Golden Age, February 8, 1928
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OLI VOL DYING
iUGlOUS HEALING
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% Journal of fact
Vol. IX Bi-Weekly N®. 219
February 8, 1928
VORLO
BEGINNING
Contents of the Golden Age
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Labor and Economics
The Inquisitive Boy on the Coal Question ......... 300
Social and Educational
General Hall Passes On ............... 302
Who Am I?.....................315
Political—Domestic and Foreign
Cannon Fodder Tibed _ ................ ■ 299
The Indian Bureau .Again .............. 301
Agriculture and Husbandry
Man’s Natural Food ................. 201
Some Apple Oddities ................... 293
Pears and Plums ................... 201
Peaches, Apricots and Cherries ............. 224
Lemons and Grapefruit ................ 294 The Curious and Valuable Fig .............. 29.?
Dates, the First Food of Man .............. 293
Avacados and Pejibayes •. 296
Mangoes, Pineapples, Papayas ............. 297 ■
The Banana and-the Litchi ............... 297
Berries and Melons ................. 2! :8
Grapes and Raisins ,........ ................ 298
Methods of Fruit Preservation ............. 299
Home and Health
Medical Administration or ran Navy ........... .302
Chicago’s New Board of Health ............. 302
Religion and Philosophy
The Prince of Peace . . sa« .............. 303
What About the Heathen ?—Part 2 ............ . 310
Bible Questions and Answers . . ............ 316 The Basis of Religious Healing ............. 316 Watchtower Station Best of Am. ............. 317
Great Epochs in Human History ............ 318
Littm; Studies fob Little People ............. 319
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The Golden Age
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Volume IX Brooklyn, N. Y. Wednesday, February 8, 1928 Number 21®
Man’s Natural Food
AS MAN left the hand of his Creator he was a fruit-eating animal, exclusively so, as far as the record goes. Adam was not instructed to kill and eat his animal companions in the garden of Eden. Instead of that he was their caretaker. He was not commissioned to live on animal products, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, etc. Nor was any mention made even of the grains.
It is true that from the Flood onward man was permitted to eat animal products and even the animals themselves, certain kinds; but the original statement was: “Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat”; and there is abundance of reason to believe that man keeps in better condition mentally and physically when his diet is confined exclusively to the fruits and their humble complements the vegetables.
Of all the fruits the apple is king. It is rich in the lime salts that go to build up strong bones and tooth structures. It contains iron, one office of -which is to carry oxygen to all the tissues and .convert the harmful carbon dioxide into harmless substances tor excretion. It is for this reason that apple sauce is usually served with such rich dishes as roast pork and roast duck.
The apple contains phosphorus, without which the nerve and brain cells are starved for sustenance, It contains magnesia and sulphur, which assist in purifying the blood and clearing the complexion. It has a beneficial effect on the fiver. It is good for gout. A glass of apple cider taken before a meal will correct acidity.
The apple has real food value. The energy locked up in a juicy Jonathan apple is declared to be ecjual to that obtained from a small plate of beans, two-thirds of a cup of rice, two-thirds of a cup of milk, a lamb chop, a potato, or two Blices of bread.
A Widely Spread Blessing
PPLES are raised throughout Europe, southern Siberia, northern India, China, Japan, Canada, the United States, Australia, Tasmania, and- New Zealand. Some of the choicest apple-producing regions of the world are both sides of the St. Lawrence Valley from Detroit to Nova Scotia, the. Shenandoah Valley, the Ozarks and.the Cascades.
Nurserymen plant apple seeds; and when the seedlings are a year old their tops are cut c-ff near the ground, and twigs are spliced on which have been taken from trees yielding the fruit desired. The joint is protected by a ball of day until the union is complete.
Apple varieties do not reproduce themselves from seeds; i. e., a Baldwin apple seed may or may not produce a Baldwin apple tree. An apple-grower has obtained two hundred varieties of apples, all grown from seeds of the same apple tree, yet differing in size, color, shape and taste. While the best known varieties of apples are 338 in number, yet a British authority has listed two thousand varieties, and still there are more to follow.
The apple is a member of the rose family, to which family also belong plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, pears and an immense variety of smaller plants, including strawberries. Nor is an apple orchard in full bloom unlike a rose garden. Only those who have seen a great apple orchard in full bloom can appreciate what floral beauty and fragrance are. It requires ten years to bring an apple orchard into full profitable bearing.
The government advises a more general growing of apple and other fruit trees in home gardens, on the ground that they contribute substantially to the health and pleasure of the average family, arid furnish a supply of valuable food at a relatively small outlay of money.
2&1
Apples and currants are not adapted to long hot summers and mild winters; but in vast regions of the temperate zones it is possible to grow in the home garden apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, quinces, strawberries,' raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, currants,, gooseberries and grapes. In warmer sections the citrus fruits and pineapples, figs and dates take the place of these.
The Place to Plant Apples
THE place to plant apples is on a hillside, where the air is always in motion. Indeed, this is a good rule for any fruit which is liable to damage by frost. Air is like water. It flows up or down hill. The places most liable to early frosts are the bottom lands where there is no circulation. Cold air is heavier than warm air and naturally drains into the low places.
Eighty years ago, in the vicinity of Bangor, Maine, lived a farmer who had a hobby of planting apple seeds. Before he died it was estimated that he had started twenty thousand apple trees in business. Today there are twelve hundred acres of rocky land, otherwise worthless, ’which are completely covered with apple trees in a wild state, with every conceivable variety mixed in together. .■
Strange as it may seem, the close relationship of pruning, fertilization and fruit-bud formation is only now beginning to be clearly understood. The proper balance necessary to vigorous growth can generally be obtained by the addition of nitrogen to the soil early in the spring or by early cultivation or by. heading back the tops of the trees.
Apples bear their fruit in clusters on short dwarf branches called fruit spurs. The apples should be thinned to one fruit on a spur. Fruit is set on the spurs every other year, so the best practice of orchardists is to remove all the apples from a portion of the spurs so that they may be prolific the next year. The thinning is usually done just after what is known as the June drop. The fruit is left six to eight inches apart.
Renovation of Neglected Orchards
THOSE who have the knowledge and the industry can make large returns for their
Mme by taking over the care of neglected or-
chards, of 'which there are many thousands of acres in the East and the South. ■1
As an object lesson to his students, Prof. Oscar M. Watson of the University of Tenues-see, atUCnoxville, took over a twenty-five-acre tract of trees over forty years old that had never been pruned or cared for in any way. All the dead and diseased limbs were removed. The living limbs were thinned and pruned so that no two limbs would rub each other, and so that' the sunlight could penetrate the interior as well as the exterior of the trees.
Where limbs were removed, the stubs were scientifically treated so that no damage could come to the trees.- All removed limbs were carried outside the orchard and burned, thus destroying millions of pests. The trees were sprayed winter and summer. The result is that these trees are now loaded down every year with large, firm and delicious fruit.
Orchardists occasionally amuse themselves and interest others by seeing how many different kinds of apples they can obtain, from one tree by grafting. The record in this line is held by the Ohio Experiment Station at Wooster, where four hundred varieties are grown on what was originally a Ben Davis tree.
Picking and Storing
WHEN apples are ready to pick, a few specimens entirely free from disease and insect injury will drop from the trees. It sometimes happens that the apples on the south side and in the top of the trees ripen before those on the north side and at the bottom; and in such cases the tree should be given two pickings, a week or ten days apart. Ten days, at the height of the season, can add much to ' the color, size and quality of fruit.
It is a mistake to pick apples and dump them under a tree; for in the daytime the fruit is warm and at night it is cool, and this alternation of heat and cold quickly ripens the apples, and they do not keep so well. Apples should be handled as carefully as eggs. Small bruises -under the skin soon develop into rotten spots. If apples can be wrapped they should be.
Apples can not be kept in a cellar where a furnace is in operation. To keep well they need a steady temperature a little above £rgqf||g ing. Ventilation, is as important as low perature. A successful orchardist showed US ■ his storage room. It is in a side hill, half underground. Racks keep the fruit off the ground: similar racks prevent its coming in contact with the side walls. The temperature is regulated by drop windows in the roof.
Another method, rather more primitive, is to pack the apples carefully in barrels, tacking a piece of burlap firmly over the top. Select a well-drained spot, in the shade, on the north side of a building. Lay the barrels on their sides, end to end, and cover with eighteen inches of straw. As soon as freezing weather begins, cover the straw with a layer of dirt and over all a few boards or pieces of tin, but never old roofing paper. As fruit is wanted, the end barrel is easily accessible and readily removed.
Apple scald afflicts the Baldwin, York Imperial, White Pippin, Grimes Golden and some other varieties, unless so packed as to provide ventilation. This disease manifests itself by turning the skin of the apple brown. The disease is due to gases breathed out by the apples themselves. These gases are absorbed by the wrapper when the apples are wrapped.
Apple Crops and Markets
THE apple crop in the United States varies greatly. Almost every state in the Union raises 'some for home use, and nearly every state .has some surplus for sale. A large crop is forty-five million barrels, over a bushel apiece for every mail, woman and child in the United States.
New York usually has the largest crop. .Washington and Oregon are large growers. California has over 66,000 acres in apples, Something over half a million barrels are shipped to Great Britain every year.
The prices which the growers get for their apples and those which the consumers have to pay are usually far apart. Not long ago it was noted that in Rochester, the heart of New York’s apple district, when millions of bushels in the immediate vicinity lay unharvested because. the buyers would not give enough for them to pay for hauling them to market, when the city made a special feature of apple week, the retailers throughout the city continued to charge their traditional pri.ee of 5c each and thus discouraged the very thing the apple week was designed to help.
Northern Spies for Apple Pies
fTIESTS have been made with fifty-five varie-ties of apples at the Oregon Experiment Station and those honorable gentlemen hav® come to the conclusion that when it comes to making filling for apple pies there is nothing quite in the class with the Northern Spy, although they admitted that the Rambo and the Maiden Blush were just about as good.
In point of flavor, color and keeping qualities the Jonathan is unexcelled. The Baldwin and the Ben Davis are put on the market in -the largest quantities. Besides these, the varieties most widely grown in the United States ar® the Pippin, Golden Russet, Blue Pearmain, Spitzenberg, Willow Twig, Duchess of Oldenburg, Rhode Island Greening,' ..Gilliflower, Wealthy, Winesap and King.
Northern Spies are slow in developing. Where other trees come into full bearing in ten years, the Spy will often not begin to bear freely until twelve or fourteen years old. It is subject to scab and is often poorly colored unless the tree is well pruned.
The chain stores for some reason best known to themselves seem to make no effort to handle the Eastern fruits, Baldwins, Winesaps, Greenings, Russets and Northern Spies, despite the fact that everybody who has ever eaten these is forced to admit immediately their vast superiority’ in flavor over Western apples. But if you wish to buy any fruit in a chain store, even in the heart of an appje district of the East, you will most likely be "given only Western apples, hauled across the continent.
When it comes to looks, the Western apples have the Eastern ones beaten before they start. Western apple growers take care of their trees; Eastern growers seldom do. In Oregon it is against the law to sell an apple that has a worm hole in it. This is one of the most sensible laws any legislature ever passed; for it lias compelled the grower to spray his fruit trees.
Some Apple Oddities
ROM four different directions — Oregon City, Oregon; Denver, Colorado; Piney
Grove, Delaware ■ and Montreal, Quebec—come reports of the growing of seedless apples. Some of these seedless apple trees are seven or more years of age, and' we must take it for granted that the seedless apple will soon be on the market.
The seedless apple of J. W. McComb, Oregon City, resembles a Gravenstein in color and a banana in form. It is elongated, plump, very tasty, and has stripes of red. and yellow. The 'seedless apple of Frank P. Kogers, Piney Grove, Delaware, bears red fruit of uniform size and color. Its blossoms are different frinn other apple blossoms in that they do not unfold. ' .
Australia 'has produced a new apple called the cucumber apple, used in salads. Though it has the appearance of an apple the taste' is that of a cucumber.
A farmer near Cold Springs, N. J., has devised a system of reproducing initials or picture outlines on apples. It is believed that this is done by pasting silhouttes on the outside of the apple. .The sun does the rest.
A fruit-grower in the vicinity of Minneapolis has produced hybridizations of apples and pears, apples and crab-apples, and apples, pears and crab-apples together.
The largest apple tree in the world is said to be at Stuart, Patrick County, Virginia. It is 120 years old, 60 feet high, 12 feet around, spreads 70 feet, is still hale and hearty and has produced in a single season 132 bushels of Winesaps, some of them of enormous size, Pears and Plums
THE pear, a native of Western Asia, has been introducejl into all temperate climates of the civilized world. The first American pear tree was planted in the garden of Governor Endicott, at Boston, in 1630.
California has 94,450 acres in pears, and ships annually 2,000,000 cases of crated pears, a half million'eases of canned pears and several million pounds of dried pears.
The occasional stony or gritty particles which are found in pears are really the graveyards of minute insects which have attacked the pear while it was still in the bud. The flesh of the fruit grows and surrounds them until finally they succumb.
J. B. Peden, Southmont, Pa., has perfected a seedless and coreless pear, but the cores- of pears are such insignificant things that the invention does not seem of the same value as the invention of the coreless apple.
The plum, like the pear, is a natural laxative, either fresh dr dried as prunes. Moreover, it contains a peptic ferment which is an aid to digestion. California has 196,384 acres in prunes and 42,108 acres in other plums.
Peaches, Apricots and Cherries
THE peach is supposed to have come originally from Persia: and many botanists suppose that the peach and the almond are one and the same thing, because of the nut peach. This variety, which grows on the shores' of the Persian Gulf and .in Mesopotamia, has no skin. It is like a strawberry in texture; and after the pulp is eaten there yet remains the delicious almond within the pit. The eqlor of the nut peach is amber. .
There are some 300 varieties of peaches. The life of a "peach tree is about twenty-five years, ten of which are productive. It grows best on light- soil and is subject to the attacks of many insects. It should not be allowed to overbear, as this reduces the next year's crop. The thinning should be done before the seed becomes hard, as it is the formation of the seed that uses up the vitality of the tree.
All peaches that drop to the ground should be gathered and buried two feet under ground, in quicklime. These drops contain the larvae which constitute the peach tree's worst enemies. ' '
The apricot, half-way between the peach and the plum, is believed to be a native of Armenia. As this tree is fond of the sun, in Europe and Asia it is generally trained against stone walls,, on the southern side.
California has 100,596 acres in apricots, 102,567 acres in clingstone peaches and 82,189. in freestone peaches. In California cherries are subordinated to other fruits; yet there are 17,895 acres in the state devoted to cherry culture, and during the season 300 ears of fresh cherries are sent east and 170,000 cases of canned cherries are shipped.
In Germany and other continental countries cherry trees line the roadsides. American garden cherries are of European stock, but there are numerous varieties of American wild cherries. .
Apples of Gold
WH EN Solomon made his famous reference to "apples of gold in pictures of silver” he is supposed to have had reference to or-. anges on silver platters, a very beautiful pic' ture surely. Some of the best oranges in the world are now produced in Palestine.
With proper care an orange grove will bear better and better oranges, and live indefinitely. There are orange trees in Spain over three hundred years old. The older trees bear larger oranges with thicker, rinds and sweeter pulp. .
Oranges are an excellent food, one of nature’s very best. In the case of many fevers, if oranges and no other foods are taken the patient quickly recovers. The undernourished soon put on weight if fed oranges. Oranges and tomatoes form an excellent salad.
California has 203,902 acres in oranges, and ships over 50,000 carloads to eastern markets. In many parts of California, to obviate danger from frost it is necessary to install smudgepots in the orchard, which put a blanket of smoke about the trees in cold weather and thus give them protection. The orchards in California are irrigated six or seven times each summer.
A modern method of treating orange trees in California is to put a tent over an entire tree and to discharge under it the fumes of hydrocyanic gas. The gassing of the trees is done at night for if done in sunlight the gases would injure fruit and foliage. The cost of caring for orange trees properly runs from $200 to $275 per acre per year. The oranges are cut from the trees with scissors.
In ‘the handling of oranges after they are picked, at least twenty separate operations are involved, including grove culling, stenciling, labeling, wrapping, etc.
The navel orange, the greatest commercial orange in the world (but nowhere near the Indian River oranges of Florida in flavor or juiciness), was originally a sport or freak orange which manifested itself in Bahia, Brazil, and was brought to America in 1870 by the Department of Agriculture.
The satsuma or kid-glove orange is a native of .Japan. There are now 18,000 acres of satsumas on the Gulf coast near Mobile, Alabama. The satsuma will stand a lower temperature than .any other orange. It comes on the market after all other crops of oranges are gone and before new crops are ready for the market.
At Avon Park, Florida, an everbearing orange has been discovered, or has made its appearance, of which great things are expected. This tree produces fruit the year around.
Lemons and Grapefruit
T IKE the orange, the lemon and the grapefruit came originally from India, and require a warm climate. Lemon juice is remedial in gout and rheumatism and scurvy. Everbearing varieties of the lemon have been known for some time. The lemon has been success-"fully crossed with the grapefruit, producing a fruit twenty-two inches in circumference, which weighs three or four pounds and is said to combine the best qualities of both fruits. California has 45,089 acres in lemons and 10,918 acres in grapefruit. •
It was the Spaniards that introduced the grapefruit into Florida, but the fruit was long in coming to the popularity it now enjoys. Now, in its season, there is nothing more enjoyed for breakfast than a half a grapefruit. The Florida fruit is larger and sweeter than the California variety. Grapefruit does ftot contain so much citric acid as the lemon, but does contain quinine. It is a natural tonic. The 'Spanish name is pomelo.
The juice of the grapefruit dissolves the lime which is formed in the human system and is the chief cause of rheumatism. It prevents hardening of the arteries, is a corrective of kidney and bladder troubles and is believed to be beneficial in preventing goiter and tumors.
The following recipe for grapefruit applesauce is taken from Good Housekeeping:
Cut the skin of one grapefruit into narrow strips of convenient length and soak overnight in cold water to cover. Drain, cover with cold 'water, bring to the boiling point, drain again, and cover with fresh water. Cook gently for one hour. Pare, core and quarter enough apples to fill a two-quart dish, and add these 'to the grapefruit peel with two cups of boiling water. Boil for fifteen minutes) then add two and one-half cupfuls of sugar and one-half teaspoonful of salt, and simmer gently for thirty minutes.
The Curious and Valuable Fig
EVERY ripe fig costs the life of one figwasp. A small female wasp, freshly dusted with the pollen of a wild fig, must force her way into the blossom end of the young fig (which then becomes her tomb) and dust the seeds on its inner surface; or the fig-tree will cast its figs, i. the. young figs will wither and fall. One wild fig-tree with its attendant' swarm of wasps is sufficient for about one hundred Smyrna trees.
The fig is hard to gather. The milky juice which exudes from the stems of the figs when they are. mature 'is very irritating to the flesh. Fig-pickers wear gloves or rubber fingertips or smear their hands and arms with beef suet or some other form of grease or oil. In Smyrna figs are allowed to fall to the ground at maturity, and lie there six days in the sun before they are packed. ■
Figs are rich in sugar and other carbohydrates. They also contain the iron and lime without which the body can not be maintained in health. Additionally they provide roughage, indigestible cellulose, which is essential to keep the digestive organs in good working order.
California has 61,083 acres in figs, of which. 12,000 acres are owned by the fig king, Mr. Ferkner. This gentleman claims to have on his place 600,000 trees, or half as many as are to be found at Smyrna, the fig center of the world. Figs are grown in the Carolinas and in Texas. Texas has grown figs ten inches long: these figs are all canned, being of a very perishable character.
The United States government has authorized California fig-growers to pack the perishable varieties of figs in wines of not to exceed ' twelve percent alcoholic content, and it is believed that this will greatly stimulate the • fig market and the gentlemen and ladies who buy the figs. Otherwise stated, both the figs and the buyers will be pickled, the figs first. Advance orders for the pickled figs were sufficient to absorb the yield of more than 125,000 fig trees.
Oates, the First Food &f Mm
ipiIERE is some reason to believe that dates were the first food of man. In early
Arabian and Christian records it is frequently spoken of as the tree of life. It is the principal food of the Arab, who eats six pounds a day. Americans average to eat six ounces a year, actual import figures. ‘
The date palm is a Lofty tree, growing to
100 feet in height and yielding as high as thirty clusters of dates a year, with 150 to 200 dates in a cluster. It is the principal plant of the oases. Nothing about the date palm is wasted. Over eighty. percent of all dates are grown in Mesopotamia. ■
Date seeds are roasted and used as a substitute for coffee, or ground and pressed for oil, and the pomace used for stock food. The leaves are used .for matting, baskets and thatching, the fibre of the bark for rope-making, the wood for fence-making, and the terminal bud as a vegetable. The making of date honey is considered an important industry in Spain. Dates are a valuable food for persons .suffering from impaired digestion.
The United States Department of Agriculture has been experimenting with dates, and the experiments are still in progress, but. progress is slow. The date palm begins to bear at six to eight years, and is twenty years old before it produces any considerable quantity of fruit. Only the female tree bears fruit.
Avocados and Pejibasjes
CALIFORNIA has 2,654 acres in avocados (alligator pears), a fruit much appreciated in the tropics, which northerners are only beginning to like; but 'when people become fond of them, they enjoy them very much. 'The avocado is the only fruit that has no acid and little sugar. It ranks higher in vegetable . oil content than the average olive, the protein and mineral content is more than twice that of other fresh fruits, and the energy value is more than that of lean meat.
The avocado family is a large one, more than. 400 varieties being known. Some are as small as apricots, some as large as melons; some are purple, some green, some red; the fat content varies from two percent to thirty-five percent. The avocado is one of the best known substitutes for meat and eggs.
The avocado and the pejibaye stand first among the tropical fruits of economic value. In the lowlands of Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador the pejibaye is the staple food of the natives. The fruits are ovoid in form and one to two inches in length. They vary in color from clear light yellow' to deep orange. Four or five stems grow from a common base, and as much as 150 pounds of fruit may grow7 on one stem.
The pejibayes sold in Costa Rica are marketed after being boiled in salted water for three hours. In this condition they are ready for eating, without further preparation. The meat of the pejibaye reminds many people of the chestnut or the eocoanut. It is believed the pejibaye could be raised in southern Florida. California would be too cold for iti
SSanyoes, Pineapples, Papayas
THE mango, "king of fruits,” grows 'wild in
Hawaii, but the better varieties are obtained by grafting. When a person has acquired the taste for the mango even the wild ones, which have a turpentine flavor, are enjoyed ; but most wild varieties are of very indifferent or disagreeable flavor and texture, and their rinds produce sores on. the mouths and faces of some people.
The right way to eat a mango is to thoroughly chill it on ice, then with a knife cut a ring around the rind a little above the shoulder . and another near the opposite end, then rim a knife along the back, ■ connecting these twTo rings. The fruit is sometimes prepared by peeling and slicing. Special mango forks are made by which the fruit may be held, if desired.
. The pineapple, also, is a native of Hawaii, and the finest specimens of this fruit are still grown there in vast quantities. It takes twelve to fifteen months for the plants to blossom and six months more to mature the fruit, but the fruit is generally canned the day it is picked ©r the next day afterwards. The supply of fresh pineapples for American tables comes mostly from the Florida keys.
Pineapple contains a digestive substance sailed bromelin, which is able to digest meat, the casein of milk, and the white of egg, and hence is 'a good digestive at the end of a meal. Warts and corns are cured by pineapple juice, and it is good for sore throats. If a slice oil-pineapple is applied to a corn for eight hours, the corn is softened and made easily removable.
-The papaya, the Hawaiian canteloupe, grows on trees. It is the universal breakfast food in Hawaii, enjoyed alike by rich and poor. It grows-readily on any soil, with little care and n© serious disease or insect pests. It occupies but little space and is to be found in nearly ©very Hawaiian dooryard. It matures quickly.’
The ripe papaya finds a place as an ingredient of certain elixirs said to be expectorant, sedative and tonic. The juice is used in the treatment of eczema, warts, worms, gastric disorders, ulcers and diphtheria. The ripe fruit is used as a cosmetic for removing freckles and other blemishes. The green fruit and leaves are employed as a soap to remove stains from clothing. The roots afford a nerve-tonic. The seeds are eaten as a delicacy and a quencher of thirst and have medicinal properties. The bark is used in the manufacture of ropes.
The Banana and Litchi
JT SEEMS hard to realize that one of the staple foods of the tropics, the banana, was hardly known in the 'United States until 1872, when the first shipment of 250 bunches was landed at New Orleans. The native never eats the bananas just pulled from ths trees, but gathers them while green, the same as we do, and stores them until fully ripe.
The banana shrub is not properly a tree. Its huge stalk, though not unlike a tree trunk in appearance, consists of a compact sheath of leaves. Only one bunch of bananas grows on each stalk; commonly it is fifteen feet off the ground. The harvest hand, cuts the stalk part way up; the fruit causes it to bend until the bunch can be seized and cut from the stalk. A bunch of bananas frequently weighs 100 pounds.
The banana is a prolific reproducer of itself; and at every cleaning of the land it is necessary to destroy many young plants or suckers, as they are termed, so that the field will not become overcrowded. There were at least two varieties of bananas in the New World before the advent of the white man.
Bananas should not be eaten raw’ until the brown spots begin to appear. They are nice baked. Each end is cut off, the jackets being left on. In twenty or thirty minutes they are ready for the table. They should be slit lengthwise and buttered. The butter greatly improves the flavor.
Bananas are very palatable cut up with oranges, both very thin, and served with sugar and a squeeze of.lemon juice.. Recent novelties are banana flour and banana coffee, both- mad® by drying the fruit first, after which the dried
slices are ground either coarse or fine, as desired.
If the sliced bananas are dried by the heat of a stove, the heat must be applied slowly and evenly for about three days. The dried, bananas intended for coffee are roasted after they are dried. The result is said to taste a great deal like coffee, and to be devoid of the injurious effects of the latter. Bananas should never be kept in an ice chest, as it prevents them from ripening properly.
A Chinese fruit of which we are likely to hear more in the near future is the litchi. This fruit grows on trees, but strikingly resembles in color and general appearance large strawberries. The white flesh under the red skin is of about the consistency of a muscat grape; and within the delectable pulp is the litchi nut, which is also edible and delightful. Experiments have indicated that the litchi can be grown profitably in Florida. ■
Berries and Melons
OVER fifty varieties of strawberries are grown commercially in the United States.
Each variety lias its favorites. From North to South every American family with a little patch of ground at its disposal has or may have fresh strawberries in season, or even have them all summer through by planting one of the ever-bearing varieties. '
Whoever would maintain a strawberry bed more than one season must be a good weedfighter: and so many growers plow up their old beds immediately after the crop is harvested and set fresh plants for the next year. Strawberries contain much sugar and some salicylic acid and iron. They are beneficial in anaemia, are laxative and act on the kidneys. Strawberries which measured seven and one-half inches in circumference have been grown in America. A good picker will pick 200 quarts of strawberries in a day.
Blackberries (a native American fruit) and the three kinds of raspberries, red, black and purple, ought really to be in every American’s home garden. Raspberries contain much iron and are excellent for anaemic persons, invalids and convalescents. Raspberry juice is excellent in feverish conditions; blackberry juice is an astringent and cheeks diarrhoea.
Gooseberries, those delectable fruits with
Baaotttt, M. «,
which Britishers are so familiar, do not do so well in America; the climate is too dry for them. Giant gooseberries have been produced in England, some of them weighing over an ounce apiece.
The canteloupe melon is from Asia, but the name is from the papal gardens at Cantaluppi, near Rome. When the canteloupe first became popular, Rocky Ford, Colorado, was the center of production; but this has since shifted to the Imperial Valley, California, from which point, in season, solid trainloads of canteloupes are sent out, packed 366 crates to the car.
Grapes and Raisins
THERE are more than two thousand varieties of grapes, fifteen hundred varieties of which are grown in Europe. America has a number of native grapes, some of the most excellent ones in the world. Europeans ti® their vines to a stake; Americans train them on a trellis. The object in each case is to get the fruit off the ground and give the vines plenty of air and sun.
Grapes were never in such demand as now.
Since the country went dry, it seems that everybody wants more grapes than he ever thought of using before. New York city used to use 300 cars of grapes in a season; but now that the city has become arid dry, it uses 20,000 carloads in a season. No one knows what becomes of all these grapes, at least no prohibition agent. ’
Grapes contain bitartrate of potash, which makes them most useful in fever and also in teething complaints. The sugar they contain is very quickly assimilated and warms and fattens quickly. A diet of sweet grapes will often strengthen a feeble digestion and cure anaunia brought on by loss of blood or over- ■ work and worry.
The Muscadine or Scuppernong grapes, growing in the vicinity of Norfolk, Virginia, are of immense size, like the English hothouse grapes, but unlike them do not grow in bunches but singly. They axe mostly used for making grape paste, used incombination with cottage cheese. These grapes were formerly used in making wine; hut nobody makes wine in America, now that the country is bone dry!
Raisin grapes have been grown, and used for ;y the purpose for which they are now used in all ages of human history. There are frequent references to raisins in the Bible, and it is known that they were grown and dried on all shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
Today the world’s supply of raisins comes from California, where there are 184,067 acres in grapes. The fruit is picked when fully ripe and laid on trays between the rows of the vineyard. When half-dried the grapes are turned so that the sun can reach the other side of the bunches. This is done by laying an empty tray on top of the full one and turning 'both over.
Methods of Fruit Preservation .
METHODS of fruit preservation are keep. ing pace with fruit production. More is being learned every season, if not every day. The original method, was to dry the fruit in the sun. This is still used, but is not feasible i®. every climate. Drying is <also done in ovens and over stoves and on a larger scale by heated currents of air. When drying is done in ovens, the fruit is placed on plates and the door of the oven is left partly open. Dried fruits and vegetables require little space for storage, are transported economically and will keep indefinitely. Fruit can be thus. saved which would otherwise be wasted. ~
The treatment of dried fruits with sulphuric acid fumes is regrettable. It is not possible to get this all out of. the fruit, and its presence in the stomach in any considerable quantity is dangerous and harmful. All dried foods should be soaked until they have regained their plumpness and are as soft as they were before drying. After they have been sufficiently soaked they should be cooked slowly until tender in the same water, to prevent loss of nutrients. When fresh fruit can be obtained dried fruits should be avoided.
Certain fruits are kept in perfect condition by simply coating them with paraffine. Another method is to put them up in a cold syrup which preserves them in their natural state. Another method is described as putting the fruit to sleep, an invention of a Liverpool professor. By this method or another one fruit is transported in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide gas. No doubt the icing of refrigerator cars will soon become a thing of the past, methods of gas preservation being apparently much less expensive and in many ways more desirable and probably more efficient. "
Cannon Fodder Tired By Robert Quellen, in the Washington Post
(Copyright 1927. Reprinted by Permission.)
rPHE normal man is a normal man and will -®- fight when angered. He does not willingly fight until his temper is aroused.
When statesmen, playing their game of diplomacy for territory and trade, are unable to make headway by peaceful means, they seek to accomplish their ends by force. They pick the quarrels and then step aside to let others do the fighting.
When statesmen have -set the stage for a fight and found a safe retreat from which to observe the fray, their first big task is to arouse the passions of cannon fodder. A few half-truths, a few adroit appeals to a slumbering race prejudice, a few clever phrases con-oerning the righteousness of the cause, and the thing is done. Nations seethe with hate, and blind, toolv.. unthinking men fly at one another’s throats. The world is given over to organized murder with benefit of clergy, and vulture statesmen hover near 16 pick the bones.
Never yet has there been a war that could not have been avoided. Never more would there be a war if the statesmen who plan and invoke wars were required to take their places in the trenches.
Men who fight and kill to settle their private quarrels are placed in jail. They are criminal^ Men who fight and kill to settle the quarrels and back up the bluffs of diplomats are heroes.
There is very little honest thinking in the world, but there is hope of a better day in the fact that cannon fodder has grown tired of doing murder to please statesmen bent on conquest. . '
The Inquisitive Boy on the Coal Question
(Reprinted from the Montreal Federated Railwayman)
WHAT place is that, pa?
A coal mine, my son. '
Whose coal mine is it, pa?
It belongs to me, my son. .
Do all those trucks of coal belong to you?
Yes, my son, every one of them.
My! how long did it take you to dig it up? Did you dig the coal all alone by yourself ?
No, my son; those men you see going down the mine dug it for me.
Do the men belong to you, pa ?
■ No, my son; those men are free men. No man can own another. If he could, the other would be a slave, but they must work or starve.
What is a slave, pa?
A slave, my son, is a man who has to work for another all his life for only his board and clothes.
Why do men dig so much coal, pa? Do they like it?
Well, no, I don’t suppose they do; but they must work or starve.
Are these men rich, pa ?
Not to any great extent, my son.
Do they owm any houses, pa?
I rather guess not, my son; it takes them all their time to -work for their living.
What is a living, pa? .
Why, a-living—w’ell, for them a living is what they eat and wear.
Isn’t that board and clothes, pa!
I suppose it is.
Well, are they any better off than slaves, pat
Of course they are, you foolish boy. Why, they’re free; they don’t need to work for me if they don’t like to; they can leave whenever they choose.
And if they leave, won’t they have to work, pa?
Yes, of course they will; they will have to work for someone else.
And will they get any more than, a living from him? .
No, I suppose not.
Well, then, how are they any better off than slaves ?
Why, they have votes; they are free men.
How is it better for them to be free ?
Oh, don’t ask foolish questions, boy.
How did the coal get into the mine, pa! '
God made it, my son.
Did he make it for you, pa!
No; I bought it.
Bought it from God! . -
No, from a man.
Did the man buy it from Go'd? '
No, of course not; he bought it from another man, I suppose.
Did the first man it was bought from buy it from God?
No, I suppose not.
How did the first man get it, then? How was it his any more than anybody else’s?
How, I don’t know. I suppose he just claimed it.
Then, if these men should claim it now, would it be theirs?
Oh, bother! don’t be asking such foolish questions.
If you didn’t own the coal mine, how would you make your living?
Oh, I don’t know; I suppose I would have to work.
Would you dig coal, pa? ..
Maybe I would.
How would you like to dig the coal for only your board and clothes, and let the man who claimed it have everything else? •
NobodyM care how I liked it. Poor people must work for their living.
If .these men had a coal mine of their own, would they work for you, pa!
Not likely; they’d work for themselves, probably.
Isn’t it lucky that that man claimed this coal field first and that you bought it?
Why?
If he hadn’t, maybe somebody else would have claimed it, and then maybe one of these men would own it now, and then yon’d have to work for him for your hoard and clothes. -
Maybe, you ought to be thankful to Providence for His goodness to you in giving you a father who can support you without w’orking.
Should these men’s little boys be thankful to Providence, too, pa?
Well, I suppose they should.
What for, pa?
Because their pa’s have steady work.
BOO
JraBSVAHT 8, 1928 ■
Is steady work a good thing, pa?
Of course it is, my son.
Then why don’t you work, pa? Nobody could keep you from digging coal, could they, pa?
No. If I worked I would be keeping one of them out of a job.. ,
That’s kind of you, pa. Do you think if you were to wheel that man’s barrow once while he rested, he’d get mad about it ?
Oh, pshaw! Men like me don’t wheel barrows.
Well, pa, honest now, are these men God’s children, just as much as we are? “
Why, yes, my son, to be sure they are.
Say, pa, do you remember when you bought the dozen marbles for brother Jim and me, and I grabbed them all, and made Jim give me his top, before I’d let him play with them, and you called me a - greedy little hog and gave me a licking! '
80f.
Yes, my son, I remember. .
Well, do you think you did right? ■
Certainly, my son; a parent does right to correct his children and keep them from acquiring bad principles. I bought the marbles for you both. Jim had as much right to them as you.
Well, pa, if those men are God’s children just as much as you, then you and they are brothers, and. if you make them give you nearly all ths coal they dig, for allowing them to get at the coal seams which. God made, isn’t that the same as making Jim give me.his top for a chance to play with the marbles ? .
Oli, bother, don’t ask such stupid questions.
' Say, pa, d^you think God thinks you a greedy little hog, aiifl that he will punish you for grabbing that coal? .
Oh, don’t talk so much! Say, ma, take this child home and put him to bed; he makes m® tired.
The Indian Barean Again.
CONGRESSMAN Frear’s resolution for an investigation of the Indian Bureau calls attention to the fact that this Bureau now exercises virtually unlimited control over Indian property estimated worth $1,600,000,000.
The Indians are often forced to pay for improvements which they do not wish and do not ’ -use. The Pimas are paying for a bridge on the main tourist route between Phoenix and Tucson, which nobody but the tourists ever use. The stream crossed is fordable throughout the year.
cost the Pimas ©ver $800,000 to build this bridge which they d@ not want. The Navajos m paying $100,000 for ® similar bridge.
Indian agents, it seems, have the power to appoint $10-a-month subordinate agents called fudges who, without trial by jury or any known sod© of law or legal practice, have confined Indians in jail and compelled them to work on the highways as convicts.
Disease conditions among the Indians are mich that Dr. Emergen of Columbia University, former health commissioner for New York City, says that "outside of Russia, India or China I know of no nation, race or tribe of human beings which now exhibit such tragic neglect of the most elementary protection against sickness and death”.
The Indians are dying twice as fast as the whites. Their infant mortality is two and five-sevenths times that of the whites. Their tuberculosis rate is seven and one-half times higher. One-fifth of all Indians are suffering from trachoma.
Indian baby boys, at the tender age of six years, are in certain parts of the Indian service taken from their parents and crowded into boarding schools where the food is scanty, where discipline is strict and where the treatment some of them receive is that so eloquently described by a witness before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. This witness, H. L. Russell, construction officer for the Government, among the Navajo Indians, said:
I have seen Indian boys chained to their beds at night for punishment. I have seen them thrown into cellars under the buildings, which the superintendent called a jail. I have seen their shoes taken away from them, and they then forced to walk through the snow to the bam to help milk. I have seen them whipped with a hemp rope, also a water hose, and forced to do servant's work for employes and superintendents without compensation under the guise of industrial and eik
ucation.
Medical Administration of the Navy
By Dr. W. Armistead Gills (U. 8. Navy, Retired)'
EVERYTHING in the Navy, except the health of the men behind our guns, has been investigated, published, and millions appropriated for improvement.' The only publicity given the blue jackets has been the proverbial country-wide poster to obtain recruits. Experts, both aerial and aquatic, having had their day in court, it seems only just that the medical .officer should speak. The nation’s selected youths are not only being pensioned for life, but deserting while on the sick list, and dying of preventable diseases. Provided such separations are exceedingly small, one is too many if it could have been prevented.
Here is a sample of our statistics for 1920 to 1925, inclusive, incident to those whom we pronounce “physically fit”: Personnel 946,379. 617,832 patients were on the sick list, who lost 12,604,225 days from duty; 621,898 sick days were for tuberculosis, 33,140 were invalided back to civil life; sickness and deaths after discharge, unknown; 728 officers placed on the retired list, due not to age, but to disease* 60,764 surgical operations; 1,540 enlisted men deserted while on the sick list, suffering with such diseases as mastoiditis. I estimate that maintenance of the sick cost $35,000,000. Th® officers on the active list in 1925 possessed 7,295 physical disabilities, among them being blood pressure, defective vision, heart disease, rupture, etc.; 1,103 of these “disabilities” are reckoned as “grave”; 4,839 of our selected risks died either of disease or casualty. We had the smallest sick list in 1926, since the World War, which cost $3,131,596.48. Such state of affairs is disastrous not only to humanity, but to economy and defense. It is my opinion that these conditions are directly attributable to the antiquated and negligent methods used in the medical administration of the Navy.
Restricted speech disturbs moral stamina. Constructive criticisms should be discussed with the people. ■ ■
Chicago’s New Board of Health
CHICAGO has a new Board of Health composed entirely of laymen. The ordinance creating and empowering the new board provides that it “shall pass no rule or regulation which will compel any person to submit to vaccination, or injection of any virus, or medication, against his will or without his consent, or in case of a minor or other person under disability, the consent of his or her parent, guardian or conservator, and nothing in this ordinance contained, or in any other ordinance heretofore passed and in force in this city, shall be construed to authorize or empower any person or officer to so vaccinate, inject, or medicate without such-consent, or to authorize or empower the said board of health to adopt any rule or regulation requiring or authorizing any such vaccination, injection, or medication.”
General Hall Passes On
GENERAL William Preble Hall, retired, former Adjutant General of the United
Slates Army, and well known to Bible Students in all parts of the world, has passed on, at .the age of 79 years.
General Hall, awarded a Congressional medal of honor for distinguished gallantry in action in one of Colorado’s many Indian 'wars, in 1.879, was also brave in his defense of the truth. He was neither afraid nor ashamed to distribute tracts in his home neighborhood, one of the most exclusive in Washington, D. C.
' Though, always to some extent influenced by his early. military training, he nevertheless took his stand oil the Lord’s side and was a meek and faithful worker in the service work, doing with his might what his hand found to do. He toured the world with 'Pastor C. T. Russell on the foreign mission investigation and was the chairman at the Bible Students’ convention in Scranton in 1920. He was a-brother greatly beloved by all who knew him.
Hi® Prince of Pea®e
[Broadcast from Station WBBR, New York, by Judge Rutherford.]
If ANY believe that Christmas .is the am-J-xl niversary of the birth of Jesus at Bethlehem. The date is incorrect. The holy child was born about October 1. 'Many people think that Christmas'being celebrated by the churches is for the purpose of giving honor to Jesus’ name. This also is wrong.
The celebration .at this season of the .year designated .Christmas is one of commercialism rather than anything else. The clergy-make it the occasion to gather more money' from the people. The merchants profiteer by the sale of tinsel and shoddy goods at exorbitant .prices. Others who live by political, schemes, and who outwardly' support a prohibition law, get together and indulge freely .in the ..forbidden beverage. Few people on earth have informed themselves as .to the meaning of the birth of Jesus.
'While the date is incorrect as announced it is always appropriate to speak to .each other" concerning Him whose birth means more to humanity than any creature ever horn on earth.
When Abraham was old and his wife was past the age of women for child-bearing, God promised Abraham that lie should have a son by Sarah. Then He made promise to Abraham that he should be the father of many nations and through his seed all the nations of earth shall be blessed. At the death of Jacob a prophecy was uttered concerning that seed through which the blessing would come. It reads: “The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; .and unto him shall the gathering of the people he.”—Genesis 49:10.
Shiloh means tranquil one or Prince of Peace. Some Jews believe God and have confidence in' the fulfilment of these promises. Some Gentiles likewise believe God and are certain of the fulfilment of these promises. Today while some people are desirous of knowing the true meaning of our Lord’s birth it seems .appropriate on .this occasion to speak concerning the same.
The promise made to Abraham, which was subsequently repeated to others, thoroughly impressed the minds of the devout Israelites with the '-thought that at some future time there would be born-of a woman of the Jewish people a holy child; and.-that in some way,''to them not understood, -this child would be 'the means of blessing all the .families and nations of the earth. They expected the Jewish nation, to become the greatest nation of earth, and looked for all other nations to flow into it, be subservient to it and receive their blessings through it. These conclusions they based upon the words of the prophets, even though they did not fully understand the meaning of those prophecies. To them the Prophet Isaiah had said: ‘And it shall come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of the Lord’s house shall be established in the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. And many people shall go and say. Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.” —Isaiah 2:2, 3.
And. again: “For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and the government shall be upon his shoulder; and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of- David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice, from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the Lord of hosts will perform this.”—Isaiah 9: 6, 7.
The birth of Jesus, the greatest event in the world’s history, was about to be enacted. Two thousand years had passed since God had made the promise to Abraham of the coining of the mighty One through whom all the families of the earth should he blessed. During that time Jehovah was executing His - preconceived plan, renewing His promise to keep it fresh, in the minds of the faithful, and shaping the course of those who should participate in this great transaction. And now, as the day drew near, the stage was being set..
The place selected 'was Bethlehem, situated on an elevation south of Jerusalem. It was on.ee the home of Boaz, whose fields the beau-
tiful Moabitish woman Ruth had gleaned, whom Boaz had redeemed and afterward took as his wife. Here Jehovah had used Boaz as a type of Christ Jesus and Ruth as a type of the church, His bride, foreshadowing things yet to come.
'Later Bethlehem was the home of Jesse and of David his son. The name David implies “beloved one’; and it wms there that he was anointed to be king over Israel, from which time he typified Jesus, the mighty Son of God. Jehovah had selected this as the birthplace of Jesus; hence there the birth must take place.—Matthew 2:5, 6; Micah 5: 2.
Away to the north in Galilee stood 'the humble and despised city of Nazareth. It was the home of Joseph the carpenter, a meek, little-known, yet honest, man. He was espoused to Mary. „ We should expect that Jehovah would time everything exactly; and so He did. Authority had departed from Judah; the Romans were in control of Palestine, and the time for the birth of the mighty One was due. Exercising His perfect wisdom and power, Jehovah was' overruling all things to the accomplishment of His purpose. Augustus Cfesar, then the emperor and ruler over all Palestine, issued a decree that all the people-should be taxed. Every one must go to the city of his nativity, there to be numbered and taxed. Joseph the carpenter, although a resident of Nazareth, was of the house of David, and hence must go to the city of David to be numbered and taxed. Naturally his espoused, virgin would accompany him to that city. She likewise was of the house of David through, another line, another reason why she should go there. But above all, the Lord directed them there because it was a part of Ills arrangement.
At that time there were no means of easy and rapid transit. It was a long journey, a tedious and tiresome one. Joseph, with his espoused seated upon an ass, journeyed through the hills along the Jordan probably for three days, and late in the evening reached the city of Bethlehem. The city was crowded; the private homes were full; all the hotels, inns, and other places were crowded out. Tired, worn, and weary from their long journey, they were jostled by the crowd in the narrow street's of the city. Applying to various places for lodging, at each place they were turned away; until finally they found a location where they could sleep in a stall with the cattle. And they retired for the night’s repose.
Over the brow of the hill, in the field one® ovrned by Boaz and gleaned by the beautiful Ruth, the faithful shepherds were watching their sheep. According to custom, they had four watches during the night. Some would watch while the others slept.
The earthly stage is now set. But behold that there was no great earthly splendor or show. In truth the condition of poverty of Joseph and his espoused, and the like poor condition of the shepherds who were now shortly to be used of the Lord, was the only fitting -way that we should expect the Lord wmuld have it. All the pomp and glory of earthly preparation' would have been but tawdry tinsel, detracting from the glorious things that wrere shortly to follow. Each one of the earthly players whom Jehovah had assigned to perform a part upon this stage was humble, meek, and possessed of faith in the promises of God. In heaven there was a host of angels that should participate in the great drama; and all the hosts of heaven vrere witnesses to this unparalleled and never-again-to-be-p^rformed event.
On earth it was night, picturing the fact that the whole world was lying in darkness and a great light was coming into the earth. The time had now arrived for the birth of the mighty One, and all the heavenly hosts were awake to the importance of the hour. Doubtless while others slept, Mary was pondering in her heart the great events that had taken place during the few months past; and while she thus meditated there in the silence of that night, without pain and without suffering there was born to her Jesus, the Savior of the world. And the shepherds watching their sheep in the field were attracted by the angel of the Lord, who came upon them; “and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day, in the city of David, a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord.”—Luke 2: 8-11.
When this heavenly messenger had finished his wonderful speech to the astonished shepherds, then it was, as if waiting a given signal, as^ahttittdinous heavenly host stood forth and the ^ood- tidings of great joy which ulti* ’-stately shall be to all people. Their song was - --biit-..the reflex of what had been announced.
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