to the muscles of arms and back, and was calculated to bestow an appetite such as a horse might envy, for the work was all out of doors. And how the wood did melt away in cold weather I

Wood still supplies fifteen percent of the fuel used in the United States. If the cutting is done intelligently, an annual thinning of a forest promotes its productivity, and the quality of the timber is improved. Wood which is unfit for any other purpose can be used for fuel.

Pound for pound one kind of wood is about as good as another for heating purposes. It averages to contain 37.5% of carbon, 30.75% of oxygen, 4.5% of hydrogen, 1.5% of ash, and the balance moisture. It requires two and one-half pounds of wood to equal the fuel value of one pound of coal.

Corn makes a good fuel, better even than wood. It requires two pounds of corn to equal the fuel value of one pound of coal. The western farmer is perfectly justified in raising his own fuel, if he sees fit to do so. Dried peach pits make good fuel, but are not good for starting a fire.

Charcoal is made of wood by evaporating the volatile and non-combustible constituents. One-hundred pounds of wood will yield thirty pounds of charcoal, a fuel of a high calorific value, ranging from 11,000 to 13,500 British thermal units per pound.

Coal the Most Important Fuel

OR general purposes coal is still the chief fuel, and the available heating value of other fuels is always expressed in terms of that of coal. The true anthracite coal, hard, lustrous, smokeless, is almost pure carbon and is an ideal solid fuel. The principal anthracite deposit of the world is in northeastern Pennsylvania.

The bituminous coals are of two principal varieties, dry and caking. The dry contains about 5% more carbon and burns freely without caking. The caking bituminous coals swell and cake when burning and are largely used for making illuminating gas.

Cannel coal is sometimes known as long-flaming bituminous. It has a strong tendency to smoke when burning and has less carbon than other of the bituminous coals. It is found in places in Pennsylvania, Indiana and Missouri® Some cannel coals cake badly.

Lignite, sometimes known as brown coal, is a step further down the scale. It may contain as little as 55% carbon. It is an intermediate substance between peat and coal and contains considerable moisture and mineral matter. The poorer varieties have a low fuel value.

It is estimated that one-third of the total solid fuel resources of the United States are of lignite; and it is well that it is so, because ultimately this vast supply of fuel will be utilized to good advantage. Experts declare that there is enough high-grade motor fuel in American lignite deposits to run all the world’s motors for eight hundred years.

Coke is an artificial fuel obtained from the bituminous coals by driving off their hydrocarbon constituents, by heating. It has a low fuel value under direct firing methods, but it will make a very, hot fire under forced draft

in

The Utilization of Coal

HE chemists tell us that, there is enough energy in a pound of coal to run the whole of the United States for a year, but it is not yet known how to release the electrons which make up the atom. That discovery is quite likely some distance away, but there are immediate benefits from using the coal more wisely than some of us have done in the past.

A few things are matters of general knowledge. The fuel should be selected which requires the least attention in burning. The installation of a thermostat in the average home will pay ' for itself in two years. It is better to live in a fixed temperature of 62° to 65° than 72° to 75° Fahrenheit. There is no need to heat all the rooms of a house all the time. The heating season may be shortened at each end, by considering the uses of a fireplace or of the kitchen stove.

For commercial purposes many coals are improved by washing. Lignites are available for power purposes when converted in gas-producer plants. The efficiency of inferior coals when used in a gas-producer plant is two and one-half times greater than when the coals are fired directly under the steam boiler. Some American coals can be briquetted on a commercial basis.

Pulverized coal is explosive, but is being used for fuel purposes in places where it can be crushed to powder just before it is burned. San Antonio uses pulverized lignite with complete success in a power plant thirty miles from the city. The furnace room is six stories in height and is said to present an awe-inspiring spectacle at night. The heat generated by the powdered fuel is so great that unusual precautions have to be taken to prevent the burning out of the furnace walls.

Chemists claim that by burning raw coal in the United States at least a billion dollars’worth of benzol, tar, ammonia and gas is thrown away, while everything is smeared and grimed needlessly. They prophesy that it will soon be considered a criminal waste to bum raw coal.

Users of anthracite coal find that good results come from using a mixture of “stove” and “pea” coal in the furnace, mixing as used. The largesized stove coal gives body and permanence to the fire, while the pea coal, in a thin layer on the top of it, prevents it from burning out too rapidly.

What the Engineers Sag

SOME of the engineers say that a pound of coal in railway freight service will now move a ton of freight and equipment a mile farther than it would in 1921, and that the railways of the United States are now saving enough fuel every year over what they used in 1921 to heat the city of Chicago for two years.

The engineers say that before long we may have mercury engines instead of steam engines. The mercury vapor is used over and over again. Tests are said to indicate that fuel bills can be cut in half.

The engineers say that it is not impossible that heat waves may be broadcast; and if that time ever comes the whole heating system of the world will be changed in a revolutionary manner. '

The engineers say that large quantities of fuel are saved by superheating steam. In one large power plant th© superheaters paid for themselves in about three and one-half years.

The engineers say that coal can be made smokeless by adding a quantity of ashes to it.. It is found that the inert matter, although unburnt, exerts an important influence on the process of combustion. We have seen this statement denied and are not sure of its truth.

The largest, steam boiler in the world is located in Pittsburgh. It contains six miles of four-inch tubing and has a heating surface of about three-fourths of an acre. At full load it evaporates two hundred tons of water an hour. It is rated at 3,000 horse-power, but is capable of operating continuously at three times this capacity and for short periods at four times this rate.

Oils and Substitutes

THE importance of oil as a fuel is growing constantly. New methods of mixing it with air and water are being discovered. The.perfect way of utilizing it has not yet been found, but the widespread and increasing uses of oil as fuel are so well known that comment is superfluous. . ..

Colloidal fuels are attracting attention. These are mixtures of oil and powdered coal, and it is claimed for the composite fuel that it has all the virtues of ordinary fuel oils, and coals can be used which otherwise would be waste products. Finally, other materials can be combined with oil and fired in the furnaces of boilers that would hardly be considered as fuel under other 'Wcumstanees.

The coming substitute for gasoline is alcohol. It can be made from sawdust, cornstalks, growing crops, weeds or garbage. In short, it is easily produced from any form of vegetable growth containing sugar or fermentable starch and even now can be produced at twenty-one cents a gallon from such relatively costly material as sugar cane or the sugar beet, which may be grown in four months. There is no danger of the world’s ever running short of fuel.

Gm as a Fuel

WHATEVER may be the kind of fuel that is burned, it is the gas that is consumed; hence natural gas, where it is to be had, makes an ideal fuel, though, to the stranger, there is a dampness, a chilliness, in a gas-heated home not noticeable where coal is used.

The tendency of the times is to convert all other kinds of fuel into gaseous form. At the works in Gross Zietcr, Germany, the distillation of sewage produces enough gas for the domestic supply of a population of 8,000. Works of this nature could be profitably extended indefinitely.

The Toronto World estimates that in Western Canada twenty million tons of straw goes to waste every year and that there is enough gas in this to generate seven times the power generated at Niagara Falls on the Canadian side. Besides the gas, tar and ammonia are given off from the distillation of straw, and a valuable carbon residue remains.

Dust of various kinds, when mixed with air, becomes a valuable form of explosive gas. This is true of cornstarch and the dusts of wood, metal, leather, chemicals, cork, rubber, sugar, grain, cocoa and cinnamon. These are only a few of the explosive dusts which may be used as fuel. Fuel from dust reduces the fire hazard and makes use of waste materials.

The gas stove dealers tell us that there are 9,8GO,OOQ: gas stoves in use in the United States, .3,400,000 watim/heaters, 4,400,000 space heaters and several hundred thousand central house-heating systems. Fuel gas does away with smoke and soot, and leaves no ashes for removal. It is predicted that in due time the burning of coal for domestic use will be prohibited, on the ground of its wastefulness, uncleanliness and the ash-removal feature.

Peat as a Fuel

TJEAT consists of decayed roots and foliage J- and must be dried by being stacked in the air before it can be burned direct in a furnace; but it can be readily distilled $nd its .gases used for any purpose for which fuel gas is used, or it can be mixed with oil and will then burn freely.

Peat charcoal, powdered, has been mixed with other coal and used successfully on Swedish railways, the powder being blown into the fire with an air-blast. Both Canada and Ireland have vast peat deposits which -will some day be very valuable. The obstacle in the way of a general use of peat is the expense of drying it.

The claim is made that by a new process peat can be dried and compressed into briquettes all in the space of eight hours. If this is true, and the compressing operation is not too expensive, then the day of the general use of peat has arrived.

This briquetting of cheap fuels, such as peat, sawdust, coal waste, etc., bids fair to become a great industry. It is claimed that sawdust briquettes have three-fifths the value, weight for weight, of good coal. The briquettes are conveniently handled, measured, transported and stored, and they are cleanly and lack smoke and soot.

The Central Heating Plant

THE central heating plant of our little solar system is our sun, from which comes all our heat and power. More than a hundred years ago a steam-engine was driven in Paris with solar heat. The intermediary was a hollow, mirror-lined cone ten feet in diameter, which collected the solar rays and focused them upon a boiler.

A portion of the Nile valley is irrigated by a pumping apparatus operated by solar power, the invention of an American. Solar engines have been used in France and California and elsewhere.

On a siumy day in summer the sun delivers up on each acre of land an energy equal to 2,200 horse-power working continuously all day long. The consideration, of how this power can best be conserved is still engaging the attention of engineers.

The problem is not a problem merely of collecting the power, but of harnessing it, controlling it. Under the powerful concentration now possible the sun's heat may be increased to a higher temperature than exists in the sun itself. This terrific power quickly melts a brick into a liquid and if the melted brick is retained in the solar furnace a moment or two longer it vaporizes into gas. So tremendous is the heat that may be produced that it will even resolve a diamond into gas.

Of course everybody knows how quickly a fire may he started with a magnifying glass. A difficulty of the whole question of use of solar energy lies in the fact that the earth., is in constant rotation, and the whole mechanism must be adjusted to move with it Nevertheless, it may yet be that man will get all his heat and power direct from the sun, and will find ways to store it until needed.

Rapid Development of Canada By Our Canadian Correspondent

CANADA has just harvested a bumper crop, the third in succession. During the year it has opened up mines of fabulous wealth and has spent hundreds of millions in the development of hydro-electric power. All industries appear to be working at top speed with the gratifying condition of little or no unemployment.

Under the caption "Canada’s Century”, The 'Daily Province of Vancouver says editorially:

Is ■ this really Canada’s century ? The Christian Science Monitor asks this question in a recent issue, and by a series of comparisons proceeds to answer it, showing that, measured by certain standards, the Dominion in the twentieth century has. been more than duplicating the progress made by the United States in the corresponding period of the nineteenth.

For example, Canada, entering upon its century with almost exactly the same population as the United States had a hundred years before, accumulated a national wealth of $22,000,000,000 in twenty-five years; whereas it took the United States fifty years to accumulate $7,000,000,000. Allowance must be made for the difference in the purchasing power of money, but even so, the comparison is a favorable one. Also in manufactured products and in agricultural wealth the figures show that by 1850 American manufactures readied one thousand millions, and farm products five thousand millions, annually, as compared with Canada’s three thousand millions and eight thousand millions respectively by 1925. Moreover, the present foreign trade of Canada is as great as was the total foreign trade of the United States in 1900, when that country had a population, of 75,000,000.

Other evidences of growth are mentioned which have a special interest at the moment when we are gathering the greatest grain crop in our history. Land occupied in Canada increased from sixty-three million acres in 1901 to 140 millions in 1921, the last complete census year. In 1901 we grew fifty-five million bushels of wheat. This year wo may harvest ten times that amount. The value of field crops is now between

four and five times what it was twenty-five years ago. During the period mineral production has increased from $65,000,000 to over $240,000,000; capital invested in electric power has increased from eleven millions to 725 millions. . '

'The friendly Monitor points out finally that Canadians are a thrifty people, that the amount of money invested in life insurance is nine times what it was in 1901, and that, savings bank deposits have risen from 298 millions to over 1350 millions in the first quarter of our century.

Government-owned Railroad Forges Ahead

CANADA’S government-owned railway (the largest on the American continent) is rapidly forging ahead and is a testimony to the prosperity of Canada, as are also the receipts of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Toronto Daily Star contains the following very interesting editorial upon the matter:

' In July the freight traffic was the heaviest on record for that month. The Canadian National’s freight increase over July of 1927 was 18.3 percent, and on its Eastern Lines, which are now financed separately so as to gauge the operation of the Maritime Freight Rates Act, 14.1 percent. The C.P.R.’s increase was 24.9 percent. Passenger traffic on the C.N.R. showed a slight gain; on the Canadian Pacific, a slight loss.

For the seven months ended with July, the railways of Canada increased their gross revenues by over $22,000,000. Of this sum., $11,500,000 is credited to the Canadian National. There has been an increase of $6,500,000 in the operating expenses of the government-owned road, but this leaves it $5,000,000 to the good. Its net revenue from operation during the seven months was $23,500,000. Even when the loss on the Eastern Lines is deducted, the people’s railway may show an operating surplus of $45,000,000 by the year’s end.

This will not meet the full debt charges on the inflated capitalization inherited from private ownership. but it will pay the interest on publicly-held securities. That is what the enemies of public ownership said the road would never do, yet it has now been doing it for three years.

The One-sided Tourist Trade

THE following interesting editorial upon the tourist trade appears in the Toronto Daily Star:

A newspaper in Indiana remarks upon the fact that while the people of Canada and the United States trade with each other to an extent that reaches a vast total in dollars and are in every way on excellent terms with each other, yet Canadians do not visit, by motor or otherwise, across the border to anything like the same extent as the people of the United States do.

There are several reasons for this. One is that at every gateway to the United States there is a suspicion that anybody trying to get in may be a person seeking to evade their quota regulations. Another is that a Canadian who enters the United States finds his money dishonored once he gets anywhere inland —accepted only at an absurd discount or not accepted at all. Naturally, a Canadian resents this and exposes himself to it as little as he can. On this side Uncle Sam’s currency is everywhere accepted at par and our branch banks, which are everywhere, take it in and send it on the first lap of its return journey. If Ontario wants the money of tourists from Indiana and Indiana doesn’t want the money of tourists from Ontario, the present position of things- leaves nothing to complain about.

There is another reason. Canada is to the north and is cool at the season when heat prevails farther south. At that time motoring is at its best and Ontario and Quebec abound in summer resorts. The lure for tourists is incomparable. People do not run away from the cold of winter as they do from the stifling heat of summer, and in the. bleak days motoring is not attractive. And yet a great many Canadians go south every winter—an ever-increasing number of them.

The Canadian Wheat Pool

MORE and more the people of Eastern Canada, as elsewhere, are awakening to the fact that the Canadian Wheat Pool, as operated in Western Canada the last few years, is a decided success. Speaking thereof under the heading "Effect of the Pool on the Morale of the West”, the Mail and Empire in Toronto remarks:

A phase of the Canadian. Wheat Pool which has been little dwelt upon is the effect which it has had on the morale of the West. Prof. C. R. Fay, of the University of Toronto, after a visit to the Prairie Provinces, writes to The Nation and Athenaeum that where in 1923 groups of farmers all over the prairies were talking revolution, debt adjustment or moratorium, now they are talking Pool. State-compelled marketing might have registered equal material success, but its spiritual value would have been slight. This is a voluntary organization of their own creation. Men and women will drive for miles on a winter’s night when the thermometer is 30 or 40 degrees below zero to assist at a meeting by which personally they will benefit nothing. The farmers as a body react to it as a social invention of their own making, forced upon them by their need and too good to part with in these better times.

Prof. Fay compares the Pool to the appearance of a new religion and says that the word can be applied to the atmosphere which is uniting the Canadian West in the new cooperative endeavor. The movement has the faith, the drive and, let it be freely granted, the verbal exaggerations ef a vital religion. It is pool this and pool that. There are coarse grain pools, cattle pools, dairy pools, egg and poultry pools. To old-timers and new arrivals, to English-speaking and to “new” Canadians, the pool is community life on its economic side. Bankers are practical men and they testify to its steadying effect. By its device of periodic payments it has brought the farmer within sight of a cash basis. The wheat grower has a keen interest in price. What irritated him under the old system was the feeling that while he toiled others . speculated with the fruits of his toil. Now he feels that his organization is doing its best for him. He could not possibly know when it was best to sell. This worried the steady man and irritated the venturesome into speculation on the future’s market, where he was nearly always a bull. The Canadian West calls for. venture, and there are certain natural risks, but Prof. Fay believes that the Pool idea promotes stability and lessens the drift toward cities and across the boundary.

Prof. Fay’s article in an English paper of the standing of The Nation and Athenaeum is timely, for indirectly it will tend to counteract any misgivings which may have arisen from, the mischievous stories of a few “Red” harvesters.

Go North, but Not Too Far

NOT so long ago the advice to young men of energy and vision was, “Go West, young man, go West.” Today with the opening of the great North land of Canada the saying is, “Go North, young man, go North.” . Speaking of one corner of the great North country, the Mail and Empire has the following to say:

The Peace River district which has long been famous for its fertility is south of that, great river, but there is a large area which seems to be equally promising to the north of it. For the first time tV blank spaces on this latter part of the map of. Canada have been filled in through an exploratory trip made by Mr. K. F. .McCusker, D.L.S., of the Department of the Interior, in the summer of 1927. He secured permission to accompany a party sent out by one of the most important oil companies in Canada to study the geological formations of this area, and the results of his observations are now published in a Topographical Survey Bulletin.

This new Peace River district lies in British Columbia, to the northwest of the better known one, between longitudes. 122 and 124 and latitudes 56 and 58, and embraces an area of about 10,000 square miles, watered by two large rivers, the Halfway and the Prophet, and many smaller streams. Of course it is intersected by mountains and other non-arable lands, but a characteristic of British Columbia is its narrow valley settlements stretching along rivers with grazing hills beyond. Mr. McCusker estimates that in the area he visited there is room for considerably over 200 sections of open to semi-open land. In the country farther north it was estimated some years ago that there were 350,000 acres of good ranch land. During his trip there was abundant moisture. Frosts were noticed in June and August, but on September 1 the grass and leaves were still green. It was hard to form an estimate of winter conditions, but horses •winter out in many parts. A rancher on Halfway River grows potatoes and garden truck, but has not tried to ripen grain. This is about the only evidence of farming north of the Peace River valley in that area, but another rancher closer to the Peace raises everything that can be raised on the Western prairies. Patches of merchantable timber were found at intervals, and the whole country abounds in fish, and game.

One of the duties assigned to Mr. McCusker was to clear up the rumors of wonderful tropical valleys. He did not find any, but Hudson’s Bay men and some trappers told of warm sulphur springs on rivers flowing into the Liard, and of meadows of excellent hay in the valleys. His party did not reach these sulphur springs, but it is known that horses deserted by Klon-dikers in 1898 lived there until the early twenties of this century. The valleys which he did traverse were very beautiful and their meadows and hillsides, covered with luxuriant grass, appealed strongly to the eye. Altogether, the area resembled the better known Peace River district to the southeast. The C.P.R., having purchased the railways in the latter, will immediately seek to populate it, and it is easy to imagine that before long settlers will cross the river and seek new homes farther north.

The British Working Man

FOB some little while past it has been my privilege to work among the artisan class.

I say “privilege” because it is such to come in intimate contact with some of that great mass of mankind who are due to receive soon a full opportunity to allow them all that the heart can wish for. Has it occurred to you that the majority of earth’s population is made up of the working class? There are some loafers, some parasites, some who live by the sweat of others; but the great bulk are the workers.

It can not be denied that generally speaking they are rough, uncouth, chew’ tobacco and are not particular where they spit the juice; smoke vile, evil-smelling stuff called tobacco, the fumes of which are calculated to choke any one not brought up to it; and as to language-—well, the least said the better. They certainly have a supply of lurid adjectives which they generously intertwine with the subjects of their conversation, in between, before and behind.

No; you will seldom find them at church. “The Missus goes sometimes/” but generally speak-

By One of Them

ing, the workers have no time for the parson or preacher. Their pocket has been picked too often, and the preachers have never been forgiven for their dirty work during the war when the clergy acted as decoy ducks and recruiting agents, and the workers were led by the nose and very badly sold. If any one wishes to escape the great storm about to burst, one way is to be as unlike a preacher as possible—anything but that.

Are there any other noticeable things about the worker? Oh, yes; he does not mind having a “straightback” or lean on his tool at Ids master’s expense if no one is looking; and he does not hurry to finish one job until he sees the prospect of another. Are these faults? Anything dishonest is wrong, of course; but it will need a wise and wonderful Counselor to draw the line between injustice and dishonesty. Let us examine a chapter from the life of a typical working-class family:

Father, mother, and little ones anywhere from two to six years old are quite a usual family. Father, having bee?? unfortunate in his work, has been out day after day trying to find some one to buy his labor so that with the product of his time and energy things may be kept going at home, Mother does a bit of charing and washing to bring in a few coppers. As the days go by the lines on her face deepen; often now she gets too busy about dinner-time to have her dinner. The children have theirs and of course there must be some for Daddy coming home tired.

Each day as the time arrives for Dad’s return the children stop in their play to gather from his face or step, What news? Oh joy! Daddy starts work tomorrow! “It isn’t much, 'mate, but will keep things going.” Silent, thankful tears run down Mothers face; the children find their play goes better, and even the eat notices the change in the atmosphere. Next day Mother is up soon after five o’clock. She must get Dad a cup of tea and get him off in time; put into his basket a piece of bread and some cheap cheese (funds won’t run to anything else and there are too many back calls to think of).

He starts work so thankful that the weary trudge, that ..battling against depression, is over, and determines to give an honest day’s work. He has not been many days at work before a voice beside him says, “’Ere, mate, ain’t yer gettin’ ahead with it! That should last yer all day.” It is not dinner time then, and the job is almost done. He notices the same policy all around. The masters cut off a hit from men here and a bit there, and the men retaliate by doing less, or vice versa; and so the war goes on.

Outside it is just the same. We have had a big war that cost much; unemployed go on the rates, rates and taxes go up in consequence; the profiteers’ appetites get larger, their pockets more capacious, greater profits are required and so one-half penny goes on this and one penny on that; coal gets short, owing to strike of miners fighting for a living wage, and the profiteer steps in, and up goes the price of coal. Mother’s money does not go so far; what is lie to do ? Bill drops into the groove with the others. If he does more than his mates they won’t have him; and that brings back to his mind Mother’s care-lined face, the children and those back calls.

Of what does his life consist? Up very soon after 5 a.m., rabbits or chickens to feed, then off to work. The chief topics of conversation during the day are: the local football team, the coming match, billiards, or some favorite horse upon -which they have visions of getting some “easy money”. He arrives home between 6 and 7 p.m. After tea some snobbing (home cobbling) has to be done. Bobby’s boots need attention, and he can not send them to the cobblers because of prices, leather dearer, etc.

Then perhaps a stroll down the road to the local “pocket snatcher” to have “just one” with old Jim. It is warm and comfortable there, plenty of light and glitter, an electric piano, a gramophone or perhaps a wireless is playing. The “just one” gets to two or three, and then-closing time.

The same routine is followed each day, except that perhaps Mother and the lack of funds keep him from meeting old Jim, although the kind landlord of the “pocket snatcher” will let him put his name on the slate until Saturday. He knows whom to trust. Saturday arrives; and if he does not meet too many old Jims, Bill arrives home about 2 or 3 p.m.

The local football team fills up the afternoon, then there is the visit to the barber to get trimmed up for Sunday. At the barber’s he learns why the favorite team did not win or the favorite horse came in third instead of first, and why it is the bookie has a little more “easy money” collected from Bill and others like him.

He also learns about the political argument arranged for the next morning at the “pocket snatcher”. Then just one or two with old Jim, and to bed. Sunday morning the allotment takes up some time. Must get a bit of vegetables for Mother, and then there is the political argument. Old Jim is going to rub it into the Tories.

This develops, getting hotter and hotter as the glasses are emptied, ever increasing its boundaries and including other subjects and all speaking together. The kind (?) landlord can not take part. He is too busy refilling the glasses. Then comes closing time; the harvest is reaped, and Bill goes home to a late dinner and to bed.

At heart the worker is good, and not black like the profiteer, the political false prophet class. He is generous, ever ready to help, tender-hearted, but easily led. When war was declared in 1914, who responded to the cry of the interested ones, “Your King and country need you’’® The -working men in their thousands, nay, ntiliions, left wives and kiddies to fight the battles of the profiteers, the wire-pullers.

The Devil has effectually blotted out all knowledge of God and His plan, all hope of the kingdom that will give life, liberty and happiness, substituting politics or a great strike, or perhaps a revolution, as the only hope for the future.

But, thank God! the time is at the door for man to be freed from his taskmaster; and under the reign of righteousness now being inaugurated, bad language, rough, uncouth manners, tobacco-chewing, horse -racing, etc., will be left off. The "pocket snatcher” will cease to be, and even old Jim will no longer be a nightmare to Mother and the children, for he too will be seeking life, liberty and happiness under the new government.

If this should catch the eye of a worker, do not turn down that International Bible Student who comes to your door. Listen to what he or she has to say; for this is written by a worker who is, thank God! a Bible Student too.

The First Mention of the Logos

A LEARNED Hebrew, Moses Steinberg, a friend and admirer of Judge Rutherford and of Pastor Russell during his lifetime, has made the interesting discovery that the Logos is mentioned much earlier in the Bible than any of us hitherto had supposed. We select from his study of the first chapter of Genesis the items that have specially impressed us. Mr. Steinberg says:

Behind the statement, “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,” there is something which, so far as I know, has never before been revealed. For centuries that statement has stood its ground in Hebrew and Christian annals as complete in itself and unassailable. But no prophet, rabbi or Christian scholar has ever been able to explain why Genesis 1 refers to the Creator as Elohim-God, while Genesis 2 refers to YHVH-Elohim, or Lord-God.

I go back to the original Hebrew and find that the statement, “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,” is not complete in itself. I find that even the English translation, following the Septuagint and the Vulgate, is not correct. And in this discovery and the deductions which may be drawn from it I find new hope for those who still believe that behind the material world there is an originating and directing intelligence.

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The key to the discovery lies in the second word, “boro.” The first word means “In the beginning”. The third word means “Elohim”. And “boro”, in between, means “He created”.

The correct translation should be, not “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth”, but " ‘ In the beginning he created elohim, the heaven and the earth”. I submit that the “He” refers to the Original Source, the Creating Intelligence, and that this “He” created Elohim, or god, as well as the heaven and the earth. This is what the statement must mean, if it is to be accepted as meaning anything at all.

Behind the orthodox conception of the creation as being an act or a series of acts by Elohim or god, there stands the original Creator, whence that Elohim Him-self sprang. That Elohim was the first product of the creation by the Original Source, the Ultimate Creating Intelligence, or whatever one wishes to call that Life which gave life to all, even, to Elohim.

Under this reading of the first verse in Genesis, the heaven and the earth were created second and third after Elohim Himself. And all this makes clear other verses in Genesis which hitherto have been somewhat obscure and in some eases contradictory.

Let us look for a little further light on this discovery that Elohim is not a primary but is a secondary god. We learn from the Pentateuch that Elohim becomes chiefly the mouthpiece of YHVH, or the Word of YHVH. "

Exodus 20:1 reads: “And Elohim spoke all these words, saying, I am YHVH thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Egypt,” etc. At least twice YHVH bestowed the title of Elohim upon Moses, as in Exodus 4:16: “And he [Aaron] shall speak for thee unto the people, and he shall be unto thee as a mouth, and thou shalt be unto him as Elohim”; and in Exodus 7:1: “And YHVH said unto Moses, See, I have made thee an elohim [a god] to Pharaoh”; and again, in Exodus 31: “And YHVH spoke unto Moses, saying, See, I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri, the son of Chur, of the tribe of Judah, and I have filled him with the spirit of Elohim, in wisdom, and in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all m Hiner of workmanship” (like the first elohim.), «i artificer working in the predetermined design and pattern of his Creator. More evidence could be summoned to prove that Elohim, like all else, is the creation of YHVH.

An Open Letter to Reverend De Haan

v, /'\N SEPTEMBER 25, acting upon infonna-V/ tion received from Mr. J. F. Kersting, of your city, we wrote you a letter of which the following is a copy:

.Rev. Dr. M. E. De Haan, Calvary Reformed Church, Lowell Av, & Fulton St., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Dear Dr. De Haan:

We write for confirmation or correction of the report which has reached us that on Sunday morning, September 2, 1928, broadcasting over station WASH. Grand Rapids, you said in substance to the audience that “when the Bible Students call at your door you should slam the door against their legs, and if you break their legs, I will pay the doctor’s bill. I just hate them. I can not love them”. Also, for confirmation of the report that on a Sunday previous you ■prayed for your friends and enemies that the Lord' should bless them “but not the Bible Students; for they are on the road to hell anyway”.

Thanking you for a prompt reply and enclosing herewith a stamped envelope for' your convenience, we are- ’ ■

' Yours very truly,.

: It is now many weeks since the above letter

was mailed and as we have had no reply, and the matter is one of public interest, and has already received considerable attention in Grand

T Rapids and vicinity, it is right that it should A have the further and wider publicity which we now give it.

We submit to our readers your probable reason for failure to answer our letter, and are content to let them be the judges. This reason we couch in the words of the Master whom you profess to serve:

‘■'And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather “than light, because their deeds were evil. For every one that doetli evil hateth the light, neither coinetli to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. But he that doetli truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God. Art thou a master of Israel, and knowust not these things ?” --John 3:19-21, 10.

Perhaps you feel that your advice to the public- to break the legs of Christian men and women wlm love their God and love their fellow men sufficiently to take the truth from door to . door has already received adequate publicity; but not so, and again we quote from the Word of Truth some passages which should serve as a purgative or emetic to your mind.

“Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so do these also resist the truth: men of corrupt minds, reprobate concerning the faith. But they shall proceed no further: for their folly shall be manifest unto all men.”—2 Tim. 3:8, 9.

Has it ever occurred to you that it might possibly be true today, as it was in Jesus’ day, that the religious teachers of the hour are not responsive to the message of God because it does not come to them in the way they elect to have it come? Have you ever considered that possibly some of these Christian men and women, whose legs you would gladly break, are the servants of Jehovah Himself? Consider this for just a moment and then reflect on God’s promises to them, not to you, in this hour.

“In righteousness shalt thou be established • thou shalt be far from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it shall not come near thee. Behold, they shall surely gather together, but not by me: whosoever shall gather together against thee shall fall for thy sake. No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper; and every tongue that .shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of Jehovah: and their righteousness is of me, saitli Jehovah.”—Isa. 54:14,15,17.

Do you know, De Haan, that, according to the Scriptures, any man who would encourage his fellow men to break the legs of Christian men and women, because he does not approve their way of preaching the gospel, is a murderer in the sight of God? We give you the scriptures on this point, and, because we feel sure you are not familiar with the fact, we state that in the oldest and most reliable manuscripts the words “without, a cause” are missing from Matthew 5:22, wherein our Lord defines ■who is a murderer.

“Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment: but I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, . . . Apostate wretch, shall be in danger of Gehenna fire.”—Matt. 5:21,22.

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A a a matter of further information we explain to you that Gehenna has reference to the valley of Hinnom, Ge-Hinnom, the city dump of Jerusalem, where the garbage of the city was burned. We hope. De Haan, that you will not wind up on the garbage pile, but from the present condition of your mind, if you have been correctly reported, that is where you are sure to land. Let us amplify this a little, and again we use the Book:

“For this is the message that ye heard from the beginning, that we should love one another. Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his brother. And wherefore slew he him? Because his own works were evil, and his brother’s righteous. Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you. We know that we have passed from death unto life, because we love the brethren. He that loveth not his brother abideth in death. Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and ye know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him.”—1 John 3:12-15.

We are not apprised in detail of the steps which Cain took to slay his brother, but as no other weapons could be quite so plentiful or handy we think it probable that he first threw a heavy rock at him and broke his legs. -’The reason he did it is set forth in the passage above. Of course, after he had broken his brother’s legs, it was an act of mercy to crush his head with another rock, and we know of no reason why any man who would wish to break his brother’s legs would not also wish to break his neck.

Just a moment now in regard to your alleged public prayer that God would bless your friends and enemies, “but not the Bible Students: for they are on the road to hell anyway.” Dear De Haan, you can not know how it warms our hearts to know that you did not pray for us. It, would terrify us to know that a man with murder in his heart is praying for us. It would be like having the prayers of the Pope on our behalf. It would be sure to bring disaster. We offer a few suggestions on prayer:

“When thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward [gratified vanity]. But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret.”—-Matt. 6:5, 6.

If you had followed this good rule in your prayer or anti-prayer about the Bible Studefilil nobody would have known anything about it, at least nobody except the Devil and his angels, because it is certain that neither the heavenly Father nor the Son nor any of the holy angels could or did pay the least attention to a “prayer” so foolish as the one you are alleged to have prayed.

We notice that in your advertisement in the local paper you say: “Come and enjoy a good time where the Spirit of God is present in abundance. Come and feed your soul.” Inasmuch as you did not specify what you meant by the Spirit of God, and in view of your other alleged utterances, we are compelled to believe that the god to whom reference is made is “the god of this world”, mentioned by the apostle as the one engaged in blinding the minds of men. Better look this up in 2 Corinthians 4:4.

Under the circumstances we -trill ask to be excused from feeding at such a trough. It may be the popular trough, and we grant that it is, but the diet requires too many condiments to make it palatable. The prophet puts the matter nicely when he says of Babylon’s wine (doctrine) :

“The priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink, they are swallowed up of wine, they are out of the way through strong drink; they err in vision, they stumble in judgment. For all tables are full of vomit and filthiness, so that there is no place clean.”—Isa. 28:7,8.

In conclusion, De Haan, we wonder if you could send us a list of one hundred of your church members who would be willing to slam the doors against the legs of Christian men and women coming to them with the message of the Lord, and in the name and power of the Lord, and with His Word as their shield and buckler. If you think you can do so, send on the list and we will give the whole proposition a try-out.

Inasmuch as you are alleged to have offered to pay the doctor’s bills, we think it possible that we can arrange matters so that you will have something to pay. After that has taken place we can go into the Scriptural phases of this subject more in detail, and you will find it all helpful. It will send cooling, refreshing breezes into your mental infirmary.

Did you ever notice, De Haan, that when our Lord was referring to the scribes and Pharisees and hypocrites of His day He called them fools? (Matt. 23:17,19) And did you ever notice that in the same chapter He seems to imply that they are condemned ones at that?—Matt. 23:33.

And have you ever considered what a wonderful advantage you possess over Balaam? He had to buy separate provender for his, while you are put to only the one expense.

However, you are in greater danger than Balaam, and we will tell you why. Samson will be back shortly, and probably be looking around for weapons to clean up what may be left, and if he ever hears of you he will certainly make a bee-line for Grand Rapids and that will be the end of you. If in your place, we would quit this business now, while the quitting is good, and head for the woods. Once you get started, it is for the public weal that you keep going; go as quickly and as quietly as you can, and go as far as the horizon will permit. It will be a real benefit to the honest.

Whole Wheat Bread

AMONG people of moderate means bread constitutes two-fifths of the food consumed.

When made of the whole wheat it is a well-balanced food, containing fuel for the production of heat and energy, building material, mineral matter, vitamins and roughage.

Constipation and -white flour are twin brothers. White flour is made white by feeding the most valuable parts of the grain to the stock and whitening up the balance with calcium and ammonium persulphates, peroxide of nitrogen, nitrogen trichloride, benzoyl peroxide, chlorine and electricity. The last named whitening agent is not harmful to the health of users.

Not all brown bread is whole wheat bread. Some of it is not even as good as white bread. Whole wheat bread is harder to bake than white bread., requiring more kneading, hotter ovens and longer baking. Whole wheat bread made by artificial aeration has a much better texture than that made by fermentation. The milling, shipping, storing and baking business is built on a white flour basis. The advertising, the propaganda, are all one-sided and on the wTong side, as usual.

The British show some interest in keeping well. Lord Asquith, Sir Alfred Mond, Sir Arbuthnot Lane and many other noted Britishers are advocates of whole wheat bread, even if it, does cost a trifle more, because they have learned from experience of its benefits.

The following experiments on rats, carried out by Dr. M. J. Rowlands and Dr. Ethel Browning, and published in the Daily Mail, of London, show that whole wheat nourishes and that white bread does not nourish. Experiments on human beings show the same thing. One slice of the whole wheat is worth more than three slices of the white bread in the satisfaction of appetite which it affords.

If you can not get whole wheat flour any other 'way (though it is now often sold in groceries), you can buy a hand mill from one of the mail order houses, buy your owm wheat and grind the flour yourself. It takes some elbow grease, but the results are worth the effort.

Twenty rats of the same breed and the same age were selected. These were divided into two lots, each of five males and five females. Those in Cage A were fed with whole wheat, and those in Cage B with white bread.

On August 2 the occupants of Cage A weighed 840 grammes and those of Cage B 952 grammes. So that there should be no question as to the animals'suffering from a lack of variety of food their diet was varied from week to week. In each cage the diet was varied with the following:

August 2-22.-—Casein, 10 percent; cod liver oil, 2 percent.

August 23-30.—Dried blood, 10 percent; cod liver oil, 2 percent.

August 31 to September 12.—Fishmeal, 10 percent; cod liver oil, 2 percent.

September 12-13.—Cod liver oil, 2 percent.

Each cage was provided with a food hopper identical in size, and Dr. Browning undertook the feeding. At no time were the food hoppers allowed to be empty; they were replenished immediately. While the rats in Cage A never finished their supplies, those in Cage B were always wanting more. The actual weight of food consumed during the experiment by the rats in Cage A was 72 ounces, by those in Cage B 199 ounces, i.e., more than double the amount consumed in Cage A.

All the animals were weighed at stated intervals.

Cage A Cage B

August 2 840 grammes 952 grammes

September 5 1,316 grammes 1,176 grammes

September 15 1,484 grammes 1,211 grammes

It will thus be seen that in the thirty-four days between August 2 and September 5 the rats fed on whole wheat, although they did not eat all the food given them, increased in weight by 476 grammes, while those fed on white bread increased by only 224 grammes, while in the next ten days the “whole wheaters” added another 168 grammes, or nearly five times as much as those fed on white bread.

Further, the “whole wheaters” remained sleek and healthy in appearance, while those fed on white bread showed obvious signs of debility, were listless in movement, lost their hair, and showed every sign of dying. One has, in fact, died, its weight at its death being 63 grammes, or roughly 7 grammes less than its weight at the commencement of the experiment.

As long ago as 1912, Professor Leonard Hill found that rats and mice, when fed on white bread and water, became ill-nourished, infertile and died, w’hile those fed on a bread enriched with the germ of the wheat lived and survived to the third generation.

When I Stopped Eating Poison

I WANT to thank you for the information in 2’fce Golden Age about aluminum poison. I had had severe stomach trouble, dizzy spells and intense vomiting spells for years. Six months ago I decided not to eat anything cooked in aluminum cooking utensils, and after a few weeks’ time I began to see a wonderful change “for the better”; and for many weeks past have had no return of the trouble.

Aluminumware, like many other evils (cigarettes, for instance), is so extensively advertised that people generally seem to be slow’ to give

By Mrs. M. E. Shipler

credit or thought when some publication or radio speaker has the moral courage to warn users of aluminum cooking utensils of the dangers to health from its use.

I have one of Dr. Alsakeris books (Eating for Health and Efficiency) and had quite a good deal of confidence in his teaching until I found he was carrying an ad boosting aluminum, and I thought when I read his magazine: Why teach people what to eat and then advise them to cook their food in poisonous cooking vessels?

The Celebrated Grape Cure By Dr. Rollin Jones

SEVERAL years ago a lady came into my office who was suffering with internal cancer. After consultation and diagnosis, the patient agreed to take the treatment, which was largely, but not wholly, a matter of diet. We explained to her that it would be neccessary for her to go on a strictly grape diet for several weeks. Then from that she was gradually permitted to take other vegetarian diet. Seven years have passed and the lady reports this spring that she never felt better in her life.

Another lady came into our Florida office with fibroid tumor estimated at nine or more pounds in weight, but on account of her 'weakened and nervous condition the surgeon declined to undertake the operation (according to information given us by the husband). The woman was almost blind and therefore had to be led from place to place; she was also so deaf that to shout in her ear was the only way we could communicate with her. After many weeks of an absolute grape diet and plenty of manipulative treatment and special baths the tumor was reduced and the sight as well as the hearing were steadily improving, so that the lady could do her owTn seeing and hearing.

We have had several come to our Florida office suffering from the loathsome disease, cancer, who have been reclaimed that they might continue their citizenship here for a few more years, and thereby increase the joy of their loved ones.

In a manner similar to the above we have treated as many as four cases of tuberculosis of the lungs in one family with altogether satisfactory results.

We recognize the grape (in its natural state) as the greatest normalizer of human tissue on earth, if taken absolutely alone; but the action of the chemicals of the grape when contacting with other food elements in the human laboratory (the stomach) are almost sure to produce a by-product which is a veritable poison.

On. account of the mineral elements of the . dark-skinned grape, we usually prefer some of the dark-skinned varieties. For similar reasons we prefer the red-skinned onion when dieting to dissolve gall-stones.

Recently a lady who had been battling for years against the deadly, flesh-consuming monster was made to greatly rejoice while in South Africa because of discovering the fact that cancer could be cured, or removed, and the system wonderfully cleansed by the grape diet. This good woman came for over 11,000 miles that she might give this wonderful message to a sick and dying world, and that without price. Very enthusiastic reports have come in through public agencies of the wonderful work that has been done by others who have followed the instruction of the lady who returned from South Atnca. But alas! like the Great Physician, they were not orthodox; therefore the great and generous work (for which no set fees were charged) had to be abandoned, even though administered by duly licensed practitioners, until such time as the "regular” physician might see fit to give it in his “regular” practice, for it is construed that such a base act as the administration of fresh grapes is a violation of the law.

The good woman from South Africa should rejoice that she found and secured the cure before coming to the home of the free.

Inspection of Canned Chicken

A LFRED W. McCanx tells us in The Mirror

(New York) that for twenty-two years the law requiring the inspection of poultry was ignored by officers of the Government until they suddenly pounced upon the Silz Packing Company, possibly at the instance of some of its competitors, and published their findings.' far and wide. The Silz Company thereupon countered and demanded constant inspection of all poultry passing through its place. The Government was embarassed. It had no funds with which to pay for such inspection, and this in. a period unrivaled in history for Teapot Dome .statesmanship. The Silz Company gained its point, however, by paying the inspector’s salary itself and thus became, after twenty-two years, the first Government-inspected poultry packing establishment in America. That is one way to get inspection, anyway; so all are thankful. Incidentally, the raid and the aftermath shows that much of the poultry sold in America, canned and uncanned, is tuberculous, tumored or otherwise unfit. In places in the United States sixty percent of the chickens are sick and unfit for human food. McCann claims that there are only seven restaurants in the United States that serve chickens known to be free from disease.

Thirty Years Hence By Paul Morand (France) [From the Paris Journal Candide]

IN THIRTY years’ time the United States will rule the waves and Europe will have dropped to second or third rank; practically all of South America will be under Washington’s control; women will wear trousers; love will have disappeared; it will be extremely difficult to tell men and women apart. They will dress alike and affect the same coiffure. In workshops, 'offices, government bureaus and airplane activity women will be the equals of men in every phase of human achievement. Many wTomen will drop feminine names and be known as Charles, Frank, John, etc., in order to wipe out every single distinction.

It will be impossible in a quarter of a century for a pedestrian to 'walk the streets of New York, Paris or Berlin. Several cities will have to build elevated platforms to accommodate the streams of traffic going in opposite directions.

New Yorkers will attend the theatre in Paris at nights and will be back in their offices the next morning on time to start the daily business routine. Luxuriously fitted airships will be hotels that go whirling through space at 1,000 miles per hour. Not a corner of the earth will remain unexplored.

Power from Niagara and the great waterfalls of Africa, the Zambesi and Victoria, will be supplied by wireless to industries all over the world. Television will have become an accomplished fact and when telephoning from America to Europe the faces of the conversant s will be as clear on a small screen immediately above the mouthpiece as if they were speaking to each other seated in the same office.

…