Golden Age, May 16, 1928

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PROSPERITY SURE

THE PRINCES IN

THE KINGDOM

MORE OPINION

ON ALUMINUM

FISH AND THE

FISHING BUSINESS

Vol. IX Bi-Weekly No. 226

May 16,1928

5^ a copy — $ 100 a "Ye ar

Canada and Foreign, Countries $ 150

OLD WORLD DYING

a Journal of' fact hope andL courage

NEV

WORLD BEGINNING

' Contents of the Golden Age

Social and Educational Interesting Items .............. . . . 521

Persecuting a Ten-Year-Old Boy ............. 52.1.

The Hero of the Boys ................ 521

A Wise Seattle Policeman ............... 522

European Birth Rates Decline ............. 523

The Pise Method of Construction ............ 525

Portland Cement in Iowa (and Elsewhere?) ........ 52G

Finance—Commebce—Transportation Hudson Straits Air Survey ......

The Fifty Largest Banks ............... 521

Salary-Purchase Loan Sharks .............. 523

Chicago’s Elevated Super-High wily ...

Fifty Years Hence .................. 52(5

Political—Domestic and Foreign

Russia Five Years Ago ................. 520

The Radio Monopoly . .

W’hat Toronto Did ............

China’s Ruined Peasants ............... 523

London’s Wonderful Mail Service ............ 52-1

Money You Don’t Have to Work Fob ........... 524

Removing the People’s Eyes and Brains ......... 533 *■>

Home and Health Ah Opinion of Db. Alsakeb’s Akticix ........... 527

Travel and Miscellany ,,

Fish and the Fishing Business ............. 515

Religion and Philosophy

Religiosity and the Oil Scandal ............. 521

Protestant Episcopttls on War Path ............ 524

Bible Questions and Answers .............. 534

Results of Another Blessing .............. 534

Prosperity Sure (Part 2) ............... 535

The Princes in Christ’s Kingdom ............ 539

Piffle and Bunk Department .............. 542

The Children’s Own Radio Story .............543

Published every other Wednesday at 117 Adams Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S. A., by WOODWORTH, KNORR & MARTIN

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Entered as second-class matter at Brooklyn. N. Y., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

oAe Golden Age

Volume IX Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, May 16, 1928 Number 226

Fish and the Fishing Business

4 *1VE REMEMBER the fish, which we 'did eat

V V in Egypt for nought,” was the cry of the Israelites to Moses, and the supply of fish in Egypt is exceedingly plentiful to this day. Arrived in the promised land, the Israelites found the Sea of Galilee generously stocked with fish; and it is so today. It was from its fishermen that the apostles of Jesus and John the Baptist were gathered. Jesus caught, cooked and ate fish. That is reason enough why other human beings should do the same.

Doctor Johnson defined an angler as ‘a pole and line with a fool at one end and a worm at the other’; but that does not make it so. Fishermen are famous the world over for their plain, speech, honesty, quaintness of garb and their strange songs when hauling in their nets. There are known about 12,000 kinds of fishes, most of which are edible. Many fish thrown back into the sea because unmarketable are as good as or better than those eaten.

The Caraja Indians of South America do not know how’ to catch fish with hook and line, but shoot them with bow and arrow and are never without food, because the Amazon, where they hunt, has more kinds of fish than all other rivers of the world put together.

On. the shores of the Mediterranean watchmen sit on the tops of high extension steel ladders and telephone to the fishermen when to go out for tuna fish, and where to find them. By means of sardine bait the tuna fish, are lured into a bay called the death chamber, where they are dispatched, after the entrance to the bay has been closed by a net. Only a few years ago tuna fish were considered inedible. Now they are a delicacy.

In. the state of Maine, in winter, smelts are hunted through the ice by fishermen who move about and do their fishing from huts built on runners. An expert fisherman can catch sixty pounds of smelt a day, and there is always a ready market. This fishing is done with hook and line.

Most profitable fishing is done with nets. It is estimated that three billion herrings are taken out of the seas every year, by means of nets, but that there are scores of shoals of herring any one of which would supply this number, with plenty to spare..

Maintaining the Supply

IN AMERICAN waters some six thousand vessels are regularly engaged in the fishing industry, a third of these in Alaskan waters, a third on the Pacific coast, a sixth, in New England, and the balance principally in the Gulf of Mexico. The industry employs two hundred thousand people.

The fishing industry of Canada is about half that of the United States in the value of the annual catch. In the year 1.918 that Canadian catch was worth $60,000,000, as compared with an Alaskan catch of $40,000,000 and a total American catch of something over $100,000,000.

Of late years the fisherman with hook and line has been finding it harder and harder to bring in any considerable number of good-sized fish from the mountain streams, but this is being overcome by restocking from fish nurseries. Any farmer with a pond can obtain these fish for the asking.

There are now sixty fish nurseries from which at present 35,000,000 finger-length game fish, trout, bass and sunfish, are placed each year in the rivers, creeks and lakes of the country. The number of such nurseries will be about one hundred by the time this is in print, and it is hoped and believed that these nurseries will be able to replenish the waning stocks.

©is

Some record-size fish caught in past years are: a twenty-five-pound bluefish caught in Cohasset Narrows, Mass.; a four-pound yellow perch caught at Bordentown, N. J.; a six-hun-dred-pound sawfish caught at Fort Myers, Fla.; an eight-pound sea-bass, a, fifty-two pound codfish and a nineteen-pound flounder, all caught in New York Bay; and a sixteen-pound weakfish caught at Fire Island inlet.

Studies in lehthyology

THE Governments of earth are cooperating in making a scientific study of fish, trying to find out where they are born, where they live, what they feed upon, the temperatures they prefer, and all about them. This is accomplished by tagging tens of thousands of them, with silver tags attached to their dorsal fins.

Salmon No. 10,358, released one season south of Alaska, turned up the next season in a Siberian stream two thousand miles across the ocean. Science says that he made the trip to get to his wedding at the old home stream where he began life as an egg.

A salmon that was liberated off Burns Point, Port Maitland, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, June 11, was lolled, less than a month later in the Moisie River, Quebec, eight hundred miles away by the shortest route, and twelve hundred miles or more if it followed the larger indentations of the shore line.

Off the coast of Haiti Doctor Beebe has been studying fish at night at the bottom of the ocean by means of electric lights. He went down in an ordinary bathing suit, noth feet and arms free and unprotected, his head fitted with the usual helmet, with its air and telephone connections.

One variety which he studied carried at least five hundred (Dr. Beebe thought possibly as many as 5,000) lights, tiny pin points of light gleaming from every pore. These lights always disappeared with the death of the fish.

Scientists of Leland Stanford University have spent years dredging and dragging the ocean bottom, looking for new forms of sea life. A recent volcanic upheaval in the Hawaiian Islands presented them suddenly with six unknown species, killed by the submarine explosions.

The countless billions of the deep, in the last analysis, live on the submarine plant life, some of it attached to the bottom, but much of it floating and microscopic in form. In the South Pacific, west of Patagonia, there is a sea desert which contains so few forms of marine life of any kind that whales and sharks have been known to die of hunger before they could find their way out.

Cod and haddock fishing has been greatly helped by the discovery that these fish are found only in waters of forty to fifty degrees Fahrenheit; hence a thermometer is as necessary to a modern fisherman as a net.

Fish Powers and Sensibilities

HPHR dolphin is knowm to attain a speed under A water of sixty miles an hour or better, and scientists have never been able to explain or understand how it is that a two-hundred-pound tarpon can leap twenty feet out of the water, when there is no land animal that can leap over twelve feet vertically. Many eases are known where tarpon have jumped over boats.

Most fishes depend on speed to obtain their food or elude their enemies. Some have the power to change their color, like the chameleon, so as to imitate the color of the stones on which, they lie. Some are defended by bony coats of mail; others by pungent and sometimes envenomed spines.

The nervous system is relatively small, its structures feeble and the gray matter developed but slightly. The Greenland shark, when feeding on the carcass of a whale, will allow itself to be repeatedly stabbed in the head without seeming to notice it.

Fishes have little power to reproduce lost parts. Only the tips of fins or filaments are thus restored after an injury, but sometimes a fish will survive having its tail bitten off. Fishes have the sense of smell, using their nostrils for that purpose only. Their nostrils have no relation to the work of breathing.

Some fishes are attracted by music; some sounds are repellent to them. They die from shocks caused by lightning or explosions. They flee from actively moving objects. The fish known as the star-gazer has its eyes on the top of its head.

Origin of the Siren Tales

NCIENT literature contains allusions to sirens who lured seamen to destruction by running them upon reefs. Oddly enough, there is a sound basis for what was long believed to be merely a superstition.

The phonograph fish, common in the Carib-; Son has rd foe ■ *p of its head a 'suckingplate' which has twenty-four slots that open and close at will, much in the manner of Venetian Winds. Through this extraordinary set of valves the fish gives music which has been likened to the jew’s-harp, violin, mandolin, banjo and mouth-organ.

Sailors say that a school of phonograph fish produce music of a strangely beautiful kind, and that the concerts last from one to twelve hours and are regarded as almost sure harbingers of bad weather. The shellfish of Ceylon also produce a long, low, fluty sound which, is distinctly musical. The butter-fish of Scotland makes a distinct hooting noise.

There are several fish that make noises like pigs; one in Miami harbor is called the grunt, because it grunts when taken out of the water. The cock-fish is so called because it crows. Another fish emits a note like the deep pedal of an organ, another utters a shriek, while another booms.

Though most fish must always live in water, yet the climbing perch of India is able to leave its pond for two or three days at a time. It carries water in cells with which to moisten its gilh.

The Enemies of Fishes

HpHE chief enemy of the fishes is man. He is the only being that drops bombs of huge size and terrific explosive power into their home. Billions of fish have been slaughtered in this way in recent years, so much so that acres of sea surface have been covered with their floating bodies.

Many fishes are injured by man, and unintentionally at that. When fishes are thrown back into the water they should be handled with wet hands. If handled with dry hands, as is commonly done, the skin of the fish is injured so that it is liable to be attacked by parasites.

Probably man is the only creature that imprisons fishes for his pleasure. Goldfish naturally prefer shaded depths. Men put them in glaring light. They need plenty of fresh air. Sometimes they get it and sometimes not. The square goldfish globes with large-sized castles in them are the best.

The Japanese prefer goldfish with bulging eyes. They make the eyes bulge by confining the fish in dark tanks which have but two pinholes of light. The fish strain their eyes this way, and that to see, and eventually stretch ths muscles holding their eyes, and the eyeballs bulge.

Fish are kept out of irrigation canals by electrifying the -water at the intake. It shocks them and they dart away from the danger. Fish are drowned if held so that the -water flows through their gills the wrong way. Eels and cod have been frozen until their hearts stopped beating, but when the water was warmed again their hearts resumed their beat and the fish regained their full activity.

Other Enemies of Fiskes

HE porpoise is a champion destroyer of fishes. In the stomach of a single porpoise were found 15,193 otoliths or earbones of fishes, showing that at least half that number of fishes had found their grave in his interior.

The pilot-fish or shark-sucker often rides the shark to its death. The sucker attaches itself to the shark so securely that the latter can not shake it off, and when the sucker is caught with hook and line the shark comes along too.

The hagfish makes its home inside the throat of other fishes, leisurely eating one muscle after another until the fish is destroyed. The only possible escape for the bigger fish is to be captured and thrown back. When the big fish is captured the hagfish cpiickly jumps out of its mouth and escapes.

The most curious and diabolical enemy of fishes is the jellyfish, a highly-organized animal, with a complex nervous system, which is so much water that if one of them is placed on a sheet of white blotting paper and left there several hours nothing will be left but a little stain. Jellyfish have been captured with tentacles 120 feet long and holding within their spacious interiors many hundreds of living fish.

The Portuguese man-of-war jellyfish is mad® up of a number of small animals of the jellyfish order, which have in common a bubble-like float which rests on the surface of the water. The float is furnished with a fin or sail and goes out looking for trouble. Some of the little animals which hang from the float supply nourishment for the colony; some give their attention solely to reproduction; some sting everything that conies along, arid are so effective that two or three of them drawn across a man’s arm will almost paralyze it.

The Uses of Fish ~

OBVIOUSLY the principal use of fish is to fill man’s aching void, and most people are fond of certain kinds of fish, properly prepared. Many people who think they do not care for fish have really developed or inherited a distaste for stale fish. Fresh fish would affect them differently.

There is an odd law on the British statute books since the days of Queen Elizabeth that every person in Britain must eat fish every Wednesday or pay a fine of twenty pounds for each offense. The law has never been repealed. Such is the folly of man.

A real use for minnows has been found. Put into the pools and streams of a malaria-infested district they will kill off all the mosquitoes; and with the mosquitoes go the malarial germs. It is figured out that on the basis of fifty-two towns it cost only seventy-eight cents per capita per year to keep the towns free from malaria by this means.

Shark leathers and other sea leathers are now in much use. Oils are extracted from fish livers, and fertilizers are made from their flesh. Millions of pounds of fish scales are worked up into fish glue, backs for toilet articles, and waterproofing for clothing.

Boat-builders have spent much time studying the forms and lines of various fishes with a view to securing speedy models. Certain scales in a line on each side of the fish are pierced with tubes through which a slimy matter oozes that serves to lubricate the body and make it slippery.

Butter-Fish, Carp, Devil-Fish

IN MARCH the butter-fish, or oolakan, comes from the Pacific ocean and goes up the freshwater rivers of British Columbia. The Indians catch those by the millions, soften them a few days in the sun and put them into vats of boiling water. When the oil rises to the top it is skimmed off and is the supply of butter for the next year. When well rendered it has no suggestion of fishiness and is a palatable oil.

The carp, in high favor with the Germans, is disliked in America. It breeds so fast that it soon overcrowds any small pond in which it is placed. The flesh is coarse and readily takes the taint of any impure water, but the fish will live for days after leaving the water if it is surrounded by damp moss.

The devil-fish, in favor with Orientals, is also repelled by Americans. In catching the devil-fish, or octupus, the fishermen use empty barrels, attached to buoys and sunk in. deep water. A few strands of wire fastened across the end of the barrel coaxes the devil-fish to entwine his tentacles thereon. Each morning one or two octopi are generally found in each barrel. They are shipped alive in tanks and executed as sold.

Eels, Goldfish, Goosefish

HE female eel can not eject her eggs except by powerful pressure from the outside, and the Sargasso Sea is the only place in the North Atlantic ocean where the water is deep enough to provide the hydraulic pressure; hence all the eels of Europe and America have their birth in the one place.

There is but a slight difference between the European eel and the American eel, but both are born in the same place; yet the European eel never goes to the west and the American eel never goes to the east. There is an eel in South Africa and Australia which exceeds fifty feet, in length.

Eels are the wolves of the stream. They hunt in packs, not hesitating collectively to tackle any fish, no matter how big or dangerous. Eels make their way over any obstacles and through the wet grass at night to ponds some distance away from any streams, the ponds from which their mothers started on the long, long route to the Sargasso Sea. The mothers never come back from their long journey but die when their children are born.

There is a large market for goldfish. Most families have a fewy and the collective number sold is enormous. A couple in Lebanon, Missouri, began the raising of goldfish through a mere accident, the dropping of two goldfish into a pond on the place. Six years later they were selling $20,000 worth of goldfish a year. ■

The goosefish is of most ungainly appearance, with an enormous head and a mouth of extraordinary dimensions, but the fish is excellent food and highly prized in Europe. In America it is estimated that at least ten million pounds are caught incidentally and .thrown' away because there is no market for it. Britain consumes six million pounds of it annually.

*** 16>1828 QOLDEN AGE

Serving, Menhaden, Mussels always breed in fresh water. Thus their course

THH failure of the herring ’ industry of the 1 North Sea is said to be due to the fact that the currents in the North Sea have changed their course. The herring which once swarmed about the Scottish coast have now gone elsewhere and with them the living of the fisherfolk.

The menhaden, extremely abundant, and with excellent food qualities of its own, is seldom or never used for food in America, but utilized almost exclusively as a source of oil and fertilizer. Menhaden, move in large schools and prey upon other food fish which are more highly prized.

Sea mussels, a delectable shellfish, much prized in England and France, are but little known in the United States, because the fishermen do not like to take on the job of supplying anything new. They can be cooked in any way that the oyster can be cooked.

Oyster, Pike, Ryondon Typhus

THE oyster, nine-tenths water and once believed to have little nutritive value, is now known to be especially good in cases of tuberculosis and habitual dyspepsia. The oyster increases the flow of pepsin and hydrochloric acid, and its juices contain in unusually assimilable form the iodine, iron, phosphorus and lecithin . which the body needs to keep in good health.

Japanese oysters, grown in Puget Sound, have reached a length of twelve inches and a weight : of ten ounces. ■ 7 ' ■■■ < i ■

The pike is called the tiger of the stream, because of its ferocity. It is the boss and bully of the water world, cruel to the smaller fish and not afraid to fight with the biggest ones.

The ryondon typhus is believed to be the type of fish that swallowed Jonah, though some think Jonah remained in the mouth chamber of a certain type of whale. Three of these fish have been caught in recent years off Miami. The Schlegel fish, caught in June, 191.9, weighed twenty-five thousand pounds; the Captain Thompson fish thirty thousand pounds, and the Nolan fish, of the same variety, forty thousand pounds. The Nolan fish was caught in 1923.

Salmon and Shad

SALMON are born and spend their minnowhood in fresh water; then they go to sea and remain there until near the end of life, ■ when they return to fresh water to die. They in life is exactly the opposite of the eels, which are born in salt water, spend their lives in fresh water and return to the salt water to die.

In Alaska, salmon are caught in a fish netj often a mile long, arranged in such a way that when salmon go in they can not escape. These traps are anchored at the mouth of fresh water, where salmon enter from the ocean to spawn. When a fish is caught approximately six thousand spawn are destroyed. An Indian, writing to the Dearborn Independent, puts the situation thus:

I am an Indian fisherman. The best fish that swims in the waters of Alaska is the red salmon. Ever since the Indian came to Alaska, it has been his food. He has dried them and smoked them for winter use. But the salmon is a thing of the past in the rivers where he once caught them for his children to eat. The salmon are now caught in large traps before they go up the river to spawn. . . . There are times when the canneries can not touch the fish for days, and the pockets get so full that the fish kill each other for want of space. Salmon must be cleaned at once to be of any use; it can not lie around. . . . If the Alaska salmon is going to be cleaned out by fish traps, what are the Indian and his children, going to live on? ... We are not asking for something belonging to fish trap owners. We are asking for something belonging to God, who made it for all mankind.

A favorite fish of the Atlantic seaboard is the shad, which lives in the ocean ten months of every year, but spawns in fresh water. Man knows nothing of its habits except that salt , water destroys its eggs. The flesh is exceptionally tasteful, though full of small bones.

The government, thinking that the California people would appreciate a real blessing when placed right under their noses, planted shad in the Pacific streams where they had not before existed. They have multiplied and filled the streams, but do you suppose you can get those spoiled Californians to eat them? No, sir! But they catch them and ship them east where there is a market for them, and the East pays the freight.

Sharks, Swordfish and Whales

THE shark, contrary to all belief, is usually

. harmless, though a shark which strays into northern waters, where food is relatively scarce, might and sometimes does attack a bather. In the South the barracuda is considered far more dangerous.

Captain Charles Thompson, of Miami, is said to have killed over ten thousand sharks and to be deathly afraid of them, yet he says he has never known one of them to attack a bather. The largest shark ever caught off the coast of Florida weighed 26,594 pounds.

England eats three hundred tons of shark meat daily and enjoys it under the fancy name of rock salmon. In fastidious New York the same fish is sold under the title of sturgeon, or sometimes deep-water swordfish. The hide of the shark is very valuable, making a leather which is almost indestructible. A firm in Baltimore, engaged in shoe manufacture, has a department devoted exclusively to the manufacture of shark-leather shoes.

The swordfish is the limit for fish pugnacity. When enraged it has been known to pierce the thick planking of a ship and. often runs its sword clear through the bottom of an ordinary fishing boat. The flesh is firm, hard, of a delicate salmon color, and the best fish on the market to keep.

Some whales spend the summer in the Arctic and the winter in the Antarctic, with the result that they are apt to he seen anywhere in the spring or fall. Whaling is one of the most dangerous of occupations, but it is profitable, and what is there men will not do for money? .A good-sized whale may furnish two hundred fifty or more barrels of oil.

Russia Five Years Ago By A. W. Sparrow

Me. Dann’s article, "Anti-Russian Poison,” conveys a different impression of that country from that obtained by the writer during a visit to the Ukraine in 1923. Without wishing to disparage that article, it is hoped to present another angle to readers of The Golden Age. .

The impression obtained was that of all the evil birds in the Devil’s cage the Soviet government is the most repulsive. As justification, the following evidence is submitted by the witness, now a Bible student.

One day a small girl, about eight years of age, approached the ship’s side. The emaciated body of this poor child was pitiable to behold. A member of the crew threw a piece of bread; but before she could compose herself sufficiently to eat, an armed guard dealt her a savage blow, tore the bread away, and threw it into the harbor.

Soviet regulations allowed nothing to be given to the Russians. At the same time a horde of officials compelled the ship to furnish them a substantial meal daily. Never in the course of visits to fifty foreign lands has the writer seen such ruffians in official positions.

The condition of so many of the children one encountered leaves painful memories of the ragged, hungry, and homeless.

It was surprising to note such furtiveness and apprehension written on the faces of natives when conversing with a stranger in that

land of liberty (?). Free speech? Non-existent. Free press? None. ■

After six years of Soviet misrule the lot of the common people was miserable. Sanitation in the poverty-stricken homes was conspicuous by its absence; a great epidemic of cholera had taken toll the previous year, while clothing was scanty and, in the majority of cases, made of sacking material. Utter hopelessness, developing into stoic fatalism, seemed to be the keynote everywhere. '

Desolation reigned in industrial areas, as it did in quite a number of residential streets. Wrecked buildings were on almost every hand. Curiosity about one particular group elicited the information that they were torn down by the residents in the vicinity during the winter in order to obtain the woodwork fo.r fuel.

The writer was involved in an example of Soviet treachery. Visiting a certain Soviet club, he was requested to sign the visitors’ register, which request was complied with. It turned out that the visitors’ register constituted a declaration of protest against the Curzon note, for this protest (in which others were also involved) was published in the local government newspaper, with a translation in English (sic) alongside. A copy of this newspaper is still in the writer’s possession. Of course he would have knowingly signed his name to no such document. . .

"tii connection with ir.is same Curzon note feeling ran high against Britain, and the officials generally appeared to contemplate war witlr glee. .

The foregoing data appears to fairly represent the condition of that part of Russia in 1923, many other similar incidents being omitted for space considerations.

That Socialism, whether the brand operating in Russia, or the milder variety found in Britain, is not beneficial to mankind, but is actually derogatory thereto, is a conclusion being increasingly forced on the writer.

There is only one hope for the peoples of Russia—and every other nation. Thank God it is a certainty: The Kingdom of Christ.

Interesting Items

. Changes on the Interborough

HOW labor-saving devices have affected the Interborough subway system in New York city is told by the Times. Though the number of passengers transported has increased fifty percent, yet the number of guards has been reduced twenty-five percent, due to compressed air control of the doors; and the substitution of turnstiles for ticket choppers has cut down the number of platform men from 1,500 to 471.

Automatic Control, Chicago to Omaha

HDHE Chicago and Northwestern Railroad is completing the equipment of its main line, Chicago to Omaha, with automatic train control. This improvement, costing three million dollars, will enable passenger trains to operate at seventy miles an hour in all weather and automatically stop them at danger signals, regardless of disability or death of the engineer meanwhile.

The Autogyro is a Success

TT IS good news that the autogyro, or flying helicopter, is a success. This wonderfully safe machine has flown thirty-five miles. It can rise in circles from a very small field and its landing speed is only twenty miles an hour. It has been placed on general sale in London at $4,500.

Persecuting a Ten-Year-Old Boy

HE Bronx (N. Y.) Home Ne-ws tells us that because a little ten-year-old lad in Oklahoma City refused to pledge allegiance to any earthly power, and refused to. fight back, the bigger boys in the school showed their “manhood and patriotism” by hemming him in and burning and blistering bis arms and neck with their cigarettes. The boy is American-born.

Hudson Straits Air Survey

THE Hudson Bay Railway will be completed J- in the spring of 1929. Meantime an efficient air patrol of the Hudson Straits is being made by the Canadian government. Every day an area one hundred miles wide and one thousand miles long is flown over, studying conditions. It is known that in 1927 the straits were open until December TO, and it is possible that they may be navigable the year around.

The Fifty Largest Banks

THERE are fifty banks in the United States with deposits above $112,000,000 each.

Twenty-five of these are in New York city; four each in Boston, Chicago and San Francisco; three each in Cleveland and Los Angeles; two each in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Buffalo and Detroit; and one each in Providence, Newark and St. Louis. The largest is the National City Bank of N. Y., with deposits of $1,275,000,000.

The Hero of the Boys

OYS of Bellville, N. J., 682 in number, were questioned as to who is their greatest hero. Lindbergh got over half the votes, President Coolidge about one-sixth, Henry Ford ten percent, Thomas Edison received twenty-seven votes, and after that it was a thin line of politicians and baseball players. J. P. Morgan, Benito Mussolini and “My Dad” received two votes each.

Religiosity and the Oil Scandal

World Tomorrow has published an ar-tide entitled “The Religious Press and the Oil Scandal” v'hich shows that, almost without exception, the religious press of the whole country has remained silent while one of the greatest scandals in aU history has been gradually brought to light. These are the supposed custodians of public morals; actually, the religious press of the country is used to cover the tracks of the worst gang of pirates in history. It is these people who want the conscience of the whole country turned over to them. Nice job they would make of taking care of the consciences.

Remember the Dead

HE suggestion is being made in some quarters that at least a thousand dollars should be set aside for each person that dies, so that a church can be built to his memory. By following this plan the time would soon eome when there would be a church on every vacant lot and on every occupied lot. The churches, however, would not belong to the ones that, put up the money for their erection. Not on your life. That would not be good business, good church business, the ideal of which is that eventually all property of every kind should gravitate into the hands of the church.

A Wise Seattle Policeman

WHILE the Seattle public is stirred by accounts of brutalities in its police department it is also being comforted by the good news that at least one policeman of the city is using his head. In one of the toughest districts of the city the local officer has organized a boys’ club, with himself at the head, and as a result finds himself in full control of a situation with which, otherwise he could hardly cope.

Wild Pig Saved the Day

AFTER fighting over it for six years the scientists have decided that the milliondollar hesperopithecus tooth found, in Nebraska in 1922, and which was supposed to prove the existence of an ape-man long before any of our modern evolutionists appeared on the scene, is the tooth of a wild pig. Without a doubt the scientists have hit it right.

Radio Control of Air Navigation

HpiIE first station for radio control of air navigation is in process of erection at Key 'West. It will notify the Havana airport of the time of departure, identification of plane, names of passengers, quantity of mail and express, and will keep in touch with the plane and with । passing ships until the journey is ended.

The Radio Monopoly ■

IN A speech in the House, Congressman Ewin

L. Davis of Tennessee declared that while the Radio Commission claims to have cleared twenty-five channels of radio communication, all lying between 299 and 499 meters of wave length, yet of these channels the radio monoply occupies twenty-four and the result has been to force all the independents out of this most desirable band into the shorter and more crowded wave lengths.

Violet Rays for Hens and Cows

LENTY of direct rays of the sun, or, what is just as good, violet rays from electrical

apparatus, shed freely upon cows and hens are declared by the United States Department of Agriculture to so improve the quality of milk and eggs that babies fed upon them are practical] y immune from rickets. The same rays are indispensable to the babies themselves, and, indeed, to everybody. -

New York Has Three Days’ Food

“OTITHIN a night’s ride of New York reside ’ * one-half the people of the United States.

Within the metropolitan area of New York, about forty miles in radius from its city hall, are about ten million people. This vast metropolitan area is never provisioned for more than three days. Its milk supply now comes from as far away as Ohio, more than five hundred miles by the shortest and most direct route.

Pushing Tobacco in Everywhere

TN THE city of Providence (R. I.) there are •*- eleven paint and varnish stores that sell tobacco, eleven dry goods and notion stores that stock tobacco, thirty-one butcher shops and forty-six grocery stores that carry tobacco. Providence must like to smoke and chew and spit.

What Toronto Did

TORONTO insured every soldier in the World

War for $1,000 the moment he enlisted, paid every civic employee his full salary while he was in France, devoted altogether $13,500,000 to the purposes of the war and has now paid every cent of this large sum, so that none of the burden is to be handed down to another generation.

Salary-Purchase Loan Sharks

HpHE loan shark of today no longer pretends J- to charge interest. Under the high-sounding name of “salary-purchase” he robs his client of what would amount to as much, as two hundred fifty to five hundred percent per year. It is claimed that in Albany alone there are eight thousand people thus living from hand to mouth and feeding these thieves. It is charged that wholesale bribery, jury-buying and politics make it impossible to reach the real offenders.

European Birth Rates Decline

DESPITE all hopes of statesmen to the contrary, the birth rates of the principal European countries continue to decline. In Berlin deaths exceed births. In fifty years Italy’s birth rate has fallen off fifty percent, and some of the largest cities have even decreased in population. Many reasons are ascribed, the most widespread one being birth control.

Old Age in Bulgaria

IN Bulgaria one person in every 1,700 attains to the age of one hundred years. These are peasants, brought up to drink sour milk, and eventually getting to like it. More than three-fourths of them can neither read nor write. Few of them have ever received medical attention of any kind.

Palestine Evidently Under Divine Protection

HJHA.T Palestine is under divine protection seems suggested by the sudden change of winds which drove a locust pest away from the inhabited districts into the desert so recently as February sixth of this year. The government had made extensive preparations to combat'a plague which was considered inevitable, but none of the preparations were needed.

China’s Ruined Peasants

TN SOME sections of China, where the peas--*• ants have been ruined by taxations and the .depredations of soldiers beyond their powers to bear, they have organized secret societies •which aim at peace by what are surely such methods as would be used only in China. These peasants, whenever possible, take the lives of individual soldiers or small detachments whenever and wherever they are to be found, and do all. in their power to impede military operations, regardless of who the military parties are.

Kuokoa Gives up the Fight

THE musical language of the Hawaiians uses only twelve letters of the English alphabet to produce all its sounds. On account of the fact that all Hawaiians now read English the principal Hawaiian newspaper, called Kuokoa, printed in the twelve letters for sixty-seven years, has had to suspend. The Hawaiians still use their native tongue in songs and ceremonials and in their converse with one another.

Pollution of Rivers

TpROM studies of Ohio river waters collected JL at Cincinnati the United States Health Service announces that it would be necessary to allow for a stream flow of several hundred miles before a water, once polluted, could regain its pristine purity, and that it can now be confidently stated that there are no unpolluted rivers in the United States.

The Derelicts of London

A NEWSPAPER writer in London, who has made a study of the matter, and has himself been out all night several nights, reports that an average of eighty people spend their nights on the streets of London, with nowhere to sleep. Some of these are so dead with fatigue that they sleep standing in the rain and cold, while others fall upon the cold pavements.

Curious Habits of Frostfish

TN BITTERLY cold weather, when the surf is J- low and the night is clear and calm, thousands of frostfish leap from the ocean upon the shore of Coney Island and Rockaway, where they are caught by fishermen working by flashlight. The catch this year has been smaller than usual. It is not known why this variety of fish chooses to commit suicide in this manner.

The Fortress of Sachuamanan

Dr. John Winthrop Sargent, archaeologist, declares that in the ancient fortress of Sachuamanan, Peru, constructed by the Incas, the stones for five-eighths of a mile, in one wall of the fort, from fifteen to fifty feet high, are fitted together so exquisitely that it is impossible to thrust a knife blade between them. He considers the ancient Incas every whit as far advanced as the ancient Egyptians. The Inca civilization was completely destroyed by the bloody Pizarro.

Chieagffs Elevated Super-Highway

IN CHICAGO’S Avondale Avenue elevated super-highway, and its connections to the north and west, the Windy City has undertaken what is expected to be the most important piece of automobile highway engineering in the world. It will give Chicago an elevated boulevard 160 feet wide on which automobilists can drive to and from the city at speeds impossible to attain by any other means than by aeroplane.

London’s Wonderful Mail Service

IN ANY kind of weather mail goes from one end of London to another in fifteen minutes.

The service is underground, and by means of trains which have neither motomian, conductor nor passengers. These trains, which make thirty-five miles an hour, are automatically started and stopped, all by one man. Twenty-three thousand mailbags a day are carried by these trains. The gauge is two feet. The tunnel is nine feet in diameter and contains two tracks. At th-. sY>. tions the bags up and down are handled mechanically.

Protestant Episcopate on War Path

ISMAYED and angered by the encroachments of the Anglo-Catholics in their ranks, the Protestant Episcopal church, which is the Church of England in America, is now faced with the demand that steps be taken at once so that-in this country there shall no longer be in the Episcopal church the mass, reservation, and adoration of the sacrament, prayers to the Virgin Mary, invocation of saints, worship of images and relics, auricular confession, the practices of penance, use of the rosary, holy water and the other unscriptural ceremonies and practices peculiar to the Church of Rome. It looks very much as if the Episcopal church is in for a split. Oil and water do not mix.

Money You Don’t Have to Work For By Dr. P. A. Spain

JUST after the war our government officials issued Victory Bonds, and put on immense drives for their sale. Among other propaganda put out was a little folder issued by the Treasury Department in which these words were used: “Think in interest. Interest' is the only money you don’t have to work for.”

To us all they said, Buy bonds and collect interest, because it costs you no work. Here is a clear expression from our head government officials, sanctioning and fostering the practice of getting money without work. In effect, such propaganda tends to debauch the whole citizenry of the country.

No government, ancient or modem ever promulgated a more wicked policy than that. It is clearly the spirit of the robber, the hijacker, the murderer.

Why all this robbery in high places? And if it is so frequent in high places, why should we be surprised that it goes on at increased rate in the common walks?

The answer is, our government officials have set the pace. Our Treasury Department says, “Get interest; it is money without work.” They recommend it; our courts, in most instances, sanction it; our churches and ministers seem to indorse it, and yet in principle it is just exactly on a par with the methods of the holdup man. The usurer forces us to pay interest, or we get no money. Do not say, we can let it alone. That would be foolish. Every wheel of commerce stops if the usurer withdraws his funds. No government and no man can get along without money or credit, and yet none can be gotten without paying this toll.

Every dollar of both money and credit issued in the United States draws its interest toll from one to five times each year. Fifteen or twenty billion dollars is gathered in each year by these holdups.

We must have a medium of exchange, and under present law we must pay interest or we can not get it. It is a holdup game, pure and simple; getting money without work.

The pickpocket, the hijacker, the strangler, are all holdup men. They get their money without work. The embezzler, the swindler, the confidence man, the briber, all get their money without work. The blackmailer, the blackhander, the bootlegger, the gambler, the smuggler, the defrauder, the counterfeiter, all get tneir money without work. So do the safecrackers, the robbers and the murderers.

“Nearly all so-called high finance is just anothername for getting money without work, and in some way moral ethics is always broken, and the public is wronged every time a man gets his income of $10,000 a year and over.

The United States government is supposed to he an agent of the people, but really it seems to be doing business mainly for the Federal Reserve system. This is wrong. The Federal Reserve system should be made to do business both for the head government and for the people individually, and the only way to bring about this reform is for Congress to frame a competing banking system, coin its own money just as it now coins the banker’s money; pay its own debts ■with its own money; lend without interest to states for all public purposes and all home building purposes, and thus get from under the domination of so-called national and Federal money lenders, for they are literally a band of private holdups stalking under the license and protection of the United States government.

When our government treasurer importunes us to get money without -work, right then and there lie annuls and abrogates the whole moral law in finance.

The Pise Method of Construction

Kael J. Ellington, Grand Vista Ranch, Port Angeles, Washington, has spent a fortune in the last few years trying to interest his fellow men in the Old World pise method of building homes, garages, barns, chicken-houses and other buildings out of rammed earth. Mr. Ellington says:

“In this country there has never been much information available concerning the pise method. The main reason for this is that there is no chance for money-making in the work of making the method known.

“On the contrary, this work has to be carried on by some one who is willing to sacrifice time and some money just for a good cause for the benefit of his fellow men, and especially as a help to farmers and settlers and to all who prefer to make their homes out in the country, where we' get most of God’s fresh air and sunshine and where the best people are raised.

“Another reason why the pise method is so little known is that any attempt at propaganda for the method is always met with so much 'doubt and disbelief, and even ridicule, that ordinarily these obstacles would kill in a short time the educational effort in question.

“As a rule any kind of soil on -which vegetation will grow can be utilized as building material in the pise method, though some soils are what may be termed first class and others second class, but by blending it is always possible to use even those soils which are not otherwise sufficiently good.

“Almost every one has seen or heard of clay buildings such as adobe or sun dried brick buildings. They are known to be healthy and dry, and they are cool in summer and warm in winter. But these methods are limited to certain suitable clay soils.

“By the rammed earth method the compression process makes it possible to use much poorer soils, because in all soils there are various kinds of silicates which wi11 act as binding or cementing substances when all particles are brought close enough together, -which is done by the ramming process.

“In this way we imitate -in a small way what Nature has done when making all sorts of sedimentary rock formations, which, as every geologist knows, were made from layers of loose sediments or mud, this being Mother Nature’s pise and not the work of any cement company. Rammed earth walls also have a much greater load-carrying capacity than adobe and other clay-built walls.

“So no one need think that he has not suitable building soil at his building site or nearby. And the method of building can be understood and mastered by any one who is willing to handle rammers and exercise proper care in the details of this interesting and useful art.

“It is the same old reliable method by which old Hannibal built strong forts during his warfare, and the same method by which the outer walls of such a wonderful architectural creation as the Palace of Alhambra in Spain were built many hundreds of years ago, which walls are still defying time and rough elements.”

Portland Cement in Iowa (and Elsewhere?) By Frank W. Busey

IOWA is about to spend perhaps more than $100,000,000 in concrete road work. .

There is a great deal of misunderstanding among the mass of people about cement, owing to such slogans as “Concrete for Permanence” and other misleading—and mendacious—literature put out by the cement interests.

‘‘Portland Cement” is an indefinable term, as “Iowa Flour”. Iowa flour might be spring wheat, winter wheat, buckwheat, rye, wild rice, corn, spelts, not to mention other varieties. It might be low-grade straight, patent, whole wheat, graham, pumpernickel, shorts, etc., or any of ten thousand and one, or more, combinations of any two or all of them.

The flour miller knows what he is doing and can furnish the baker with any combination that he may desire. Ue can and must designate on the sack what it is.

Corresponding knowledge is NOT known by the cement miller. But he has pull enough ■with the legislature not to be compelled to so mark his sacks.

As the cemefit miller does not know’—and doesn’t care much—it necessarily follows that engineers and cement workers are "going it blind”.

It should be understood that if clients will demand concrete work, they and NOT the profession must take the responsibility.

This is not to be taken as an alibi for an engineer who may take a bribe for passing defective work, or who accepts work that starts to go to pieces before the job is finished or who is guilty of any professional act involving moral turpitude.

Such are punishable under the law and the Iowa Engineering Society hereby states to the world that, if the authorities properly prosecute such engineers, they are doing the profession a favor as well as ’doing their duty by their constituents.

The crux of the whole matter is this: There is no such thing as cement that can be DEPENDED on to last—therefore no such thing as reliable concrete.

The makers of cement really know less about the essentials of their business than the Grand Goblin of the Ku KIux Klan knows about saying Pontifical High Mass in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican.

[Mr. Dusey backs up his article by photographs showing the present disgraceful condition of Locust Street Bridge, Des Moines, in the construction of which 12,000 barrels of cement and 200,000 pounds of steel reinforcement were used. His aim is to make the cement makers take some real interest in their business, separate their inferior cement from their best goods, mark the product accordingly, and thus save humanity such harrowing scenes as the bursting of the Santa Clara dam, with its resultant loss of hundreds of precious lives. It is impossible to build a safe dam with poor cement.—Ed.]

Fifty Years Hence

IN AN address before the Engineers’ Club of

Philadelphia, Samuel Rea, retired president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, expressed some thoughts as to probable conditions fifty years hence which we are sure will be of interest to many of our readers. He said:

Some time in the future, perhaps by 1977, if not earlier, we may conceive that all small and inefficient plants will be closed down and heat and power obtained from central plants where the utilization of fuels is a specialized branch of engineering. Fuels are destined to become so valuable to the human race as a whole that they will be placed only in the hands of those who can to the greatest advantage control their combustion. Scarcely anything is more archaic in our civilization, or more wasteful in the eyes of the economist, than our individual house-heating systems, in which all but a small fraction of the potential heat of the fuel is dissipated upon the outside atmosphere.

The gas business, as a public utility, will supply practically all heat distribution in urban localities. As capital cheapens, it will become possible to construct distributing systems furnishing cheaply produced gas for house-heating purposes as well as cooking. Industries in many cases will similarly be supplied with gas for fuel instead of burning coal in individual furnaces under boilers. We may then realize the smokeless city, and added sunlight will greatly improve the health of urban dwellers.

By 1977 the reactionary properties of practically all the elements will be known and the chemist will be able to produce artificially, at will, a vastly increased number of substances useful in every art.

of Dr. Alsaker’s Article

An Opinion

AN ARTICLE by Dr. Rasmus Alsaker appeared in the January, 1928, issue of Correct Eating (Volume 7, No. 1), which was designed to answer Dr. Wm. Held, Director of the United States Health League. Dr. Held’s article appeared in The Golden Age, of New York city, on November 16, 1927. Dr. Alsaker also made a number of statements regarding this 1 writer and his crusade to safeguard human health.

The whole situation upon aluminum kitchen ■utensils and aluminum baking powders seems to have greatly confused the doctor. Frequently misunderstanding takes place from lack of investigation or understanding of the facts. 4'confusion of this character can be likened to a j storm at sea. When the storm abates, the true

| mariner must resort to the sextant and compass

| to determine just how far he has been driven

\ from his true course. So this writer feels that

| the public is entitled to know just how far Dr.

! Alsaker, in his teachings, has been driven from

a true cour.se; also, how7 he has misstated facts pertaining to my book and other literature and the purpose of this crusade.

It is of no public moment what Dr. Alsaker may think of me. It is of no public moment what I may think of Dr. Alsaker. It is of great moment to the American public whether or not nZ-uminum is a poison when ingested. If it is a fact that aluminum compounds are ingested in food and drink or that they are given in medicines and that such compounds are poisonous to the human body, then it is high time that the public be informed of the fact, even though certain persons do not like it. It is evident that Dr. Alsaker desires his readers to believe that my crusade is organized solely for the purpose of slandering aluminum cooking utensils. This is misinformation to his readers. The crusade pertains to aluminum compounds in food, drink or medicine, regardless of the source from which they are received by the human body.

I believe Dr. Alsaker is a man of more than ordinary intelligence. He says he lias read An Opinion Upon Aluminum and other printed material. Only two of the ten photographs in the book have reference to aluminum cooking utensils. The other eight have reference to minerals in medicines and water purifiers manufactured for the sick. How any man of even ordinary intelligence could possibly misinterpret all of

By Dr. Charles T. Beits

the photographs and subject matter so as to make it appear entirely a crusade upon aluminum kitchen Avare, or why he did it, is beyond my comprehension. It seems to me that a deliberate misrepresentation of the work was made by the doctor to his readers. Following is the first statement of article No. 1 and the first statement in the last article in An Opinion Upon Aluminum.

It is the purpose of this paper to acquaint you with my opinion concerning the ill effects caused by the use of aluminum utensils for cooking food, also aluminum used in various forms as food.

The purpose of this paper is to cause the reader to think and experiment for himself regarding the following opinions of mine.

Dr. Alsaker'seriously objects to the fact that this writer is giving information to the public in reference to health outside of his particular line, dentistry. Teaching of health matters or instructing people how to keep well is surely not within the realm of the duties of physicians. A physician’s work applies principally to prescribing medicines for, and giving treatment to, the sick. Most of those whom this writer knows are kept so busy attending the sick that they can not secure proper rest. I do not believe the public expects physicians to teach them upon such topics. In recent years, quite a large medical union has been formed and when any one attempts to interfere with the financial income of its members, by attempting to give health information, the leaders of the organization make a direct attack upon such persons at once. The attack upon my integrity and motives by Dr. Morris Fishbein, October, 1926, in the American Medical Journal, is now practically repeated by Dr. Rasmus Alsaker in Correct Eating, January, 1928. This method is used by the medical organization against practically all real teachers of nutritional principles. There are thousands of physicians belonging to the medical union who do not approve of their leaders’ actions or writings in this manner, but they are powerless to prevent it. This writer has never given the information to the public that he is a physician. It would indeed be a great mistake for him to do so, because of the fact that the public, in his opinion, does not look to the medical union as now organized, for instruction in health matters.

The nine ways mentioned below in which we receive aluminum compounds may be only the “vaporings” of my mind, which Dr. Alsaker refers to in his article; but I believe they are realities and that many have taken such compounds to their sorrow. I also believe it is high time that such men as Dr. Alsaker and others of exalted position should first investigate before they condemn. Any one taking such drugs from only one source might be able to throw off much of the poison; btit when a person takes them from three or more sources at the same time, the effects may be very noticeable. It may also he possible that medical secrets should not be given to the public. The doctor has forced this writer to make some of them known, in the following paragraphs. My literature treats upon the following:

Aluminum compounds in city drinking water.

Aluminum compounds in medicines.

Aluminum compounds from aluminum water purifiers.

Aluminum compounds in baked goods.

Aluminum compounds in whiskies.

Aluminum compounds in baking powders.

Aluminum compounds injected before major operations.

Aluminum compounds for bases for false teeth.

Aluminum compounds from cooking utensils.

Morticians may use aluminum compounds for embalming the dead. No objection can be made to their use in the body when life is extinct or when" used as a mordant in the coloring matter in the clothes which are used to cover the dead.

Aluminum Compounds in City Drinking Water

LUMINUM mixed in proper molecular proportions with sulphuric acid is extensively used as a water clarifying or purifying agent, in many cities of the United States. Of course such small amounts of such, poisons as ingested from drinking a single glassful of such wTater are supposed to be negligible in effect. This may be time, but the continued drinking of such water may have cumulative effects. This writer had no idea that such quantities are used, as are used, by various city water departments. Investigation of our Toledo water supply proved that about 3000 tons of this mixture are used per annum for the above-named purpose. One tablespoonful of sulphuric acid or two ounces of aluminum, either administered in a single dose, is sufficient to cause death.

The Toledo Tinies, December 2, 1926, said:

Expenditure of $55,000 to purchase 2,200 tons of aluminum sulphate for the division of water was approved by the council finance committee Wednesday night.

Does Dr. Alsaker believe this material is non-poisonous, or should we take the poison regularly? He does not dearly set forth his opinions in this matter.

Aluminum Compounds in Utedielnes

LUMINUM hydroxide and alumina waters are widely prescribed for the sick. When a person becomes addicted to a drug habit, the effect which the drugs produce can be relieved, seemingly, only by taking another potion of the drug. Any one who has, at any time, been familiar with tire habits of a cocaine or morphine addict can attest to the fact that when he can not secure more of the drug he usually becomes extremely nervous and lapses into a more pitiable condition. When he takes another dose of the same poison, apparently he is relieved. In fact he is only consuming more poison with its dire result.'

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