Golden Age, February 23, 1927

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Contents of the Golden Age

SotllL iX'j Fb"!~ ITIOKAL

rr CfijchNSEs” , . , . , ........... 323

As e Historian Sees Us ... . ............ 32S

T'. o Cnre F.>1 -Otplrina . , ... .... X5

A Eecttu r.^coan.tj<jn of Xul.L c I ... . . 329

Uivixcr—Co’"' e’c ’ ’i stortatt , AL'-'-niobilc industry ..... ...... .... J29

Am-ixan's Tn st De tci- Turns ............. .‘>2'2 Hi twill of the V/ooln^rtli <''>tl,iv3 . . ...

Cj/.k”>ie of Bans: 1 allures >r. > ■ r .... 330

What W’m. the Gbeat Laws-St, Jawv. k ,tt so l<i. .a rsiojiscT Mean ? ................... 333 Extbagts »om “Lettebs to Ju»b” .............. 338

Political—Domestic aw Kobeigk

“What Evbby Vetep.au Knows” ............. 827

Judge Kenyon a Credit to His Country .......... 828

Why Object to a New Trial? .............. 328

From the Atlanta Georgian ............... 329

Free Speech in Kentucky ................ 330

Judge KavaRagh’s Conclusions .............. 330

Wtat the U. S. Mad Already Given ............ 331

Atttffipts at BevGluttoa Fail .............. 332

Campoisw la Misery ................. 333

WAWSBM A Basus Fnusou ................ 3>10

AflKIOULWRB ASO HesgASW

What Has Beaune of the Timber 830

‘ Increased Acreage ®f Small Fruits ............Mt

Growth of The Date Industry ....... ........ 881

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&sju « Seaora ............... 335

Ukekhost akd Philosophy

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The Golden Age

V®ham© VIII UnsoWyiSj N. Y.? Wedaiesday^ Fe'hr?aa.ry 23s 1927 bashes' 194

’’Pattern et Circenses^

PANEM ET CIRCENSES, “Brpad and the Circus,” was the cry of the Roman populace of old. They wanted but two things, food for their stomachs and palliatives for their minds. They did not want real food for their minds. They did not want truth, they wanted excitement—to see men and animals engaged in killing’ one another. And it has 'been ever thus.

Today the world is sports mad. The apostle prophesied that in the last days men would be lovers of pleasure more than lovers of God, and if it is not true now it never will be true. Because certain sports occupy so large a place _in the public jnind, we give some space in this is. sue to items about them,. Judging from the space which they occupy in the public press, sports and crime are the two subjects which principally engage the attention of the people today- * a o

As far as the people are concerned, their interest in sport is mostly mental. They do not personally participate in the games. They merely see them or read about them. They get little more exercise out of a football game than they ; 'do from a game of Mah Jongg, a cross-word jraole, or the eight pages of so-called comics for which most people buy the Sunday paper.

’ So well did the Greeks understand the demand of the people for excitement that they vir-

‘ tually ruled the country for seventeen hundred ’ years by means of the quadrennial Olympic games, the principal band which held the conn

; ■ try together. These games, after 1500 years of : discontinuance, were revived and made inteww ; tional In character in 1896. The last one was , held in Paris in 1924. The next one will be held ; in Amsterdam in 1928.

, The modem Olympic games make & strong 5 play upon the imagination. Forty-five nations J sent contestants to the last one. The United ’ States had 320 performers, France had 180 and ‘ Great Britain IM Altogether 2,000 athletes ’ >ere arrayed in competition. It was alleged that the revival of these games would promote international peace; but jealousies, quarrels and general ill-feeling seem to have been promoted instead.

Some idea of the hold that the American pastime of prize fighting has en the minds of many' was revealed by the Dempsey-Tunney fight in Philadelphia, when about 200,000 people paid approximately $2,500,000 to sit in a pouring rain and watch one plug-ugly beat up another. It is said that about 700 newspaper men circled the ring, every quarter of the globe being represented. On this point the New York Americs* said:

The late Ur. Barnum w entirely too moderate in his calculations that one fa born every minute. The birthrate fa at least one a second.

Athletic* and Gymnastic*

THE ancient Greek gymnast was a trainer of professional athletes and was also one himself, Ancient Greek cities had large public buildings and grounds set apart for the training of youth in athletic exercises. During the middle ages young men were given a thorough training in running, leaping and throwing of weights, so that they might learn to wear the heavy armor of the period and do something worth while after they got into it

Gymnastics and athletics develop courage, prompt decision, self-control, judgment, self-reliance and fortitude. No person can be & great athlete and devoted to any form of immorality; nevertheless, as any good thing can be overdone and made an injury, so with athletics. Moderate recreation in the open air is the best fdftn of exercise. ’ \

The Marathon Race, and other forms of exercise which make a great strain upon the heart, should be abandoned. Properly mankind remembers the original Marathon runner, who ran the twenty-six miles from Marathon to

Athens, and saved the city by telling the route by which the Persians were coming. But it should not be forgotten that when he had told his story he fell dead.

Great athletes go to pieces at an early age. They concentrate upon their hearts and lungs in a brief period of time the strains which should be extended over many years. Generally, when they should he in their prime, they are fat, flaVby and feeble. Especially are the young injured by the overstraining of their immature hearts. '

Probably the strongest of modern men'was Sandow. As a child he was a weakling, but by the study of anatomy and the scientific development of his museles-he demonstrated repeatedly his ability to support thirty-two people on his back. Burglars who Woke into his house in London recognized him asleep and fled in fright, leaving al behind them. Sandow burst a blood vessel in his brain as a result of lifting an auto-mqpla single-handed from a ditch.

"There are four secrete to lifting heavy weights without injury: (1) Keeping the weight cluse to the body; (2) making use of the leg musetes to do the lifting; (3) dividing and balancing the weight; (W) trying to get the weight above or on top of one^s own. The strongest musd.es in the body are the heavy thigh muscles and the shoulder muscles, not those of the beck; and this fact should be ridered always in lifting. It is better to bend _ the knees than to break the back.

< Measurements of an all-around athlete are: Height, 5 feet 10 indies; weight, 155 pounds; chest, 39 inches; waist, 29 inches; hips, 37 inches; thighs, 22 inches; calves, 14*4 inches.

A surgeon points out that the great majority of surgical operations reveal ptosis (drooping of the muscles) of the contents of the abdominal cavity, and that many operations could be avoided if all persons would periodically scrub ' floors, walk on all fours, or turn a dozen somer-> saults a month. In lieu of all these a good shak-’ tag on® a month is helpftfl.

Writing <ttri ‘

E PUT walking and golf together, for the reason that golf is largely a pleasant walk

in the fields. The chasing of a golf ball around is merely an item that leads to the pleasure of the pastime. Golf has been played in Scotland 'for four hundred years, and in America since September, 1796.

Walking is the one form of exercise that best meets the requirements of the body. It is mild, can be easily regulated, and requires no external apparatus. It strengthens the muscles, expands the chest, arouses the appetite, improves the digestion, reduces superflous weight and accelerates the elimination of waste products. A smart walk in winter air is a tonic.

Walking employs the largest muscles in the body. Place your hand upon the muscles in the small of your back, then take a few steps, and you will see how walking works the important muscles of the back. Curiously enough, walking is said to be the best cure for fallen arches, Mail carriers, who must walk in the open air constantly, seldom have any trouble with fallen arches, .

Walking in a crowded city street and dodging automobiles is good sport In congested dis* tricts the walker can make almost as good time as a car. Statistics show that walkers average 8.7 miles an hour, surf a® ears 4.1 miles an hour, motor buses 4,5 miles an hourund private auto* mobiles 5.7 miles an hour, in crowded district*

In 1922 au English lad ten years of age,. Master G« O. Edwards, distinguished himself by walking fromLontkm id Brighton, a dhton® of fifty miles; and to December, 1905 a society woman athlete won a wager by walking 44 miles from Providence to her home in Boston in exactly 11 hours and 5 minutes. She stood the trip better than the two men who accompanied her as escort

Tita Gm of FwtW

O ONE has ever claimed that there is anything refined about football; but it is considered good training for a young man, if he survives it. He learns to sink his desires for personal glory out of sight in the interests of his team, to obey orders promptly and implicitly, and to take without whining the blows and bruises which he is apt to get He learns team work.

The crowds that gather to witness foofbal games grow ever and ever larger. In the United States they often run to thirty, sixty, eighty and even to one hundred and ten thousand. In London three years ago a thousand persons were injured in the effort to crowd into the Wembley

Stadium at the close of the football season.

It used to be said that colleges looked with indulgence upon football games because they advertised the colleges. But now the colleges are running over with students, and yet the football program is more extensive and expensive than ever. In many colleges there are hired football players; and a trained and efficient cheer leader is more appreciated by the students than a suitable president of the institution itself.

President J. B. Angell, of Yale University, says:

Many parents who sead boys to college would rather that a son of theirs he captain of the fcolball team than that he he the highest stand man in his class. Kot only is the fame of the former far more widely heralded, but there is. also an impression, quite unfounded on any facts known to me, that a football player, regardless of his seMarlj qualities, is more apt to prove a valuable citizen, achieving in after life leadership of a high sad important social character.

Oddly enough, elephants play football in the jungles of Africa, forming the ball out of the earth taken from an anthill. ■

The Goat of Baseball '

ASEBALL is said to be of Indian origin, but took its present form in New York about eighty years ago. At present there are 75,000 post offices in the United States; but there are perhaps double that number of ball clubs. Baseball, as played in the big leagues, is purely a business proposition.

In all the large cities there are steel and concrete structures which cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. It is expensive to maintain these buildings and to care for the grounds about them. The players themselves are the biggest item. The Detroit Club pays Ty Cobb $60,000 a year; the New York Club pays Babe Buth $50,000 a year, Many other players enjoy salaries as high as $20,000 a year.

The sale of baseball players as commodities eventually led some of the players to yield to the same kind of temptation and selling themselves. Certain Chicago players were accused of selling out in the championship baseball series of 1919. Thereupon Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis was elected supreme dictator of baseball for seven years, at a total salary of $297,000, to reestablish public confidence; and the judge also retains Ms place and salary as a

Federal Judge in the meantime. This shows the great importance that big business attaches to keeping the mind of the common man active on-non-essentials. When thinking of baseball his mind is off from public utilities. ;

Notwithstanding the periodic baseball “scan*] dais,” enthusiasm in the main has been marvelously sustained. Every season some city goes wild over its baseball heroes. In Pittsburgh, in 1925 the 600 prisoners in the county jail became so enthusiastic when Pittsburgh won that they disobeyed a rule against demonstrations and lost their radio privileges for a time. In Washington, D. C., a year earlier, dignified statesmen wept for joy, police assisted motorists to break traffic rules, autos stood in safety zones and pedestrians in the street, women assumed male garb and men assumed female garb, and all together acted insane. St. Louis had its time of delirium in 1926. '

The baseball fever has spread to Bradl, where it is now all the rage; and to Yucatan, where the government has introduced it in the hope of bettering the minds and bodies of the Indians transported there from Northwestern Mexico.

The father of professional baseball was Harry Wright, a great British cricket player, who came to America to teach cricket but succumbed to the lure of the then comparatively new American game.

* Great progress has been made in recent years in the perfection of baseball equipment. It is said that it often takes a critical examination of an entire earload of ash wood to find the right kind of piece for one first-class baseball bat.

The Sport of Sunmmtngi

ONLY eight persons haw ever succeeded in swimming that turbulent body of water, the

English Channel; although 3,000 have made the attempt. The distance is only twenty miles, but currents change so often that only a rare combination of good weather, skOl. strength, determination and endurance males it possible. The first to succeed was Captain Matthew Webb, in 1875, who swam across in 21 hours and 45 minutes. William Burgess succeeded only on his twenty-third attempt.

In 1926 Gertrude Ederle of New York City swam across, under adverse conditions, in 14 hours and 31 nmutes—the first woman rar

perform the fash. X few days later another American woman, Mrs. Clendngton Corson, the mother of two children, accomplished the same feat in 15 hours rnd 28 minutes. Both of these women crossed in less time than did any of the five men who had preceded them; but a few days later Ernst Vierkoetter crossed in the record time of J 2 hours and 45 minutes. He stTuM at night and had an unusually calm sea.

G i Miss Ecierie’s return to New Fork she re-ceiwd the gi’edieist ovation md-esded to any person that ever entered the city. Mrs. Corson on her return also received an ovation, at which time she summed up her view of her own experience with the teinark, KJ had to make Su re i wney fen my kids; mt I would not do it ag < o An a million dollars.'” fine ’water in the Chax xiel is bitterly cold the irritates the eyes, and even in good weather a swimmer is liable to get nausea after a time.

Three years ago a Cleveland man swam across Lake Erie, making the thirty-three milra from Point Pelce to Lorain In 20 hours and 15 minutes. His legs were partially and temporarily paralyzed by the feat. In September, 1926, a boy of seventeen and h;s sister of sixteen, off Ocean City, saved their father and six other men by swimming a three-mile race to summon aid for an overturned fishing boat.

Berlin has projected or completed an arfficial swimming pool 125 by 330 feet, with an artificial beach 48 feet in width, wanned by hot air conduits beneath the sand. Palms, poll al plants and fountains aid the illusion of nature. The whole is covered with glass, and vrannod. On bright days the natural sun floods the place with light. On cloudy days artificial suns produce the same result. A. bath in this elegant establishment costs eight cents.

Akin to swimming is surf-riding, bat the only known place where it can be done successfully for long distances is at Waikiki Beach, in the Hawaiian Islands. It has been rediscovered that there is a way for a person to balance himself in the water, in either a standing or a sitting posture, based on the principle that the human body is one-eleventh lighter than the fresh water it can be forced to displace, and one-tenth lighter than salt water. Swimming is a healthy sport.. Sweden has decreed that everybody must learn to swim.

T&g So-Called Spmd &f EulMgMing

/XNCE popular is Greece and Rome, the bull-fight is alleged to have been introduced into Spain by the Moors; but the Moors themselves deny this, and point to their fondness for their animals as proof that they could never have been responsible for such an inhuman sport.

Many Spaniards disapprove of the bullfight; but the arenas whkh seat 13,000 people and upwards are never unfilled, in Madrid, Barcelona or Seville. The Muira balls of Seville, famous for their ferocity, are most in demand. The horses fim Hio picadores are bought up weeks ahead rac kept ;n virtual -taxation until tra fatal d. y a...nves.

There are ram kinds of Lui’ igh era, who enter the aiena in pio-p-erane older: (l) Capes lores, In, •>« ous’ucss it ’s to J.ies& in red capes? and dance in iront of the bull, to gut the bull enraged; (2) p’cadores, mounted im n, flho ride blindfolded horses and jab the bull with spears, first or. this side and then on that, until he is coverca with wounds; (3) banderilleros, footmen, who jab steel baibs, with pinwheel® attached, into the wounds already made by the spears, or into fresh wounds; then (4) the matador, who, after further tormenting the bull with a red flag, finally buries his sword to the hilt between the animal’s shoulder blades, piercing the heart.

Before entering the arena the capeadores, pica do res, banderilleros and matadores go to “chapel” win? re they “pray” co some'filing or other that is ,-><ippose I to have au interest in the ungodly and beastly affair, and c specially in the fi^hte'g themselves. Pining the bullfight the beautiful wocran in the hox.es shower flowers upon their ran.fc fighters, the band playu triumphantly, nod I'veu body seems happy while the trail is beu g tortured.

The torturing and killing of each bull takes about fifteen minutes. From eight to fifteen bulls constitute an afieraooris “onteitafmnenffi Occasionally a bull squares the account with his tormentors, so that the average length of a bullfighter’s career does not exceed five years. The blindfolded horses of the picadores are often gored to death.

Bullfighting is as well established in Meris© as in Spain. In Mexico City there are Img® amphitheatres constructed of iron, which represent as large an investment as .New York’s largest auditorium, and built especially for bullfighting. In Vera Cruz, when scores were dying of starvation every day, the people were always able to find means to keep the bullfights going on Sunday.

There are occasional bullfights in Italy and in France, representing the desire of certain Spaniards to extend their national sport elsewhere. There have been strenuous attempts to arrange a bullfight in New York, but New York is too highly civilized and too much interested in human prize fighting to permit it.

Sports that are Passing

HE canoe is an invention of the North American Indian, and was a vehicle ideally adapted to his wild life. With the passing of the Indian there was great interest in canoeing for a time, along about 1870, in both Europe and America; but the interest has largely died out. Archery also flared up and died out at about the same time.

Hunting is dying out, partly due to the killing off of the wild game and partly due to the killing off of the hunters themselves. In the United States in one year there have been as many as 1,300 fatal accidents to hunters.

In 1923 there died in Great Britain an English peer who between 1867 and 1913 had slain 11. tigers, 12 buffaloes, 2 rhiuoceri, 222,976 pheasants, 112,598 partridges. 79,320 grouse, 3,452 wild duck, 34,118 rabbits and 30,280 hares. This man, who took the life of half a million living creatures, did it for fun. He had nothing doe to do. Men like him. have destroyed the immensely interesting wild life of the world. The British "nobility” still practise the barbarism of fox hunting. What they can see interesting in releasing from captivity a frightened fox or hare, and racing after it to see it torn to pieces by hounds, is a problem. The shooting of live pigeons at Monte Carlo has been abandoned.

There is occasionally a recrudescence of cockfighting. In 1922 eighty-one men were arrested near Springfield, Mass., and fined $1,215, for staging a three-ring cocking main in a tobacco barn. In 1926, in the Peak district of Derbyshire, England, cockfighting was being carried on in great secrecy, but with all the old-time cruelties—the natural spurs of the birds being replaced with steel spurs sharpened to a dagger point. Some of the game birds fought for as much as an hour and a half before being destroyed.

* Horse-racing has largely, but not altogether, passed away in the United States; indeed, the horse itself has largely passed. In its heyday horse racing was a paradise for gamblers, crooks and the lowest and worst elements of society. It still has some standing in England, but that is only because it is old. Anything that is old in England is reverenced there because of age—not because of any virtues it may have. That is the only reason why England tolerates its mock nobility and mock ecclesiasticisin. And, by the way, these arc two other games that are passing. The noble and the dominie are passing out together, and the world will be well rid of them both.

“What Every Veteran Knows”

AH uiilton Gibbs, Major of Artillery in the

• World War, in a magazine article under the foregoing heading says in. part:

Of course, now the Unknown Soldier is enviably enshrined in marble in the capitals of many nations; and statesmen and generals bear him. official wreaths and orations—which is as it should be. But before that the Unknown Soldier, lousy and soul-battered, went over the top and stopped a shell. The chances are that he didn’t die at once. He probably lay there far hours, pursuing his way through motionless aeons of pain, calling on Jesus to put him out of his agony and let him die. In the last show, you remember, you and I passed hundreds of them as they lay screaming and disembov eled. IVe hadn’t lime to stop and try to bandage tnem. There was a war on and so we had to pretend not to hear them. But we can still hear them at night sometimes.

The trouble is that nations, like individuals, 'do not like to admit having made fools of themselves ; and though we are all united in declaring war a crime and, more importantly, that it does not pay, yet there is no one nation with courage enough and brains enough to make the gesture of chucking the lethal weapons away and to announce that it intends to sink or swim on a peace plank.

World News Digest

[Radiocast from Station WBBR a wave length of 416,4 meters by the Editor.]

Judge Kenyon a Credit to Bis Country TpVERYBODY who has followed his career ■*U knows that Judge Kenyon, formerly United States Senator from Iowa, is an honest man. When the Teapot Dome oil lease came before him he at once cancelled the lease, rebuked the judge that had upheld it, and declared what everybody knows to be the truth; namely, that a trail of deceit, falsehood, subterfuge and corruption runs through the transactions incident to the making of that lease. The stable door is leaked at last

GnKty or No« Guilty

WHETHER Senator Fall and Edward Doheny are technically guilty or innocent of conspiracy to defraud the government in the leasing of-the Elk Hills naval oil reserve in California, nothing can change the stern facts that President Harding transferred the navy oil reserves from the Navy Department to the tender care of the Secretary of the Interior only three months after Mr. Fall assumed that office. Then five months later Mr. Doheny made his mysterious loan of $100,(MX) to the said Secretary, Mr. Fall; and for some inscrutable reason gent it in cash in the famous black satchel. Another interval of thirteen months, and the oil reserves were turned over to Mr. Doheny. And after four months more Mr. Fall left the cabinet and purchased the finest ranch in New Mexico, while Mr. Doheny proceeded to clean up $100,-(MX),000.

As a Bistorim -Sris Vs

Johh H. L&tas'e, professor of American history at Johns Hopkins University, is reported in the Baltimore New as haring said of Americans:

We profs® gut moral superiority to the rest of ths earth, and just after we have gone through the rottenwi period of moral corruption, in political administration any eivihzed country has ever seen, with the participants dill sb Mal, and when we have more murders than my other nation on earth.

W Jp Object to « New Trial?

IU VIEW of the fact that workingmen all over he world are as fully convinced cf the inno-con.ee of Sacco and Venzetti as they are convinced of the guilt of the recent head of the department of Justice, and in view of the fact that there is much evidence and new evidence to show that these men did not have a fair trial, one wonders what possible objection there could be to giving these men a new trial before another judge. Justice itself demands it, and wisdom would seem to say that it is only the decent and reasonable thing to do.

The Csre of Balt Orphan®

HE modern and humane method of earing for half orphans in their own homes is a success. In 1923 New York City spent $28.40 a. month to care for each child sent to a public institution, but only'"a little more than $15 a month was spent in keeping dependent half orphans in their own homes. Moreover, institutional life is injurious if not almost ruinous to growing children.

Nw Torffe Thirty Milan OoUar Court-Batten

W YORK county has a new $30,000,» court-house, a great building, hexagonal in form, which occupies the area bounded by Centre, Worth, Baxter and Pearl Streets. The building has been in .process of construction for about thirteen years. The floors are covered with cork. Ventilation is obtained through windows opening on interior courts, so that it will never be necessary to let exterior noises into any of the forty-three court rooms. The construction is of steel and granite, with marble trim for doorways, columns, bases, etc.

Uinte&wra m Bell Make Bad Showing

STATISTICS from Sing Sing show that unbelievers in hell make a bad showing among residents there. Out of 14S>2 prisoners there are only seven who do not profess membership in some religious denomination, and it is well known that, to most minds, religion means merely a fear of hell It looks very much as if the fear of hell had little to do with keeping a man out of Sing Sing. How would it do to tell the truth about hell, that it means merely the grave, and never did mean anything else? If the believers in hell go to prison and those who do not believe in it stay out, looks as if telling the truth might depopulate some of the prisons. And it woM

A Belated Beeo^nitmt of Manfewf

WHEN two Nevada convicts were burned to death fighting forest fires in the interests of their fellow men, the state placed in their eoSias pardons which it dated back prior to the day of their martyrdom. It was better than nothing. Bat the faces of the men were good faces. They make one wonder if the judges who sentenced these men would have had the courage and the manhood to do what they did in the interests of others.

From the Atlanta Ceorytan

THE Atlanta Georgian in a recent editorial made the following interesting observation:

It is just as well to face facts. There never has been a Christian nation in the vol Id. Every nation is founded upon force. No nation is willing to ten the other check. What would happen to a truly and completely Christian nation ammig the wolfish nations of the world to an interesting matter of speculation,

Uataw*? FMitie®

DOBING the past twenty years, according to the United States Chamber of Commerce, more than 165,000 persons met their deaths on American streets and highways in automobile accidents- Continuance of merely present fatality rate would swell this total by more than a half a million fatalities during the next twenty years, but if the present annual increase of 10 percent is maintained the total number of fatalities in the period will be more than 1,000,000.

Conditions in Detroit

TIE Detroit Free Press calls attention to the fact that in thirty days recently in Greater Detroit, twenty-eight pedestrians were run down and killed by automobiles, there were thirteen murders, three banks were robbed, and ninety persons were held up on the streets or in stores. The Free Press observes that it is a very obtuse person who cannot see that the United States is approaching a general breakdown of its machinery against crime and against disregard for human life.

If You Are in a Hurry

TF YOU arc in a hurry to get from New York * to San Francisco you can now leave New York at 9.30 Thursday night, change ears at Buffalo and change again at Chicago and arrive in San Francisco or Los Angeles at 9.00 o’stock Monday morning. On the return trip the Coast cities are left at 6.00 o’clock in the evening and New York is reached at 9.40 in the morning. No change at Buffalo is necessary on the ret or© « trip. This three-day service between points over three thousand miles, apart is the banner raiL road service of the world. But mail planes make the trip in less than thirty hoars.

Pint De Luxe Train® •

THE first De Luxe trains in. America we» run on the Chicago and Alton .Railroad, between Chicago and St. Louis. This was the first railroad to put on a Pullman sleeping ear, and the first to put on a regular dining ear. The first J Pullman, The Pioneer, went into service in the year 1865. It was built at what was then considered the staggering cost of $20,000. Mr. . Pullman sold the tickets personally, and put tv/o. I men into a bed, whether or no.

Sa^er-Posser Xonoyoiy Very ,

HOW near the country is to its great superpower monopoly may be judged from the ? fact that power has already been interchanged t between Boston and Chicago. Over 66% of the power industry of the country, capitalized altogether at about eight billion dollars, now rests in the hands of thirteen groups; and inasmuch as it is to their interest to unite and thus reduce expenses and increase profits, we opine that the grand merger is not far off. At the present time there is a greater development of water power projects going on than at any other time in the history of the country. These are all bound to go into the super-power project, sooner or later. The thing not yet finally decided is whether the super-power monopoly will be -owned by the people and be their servant, or whether super-power financiers will be the owners and the people will be the servant.

Agricultural Centers Badly Bit

A LEAFLET circulated in Des Moines declares that there are 10,000 unemployed men in the city, that office buildings that formerly employed five and six elevator men are now using one or two girls, that there are 500 empty store buildings, and several million dollars de* linquent rent in the loop district. .

of Bank Closures In tea

ONDITIONS must be getting painfully hart? in the agricultural districts of lows *hen nineteen banks in two counties close th»ir doors in one day. The banks are closed until eighty percent of the depositors sign waivers, agreeing to leave their money in the bank. In other words, the depositors continue to carry the business men of the town, while the business men carry the farmers in the territory round about. Who will carry the depositors when they get to the point where they have to have their money is a thing yet to be learned.

Growth of National City Bank

Y THE increase of its capital from $115,000,000 to $140,000,000, the National City

Bank, of New York, which has been for years the largest bank in the United States in point of capital, surplus and undivided profits, has become the largest bank in the world. Prior to this increase there were three larger banks in England—The Midland, Lloyd’s and Barclay’s. The assets of the National City are put at $1,281,494,000. It is the only American bank with assets of over $1,000,(XX),000.

Growth of the Woolworth Stores

STARTING with a ten-cent store in Watertown, New York, the Woolworth Company now have 1423 stores in operation, from which the sales last year were $239,032,946. The company has just issued to its stockholders a fifty percent stock dividend, of an estimated market value of $165,000,000. The sales of the Woolworth stores are now about three times what they were only tea years ago.

What Bas Become of the Timber

JIREE hundred years ago there were 822,000,000 acres of standing timber in what is now the United States. Approximately 43% of this area is now devoted to agricultural purposes j 10% is waste land, producing nothing; 16% is capable of producing a considerable quantity of timber fit for low-grade uses, while 31% has either virgin timber or second growth which is now large enough for saw togs. Reforestation on a large scale is imperative if present supplies are to last more than a generation longer. .

Farm Work Briny Standardised

i^lARM work is being standardised, On the ■ dairy farm the milking machine, with the aid of power, does the work of six men. In the corn fields the corn picker takes away the human labor and puts it on the machine, as does the hay elevator in the hay field. Potatoes, beans and beets are planted, cultivated and harvested by tractor. The hay drier, which can be used in any kind of weather, is in sight Man is being displaced by the machine.

Free Speech in Kentucky

WO men in Kentucky, a Negro and a white man, were found guilty of committing the same kind of crime. The Negro was sentenced to death and the white man was adjudged insane. The victim in the latter instance was an eleven-year-old. Negro girl. A Kentucky editor, a Negro, published an editorial charging Kentucky courts with being prejudiced against Negroes. The two editors of the paper were fined $250 each, and a further fine of $250 was levied against the printing company. ,

Judge Raamagi’i Conclusions

IN THE hope of spurring Americans to a higher regard for human life, Gudgc Kavanagh, of the Chicago bench, points out tire shameful fact that only one out of every six murderers in the United States is ever apprehended, only half of them are ever convicted, and only ten percent of those who are convicted ever die for tire crimes of which they are guilty.

As to Salaries far Judges

HE Chamber of Commerce of the United

States is agitating for larger salaries for judges,, on the ground that the salaries of judges in England, Scotland, Ireland, India and South America are in many eases twice the salaries paid for similar positions in the United States. This agitation to make judgeships money-making propositions does not appeal to us. Men who make large earnings are Hable to let their sympathies all run toward those who have much and to forget those who have little. It is an old saying that “money loves money**. The judges are friendly enough toward the rich now; the larger their salaries the more friendly they will become, and the less chance the common maa mU have of getting simple justice. The Chamber of Conunergc makes the singular suggestion that ‘low salaries constitute a menace to the administration of justice”. It would be interesting to know what they mean by that

jft»t <»®f Along ob One Fiat

¥ A FIVE to four decision the Supreme

Court has held that a dorter may not prescribe to any one person more than one pint of whisky every ten days. Looks as if this would make it necessary for some men to change phy* gieiaus every few days, or else establish a eir-cnit like the old-time circuit rider who, by the way, it is now learned was not infrequently a purveyor of those same liquid refreshments as he went from place to place.

WW the U. & Bss Alrewlg Gfoen

Ms. Gwacas W. Hrsramr, financial writer of

the New York Amenta#, declares that America has already sacrificed to European debtors from twenty to thirty billions of dollars, after every possible allowance permitted, by the most merciful and generous tanking practice. The sum Unde Sam hopes to recover is about twenty-two billions, spread out over sixty-two years. Mr. Hinman states that no weUtinfomed person, in business or out, believes that Germany can or will meet her annual payments of $625,000,060 a year to the Allies, or that they can or will meet their annual payments of $355,000,(MX) to Unde Sam. In other words, Uncle Sam has thrown virtually all of the approximately fifty billions into the sewer and may as well bid it good bye.

of Sden Arren&em&ti k>« Bast

HE Scriptures show that for 1655 years after man’s creation it did not rain upon the earth, but a mist went up from the face of the earth and watered the garden of Eden. That this was the best possible arrangement seems suggested by a recent bulletin of the U. 8. De-parmeut of Agriculture, in which xt is shown that the torrential rains of this climate carry sway every year about 126 billion pounds of plant-food material, an amount twenty times as great as is taken up by the crops themselves. In one instance, in Missouri, careful records showed that seven inches of topsoil were washed out of a cornfield in twenty-four years.

Increased Acreage of Smcdl Fraite

ISPATCIIES from the (hark regions show that for 1927 there is planned a 50 percent increase in acreage of grapes and strawberries. This move of the people toward the eonsomp-tion of more and ever more fruit is certainly one of the things, and we think the principal thingy which accounts for the greatly increased length of life of the people over a generation ago.

Growth of tie

LTHOUGH the date industry in the United

States is only twenty-five years old, there are millions of American families who now got their supplies of dates from American trees. There are about three hundred varieties cultivated in California, but they fall mostly into four classes: The extremely soft, eaten directly from the tree; the medium soft; the hard; and the Degleet Noor, a fim and .finely-flavored date which is in a class by itself.

few?« Quant£ttes @f Et/ergttmg

Sscwt-ABT Hoovw reports that compared with the basic year of 1919, the quantity (not value) of goods manufactured in the United States in 1926 was 26% more, mineral production 32% more, forest production 24% more, electrical power production 79% more, freight tonnage 20% more, and building contracts 42% more. In the matter of sales department stores show 33% more, five-and-ten-eent stores 119% more, and mall order houses 22% more; bit wholesale trade is 15% less.

iSwtfwte Indians Sw for Peace

HE Seminole Indians, the first inhabitants

of Florida, have finally recognized the

United States Government, which hitherto they have steadfastly refused to do, on the ground that, as they tersely put the matter, "White man no good, lie too much.” But with toe white man overrunning the whole state, and even now invading the Everglades, where the Seminole^ made their tost stand, there is nothing for the brave 30G to do tat surrender and ask fos United States citizenship. This they have done. For a hundred years the feninol® have » fused to forget that their warrior dhiefteis Oseeola was seized by the United States fw® while he was under the protection of a flag of truce.

of Revolution Fail

ALL attempts thus far made by the Roman 1 Catholic church to bring about a revolution in Mexico have dismally failed. Only a few old Women paid any attention to the request for an economic boycott. When the priests in certain iflistriets incited rebellion, as among the Yaquis end elsewhere, the Calles government put the insurrection down and then concentrated the seditious priests in Mexico City, where they could be watched. Moreover, new and even more stringent clergy regulations are under way, limiting the number of clergy that may serve in any locality. Mexico is winning its fight for liberty and is apparently enjoying the fracas. The old combines of crooked churchmen, crooked politicians and crooked financiers are out of luck.

Mexican Labor Union Stand* Intact

THE Mexican Federation of Labor is the back-J- bone of the present government in Mexico. Accordingly, in its effort to bring about anarchy in Mexico, this has been one of the chief points ©f attack by the Boman Church. The attempt was made to bore inside, by starting a Catholic Labor Union. The result has been almost a total failure, only 22,374 workers gathering under the church’s bogus labor banner while ©ver 1,500,000 adhere to the old federation.

Alasktt* Growing Reindeer Industry

TpBOM a few reindeer imported into Alaska in * the last decade of the nineteenth century there axe now 350,000 animals in that country. Reindeer meat is now sold in Nome and St Michael at fifteen to twenty cents a pound. During th© year 1925 approximately 680,000 pounds ©f reindeer meat were shipped out of the country, and the quantity is increasing. The animals bring $10 to $12 a head for butchering purposes, and the average cost of raising them is not more than $1 a year each.

A LASICA is being rapidly mapped now. The A- work is being done with a precision that would not have been possible before the development of the airplane. During the last season a total of 35,000 square miles have been photographed. It is estimated that about 27,000 j^otographs of ths land beneath wem taken bg? airphnes in theb ffighfe. Thar’s haw tarn » accidents, and the pilots and photographers expect to return to their work in ^e spring.

The New Bridge to Canada

npHEBE are only four vehicular bridges crossing the Great Lakes water system, all the way from Duluth to the Gulf of St Lawrence,, a distance of 2,000 miles. Two of these are at Niagara Falls, one is at Lewiston and one at Montreal. In the spring of next year there will be a fifth one from Buffalo, New York, to Fort Erie, Ontario, just where the Niagara River leaves Lake Erie. The bridge is 100 feet in the clear above navigation. ’

St. Lawrence Chosen as Waterway

HpHE joint Board of Engineers of the United -®- States and Canada has recommended the construction of a twenty-five foot waterway via the St Lawrence Biver, instead of through New York State, to carry the Great Lakes traffic to the ends of the earth. The cost, which will vary from ^350,000,000 to $650,000,000, according to the plan selected, is about a fifth of what would be required to bring the traffic by way of Albany into the port of New York. Moreover, the power generated will be about 5,000,000 horsepower, valued commercially at $100 to $150 per horsepower.

C&mymdons Ut Misery

IN ITS largest aspects the World War was a contest for industrial supremacy between Germany and Great Britain. It is no news to anybody now that both were the losers by the conflict; but the interesting fact is developed that on September 1st, 1926, in Germany, the number of unemployed receiving public relief was 1,549,000, while in Great Britain, on the same date, the number was 1,549,800. A million and a half men in each country are unable to exchange the products of each other, all because a few men went militarily insane.

Germany to Begin Liquefaction of Coal

ACCORDING to Dr. Friedrich C. R. Ber-gras of Heidelberg, discoverer of the Bev® gius process of turning coal into oil, the liquefaction of coal will be undertaken in Germany at one® on a huge scale. With the exception of anthracite, any grade of coal may be used. A’ ton of coal yields a net return of 104 gallons of ©ft, 45 gallons of which consist of gasoline.

What Will the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River-to-Ocean Project Mean ?

By Mel D. Shaw

THE Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Biver-to Atlantic Ocean project is an international undertaking between the United States and the Dominion of Canada, Though it is for the use of these two countries in particular, the world at large will also benefit by it,

It will bring the markets of the world to Lake Erip (Ohio’s front door), and to all the Groat Lakes ports, wherever ocean-going vessels of large dead weight tonnage, drawing thirty feet of water, could land. The Welland Canal connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario below Niagara Falls, now under construction and two-thirds completed by the Canadian government, and thirty-three miles of contraction work in the St. Lawrence River, agreed upon by the International Joint Commission Engineers, will, when completed, admit ocean vessels and convert Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, Duluth and all other Great Lakes ports into world markets.

This project will also relieve the most congested railroad traffic sections in the United States. Ohio is from 650 to DOO miles from the Atlantic seaports, and as practically all western , traffic must cross Ohio by trank line railways '' to the Atlantic coast, freights are often so congested that it causes many days delay and excessive freight rates. '

This shows the necessity of drastic measures to relieve the congestion. The fundamental difficulty ties in the phenomenal growth of population and manufacturing industries throughout the Middle West and western states, a growth which the railroads have failed to keep pace with.

The solution of the problem lies in the utilization of every practical means of transportation. Here is this wonderful natural waterway, the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, extending from the Atlantic Ocean into the very heart of the continent; and the development of such a system of cooperation between the railways and waterways would bring the load the railroads have to carry within practicable limits and would give the West an additional route for its foreign and coastwise trade.

la this connection note the report issued recently by the Port Authority of New York which discloses the high transportation costs now imposed by the transfer of freight in New York harbor: “It costs more to carry a sack of potatoes ten miles in New York,” says the report, “than to ’haul it 1,100 miles from Michigan.” This situation can be relieved by the aforementioned project.

The bulk of the world’s shipping business is done by boats ranging from 3000 up to 8000 tons cargo capacity. Even a small boat can swallow up the load carried by six capacity-loaded freight trains, but a large boat is a veritable bottomless pit for freight That is why water rates are lower than rail. Although it is 11,000 miles from Melbourne, Australia, to Liverpool, England, the ruling wheat market of the world, yet the transportation rate on wheat is but forty cents a hundredweight. That means that you can move by water 100 pounds 275 miles for one cent!

The St. Lawrence and Great Lakes route would afford a material saving over any existing routes, between points in the territory economically tributary and points overseas.

Cincinnati is a sizable city in the Ohio valley. It used to be the center of the wheat industry, and still is a city of many interests and a good point from which to reckon rates. It taps the rich fam lands of Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky; and its rates measure their distance from the sea— from the world’s great markets. Using the New York-Liverpool yardstick (counting distance by freight rates), Cipcmnati is now as much as 7000 miles away s‘rov< u? nemert seaport, Baltimore. This Greet L&S (H^an Route would furnish a far eheapn outlet f.u her and would develop the gi.ckd a^wM-ral, mineral and industrial produriog dirirk: the world that is now marooned by th*-' d'M :.frvests of New York and CLktogo.

Possibly the wip come to the

people through the err? cf to?.exportation, which will be toil-1 > d V h" m L> foreign commodities we bn: < o.»o.:h '1 plea

sure trips imy then ’>• > 'fr rn ,<• w • of the world such as aw no oc? "■h except for the wealthy.

In 1923 the coUi-'rct of Nuiih Am.-rieo exported 465,CrtJ;Gtoj H. ;?’« of v hAto r. ’ ’ ■ v mild fill a train o«' rrc ‘ri.xi •n.k.-' to-41 car

loaded with i,2tw M/A-o T» totow wo?d , L such a train could ddee*4/ m-.v-x tli- At

lantic Ocean by th. Shortest iouti\ t .trough the

Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, as the engine was pulling into Liverpool Will Allen White would be extending his regards to his friends in England by the conductor before the caboose had even left Emporia, Kansas. Think of the annual saving in freight on this vast exportation, when the Great Lakes route to Europe is Opened up!

The coal reserves of the world consist of 7,685,000,000,000 tons, of which the United States alone holds better than forty-five percent. By far the larger share of this lies within the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence economic area, and now awaits the opening of the St. Lawrence seaway before it can be developed to the best advantage.

Tv only one states in the Mid West, marooned by the bigh cost of transportation, consume 2,746.000 tons of sugar annually. Estimating the excess cost of transportation on this product alone at $4 a ton, the St. Lawrence Ship Channel could save to the Mid West over $10,000,000 annually on this one item.

The 45,000,000 people living in the mid western area of the United States—the marooned section—consume each year approximately 300,000 tons ot coffee. If diis coffee were distributed from the Great Lakes ports instead of by rail from the Atlantic coast there would be an indicated saving to mid-western distributors and users amounting to $750,000 annually. The St. Lawrence seaway would make similar savings possible on all imports and exports.

According to the Census of Manufactures, 19:23, published by the Bureau of the Census, the value of the products of the states of Ohio, Indiana. Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota amounted to $18,784,468,715. These six stalos accounted for thirty one percent of the total value of products of the United States, which was $60,555,998,200—and the St Lawrence waterway will allow ocean steamers to enter the harbors of these six great states. Will there be inland cargoes available for these ocean vi ssels? Fil say so.

Less than one percent of our corn crop was exported in the year 1924, due to excessive transportation costs from the mid-western corn belts. If the St. Lawrence Ship Channel were in operation corn could be loaded and shipped direct to Europe at a saving of approximately ten cents per bushel over the present cost of

Brooklyn, N.

transportation. This would enable the cornbelt producer to market his product abroad in competition with the feed grains of western Europe and South America, and would take off the American market the surplus that so often brings loss to the grower.

During the entire fiscal year ending June 30, 1925, the traffic between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts passing through the Panama Canal amounted to 7,596,687 tons. This was only 1,389,699 tons more than even the present inadequate fourteen-foot St. Lawrence Canals were called upon to handle during their navigation season of only 234 days. And in 1924 the Great Lakes foreign traffic exceeded 13,711,000 tons— nearly 15 percent, in volume, of our total foreign trade in that year. This shows the necessity of put lung ahead vith the project of expanding the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes waterway.

Three things are essential to the success of any ship canal—water, ships and commerce. The St. Lawrence has the water; the Gieat Balms and the Atlantic have the ships and the commerce. Simply connect the two by a channel only thirty-three miles long, and you have a main ocean-going highway direct from the European continent into the very heart of America. Why not dig the ditch ? Cut the freight cost to the American farmer by ten or twelve cents a bushel and you increase his net profits anywhere from 25 to 100 percent. Dig the ditch! We dug the Panama Canal.

Canadian Official Statistics

CCORDING to figures issued by the Canadian Bureau of Statistics, the Welland and

St. Lawrence Canals handled the greatest tonnage in their histories during the navigation season of 1925. The traffic of the Welland Canal amounted to 5,640,298 tons, and the St. Lawrence Canals to 6,206,988 tons. These figures show an increase over 1924 of 602,866 tons for the former and 670,614 tons for the latter.

In 1925 the St. Lawrence Canal, with a depth of only fourteen feet and a navigation season of only 234 days, handled 325,297 tons more than did the Manchester Ship Canal, with a depth of twenty-eight feet and an open season during the entire year. The Manchester Ship Canal has been a great success. Does it seem reasonable to believe that the coming St. Lawrence waterway will be less successful?

The obstacles to the undertaking of the St. Lawrence waterway are being removed. The political opposition that centers in the city and harbor of Buffalo, in the city and harbor of New York, and in the Barge Canal political interests of the State of New York, has been out in the open, fighting for a reversal of the report of the special board of Army Engineers, and demanding that a report favorable to the proposed ship canal across the State of New York bo adopted. Anticipating failure in this they demanded, through Congressman Dempsey of New York, another survey of the Now York route, leading to New York harbor.

Very good to make a waterway from Lake Ontario to New York City, if it is feasible and practical But there have been since 1836 no less than twelve surveys of the New York route, made by the Board of Army Engineers, and they are all practically in accord; they agree that a ship canal could be built from Lake Ontario to the Hudson River, but they do not agree that such a route would be practicable. The St. Lawrence route is the one which nature chose to connect the Great Lakes with the Atlantic, and it is quite feasible to expand it.

This is the position taken by the Special Board, and is the object of attack by the rail interests and the politicians of New York. There are engineering facts in plenty. We need no more surveys. We must have no more delay! This is the message of the Great lakes-St. Law-reuee Tidewater Association of twenty-one states which it addresses to the entire nation.

(I’ba Great 'tCfe-x-St Lawfenee TMewfo? Awetetwa is a voirotary awdattoa. ®f tweBtyrace sailer stags » socsated to asseiebte and dlfwminate helpful foforntaJoa in regard to the im^rorcmest of the St. Lawrence, to neet the Great Lakes wUk the aeesm. 33ie states repwwatM are as follow:

Oliio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, MiBscniri, North Dakota, Swath Dakota, Nebraska, Ksass, Oswado, Wyowlng, Montana. Mah«, Utah, <W gon, Strato Carolina, West Virginia, Kjaisdij’.

This seems to te a project dteeetiy ®nn«ted with to® maiewifam, anti one that w® £eei wre M certain to g® through. It will be a prfeetess been to the veEV—Editcr.]

Signs of Appre&ebiag Spring Bit N. Iferr?/

rpHU crispy days of February are here once more. As one takes a walk along the byways and lanes of the countryside he sees the passing of dismal winter and notices that signs of fresh life are beginning to make their appearance.

Here and there in certain sheltered, spots the wnt of sweet violets fills the air. On closer inspection the flower itself is seen, peeping out of the green leaves and grass among which ft nestles. It is a manifestation of the power of the Creator. Itself a Issson of lowliness, its fragrance reminds us of the refreshing effects of brotherly love.

Now the snowdrop, too, is raising its head in the cottage gardens, reminding us of purity and innoe-ewe. The crocus also adds its part to the evidence'that the winter is passing and that nature is being raised as it were to newness of life by the power of nature’s God.

Th® dandelion is seen sprouting forth fresh young leaves which contain tonte properties beneficial to the health of man, and which may he eaten as on® would eat water-cress or lettuce, ' resulting in increased energy and life to the consumer of this food of nature.

Even the birds overhead sing merrily, ss though they fully appreciate the passing of winter and the privilege of now being alive. These are positive evidences of approaching spring. All nature seems to borrow new hope and new happiness.

Those of us who know the plan of the great Creator rejoice in the knowledge that sobu mankind will emerge from the dark wintertime of trouble into the springtime of the Golden Age®, wherein they will see ever-increasing evidences of the Creator’s care and love. Then men’s hopes will revive, their fares will lighten, joy will fill their hearts, the resurrection power of God will be manifest; and as those whom they have loved and lost in death shall return, they will "obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away®.

Then the praises of Jehovah and His Christ will sound and resound throughout His. vast universe because of all the wonderful works whiA He has performed. Then mankind will haw reached the eternal summer of joy and happft ness in harmony with God.

Extracts from “Letters to Judd” By Upton Sinclair

rw« think that no one who has an ounce of brains can read the following selections fan Mr, Sinclair’s little book without pr»-foundest interest and an intense longing for the “desire of all nations.”—Ed.]

Mr. Roger W. Babson, who runs a big statistical bureau, presents figures of machine-produetion from wThich it appears that 13 important industries now average 88 times as much production as by hand-labor. Obviously, then, everybody in the country ought to be 88 times better off.

The total wealth of our country increased from 65 billions in 1890 to 320 billions in 1922; and as the workers didn’t get the difference, the rich must have. Here is what they admit having got, in their income tax statements, during four years 1921-1924. The number of fortunate ones who got more than $300,000 a year income increased from 246 to 773. The number of those with incomes between $100,000 and $300,000 increased from 2,106 to 4,921. The number with incomes between $25,000 and $100,000 increased from 37,663 to 62,158.

You take $350 in greenbacks and put them in 'the bank, and under our banking laws the banker can deposit those greenbacks with the Federal Reserve Bank, and receive a credit of $1,000; and then on the basis of that $1,000 he is legally permitted to lend out sums amounting to about $10,000 to other customers of the bank, In other words, $350 deposited by a customer becomes the basis of bank-loans, not merely of that $350, but of $9,650 additional, created by our legalized counterfeiter? The outstanding amount of greenbacks, about a third of a billion dollars, thus becomes the basis of ten billions of dollars of banker-created money—and this for the national banks alone, without counting all the state banks and private banks I

The headquarters of this greatest graft of all the ages is Wall Street. The money from all the little banks pours in here, and likewise the insurance money which our people put up to insure the safety of‘ their wives and children. It is all at the service of the big banker-speculators, to be used inmanwulatingmarkets, driving prices up and dovn, so that the insiders can buy while securities aie low and sell 'while they are-high. Here is concentrated the collective greed of all America, and men become frenzied with visions of sudden gain; they sell the goods they hope to have, and bay with the profits they expect to make, and the fires of avarice are fanned white hot, until the whole thing bursts like a crucible in a steel mill.

…