Golden Age, May 4, 1927

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Contents of the Golden Age

Social and Educational

The Invisible Drama .................

<!■?■ Gknebal Inteukst to Bible Studies i» .......... 505

An Epistle to Easy Mabes

Manufactures and Mining

A Glimpse at the Giants

Growth of the Electrical Giant

The Electric Railway Giant .............. 487

The Gas Giant ................... 488

A Glance at the World’s News ............. 490

Texas the World’s Sulphur Mine ............ 490

The Wonders of a Watch ............... 492

Finance—Commerce—Transportation

Cotton Industries Forced to Move ............ 490

Who Owns America? ................. 490

Political—Domestic and Foreign

Alabama’s Stand for Justice .............. 491

Liberty Magazine Gets in Bed .............. 491

The Fight for Muscle Shoals .............. 491

Conditions in Hungary ................ 493

Italian Colonists Lose Their Liberties ........... 494

News from Oub Caxadhk Cobp.fspondent .......... 494

Home and Health

The Right or tub Sick to Get Well ........... 49S

Travel and Miscellany

Barking Dog Saves 125 Souls .............. 492

The Amazons Were Hittite Men ............. 493

Discoveries in Abraham’s Home Town ........... 493

Religion and Philosophy

A Righteous Nation ................. 500

Chktst in the Book or Lkviih i s ............. 596

Why God Sent me Rainbow .............. 509

Liitm; Studies ior Little People ............. 510

Studies in “The Hasp ov God” .............. 511

Published e\eij other VVedn^da^ ai 117 Adams Stioei. Brooklyn. h-. Y,, V. S„ A, by WOODWORTH, BUDGING S & MARTIN

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oAe Golden Age

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Volume VIH Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, May 4, 1927 NmtoW 199

A Glimpse at the Giants

THE giants in the earth today are the public service corporations. In one way or another they affect e,very home in the land. The water that we drink, the lights by which we see to read, the gas that cooks our meals, our trolley service, telephone service, telegraph service, and the power that runs our domestic and factory machinery come to us from the public service corporations. So let us take a glimpse at them.

Giants have small beginnings, and this is especially true of the electric giant. It was in 1824 that Faraday began his experiments to see if electricity could be produced from a magnet. It was thirty years before his experiments were crowned with complete success, and it was not until 1881 that electricity was for sale to the public.

New’ York's first public electric supply station was erected by Edison in Pearl Street, in 1881. Iri operation began on September 4th, 1882, with fifty-nine customers; and so skeptical were those that service was furnished to them for ths1 first five months without charge.

The foundation for the enterprise was the in-en descent electric light, invented by Edison hiimelf. Tt consists of a slender platinum or tungsten filament looped in a vacuum ■within a glass bulb. The filament is so slender that it offers great resistance to the passage of the electric current and convert s the electricity into heat and thus into light. The vacuum is necessary to prevent the destruction of the filament.

Five years after the inshdlatmn of the first Edison station there were 103 electric companies in existence and 313,000 lamps in use. Today there are more than 6.000 companies, serving 16,700 communities; and the number of lamps used each year is put at 200,000,000. One-half of all the homes in the country are now wired for electricity, and this particular giant was said to be worth over $7,350,000,000 at the beginning of 1926.

In the year 1919 the total output of electricity from all public utility plants in the United States was 38,921,000,000 kilowatt hours. Four years later it was 55,928,000,000 kilow’att hours. About- thirty-five percent of the power is derived from waterfall, and sixty-five percent is derived from fuel.

Growth of the Electrical Giant

IVE years ago—and five years is a long time in the electrical world-.......the Smithsonian In

stitution Bulletin set forth that to accomplish the work done annually in the United States would require the labor of about twice as many people as there are now living in the whole world; so that, for all practical purposes, the use of power has given each man, woman and child iil the United States the use of thirty servants.

Of course not all power in the country is electrical power, but much of it is. An item from the Manufacture rs’ Record states that if every man in the United States worked eight hours a day their combined physical effort would be equal to less than one-fifth of the electrical energy produced from central stations alone. Coal burned to produce electricity gives three times as much power as the use of it to produce steam power.

While the United States has been progressing electrically, other countries have also 'been forging ahead in the use of this commodity. Out of a total of 115,000,000,000 kilowatt hours of electrical energy produced in the world in 1920 the United States produced only a little over one-third.

Switzerland has the largest electrical consumption per capita of any country on earth. In Sweden, where electric power is cheap, farmers and housewives have far more bulbs in use per capita than in the United States;

•48S the deetiSed Ws are small, because the Swedish people are economical.

la Swedish elides the halls of apartment houses are dark, except for a few carefully measured nrirmtes after a person steps into them. The act of opening the door to step into them puts on the lights for a long enough period to enable a person to reach the top floor and no more. If he lingers on the way he finishes his journey in the dark.

Finland, which is a thinly settled country, is electrified throughout, greatly to the benefit of its farming population. Progress is also being made in the electrification of Russia, despite the setbacks and the shortage of money. In the country districts it is not uncommon for a peasant when he gets an electrical shock to summon a priest to exorcise the demon with prayer and holy water.

The electrifying of the world is making such .great demands for supper that fears have been expressed lest the voitfs supply of the metal would give out.

T£e Advent of Super-Power

TpOR many years after electricity had been demonstrated to be a most invaluable servant for man it was impossible to carry the current but a short distance, but when it was discovered that by using high voltages the current could be carried almost anywhere it was evident that a new era had dawned in the history of man on this planet.

It was the^aost natural thing conceivable that the large points should buy up the small ones in their vicinity, and then that the large ones should connect with one another and merge their services and their financial interests; and it was inevitable that some day some man would conceive a plan for a single electric superpower system to cover all of the United States and Canada. Such a plan now exists. ’

Preliminary to the greatest of all super-power systems there are already four enormous electrical combinations, one owned by the Province of Ontario, and run for the benefit of the people of Ontario, and three in the United States, run for profit; and, to quote Mr. Vanderbilt, “the public be damned*

There is one super-power system covering Alabama, the Carolinas and Georgia; another covering seven states adjacent to Illinois; and a

third covering the whole Pacific Coast and eastward into Montana. The equipment for hooking up New England and the Middle Atlantic States is about finished, and the big bankers are now fighting to see who shall have the biggest piece of the pie. Meantime the public know that they will get the erusts. Their only hope is that the cook will leave out the hair. >

We have before us a map of the proposed super-power system of the United.States and Canada. It shows, in outline, the location of all the coal fields; and, by means of circles shaded black, the estimated waterpower available in every part of the country is indicated. The final hook-up it is estimated will cost about $5,000,000,000. At the right time the people's savings (invested in .life insurance) rill be used to turn these properties over into the hands of the big bankers to run as they see fit

The two big dynamos, 60,000 kilowatts each, built by the General Electric Company for flic Niagara Falls Power Company and the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago, will each do the work of 5,400,000 men working in three eight-hour shifts. The main power line between Chicago and Pittsburgh carries 132,000 volts.

Supe^-Power Mop Be a Great Blewiag

GOOD giant who will do almost anytliing on earth that you want done is a good thing;

and there is but lit^e that Super-power cannot do. Ue can increase the produetiiveness of farms, improve® transportation, reduce the cost of manufactured products, promote mining and metallurgical operations, increase the effectiveness of human labor, conserve fuel resources and distribute the population. The benefits conferred will be innumerable.

If Super-power can restrain his own ravenous appetite for profits he can put electric fans, electric irons, electric toasters, electric cleaners, electric percolators, electric washers and electric air heaters into every home, and electric refrigerators into most of them. If the giant wills it so, the temperature of every home can be maintained at seventy degrees winter and summer; and there will be no fires, no dust or di rt.

If the giant wills it so, he can warm the orchards in unseasonably cold weather so that no fruit will be Hasted. He can vibrate billions of germs out of existence and rid the world el rats, mice, and even flies by the simple process of electrocution. He can grow grass on lawns, restore hair to partially bald scalps, and literally save millions of farm vomen from working themselves to death—as they now do because they have duties to perform which he could do for them just as well as not.

The giant is indifferent whether he clips sheep, milks cows, separates milk, churns butter, chops straw, cooks chops, runs a sewing ma-chiny or does a thousand and one other tlrngs; i nd he can do the work quxekl, and v<TL But he has h>s troubles, too. Bats, niie0, squmiei, rad birds often put a plant out of coimni^S'o’i; opossums have done it; nionkexs have done it. And women oiten burn up their homes, themselves and their children, because they fail to turn him away from the electric iron af<er he has done his vork.

In the cities he is much admired. On the Great White Way, New York City, there are numerous buildings where the use of the roof for sign purposes brings in a higner rental than the ground floor. One company pays $800,000 y early for the rental of electric sign space on Broadvray.

The giant has some curious problems to solve in getting his wires where he wants them. While electing a imv organ at Kirkwall, Scotland, the cl,(tricians were confronted vith the problem of getting an electric cable through a twrive-inch pipe, sixty feet long, Lent at right angles in the middle. A small dog was placed at one eml of the pipe, villi a string attached to his collar. His master went to the other end and c 11 d to 1 mi (Hon >h the 'i ’> *; and along mine the dog, the string, and finally the cable.

/J„:’ S +.’rr'js the Gscs

ryiffri lle^alltc tel's us that ‘The sTaro--2- bolder? in. ten ] ubl e ut’litv conqvjm * in PeimsyIvania owned in 1920 slock worth $;52,-204 rflr.75, judpod by the mornei value of t' w stock rt the higne-t prices emoted for it in that year. The same rtock, plus the new sanies accruing to its owners through splitting up or stock dividends—but not ireludnig new shaios sold by the companies or exchanged for valuable considerations—was north, al the highest market quotations of 1925, $450,459,235.00, or 195.96% in five years.” The giant surely lias an enormous appetite.

Governor Pinchot, of Pennsylvania, was so impressed with the super-power situation that lie said:

No one vlio studios the electrical developments already achieved and those planned for the immediate future can doubt that a unified electrical monopoly extending into e\ery part of this nation is inevitable in. the icrt near iutuie. The question befoie iu i» tint vluthei there shall be such a monopoly. That wo cannot pi meed. The question is vhethei we shall legulate it < ■ vl. the r it shall regulate us.

To much for vhat they think about the way tilings are going in Pennsylvania. Now lot us take a look at New York State. Perhaps there i» a r;ood giant there. Probably the bankers there are honest. But see what is .-aid by Justice f ord, who for five years served as state senator at Albany:

In my expetience I have found the public service coiporahony the sheet railroad, the telephone, the lighting (ompanies m particular, to be the most piolnc source of political corruption in the state. They are moie d'lecth dependent upon goxmim ' tai fmois thin any othem, and indeed the profits of then bu ino-s fiow ftom the spatial pnwleaes which thex pmcuie aw1 bold fiom the government, both state and municipal. In mv day at Albairy the-.o corporations plied tin ir i.efaiiuus bu'inc"s of coiruptmg the people's repn. entatues so openb. that a bind deaf mute could bain what i cs going on. Not that legal evidence could he found agam-t them. They were too shrewd for that. But eveiv public man llieie was morally certain as to what wa« going on, am i’i pinaie eonvematiou it was freely tailed about. Time public seiv.ee corporations pollute the- voiy fountains of pul lie virtue; they debauch oui pu'ihc sonant-; they sub ubze paitv oiiamzitions for their o«n pui-po-<>- 111 the pm ns o" gmc’umont are subtAe I to l'< n I i-o cm1®, and govcirimmt or the ppop e, by the p ■ p x * e ; v< x.e. i- mrde a । lock .y.

To’v do d'p public service corporations con-br-’c- to w?J b'jch fabulous profits ami keep the poor le r I b ui legislatures quiet? The answer is fo ’n I >p f _ wirevd comment of a prominent ihr>ji<’iy m i al, that “one utility company has erimim . (li-w if ten peieent of the citizens of a conn amity ovn its securities, it is practically immune ibom ‘unfair’ legislative trea*merit”.

This i ■> the reason vhy all public service corporations offer stock for sale at such attractive prices. It is not because they need the money, but because they want greed to shut the mouths of the buyers. It is estimated that 7,000,000 citizens of the U. S. have invested in the se-eurities of the electric light and power industry, and in other public service corporations.

The Remedy of Public Ownership

OBVIOUSLY if you hire a giant or any other kind of servant, and he turns out to be a thief, the thing to do is to take his powers away, if you can, and give them to somebody who you know, even with your Teapot Dome experience, is not any more crooked, and whom yon can manage. On this point the Public Ownership League of Chicago say. s:

At the very he.wt of the Waggle for demon aci he., the public utility I'lobiem. Upon the public utiht.e- and natural lemurcos of the nation depend not onlv the entile coinireieiah indiidnal and economic diucture of modem ouety, bvt the ieiv ernteneo. the life and the libodv ot che people Jloreocei, it i, in the contiol and numipiilaiion of the public vnlv'os and naimal resources that the meat pm ate nitere-is gef m their deadliest voik, thee aic the chief means <u C the inJimnentalrUes In i huh tli people are mp±oitid, laboi oppressed, the cv, . life (onupted and demoemey mangled. . . .

Scarcely a r1ay | ac,oB ibat vc fe nor help =omc city-in its work of establishing a immcipal rheme plant, gas plant, water woiks or lines. Cher 750

ccties hate installed imnucipal light and per or plants owe the L< ague b ami its v,oil", and at lea-4 fifty of these cities hate suoght and u-cd ov.i Venice m taking o' ci their plants.

Tre Public Own, i"hip League sees the con-tit lent-wide and miper-poutw system coming and piopor-c-.s that it shall belong to Jie public. JL„ lias 8 dehmte pjogiam for inter co meeting the 2318 i u icipalk-ovm d dedim 1 gut and power Wants Veth Uncle Sam ■- Imho- !<<ti t <dants at wheels ami n Jr' c,i ‘'k v ’ imafe-

It promres to dm >*h p the Udm deelne mm er of all i,v» i i ■ i - • 3 ” ah >all and 1 >’ mie n ijn < .* . m’ - c m t<> Hood con-

1, u gifion, > «l V ds <-el<m ■ m

t, rcmmii? t1: ’u c-h ry <• sr-fil at low iniiri -3 rates by toe rsc o± pubLo credit.

It pimposes *o eomda are •» <‘am-dtjv-n plat ts v'dh hydro-electric plant-’, tram milting the current over the wires instead of shipping coal by freight. Then it proposes to nuke and deliver electric service at cost, cutting the charges of present utility companies in half or to a third.

It would electrify the railroads, trebling their carrying capacity and reducing the cost of transportation. It would electrify the industries of th© nation^ multiplying their productive powers and developing hundreds of new industries that were never possible before. It would electrify the cities, eliminating their coal, gas, smoke, soot and ashes.

It would electrify the farms, giving the farmer for thirty-five eente a day the labor power of five mon and a four-horse team, brighten his home, light the barn, pmnp water, grind corn, chop feed, thresh, milk, churn and do other kinds of farm work too numerous to mention. It would make electricity cheaper than coal, gas, os] of wood and bring it within eveiy home, no matter Sum poor; and that is something private uw nei ship v ill never do.

Some Striking Illustrations

ONTARIO has 365 munieipallx -owmod electric light and power plants; Kansas has 188; 'Nebiaska, Ohio, Minnesota and Georgia each have over 100; Illinois, loxva, Wisconsin, Michigan, Oklahoma and Missouri each have over 75; Indiana, North Caiolma, New’ Yoik and Mississippi each have over 50; and Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, South Dakota and Texas each have over 25. New Jersey, Delaware and Rhode Island have none.

The Ontario public ownership of the gieatest hydro-eleetiic power development in the world is such a great success, and the prices at which cnrrciu is sold are so small, that every effort has been made on the C. S. side of the fine to attack the public ownership program of our Canadian neighbors and to explain away why chat gog hei o ai ° ?ci m al tn <»s more than there.

One of those attacks camo from the Smith-firn Institution, oxer the pen of Samuel 8. V'; (■<■. In a pan pl h I m reply g'r Adam Deck, cmai.u mi (1 the Oaiano (’omim Men, dm lai cd tint ex »x’ important a'leg, ' made by Mr. V yer was untrue; and the Harn Itou Spetetor ediioriaPv duhved that the MB er report embraces a litile bn of ex’erj thing ever written by private corp notion propagandists against the great pvJjim ov.noisliip undertaking; and, as bir Adam Beck points out, it is a regie;table betrayal of trust reposed by the man who founded the Smithsonian Institution for the purpose of increasing and diffusing knowledge among men.”

Cleveland has two electric lighting plants, one privately owned and one owned by the city. Until 1920 the private plant charged ten cents a kilowatt hour and claimed that it could not do this for less. The city plant charges three cents a kilowatt hour; and for six years the private plant has been charging only half its former rate, to prevent extension of the city-owned lines.

Muscatine, Iowa, also has two electric lighting plants, one privately owned and the other owned by the city. The same thing took place there. The municipal plant reduced the rate from twelve and one-half cents to seven cents; and although the private plant stated that they were losing money at twelve and one-half cents they nevertheless reduced their rate to seven cents and stayed in business. Further similar illustrations are cited by the Public Ownership League of America, 127 North Dearborn St., Chicago.

The Electric Railway Giant

IT HAS gotten into the histories that the first electric railway was operated in Richmond, Va., in 1888; but you cannot get anybody in Scranton, Pa., “The Electric City,” to believe it; for they well remember the original “People’s Line” operated in that city in July, 1886, two years before the Richmond venture. By 1890 there were 8,123 miles of single track electric railways in the United States. By 1912 there were 41,065 nrles. There has been no growth to speak of since that, time, on account of the phenomfinal development of the automobile.

The electric railway is an essential of every large city. In the largest cities it is forced into the air or under the ground; but it is there nevertheless, and must remain as long as the city remains, for it is the way by which the masses must ever get to and from their work.

The elevated lines came first; and although they are cheaper to build and have light and ventilation which the subways lack, they are unsightly to look at (unnecessarily so); and because they are slower than the subways they are unpopular. The public craves speed, and is willing to be crowded to suffocation to get it.

On the elevated, surface and subway lines of Greater New York about 2,700,000,000 fare-paying passengers are carried annually. Half of these are now carried underground; but twenty years ago there were no subways at all. The records show that each New Yorker rides 456 times a year. The New York subways are claimed to be the safest passenger-carrying railways in the world.

An engineer of prominence, R. P. Bolton, has proposed an entire new system of subways for New York. His lines would be 400 feet beneath the surface of the city, without any curves at all, and trains running sixty miles an hour.

The New York World gives us something to think about when it says:

There is an extraordinary amount of swift railroading done underground in New York City without casualties. The number of trains run to the hour and the numbers of passengers handled stagger the layman’s imagination, yet it must not be forgotten that no amount of efficiency and speed could make up for the sort of accident that could happen if some trainman .should take a chance and something should break or burn out at J ust the wrong moment. Because the subway expresses run with great momentum, because they carry huge overloads of human life, because escape from the tunnels is difficult and because the third rail is always at hand to start a fire in case of a smash-up, a real subway disaster would be an appalling affair.

Up-Keep of the Subways

milE management of the subways take no -*• chances, and it is well that they do not. On an ordinary railway the rails last about ten years. On the subways the rails are replaced every three years, and on the sharp curves they are replaced every ninety days. This work is done at night.

Conditions may be a little better now, on account of more drastic legislation; but as late as three years ago the subways and elevated stations were gathering in $900 a day in counterfeit coins and slugs dropped into the turnstile slots instead of the nickels due. A device is also in use which automatically determines if the coin used has the required ninety-eight percent nickel; and if it does not, the arms of the turnstile turn half way, so as to catch the nickel-nurser redhanded.

Electric railways are worked for damages oftentimes when they should not be. On one occasion two Philadelphia men were discovered working in partnership. One went ahead and dropped banana peelings, while the other followed, slipped on the peel, and sued for damages. They had worked the scheme successfully in. other cities, but were caught when they tried to work it in their home town.

In the subway of Madrid a second-class oneway fare is fifteen centimes, or three cents; a round trip is twenty centimos, four cents. A first-class one-way fare is twenty centimos and a round trip is thirty centimos, six cents. The tubes are lighted throughout; and, if the current is cut off, the batteries in the ears are so strong as to enable them to run the cars for an hour longer. In Paris the men lift their hats to the women when they enter a street car.

The street railway system of Glasgow, owned by the city, is claimed to be the most successful municipal concern in the world. The Detroit street railway system is also owned by the city and operated successfully. There are still a few trackless trofieys in the vicinity of New York, but they have mostly been superseded by busses.

The C'tis Water Supply

OR some unknown reason most cities have had sense enough to own and ran their own water works. In the United Spates about seventy percent of the wader works are municipally owned. The remaining thirty percent are in private hands, with investments running into the hundreds of millions of dollars.

The cities of ancient time obtained their water by gravity : Jerusalem from Siloam, Hebron and Bethlehem.; Athens from Mounts Hymettus and Pentelicon; Rome from the spurs of the Ap-penines. Three of the nine original aqueducts which supplied ancient Rome with water still supply the model n city.

Several of the greatest cities of the world still receive their wmter .supplies by the ancient gravity method. Among these are London, Manchester, Glasgow, New York. Boston, Rochester, Baltimore, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Paul and Los Angeles. Los Angeles gets its supplies from the Sierras, 235 miles away; and San Francisco from a similar source 154 miles distant. New York draws its water supplies from the Catskill mountains, on the opposite side of the Hudson River, 150 miles away. Tulsa, Oklahoma, goes sixty miles for its water supply.

Although New York has only just finished its $80,000,000 Catskill water project, yet it faces a certain -water famine in another ten years unless additional supplies are obtained. A treaty is now being negotiated between New Jersey and Pennsylvania which will permit the use of flie headwaters of the Delaware.

The cities of Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Louisville, O-maha, Kansas City and Minneapolis draw water from elevated reservoirs filled by force pumps. Chicago, Detroit and Milwaukee draw from standpipes filled in the same manner. The cities of Indianapolis, Dayton and Columbus get their water from wells beneath the cities and pump it directly into the mains.

The Gas Giant

HUIE last giant that we shall consider in this article is the gas giant. The first use of coal gas for lighting and heating is ascribed to William Murdock, an Ayrshire Scotsman, who distilled gas from coal and lighted his offices and workmen’s cottages at Cornwall, in 1792. Exhibitions of such lighting had been made by Lord Dundonald in Cnlross Abbey five years earlier. The first English gas illuminating company was incorporated in 1812, and in four years London streets were generally illuminated by that method.

Foi’ a hunciied yeais after the first production of artificial gas it was necessary to run gas works by a start and stop method. Five or ten minutes were used in making gas, and then the gas making must be stopped while the device was reheated. But now, by the use of electric heaters, the required temperatures can be maintained pennanently and gas making is continuous.

The first gas company in the United States was chartered in Baltimore in 1816. In 1822 the city of Boston adopted gas lighting. Tn New Orleans, in 1840, gas was seven dollars a thousand. cubic feet. It has been as low as eighty, cents and is now around $1.50.

There are 966 companies in the United States supplying manufactured gas, fifty-one of these being municipally owned. Gas is used for 5,000 purposes. It is passing out as an illirminant, but is increasingly necessary in the arts. To make the artificial gas consumed in households and industry requires 8,500,000 tons of bituminous coal, 2,000,000 tons of anthracite coal, 1,500,000 tons of coke and 960,000,000 gallons of oil annually. New York consumes a quarter of all the artificial gas made in the country.

A gas receiver consists of a huge cylinder, closed at the upper end and working up and down, either in several sections like a telescope or else with the lower rim in a tank of water. This cylinder stands in a circular frame. Cords from the cylinder run over pulleys and are weighted at the outer end. The gas is introduced into the cylinder from below, and is driven by the weight of the movable dome through the street mains and supply pipes. By changing the weights on the outer ends of the supporting cords, the pressure may be varied at will. As gas is manufactured the receiver rises, and during hours of consumption the receiver sinks. This is why the height of a gas house changes so surprisingly.

Illuminating ps= Heating Gas

HE gas companies would like to get rid of their illuminating business, and they are in a fair way to do it. Gaslight, although very satisfactory vrith a WeLbach mantle, is nevertheless hot and also consumes the oxygen which is needed for breathing purposes. It is dangerous, too.

Seeing that the lighting business is doomed, the gas companies would very much like to cheapen their me died of gas manufacture and sell so many thermal units instead of so many cubic feet of illuminating gas. Obviously a gas that is used only for cooking does not need any ill umi nating value.

Tn Scranton the gas company, perhaps to discourage the small user of illuminating gas, in grandiloquent language announced a reduction of rates from $1.50 to $1.15 per thousand on the first three thousand feet, with further reductions on larger usages. Then they added a fixed service charge of 75^ per month, so that the small user pays $1.90 for his first thousand, and if he uses two thousand it costs him $3.05. But before the “reduction” he would have paid only $3.00. Yet if he uses 2200 feet, which is more than a family on small income can afford, he makes the magnificent saving of two cents. Bates are graduated so that the largest users pay but sixty cents a thousand. This gas rate reduction was a fine thing for the rich; but it seems that the poor, as usual, merely get the privilege of paying the main part of the bill.

W. E. Elliott, superintendent of the Struthers Furnace Company, Ohio, claims to be able to make 10.000.000 cubic feet of artificial gas at a cost of twelve cents per 1,000 cubic feet, and that the gas thus produced has a fifty-percent greater heating quality than other gas. The Doehler Die Casting Company, Brooklyn, N. Y., operating its own gas plant, asserts that it makes its own gas at a cost of forty cents per thousand cubic feet.

In the states bordering on the Ohio River vast quantities of natural gas are piped to the homes of 2,600.000 domestic consumers and about 21,000 industrial or commercial consumers. This gas is macle by the Lord, and the only co-fi is for the piping, ft sells for around thirty-rive cents per 1000 cubic feet. Most of these artificial gas fields are expected to be exhausted in twenty years from now; but there is one field at Monroe, La., vliere it is calculated that there is still enough gas to supply 150,000,000 cubic feet a day for eighty-six years. The supply of natural gas is being exhausted with unnecessary extravagance, if not, in some instances, criminal negligence. But while it lasts it serves to curb the rapacity of the artificial gas giants.

The Invisible Drama (Coiitnluted)

The “Watchtower,” Station WBBR,

Dear Sirs:

I would consider it utterly ungrateful and negligible on my part if I did not write to you in praise of the wonderful Bible Drama which you sent through the air on Sunday night. This is certainly a very unique way of explaining the Deliverance book to thousands who might not have been able to secure this book or who have not heard of it.

I earnestly wish that I could assist in some way in making known this book to many, many thousands who might not have an opportunity to know of its wonderful truths. I am sending a cheek for a very small “mite”, regretting exceedingly that I am able to help only in such, a small manner, financially. 1 trust, however, that this might be the means of bringing a few more people to a knowledge of these things.

With sincere appreciation for your good work, I beg to remain,

Very truly yours, John Ferdinand —~N. K

A Glance at the World’s News

[Radiocast from Station WBBR on a wave length of 416.4 meters by the Editor.]

Heavy Bonuses to Bankers

SOME idea of the reason why the bankers are rapidly gathering the wealth of the world into their own hands is afforded by the revelation that for arranging the loan to the German Hugo Stinnes corporation the bankers received a bonus of 500,000 shares of stock worth $20 a share, besides other valuable concessions. The bankers will, of course, also receive the regular interest on their Ioan, besides this present of $10,000,000.

Cotton Industries Forced to Move

THE cotton mills of New England are being gradually forced to yield to economic pressure and remove their industries to the South. Two large mills have just decided to rc.ve and have about ruined the towns of Ware. Mass, and Salmon Falls, N. II. Several thousand people in each town, will be forced to leave town unless new industries come in, which is unlikely. This will give some idea of the pressure which rests upon English cotton mills, which have to bring their raw cotton much farther than from the South to New England.

Texas the World's Sulphur Mine

FROM a narrow strip along the Gulf of Mexico comes 82% of all the sulphur in the world; and at the present time all the sulphur produced iu that region is coming from Texas, the Louisiana mines having become exhausted. The sulphur is mined by what is known as the hot water method, the forcing of hot water down one hole and out another. The sulphur cannot be reached directly, on account of a great body of oil-soaked quicksand lying above it. Small quantities of sulphur are produced in Chile and Japan, all being used for home consumption. The balance comes from Italy and Sicily, once the world’s only source of supply.

Who Owns America?

IN 1922, according to the Federal Trade commission, six companies controlled a third of America’s developed water power, eight companies controlled over three-fourths of the anthracite coal reserves, thirty companies controlled over a third of the immediate bituminous eoal reserves, thirty companies controlled over twelve percent of the petroleum reserves, and two companies controlled over half of the iron-ore reserves.

Free Silver Question May Arise Again

TN A few years from now, unless fresh gold supplies are discovered, the world may find itself on the edge of another free silver agitation that will be a real one. The gold supply is not sufficient to keep prices level. The New York Trust Company foresees a fall in the world’s prices unless new supplies of gold become available soon.

New Y&rk-Lond&n Phone Service

rpi[E New York-London telephone service -*■ works all right, except that almost everybody can hear the conversations. The original charges were $75 for the first three minutes, and after that $25 a minute, with calls limited to twelve minutes. That seems very cheap; and yet most of us would find a twelve-minute talk at $300 per chatter about all we would "want, and not too many in one week either. The service is from 8: 30 a. m. to 1: 00 p. m. New York time, which is 1: 30 to 6: 00 p. m. London time. After a vhile it is hoped to make the service continuous for all hours of the day, and to extend it all over Britain.

An Astonishing Radio Discovery

A TEXAS farmer, by some freak of winding his radio apparatus the wrong way, is said to have been able to hear ordinary conversation in homes half a mile away. This was done w’ith three different homes, uffien the farmer became frightened and dismantled the apparatus. Without doubt this will be rediscovered, and the time is at hand when private eonversati ons anywhere on earth and on any subject may be heard by the public at large. This spells the end of secret diplomacy and ought to be a powerful incentive toward decency and honor.

One More Ancient Man Story Dissolved

THE Smithsonian Institution some time ago J- received what purported to be a human skull which the finders believed would prove conclusively that man lived in America hundreds of thousands of years ago. The skull was ex-48©

amined, but has turned out to be not a skull at all, but a plaster east made only a few years ago. Nothing will convince modern evolutionists of how big fools they really are except a succession of happenings like this, and that of the “pithecanthropus erectus” skull found in Java, which turned out to be the kneecap of an elephant.

Forced Feeding Does Not Pay

THE habit of compelling children to take food whether they wish it or not is proven to be a great error. Carefully conducted experiments have proven that children not thus forced make far the better showing at the end of a given period. IVhat is true of children is true of adults. One of the greatest mistakes a person can make is to eat when not hungry, or when very tired or under emotional stress.

Alabama’s Stand for Justice

ALABAMA is strong for “Church and Prohibition”, and the governor of the state is on record as saying that his own personal platform is “Maintenance of the present prohibition laws and strict enforcement of the same”. Well! After saying this the governor and eight of his friends were arrested while playing cards in a room which contained thirteen quarts of tliirty-six-year-old Scotch whiskey, two half-empty bottles, a number of empties and some glasses. The case against the governor and his friends was dropped as soon as it had been officially declared and determined that the liquor belonged to a colored man who obligingly pleaded guilty to the charge, and was fined $50. The majesty of the law mu.®3 be upheld in Alabama. Of .coarse, if is loo bad to have to enforce the law by resorling to lying- and general all-around crookedness. But that is often the way we get it enforced now-a clays.

Liberty Magazine Gets in Bad

NOT content with publishing a picture of the opening of the Bank of Mexico and stating in the caption that it was a “raid” on the bank, as is avouched by the Mexican Consul, the Liberty Magazine is now accused by The Arbitrator of printing what purported to be a photograph of “peons selected at random and. hanged after a church raid”, which was really a picture of the hanging of Mexican bandits two years before.

That Triumphant Acclaim

"I <ILLIONS of Americans who laughed at the a"JL spectacle of the cardinals and bishops getting their pretty petticoats soiled in the downpour at Mundelein, Illinois, last summer, when even. Bonzano’s piece of bread got watersoaked and turned mass into mush, and who read wife regret about the wild stampede in which 1,200 unfortunate laymen were injured in their efforts to get away from the vicinity, will be mildly amused at the poster displayed recently in a Paris church which describes the “glories” of the procession at Mundelein, and which says in bold type, “Eich and prosperous America acclaims triumphant Catholicism.” The poster neglects to tell anything about the storm or the stampede, which turned the whole side-show into a ridiculous farce.

Students Declare Against War

THE National Student Conference, held in Milwaukee some time ago, adopted a resolution never to fight in any future wTar that the United States may choose to enter. The resolution said in part: “Not only do we believe that a higher patriotism to the United States and to humanity demands the refutation and abolition of war, but we do, as a conference, refuse to sanction or lend our support to any future war.” Sounds as if these students meant business and were getting some real religion. But, of course, there is no war on just now.

Progress in Photography

THE wonders of photography continue to increases daily. After months of experimentation color photographs Lave been taken of life beneath the sea. Pictures are now taken through clouds, and it is hoped that we may soon penetrate the cloud surface that covers the planet Venus.

The FigM for Muscle Skoals

THE American Power Company continues its fight for control of Muscle Shoals. Indeed, it wants all the power sites along the Tennessee Biver, and wants them in perpetuity. The Muscle Shoals plant might be busy making cheap fertilizers for the American farmers; but while the politicians are hacking array at the problem of how to give this vast property over to the power trust without getting caught at it, SLmerica lags behind on the nitrate problem. Today Germany is in control of the nitrate situation of the world and is therefore in the best position to successfully wage a great war.

ffe Wonders of a Watch

ONE pound of steel will make eight miles of hairspring wire such as is used in fine Watches, and this wire is then worth sixty-two thousand dollars. There are 211 pieces in a standard watch, one-third of them screws. Some of these screws, made of gold, and perfect in every respect, are so small that twenty-thousand of them will go into a thimble. To the naked eye these little screws look like gold dust. Before a first-class watch is permitted to go out of the factory it is run twenty-four hours in an oven and another twenty-four hours packed in ice. It is claimed that no less than 3773 operations are required to make a w’atch.

Barking Dog Saves 125 Souls

BY BARKING furiously at the right time a dog saved 125 souls recently in New York harbor. In the northeastern part of the harbor, cm the way to Boston, in what is called the Hell Gate section, is a number of very dangerous reefs. In a strong gale twenty-six barges slipped their moorings and began to drift toward these reefs. The cries of the men, women and children on the barges came to the quick ears of a little dog on the fireboat “George B. McClellan”. He aroused the crew and they saved the barges just in the nick of time. How much more worthy of respect is this little dog than are the dumb dogs of Isaiah 56:10, of whom the prophet says that they are greedy and cannot bark. They also claim to be able to save souls, but- all they realty save is what they can spare out of the collection baskets and church envelopes.

The of One Line

THE omission of one hue (the copyright .notice), from the first edition of Dr. Charles M. Sheldon’s book, “In His Steps,” has prevented Mr. Sheldon ever getting any royalties on his book, even though as many as thirty-six publishers have ran editions of it. Even at one scut a copy Mr. Sheldon’s royalties would have been over two million dollars, as over 22,000,000 copies of the book have been soli It hM been published in twenyvix faaguagefc,

Nature’s Use of Rubber

TT IS interesting to know that nature has its own use for rubber. Its office is to save the rubber tree itself from destruction by insects. The rubber is carried in suspension between the outer and inner bark, and when an insect, bores through the outer bark he is a goner. The rubber exudes and provides him with a permanent, shroud and coffin. Moreover, the wound never cracks open but stretches easily as the tree moves this way and that in the breeze. Commercial rubber is obtained by artificially wounding the rubber trees.

Encouraging Outlook for Humanity

THE average American boy is two and one-half inches taller than he was fifty years ago, and may confidently expect to live at least twice as long as if he had been born a hundred years ago. These are the opinions of doctors who know what is taking place in the field of public health. The progress is largely traced to the increased use of fruits and vegetables.

Benefits of Roman Catholicism

STUNG by the statement by Cardinal Hayes that Mexico is the foe of freedom, Arturio M. Elias, Consul-General of Mexico, reminds the press of the country that, to use his words:

freedom 1 The Mexicans want freedom with the passion of a people to whom it has been denied. They want education, they want to go to those schools, those civil schools, against which the Catholic Hierarchy in Mexico have always conducted an intransigeant warfare, denouncing them as “godless” and “atheistic” merely because they are public schools. . . .

The Catholic Church in Mexico had an unchallenged monopoly for three and a half centuries, and has left-a desert of Ignorance, misery and superstition which i» apparent to even the most casual visitor.

of a Mexican Patriot

HpHE New York Times publishes a part of a “®- speech in the Mexican Congress by Deputy-Soto y Gama, which, aroused great enthusiasm in Mexico. Deputy Gama said in part:

What the United States has done in Nicaragua is not an act of the sovereignty of North America against & weaker country, but is the action of a group of capitalists, of oil men, ^agnate of the dollar. One can » doj tia with oil ess in the case of Nicaragua, MflS. Ste attempt to maka wporteg in the United State say that Mexico is Bolshevist and is trying to establish a Bolshevist regime in Nicaragua. We must tell the American people that the Mexicans are defending their honor, that the capitalists and oil men are hated in all this continent. We do not adopt an insolent, proud attitude, but our situation is not that of 184? now. although one group of men may become traitors, but the public, agrarians, laborers, and the great majority of the Mexican people, will know how to die fighting.

Movement of Mennonites to Paraguay

ONE of the greatest religious migrations in history is now taking place among the Mennonites, who are pulling up stakes and moving to Paraguay, where they have been promised perpetual immunity from warfare, whether in combatant or nonomma'anl -service. It is expected that by the end of the present month at least 2,700 will bo on tlmir way to the promised land of peace. The soil and climate are said to be ideal for colonization pin poses.

What is the British Empire?

THE National Geographienl Society answers this question by reminding us that it is more than 125 separate governmental units. It is a quarter of the land surface of the world. ft is a quarter of the population of the world. The estimate is 490,000,000. It is a coral atoll here, a dominion there, a cable station, a mandated district, ward of a sawige people or a coaling station. England is tlw empire’s coal bin, Canada its wheat elevator, Australia its par-king plant, the Malay slates its rubber tree, South Africa its gold and diamond mine and so on. The royal family is descended from royalty of the German states of Hanover and Saxe-Coburg-Gotlia.

Paris Has Over 5,000,880

EXACT figures of the population of Paris are not available, but it is known that the total is over 5,000,000. The two districts which include the metropolitan area have a combined population of 5,766,161. Of every ten persons residing in Paris the records show that one is a foreigner residing permanently in the city.

Germany is on the Move

WORK has been begun at Friedrichshaven on the new Zeppelin which is to operate between Europe and South America. It will carry 100 passengers besides crew and mails, and will be ready for service in September. A plant has been constructed in Berlin for the manufacture of silk out ot garbage. A Hanover firm has refused to receive mail bearing the exKaiser’s picture. Surely the Germans are a progressive people.

Germany Displacing Chilean Nitrates

GERMAN chemists have taken tRvay the employment of 20,000 Chilean nitrate miners.

Who would have thought such a thing possible I The Germans take their nitrate out of the air. The Chileans dig it out of the ground. The Germans do it chemically for less money than a man ean do it with a pick and shovel. It seems strange, but that is life as it is today.

The Amazons Were Hittite Men

ON WHAT seems to be unimpeachable evidence, the discovery has now been made that the Amazons, supposed by Homer to have been women, were Hittite men who, at the time of the siege of Troy, are shown in pictures made at the time as without beards—a most unusual sight in those razorless days of ancient Greece. Subsequently they discontinued the practice of shaving their ebins. The Hittite language is now understood by archaeologists, and discloses that Homer’s supposed stories are for the most part chronicles of what actually occurred in the days of Hittite supremaey.

Discoveries in Abraham’s Home Town

DISCOVERIES in Abraham’s home town, Ur of the Chaldees, show a high degree of culture, including mathematical tables showing lists of the square and cube roots of all numbers up to sixty. In one building -were thirty bowls containing the bones of little children, which indicates that the worship of Moloch, the eternal torment god, was quite popular among the heathen ancestors and neighbors of Abraham. Ur was a good town to get out of.

Conditions in Hungary

THE news that there -were 3,644 attempted suicides in Budapest during 1926 gives some idea of the conditions in Hungary at this time. G. E. R. Gedye, an authority on the subject, writing from Vienna to The Natior, declares that Hungary is a nation in shackles. Its people are forbidden freedom of speech and even of opinion. Thirty-three percent of all the arable land in Hungary is owned by 1,130 landowners. The Esterhazy family owns three-quarters of a million acres. Prosecutions for speaking against the Regent, Admiral Horthy, are numerous; and savage sentences are inflicted. A man who was once Home Secretary, and who accused Admiral Horthy of being party to the murder of an editor, was sentenced to three years penal servitude, despite his assurances that Count Bethlen, Prime Minister, knew the accusations to be the truth. The sentences imposed upon Prince Windischgraetz and other aristocrats for forging franc notes was made amazingly light and have since been made lighter still. But a judge who know that communists had been brutally beaten by the police ignored this evidence of cruelty and sentenced each of the unfortunate political offenders to eight years penal servitude.

The Army of Unemployed in Europe

UROPE has for years now maintained a standing army of the unemployed which runs into the millions, and it may be truthfully said that there is no misery so great as that of unemployment. In England the number of unemployed never sinks below7 a million; in Germany last winter it was at times as high as 1,765,000; and now France is beginning to experience the same evil results of the inflation of currency which was inevitable during the war. The number of unemployed in France as yet is less than 60.000; but it is increasing.

Moscow's Prison Parade

IN ORDER to help the people of Russia remember what life under (fzarisin was like, 300 actors in Moscow, on March 12th, exactly ten years after the overthrow of the Czar’s ride- shaved their heads, domied prison garb and, shackled -with chains and handcuffs, marched through the streets of the city guarded by Cossacks carrying knouts and swords. They terminated their journey at the principal theatre, where they gave a play glorifying the Soviet system.

Italian Colonists Lose Their Liberties

NE after another the Italians lose every liberty. The language in which the colonists in Northern Africa lost what they had is set forth in the following language by Mr. Mussolini’s Minister of Colonies, Mr. Federzoni:

The moment ha« come to reorganize the colonies in conformity with the superior exigencies of the Fascist regime, destroying the lam and dangerous democraticliberal superstructure with its puerile imitations of parliamentary in-'titutions based upon universal suffrage.

As a sample of the unbridled tyranny it -would be hard to beat that, even in the utterances of the Vatican.

South America Preparing for War

CHILE lias authorized the expenditure of $30,000,000 for new fighting craft, and the Argentine Republic has gone one better (or one worse) by authorizing the expenditure of $45,000,000 for the same purpose. One would think that these young countries could make much better use of their money in building needed roads and improving schools and sanitation; but no, it seems that when a country has just a little prosperity nowadays it wants to spend it all on armament.

Borrowed More Them She Paid

ERM ANY has thus far met all her obligations required under the Dawes plan, but has borrowed more than the total paid. This money was borrowed mostly in America.

News From Our Canadian Correspondent

ONTARIO has cast its vote very emphatically in favor of Government control of liquor.

Premier Ferguson, who sponsored liquor control as opposed to the Ontario Temperance Act which has been in force for some years, has seventy-four supporters in the new house of 112 members. It is an interesting fact, and quite significant of the mind of the people of this province toward the issue, that not one of the thirty candidates who ran as straight prohibitionists was elected.

With Ontario accepting Government control of liquor the whole of Canada, with the exception of the three Maritime Provinces, will now be selling liquor under Government control.

Business Conditions

ANADA on the whole seems to be experiencing much better times, as may be gleaned from the statistical records and general reports for the past year.

The wheat, export for 1926 totalled the huge sum of almost $400,000,000: but it constituted only fifty-four percent of tin* large mass of food products contributed by Canada last year to the world’s supply.

In mining rapid strides are being made. The land extending to a width of some 200 miles around on the three shores of the Hudson Bay is found to contain untold mineral wealth, to say nothing of that to be found from the foothills of the Rockies to the Pacific Coast. In gold output Canada now has third place among the nations. Within but a very short time the United States must yield to her second. Mexico alone has an assured lead over Canada in silver production. Copper, nickel and lead were also exported to considerable value last year; while zinc, asbestos and oilier minerals begin to assume considerable proportions in Canadian export trade. Our forests gave an exportable surplus in 192fi of $285,000,000, as compared with $255,000,000 in 1924. '

The total exports of Canada for Ilin past year amounted to $1,305,715,729, as compared with $1,058,544,153 'in 1924, while its imports amounted to $327,402,732, making a total trade for the year of $2 255,939,869, an increase of 20.1 percm-t over 1925.

Labor Situation

i'll year 1926 vas a year ahne-t free of '-rrikes throughout Canada, none of any size has mg occurred. As the year was drawing to a cNse, however, the probability of a huge railroad strike appeared upon the horizon; but fortunately the matters in dispute were amicably settled. The Hamilton Herald had the following to say upon the matter, winch should be of interest to railway men everywhere:

By the compromise settlement effected at tlw conference between the heads of the Canadian railway systems and the representatives of the conductors and trainmen, the latter did not get all they asked for; but it is understood that they were promised substantial concessions in the matter of pay. These concessions may serve as sufficient reasons why there can be no reduction in freight rates such as the people of the west have been demanding and expecting.

We are indebted to the Ottawa Journal for the following statement of the wages now received by the conductors and trainmen and the wages which they would have receiv'd if iheir demands had been fully granted i

Conduct',is in the passenger service, now rpcening $6.40 a dav or $192 a month, asked $7.<5 a day or $232.50 a mouth. Baggagenun in the- pu-wwgei M'-vice, non $9 56 a day or $136 a month, asked $6.16 a day or 9184.80 a month. Brakemen and ilagnien, pas'-eager sen. ice. receding $4.40 a dav. a-ked lor $6.00 a day.

Conductors on local freight, sen ice, now rec'mng $6.32 a dav, asked lor $1.74 a dav.

Brakemen on local height service, now recon mg $4 88 a day, asked for $6.24 a day.

Coudui. toi- on thiough freight service, now receiving $5.s() a day, asked for $7,31 a day.

Flagmen and brakemen on through freight wm ice. who receive $4.48 a day, asked for $5.81 a day.

Yard sinice foremen, who receive $6.32 a day, asked for $7.64 a day. Yard sorv.ee helpeis, who rceene $5.SI a day, asked for $7.16 a day.

Yard senile suitdi tenders, now receiving $4.40 a day, asked for $5.7? a day.

Befoie the boaid of conciliation the spokesmen for the railway maragvnents a-'-oited that the wages actually ''allied aie iu many ernes higher than the figures ghen above. Income-tax returns for a designat'd territory of the C. X. IL showed aveiag-' payments of $2667 to condiut,w, ^2091 ro bageageiren ami $1956 to bjjkonen. No do In V'O higher pa;> is amoniMd for by own .re,

Comp,vine th -e v ages n:h the wages of oihei classes of lab' - it imt be ia.ily said that the raJway men an n at i; nd.

The ( anadian National Railway shows phenomenal progress a« reflected in the laei that au operating deficit of $34,532,009 in 1920 bus been turned into a net surplus of $’1,451,623 in 1926, by gradual stages. When it is borne in mind that iv’der private ownership this railway went so hopelessly in debt that the Government had to take possession of it, the present results speak well for Government ownership. The Canadians take a great pride in their two railroad systems, which, are the largest isi the world.

[Badloeast from Station WBBK on a wave length of 416.4 meters by W. II. Werner, of The American Bureau of Chiropractic.]

[To Tub Gou>m Age, Editorial Dept. :

The enclosed copy is a lecture that was delivered recently by W. TI. Werner, a representative of the American Bureau of Chiropractic, over WBBK. It has also been given over WORD. Judge Rutherford thinks that this is something which the people should know about. It would bo good for The Golden Age.

If it should be run in The Golden Age, according to your good judgment, Dr. Eilertsen, Chiropractor, wishes to enter 100 yearly subscriptions for ins patients as soon as the lecture appears in The Golden Age columns.

There are several more lectures of the same kind that are being delivei'ed over WB.BR.

[Sincerely yours, “Watchtower,” Station WBBR.]

GOOD evening, everybody. For about a year you have been kind enough to listen to my talks, in vhich I tried to explain some of the underlying principles of the science of chiropractic, supporting these explanations with specific instances of benefits resulting from chiropractic adjustments, and even remarkable cures which have been affected by the chiropractors.

During these talks, there have been occasions when 1 called attention to antagonism aroused in some quarters against this health science. I have explained some of the general causes of this antagonism, chief among which is the general opposition encountered by any new idea, no matter how beneficial it may be to mankind or to society.

Such opposition need not be dwelt rpon here: for not merely in the healing art, but in every phase of human activity, the new tiling—the tiling that digresses or varies from the accepted mode of activity—is too often looked upon with suspicion. Despite such opposition, the science of chiropractic has achieved remarkable results. The beneficiaries of chiropractic, whose numbers swell into the hundreds of thousands, look with askance at opposition encountered by the chiropractors and are unable to account for it.

…