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    Golden Age, February 10, 1926

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    Golden Age—1926

    Contents of the Golden Age

    ......'1 —ria

    -K ' ■

    / Labor and Economics

    In the Anthracite Field . . . . . . ......... . 297

    The Ford Steel Mills .

    Potato Growing in 1925

    j Canada’s New Wheat Field .............. f 299

    1 ■ ’

    Social and Educational

    A Few Items About a Few Cities

    Earth’s Fairest Cities (Poem) ......

    The Wobld’s News in Brief .........

    Do You Know?

    Going Without Breakfast .......

    Are Baths Good Fok Colds . .

    When Lincoln Wobbjed

    Radio Pkogbams .

    Finance—Commerce—Transportation

    How the Cities Spend Their Money

    , Does Wall Street Control Belgium?

    King Coal’s Shaky Throne .

    Increased Efficiency of Railroads ......

    1 ' '

    . f Political—Domestic and Foreign

    ■ Lawyers Must Study Constitution

    A United States of Europe .

    Why China is in Fekmbnt .

    A Wise Texas Judge

    Whitewashing the Cages, and Other Things

    Science and Invention

    London and Back in Three Minutes ......

    Some Properties of Radio Waves.

    The Magellanic Clouds ............ . . , ggg

    Religion and Philosophy

    What “The Would” Sneers At

    A Pageant of Truth....... .

    Is “Trinity” Doctrine False? . . ..

    Whom Do You Honor? .....

    Studies in “the Habp of God”

    Published every other Wednesday at 18 Concord Street, Brooklyn, N. T„ U. 8. A., by WOODWORTH, HUDGINGS & MARTIN

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    Golden Age

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    Votame VII Brooklyn, N.Y., Wednesday, February 10, 1926 Number 167

    A Few Items About a Few Cities

    TO MOST humans of healthy mind a green field surrounded with a hedge of beautiful trees is more attractive than a vista of bricks, roofs, chimneys and sewer vents; and there seems little doubt that the hideous agglomerations of population as we have known them, and as they still, exist, will cease under the arrangements that will be in force during the Messiah’s reign.

    There arc some who love nature so much and the works of man so little that they seem to even hate the cities. Thus Emile Verhaereu serins to view them in “Les Aubes” (The Dawn). We quote a few Unes of his work, as translated by Arthur Symons:

    Oh, these cities! these cities!

    And their tumults and their outcries

    Anel their vrih’ *uries and their insolent attitudes Against the brotherhood of man.

    Oh, these cities! and their wrath against the skies, And their most terrible, most bestial show;

    And their stocked market of old sins,

    And their vile shops,

    Where wreath, in knots of golden grapes,

    All the unclean desires,

    As, on a time, garlands of flowery breasts

    Wreathed the white bodies of Diana’s maids.

    These cities!

    The sense of youth is withered up in them;

    The sense of heroism is sapped in them;

    The sense of justice, as a useless thing, is cast away from them.

    Oh, these cities I these cities I

    They spread themselves abroad like heaps of rottenness,

    Like soft or vehement breeds of aliens

    Whose mouths and suckers wait to suck

    The noble blood of all the world.

    Oh, you cities!

    Without you we should still be strong, healthy and tranquil;

    Without you our daughters would not be prostitutes, Nor our sons soldiers.

    You have soiled us with your ideas and your vices, And it is you who let war loose upon us.

    Henry Ford is an acknowledged disrespecter of cities. It must be admitted that his products have added much, to the charm of country life. He plans to do more, having in mind the distribution of his factories throughout smaller towns and villages where the townspeople and adjacent fanners may have work without leaving their rural surroundings. Mr. Ford thinks it a pity, and so do we, that the farmers’ products have to bo transported to the big cities to be milled or manipulated before they are transported again to the smaller communities to be sold back to the fanner.

    We have net heard how Frank A. Vanderlip, New York banker, made out, but we recall that about five years ago he bought tin entire village in New Jersey, an old, tumbled-down country community a hundred years old, with the avowed intention of transforming it into a desirable place to remain. The trouble with these small places is that the inhabitants spend so much time discussing the petty personal affairs of their neighbors, and are so sound asleep on their feet, that they do not know they are alive.

    Importance of City Planning

    TT IS a good thing that somebody pays some A attention to city planning inasmuch as three-fourths of all the inhabitants of the states oast of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio and the Potomac'are already divorced from farm life. In New York state only one-tenth of the people are still engaged in agricultural pursuits. The rest are city dwellers.

    A mere glance at the transportation problem presented by automobile traffic suggests at once that most cities need to be wiped out and rebuilt if the situation is to be properly met. But that is not practical; hence we find rapid transit engineers, architects, landscape engineers, railway engineers, sewer engineers, dock builders and vehicular traffic engineers getting in closet

    ■ and closer touch ■with each other, as they necessarily must if present cities are to survive.

    All existing cities were planned long before the advent of the automobile. Philadelphia was laid out by Penn in 1682, Washington by L’En-fant in 1800, New York in 1807, the present Paris in 1850. Washington and Paris are unique in that every street leads to a public building, a park, or a circle with its statue or monument. Atlantic City is the best of them all. Go there once and you will know why.

    City planners now are saying some things that a few years ago would have caused people to question their sanity. They are talking of ripping out whole rows of blocks through the downtown districts of such cities as New York, which cost millions of dollars to build, so as to accommodate the ever-increasing automobile traffic. They are also talking of consolidating the buildings of several city blocks into one great structure, so that the roof may be used as a landing place for flying machines.

    It has even been seriously proposed by a distinguished engineer, a former president of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, that the whole city should be roofed over with glass. Hrs argument is that the inhabitants of such a city would require no overcoats, no winter underwear, no raincoats, no umbrellas, no overshoes, no windows in their houses, no heavy blankets on their beds; and that the economy thus effected would more than pay for the cost of the roof. Children could play in the parks the year around. The temperature could be held at whatever point the citizens voted to have it.

    ; The Tallest and the Busiest

    THE tallest and the busiest city in the world is New York. New Yorkers say that it is the largest. Londoners say that London is the largest. It all depends upon where the line is drawn. New Yorkers like to draw the line at nineteen miles from the City Hall, because -when they draw it there they win; but if London’s boundary is extended a few miles, London wins. The population of each of these cities, with their suburbs, is about 8,000,000; and it is too much.

    It seems unreal that in a country fifteen hundred miles wide and three thousand miles long, and with a total population of some 120,000,000, more than five percent should live in the restricted area of a single city. Not only is that true in the present, but New York is growing with the greatest rapidity of any city in the country. It is freely predicted that in another twenty-five years it will have a population of 15,000,000.

    The pedestrian congestion of New York streets finds no parallel elsewhere. It is claimed that the busiest pedestrian corner in the world is Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second street, where the daily average passing in all four directions and on all eight sidewalks is calculated at 200,-000.

    A multitude of the world’s largest cities lie in the same general latitude as New York. Constantinople, Rome, Madrid, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, are some of these, with many others not mentioned which lie near the same general zone.

    New York is one of the loneliest places on earth. It is a hard place in which to make friends and to hold them. To be sure it has plenty of hotels; 140 of them have rooms for 50,000 guests. But unless you have plenty of money you would be about as welcome in one of them as the pope would be in Belfast, or a Bible Student at the Vatican.

    And Chicago is Big, Too

    HICAGO was already a city of 29,000 people when the first railroad entered it, on

    October 10th, 1848. Only forty-five years later, in 1893, it housed what up until that time was by far the most splendid world’s fair ever held. The architectural and landscape effects of that exposition were a revelation and an inspiration to the world.

    There are those who think that some day Chicago will be the largest city in the world, for the reason that it is now the greatest railroad center; it lies in the center of the largest and richest agricultural district on the planet; it is surrounded on all sides with fabulously rich coal deposits; and it is determined to be a seaport, via the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence river, even though the ice will shut it off about five months in the year.

    City planners in the Middle West are giving serious thought to the planning of Chicago as a city 125 miles long, stretching along the lake front all the way from Milwaukee to some point in Indiana, and reaching back fan-shaped some forty miles into the surrounding country. The thirty-eight railroads which terminate in Chicago operate more than 109,000 miles of track, or more than all the railroad track in Germany, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, France and the British Isles combined.

    Much of the most valuable real estate in Chicago is in territory which a generation ago was half a mile out in Lake Michigan. The courts have held that riparian rights extend indefinitely out into the water; and many fortunes have been made in Chicago, Cleveland, Atlantic City and elsewhere through the judicious placing of piling so that the winds and waves would create new lands far out from shore. The ground reclaimed on the Chicago front since 1821 is estimated at 130,680,000 square feet; and this ground at present, with the improvements on it, has a value far in excess of $150,000,000.

    Chicago is a safe enough place if you are dead; but if you are alive you may get killed any time. A. friend reports having witnessed two holdups in Chicago on a single visit. A guest of the Adventurers’ Club of that city a few years ago said that he was anxious to get back to the ; ngles of Equatorial Africa, among the roaring ions, trumpeting elephants, and sociable hippopotami and rhinoceri, rather than take any more chances dodging trolleys, automobiles and holdup men in the Loop district.

    Many More Big Cities

    THERE are many more big cities in the United States besides New York and Chicago; and some day we may write them up, but not now. There is no letup in the drift of the people cityward. More than a quarter of the population of the country now live in 68 cities having a population of 100,000 or more, and more than a third live in cities of over 25,000 inhabitants.

    There are a few double-cities, i. e., cities connected by great bridges, and destined to be one municipality. Thus there are Duluth-Superior; St. Paul-Minneapolis; St. Louis-East St. Louis; Tampa-St. Petersburg; Kansas City, Mo.-Kan-sas City, Kans.; Philadelphia-Camden; and eventually New York-Jersey City.

    Washington claims to be the most beautiful city in the world; but Oxford, Edinburgh and Paris would contest the claim. Springfield, Mo., has a toy city of 1200 playhouses built by the schoolchildren of that city on a scale of one inch to the foot. This miniature city has streets, parks, electric lights, and is a complete replica of a large-sized city.

    Detroit has a city hall which is unique in the fact that here the blind and the crippled are given employment and made self-supporting. Tacoma has its own light and water plant, which private interests sold to the city about thirty years ago when the Seattle boom was on, because they had lost faith in the city. But Tacoma has thriven, and the plants are successful enterprises. Tacoma supplies light at five cents, cooking current at one cent, and heating current at one-half cent a kilowatt hour.

    How the Cities Spend their Money

    MOST of the large cities of the country are living beyond their incomes. They are mortgaging the future to pay for the present^ piling up bonds upon which their children wall be expected to pay interest, without ever being permitted to pay off the principal.

    Of the ten largest cities in the country the per capita expense of the city management annually is as follows: Boston $35, Pittsburgh $30, New York $28, Los Angeles $27, Philadelphia $25, St. Louis $23, Chicago $23, Detroit $21, Cleveland $21, Baltimore $16. The expense of running New York is over four times as much as it was in 1898, when Greater New York was formed.

    .An examination of the details seems to show that Boston, Pittsburgh, and New York are liberal in every department of expenditures. Philadelphia seems to try to economize on schools, libraries, health and fire; St. Louis on pensions, health and sewers; Los Angeles on pensions, recreation, police and sewers; Chicago on highways, schools, libraries and fire; Detroit on highways and charities; Cleveland on recreation, charities, police and fire; Baltimore on everything, but especially on schools, libraries and health.

    Residents of these cities will be better able to judge what is implied by these figures. The expenditure of money in a given department does not always mean efficiency, nor does the withholding of it from a department necessarily mean inefficiency. In most cities an immense sum goes out in directions which only the poll* ticians could explain,

    The Heart of Britain

    THE heart of the British Empire is London, named by the Welsh, so it is said, the name meaning "Pool Hill”. The pool was a widening of the Thames convenient for shipping; the hill Was probably the elevation upon which the 5?ower of London stands. It is said that no city in the world presents such extremes of wealth Mid poverty as are to be seen in London. No city could be finer than the western part of London, while the eastern part presents scenes of indescribable dirt, squalor and misery.

    London was a prominent city in the days of Nero. In the days of Constantine it extended along the Thames for a mile west of the Tower. It is itself a seaport, and ships of all nations come into its harbor, but the usual access to the city is by rail from any one of a dozen ports.

    It has been stated in Parliament that three hundred tons of soot fall every year on each square mile of London, a quantity sufficient to build a pyramid four times as high as the famous clock tower over the Houses of Parliament. But with all its fogs and soot there is no place in the world that has such a hold upon the British mind. The following from the so-called 'Children's Newspaper (which is really a very fine newspaper for adults) gives the British point of view :.

    New York is big in every way that can be put into the figures which delight and express the average American mind. It is huge, and high, and rich, and busy. But It has no age nor quality that cannot be rattled off in a row of figures. It needs three centuries of mellowing before it can appeal to the world’s heart. Berlin has always been a kind of upstart capital among Germany’s historic towns. Moscow has never'traveled more than halfway along the path of civilization. Vienna is a Venerable capital of a local kind, aside from the world’s greatest highways. Borne rules only the past. London In its relation to the whole world, through the British race, in the past and in the present, in ideas, in character, in influence, in business, is the chief nerve-center of mankind. Her infinite variety is too great for a word, and far too great for the figures that only count material things. She does not need a motto. No word, no phrases Ban fit her. Let her be London.

    Dublin, the heart of Ireland, is the opposite •I London. It is in the center of a mountainous region, while London is in the center of a plain. Dublin is a center of Boman Catholicism. London is the center of Protestantism. It is said that the most striking thing about Dublin is that its architecture bears traces of being alt of one time. There is street after street of Georgian houses, all looking alike.

    The Heart of France

    "P ARIS is where it is because it is the center -®- of an immensely rich truck garden. There are twelve thousand such gardens about Paris which, with their plant houses and other improvements, are valued at $10,000 to $12,000 an acre.

    Throughout Paris there are numerous open centers called places. From these places boulevards and avenues radiate in every direction, like the spokes from a hub. Napoleon, the prize butcher, was the originator of this idea. His thought was that in ease of trouble with the populace he could plant his cannon in these places and sweep the streets more effectively.

    Paris is generally considered the most attractive large city. It is the city whence originates most of the styles aped throughout Christendom. It was the first to recognize the value of plate-glass windows. The department store, so common all over America, originated in Paris.

    For a thousand years Paris was the largest city in the world. London did not overtake it until the middle of the nineteenth century. No city was ever so rich in books, libraries and literary treasures as Paris. For many years it has housed the world’s highest structure, the Eiffel Tower. There are dozens of fountains throughout the city which are works of art. One of the charms of the city is the famous parade ground, Champ de Mars, running through the heart of the city in a broad band to the Seine.

    The Heart of Germany ■

    ONE could almost say that the real heart of

    Germany is Vienna, though it is now the capital of another country; for Vienna is a German city and was for centuries the capital of Germany until the haughty Prussians drove Austria out of the German confederation. But the center of the modem Germany is Berlin.

    Berlin grew from a collection of islands in the River Spree; and from these islands which are connected by broad bridges, and which still form the center of the city, it has extended far out over the sandy plains until it is now the third city in Europe, being exceeded in population only by London and Paris. The central part of the largest island’ was once the site of a castle, but is now a pleasure garden for the public, adorned with monuments and statues and surrounded partly by the old Royal Palace and the Old Museum.

    Before the World War the University of Berlin, with 13,000 students, was the greatest in the world. The famous Berlin street Enter den Linden (Under the Lindens) is a very busy modern thoroughfare with no linden or other trees in sight in any photograph we have ever seen.- '

    Berlin, which once had no beggars, now shines in the ranks of beggary, along with Vienna and Naples. It is claimed that the beggars of Berlin are organized into a union, that lessons are given in the art, and the “scab” beggars not in the union are frequent subjects of violence at the hands of those that axe in full standing in the union,

    Amsterdam, largest city in Holland, has the largest,, most imposing banqueting hall in Europe, This hall is 120 feet long, 57 feet wide and 90 feet high. Up the center of each of Amsterdam’s principal streets goes a canal, so that the city consists, in fact, of ninety-four islands. The chief buildings rest upon thousands of piles, drh n deep into the peaty soil.

    The Heart of Austria

    4 <rp HERB is only one Vienna,” is a saying of all the Viennese; and their sentiments are echoed by travelers, who describe the city as ‘•'overwhelmingly beautiful”, and “the queen of European capitals”. It is freely claimed that “every building seems to be a palace, with art in the finish of each exquisite detail”, and that even a very ordinary shop is likely to have inlaid work over the doorway.

    Before the Celts went into the British Isles, long before the time of Christ, they are said to have founded the city of Vienna, which for so long time stood as the center of German culture and civilization. The Romans had a fort there. It was a gathering point for the Crusaders in their march to the Holy Land. The Imperial Library contains the richest collection of apparel and jewelry to be seen in Europe.

    Vienna is the symbol of royalty, of aristocracy, of Roman Catholicism, of music and of the dance. For many years it had the largest proportion of illegitimate births of any great city in the world. It suffered terribly from the World War. In 1920, in the effort to provide fuel for the populace, a beautiful forest park of 150 acres -was completely destroyed. Even as late as a year ago the suicides exceeded a hundred a month.

    Prague, the capital of Czecho-Slovakia, formerly part of Austria, and its richest province, is said to be the most beautifully situated of any large city in Europe. In appearance Prague ia the most medieval of cities. It has a great university, almost no aristocracy, and no poverty.

    Rome, Naples, Athens .

    OME stands as the symbol of force and cruelty. Its origin is lost in antiquity, though tradition declares that it was founded by Romulus in 753 B. C. The city is situated on both banks of the Tiber river, about .fifteen miles from the Mediterranean. Rome has a greater number of beautiful fountains than any other city. It is a vast museum of archaeology.

    Naples, the chief city of Italy, is situated on the Bay of Naples, 160 miles southeast of Rome, in one of the most beautiful settings of any city in the world. On account of numerous earthquakes the buildings are of unusual solidity. The winter climate is perfect. The city’s milkmen drive their flocks around the narrow streets and milk their goats at the customers’ doors, in pails which the customer provides. No bottles are necessary, and there is no question about the milk being fresh. Naples is the center of the world's trade in coral jewelry. The University of Naples is 700 years old.

    Athens, capital of Greece, stands for art, sculpture, architecture. It was built on a collection of hills five miles back from the harbor, with which it was once connected by a lane 550 feet in width. The walls which enclosed the lane were so broad and massive that their tops served as carriage roads. The Athenians extended their sway over all Greece and made their capital the most magnificent city of the ancient world. Just now they are installing 200,000 American bathtubs.

    Constantinople, Damascus, Cairo, Mecca

    ONSTANTINOPLE, named for the Emperor Constantine the Great, occupies a triangular position on a peninsular between the Bosporus and the Golden Horn. The bazaars

    of the city are like the booths at a fair. The view from the palace where th© Sultan lived is magnificent; but the city as a whole is a tangle of ill-paved, narrow, dark and incredibly filthy streets. The Turkish name of the city is Stamboul. .

    Damascus, the oldest city in the world, is mentioned in Genesis 14:15 and was therefore standing in Abraham’s time. The city owes its location to the Abana river, a mountain stream with a cold, swift, deep current, which rushes eastward into the plain which its waters have converted into a paradise. The appearance of the city from a distance is very impressive. It is now noted especially for its gold and silver embroidery and jewelry. There are several good hotels, but in order to get a hot bath in any of them notice must be given twelve hours in advance. The street cars have special compartments for veiled women. Most of the streets are crooked.

    Cairo, the largest city in Africa, is the educational center of the Moslem world. The University of Cairo is one of the world’s largest educational institutions and the oldest of them all. Cairo was founded in the year 640 A. D.

    Mecca, the holy city of the Moslems, is located sixty miles from the Red Sea, in a blistering hot, sterile valley. The Kaaba, which contains the sacred black stone which fell from heaven (?), is opened only two or three times a year. No person not a Moslem may view it on pain of death, nor even enter the city itself.

    Every Moslem is supposed to visit Mecca once. To be present at the great annual festival means that every prayer then offered counts for more than a thousand offered elsewhere! It is estimated that about 100,000 pilgrims gather at the annual fair and fete. As soon as the trading and the religious service are over, they disperse, and the city remains comparatively solitary and empty for another year.

    Earth’s Fairest Cities

    (Reprinted from the Seattle Union Record)

    Earth’s fairest cities are her foulest sores;

    Deep scars upon a kind world’s gentle breast, Where dark crime reeks beneath a civil gloss.

    Gaunt famine lurks behind wealth’s ermine cloak, And homicide stalks hand in hand with greed.

    The brotherhood of man is all forgot

    Where thousands want, or starve, too proud to beg

    The crust denied them by a niggard hand That mocks at Man’s primeval dignity,

    And makes equality a hollow sham.

    Behold, across the way yon mansion rears

    Forbidding tiers of csld gray stone, where loll At ease the lustful lords of industry.

    Their fortunes, homes and social fabric rest

    Upon the sad foundation of the lives

    Of workers spent in building up that hoard, Cemented fast with bones and blood and sweat.

    The city stands a monument to those

    Who craftily enslave their fellow men,

    And watch the loot pile higher with the hours. ' ■

    Beneath the velvet river of that wealth

    A sinister and darkling current glides,

    Bearing the hapless victims of the fight,

    The flotsam, and the shipwrecked spars of those ■ Outwitted in the ceaseless war of greed.

    Black crime is there, the felon and his mate,

    The cool assassin. In the dank umbrage

    The dope addict, the prostitute, and each

    Poor fallen shade of God’s own image crawls.

    Earth’s fairest cities are her foulest sores. r

    Does Wall Street Control Belgium?

    THE Belgian parliament is discussing the question as to whether or not Wall Street is in control of Belgium’s internal financial policy. It is claimed that word has been received from this country that the expenses must come down. The proposition has been made by one of the Belgian senators that every workingman in the country give one-half hour work each week to the state, the wages, for that time to be turned over to the government by his employer. It is hoped in this way to raise enough money to pay the interest on another Wall Street Ioan.

    The World’s News in Brief

    In the Anthracite Field

    IN SOME places in the anthracite field this winter, men, women and children have been looking on the garbage dumps for food, as many as forty-two on one dump at one time. Soup kitchens had to be opened. Strike breakers were being brought in by the operators. The operators offered arbitration; but the miners demand a conference, pointing out that inasmuch as the operator does not arbitrate the price at which he sells his coal, it is unreasonable to compel the miner to arbitrate the price at which he will sell his labor. In the end the long-suffering public must pay a good price for the delay.

    King Coal’s Shaky Throne

    KING COAL is losing his prestige. Switzerland, Austria and Italy are trying to get along without him and are making an excellent start in that direction, especially Switzerland and Austria, which are harnessing their water powers to a degree never attempted elsewhere. The effect of this is especially felt in Great Britain, which has been the coal center hitherto. But America still bows to the dusky King.

    New Uses for Coast Guard

    THE New York World has an interesting story which reveals the fact that a year ago, when the'Rum Row syndicate was at the height of its activities, one of the rum schooners sent word that the sea was too rough for the speed boats, whereupon a Coast Guard boat obligingly went out to the schooner in the worst of the storm and landed the 300 cases of liquor which the rum schooner was anxious to put ashore. For this little job the officers of the government boat received $1,000 each, and each member of the crew received $240.

    Bands of Nomadic Children

    THE chief of the Children’s Bureau of the

    United States government has drawn public attention to the fact that in the United States there are at least two bands of wandering children,. One such group consists of children ranging from four to fifteen years of age and has confined its wanderings to the states from Alabama to West Virginia inclusive; while another has been covering the entire country, from

    Washington state to New England and the far south.

    New Jersey’s Public Charges

    TN THE highly progressive and intelligent state of New Jersey six persons in every thousand are public charges. The state has fifteen public institutions, in which 11,252 inmates are housed; and in the fifty-eight county institutions there are about 8,000 more. In addition to these, there are 11,000 children under care of the board of children’s guardians.

    The Hershey Industrial School

    f~\NE hundred and seventy-seven orphans are under the wing of Mr. M. S. Hershey, the manufacturer of Hershey’s chocolates; and this number is now to be increased by an additional one hundred orphans, for whose future welfare Mr Hershey has become responsible. The profits of twenty-five corporations in which he is interested are diverted to the care of these lads and to the training of them for future usefulness.

    Militarism in the Schools

    HpHE Committee on Militarism and Education calls attention to the fact that at the University of Delaware students who take military training receive $250 above their expenses. Similar sums are given at Colorado Agricultural College. An allowance of $9 per month is given at Leland Stanford University and at Colorado School of Mines. Large sums are given at Northern Georgia Agricultural College .. and at George Washington University. In these and other schools under the domination of the militarists the boys are taught to hate, distrust and fear Japan, Britain, and Germany and thus to have their minds poisoned toward their fellow men.

    The Ford Steel Mills

    IT IS difficult to see how anybody can ever hope to compete with Henry Ford in the manufacture of cheap automobiles. His latest venture is the construction of what is probably the most perfectly designed rolling mill ever built. In this mill much of the steel used in the Ford cars will be rolled. Ford already owns two of the four largest ore boats on the great lakes.

    American Symphony Orchestras

    IT SEEMS to be the concensus of opinion that the phonograph and radio are fostering public interest in good music. At present there are forty-nine symphony orchestras maintained in American cities, one of them in a city with less than 11,000 inhabitants. New York City spends large sums for free music in the parks. Denver maintains a training school for players.

    flags of American Cities

    THE York, Pennsylvania, flag bears the white rose of the English. house of York. New York City’s blue, white and orange stripes are derived from th© ancient Dutch West India Company. Rochester’s flag has three vertical stripes: Blue for the city’s water and electric power, white for its cleanliness, and gold to represent its financial stability.

    Doctor Butler’s Opinion

    a. Nicholas Mxjrbay Bittles, president of Columbia University, in his annual report to the trustees of the institution declared:

    If the full tenth were said, it would probably be that the greatest obstacle at present to religious faith, -religious conviction and religious worship is the attitude aad influence of a very large proportion of the poorly endowed and poorly educated Protestant clergy. The religion of modern man will not long survive if fed on the husk alone.

    Cause of the Crime Wave

    De. E. Moegaw Isaac, Pastor of the Congregational Church of Eagle Rock, California, gives some food for thought in an article in The Sentinel of his city when he says;

    During more than four years of the World War, the Church rolled up its sleeves, and went into the business of training men to kill and. hate; and today we wonder that a crime wave is said to be in the land. Have we not learned that the universe is psychic, that thoughts are things, that the sowing of murder thoughts and hate thoughts will inevitably bring its harvest? If we did not know it, we ought to know it now.

    Lawyers Must Study Constitution

    THE American Bar Association desires that every state should require a knowledge of the United States Constitution as a preliminary requirement for admission to the bar. Not a bad idea. It might even be extended to those already practising, and even to some of those on the bench of the United States Supreme Court; for it is certainly evident that that ancient and highly respected document never anticipated that one or many members of that august body should be able to make decisions that would overrule the will of the people as expressed by their legislators in the national congress.

    United States Navy Airplanes

    MERICAN warships of every type arc now equipped with airplanes. The airplanes are launched by catapults, which enables them to be sent out at any time and in any direction without changing the vessel’s course. Two giant airplane-carriers, the “Lexington” and the “Saratoga”, are nearing completion. These vessels of 33,000 tons each are designed to make not less than forty miles an hour. Each carries a battery of eight eight-inch guns and an equipment of seventy-two airplanes, including heavy bombers and torpedo planes.

    Vise Fees to Be Dropped

    IT IS good news to the traveling public that the passport fees which have made traveling in foreign countries such a nuisance are about to be suppressed. This "war measure has hung on for years after it has ceased to be anything but a bother to everybody, and it is good news to leam that fourteen governments have agreed to part with it.

    Deer and Bears in Pennsylvania

    FOM six to eight thousand deer are killed in Pennsylvania each year during the big game season, which ends December 15th. In the same period the number of bears killed ranges from 500 to 1,000. The bears usually weigh about 200 lbs., but some of them weigh as much as 600. The deer weigh about 150 lbs. Ten elk were killed in Pennsylvania last year.

    Seven Hundred Seminoles Survive

    SEVEN hundred Seminoles in Florida survive all efforts of the white man to kill them off or to starve them out. These are the survivors of the men that once roamed throughout the area which now represents the greatest real estate boom ever known in the world. But the end of the Seminoles approaches. Their hiding place

    GOLDEN AGE

    has been the four thousand, square miles of Everglade swamps, where amid primeval forests, lagoons and alligators they have managed to eke out a living. The draining of the Everglades proceeds apace. Railroads are bisecting it. White men are encroaching upon it. The end of the Seminole is at hand. ,

    Miami Has Forty Thousand Campers

    IT IS claimed that in the city and suburbs of

    Miami, Florida, there are at the present time about forty thousand campers, while in the state at large there are close to six hundred thousand. The,authorities are grappling desperately and with large efficiency with the problem of what to do with the great army from the North that has invaded the state. The fact that everybody lives in the open air tends to the general good health which prevails.

    Increased Efficiency of Railroads

    CAR shortages, once common, have now practically disappeared. Since 1921 the average weekly car loadings have increased 42 percent, the miles per car per day 20 percent, and the average trainload has increased from 656 to 731 tons.

    Degrees Cost $200 to

    300,

    IN THE Kansas City College of Medicine and Surgery it costs $200 to get a degree of M. D., and up to $300 to become a D. D., so explains the Kansas City Journal Post. It seems that these honorary degrees entitle their bearers to appear for examination before the eclectic examining boards of Arkansas and Connecticut. The claim is made that some of these artificially made Doctors of Medicine and of Divinity are no worse in practice or in fact than those who have been favored with these titles by means that are considered more legitimate.

    Richmond’s Medical Scale

    EREAFTEB Richmond, Virginia, doctors have agreed to charge $2 for all office calls, $3 for visits at homes between 8 a. m. and 6.00 p. m., $5 for visits at homes between 6.00 p. m. and 11 p. m., and $10 for visits between 11. p. m. and 8 a. rti. Any physician who departs from the schedule will cease to be in good and regular standing as a member of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and Surgery.

    Rabbi Wise and Zionism ' . , .

    T THE recent Baltimore Jewish Conference Rabbi Stephen S. Wise said in part..

    We have lifted Palestine beyond and above the reach of controversy. Controversy, debate, dispute may never again touch Palestine as the essential, overshadowing factor of the Jewish question. Jewish questions there are many. Jewish questions will or may continue to be. Palestine has ceased to be a Jewish question. Palestine is not a Jewish question. It is the Jewish answer.

    Potato-Growing in 1925

    IN THE year 1925 all the potato-growing states had a pronounced falling off in production, with the single exception of Pennsylvania, which in 1925 stood next to Maine in the size of its potato crop. The weather was unfavorable in all the northern states—Maine, New York, Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin —where the bulk of the crop is grown. The 1925 yield in Pennsylvania is the more noteworthy because the acreage was actually less than the year before, while the crop was almost exactly the same. The shortage this season has been so great that, potatoes have been shipped into the Philadelphia market from North Dakota, Nebraska, Idaho and even Washington.

    The Busy Life of the Bee

    HE life of the average bee is thirty-five days.

    At the age of three to ten days she becomes a nurse’s helper, at two weeks she becomes a sentry, and about the twentieth day of her life she begins her final task of going out to gather honey. Bees communicate with one another by a system of special dances. Mature bees can render any duty required in the hive.

    Canada’s New Wheat-Field

    AN AD A has added a new wheat-field eight hundred miles long by two hundred and fifty miles wide, all as a 1’esult of the work of scientists in perfecting pr developing the Garnet wheat, which matures in 100 days from planting. Canada is already one of the principal granaries of the world, and will augment greatly its importance. Canada is larger in area than the United States and is believed to have greater resources than any European country outside of Russia. A logical step in the development of the country would be the construction of a railway all the way through to the polar basin. This would solve the problems of Arctic exploration in short order, and would probably pay for itself in the mineral wealth uncovered.

    Conditions in Porto Rico

    THIRTEEN" thousand Porto Ricans have presented a petition to President Coolidge alleging that because of payments of heavy dividends to stockholders in the United States and Europe there is not sufficient revenue left to _ properly administer the country, with the result that thousands of children die annually from anemia, tuberculosis, malaria, and other diseases of malnutrition, while 50,000 children are deprived of education. The petition cites that four-fifths of the population are without permanent employment, that wages are meagre and living costs high. They wish a congressional investigation, and a more direct union with the United States.

    Boom in Venezuela

    ONE of the latest and healthiest oil booms is that in Venezuela, where a single well is pouring out a thousand barrels a day and the total production of the district for the year 1925 is estimated at twenty million barrels. The drillers, mostly Americans, are said to consider this one of the richest fields in their zworld-wide experience.

    Argentina Down on Militarism

    ARGENTINA has formally declined to allow the Boy Scout Movement to organize troops in the public schools of Buenos Aires, on the ground that the influence on the younger generation is harmful because of the militaristic tendencies. The committee’s report states that an organization of a military character is not in accordance with the fundamental principles , of Argentina’s educational ideals. Argentina has. given peace-lovers something to think about.

    An Unpleasant Brazilian Habit

    ONE tribe of Brazilian Indians has an unpleasant habit of discouraging the entrance of any white man into his territory. His only weapon is a club like a policeman's billy; but he is so expert in throwing this club, and its weight is so considerable, that he can break a man's leg at a distance of a hundred yards.

    Subsequently he finishes him, and eats him at his convenience.

    London and Back in Three Minutes

    THE First National Bank of Boston on one occasion during the summer of 1925 sent a foreign exchange message to London. On arrival in London the message was decoded and acted upon, and the reply was received in Boston, within three minutes from the time the original message was sent. This is a new world’s record, the previous record being eight minutes.

    British Appreciation of Queen Alexandra

    IN THE nine hours in which the body of the late Queen Alexandra lay in Westminister Abbey it is estimated that one hundred thousand persons passed the coffin. At times the queue was a mile long. On account of the fact that the day was bitterly cold, with a heavy snow falling, scores of persons collapsed and had to be medically treated. The queue was four deep; and although the people stamped and huddled together for warmth, yet it was noteworthy that all were silent, except for an occasional remark in a whisper. It is stated that four-fifths of the queue were young girls.

    English Unemployment Benefit System

    THE English unemployment benefit system, improperly referred to as the dole system, is a system of unemployment insurance to which employes, employers and the government each contribute a certain share weekly, the larger portion coming from the worker himself. It is grossly unfair to speak of or think of these unemployment benefits as charity. Any social system which does not take care of those who would work but cannot get the work to do is essentially selfish, unjust and unreasonable. ~

    Britain’s Declining Birth Rate

    FEWER babies were born in England and

    Wales last year than in any previous year on record, excepting the war period of 1917 to 1919. Since 1920 the birth rate has shown a continuous decrease. Last year it was 18.8 per 1,000 persons living. The long-continued un-< employment and business depression is the outstanding reason for the decline.

    Child Gamblers in England .

    AMAN and his wife were fined fifty pounds in a London police court recently for maintaining a gambling house where girls were taught to bet on the races. Sixty-two girls under thirteen years of age entered the premises within a few days. On examining the establishment the police found a series of account books with the children, showing bets on the races.

    Fifty Passengers a Day

    AN AVERAGE of fifty passengers a day make the flight between London and Paris. The cars have fourteen seats, a kitchen and a lavatory in the rear, with running water. About three tons of freight are carried each way, consisting of an almost inconceivable variety of articles. There are life belts over the heads of the passengers, so that if the plane falls into the sea they may not drown. Cotton is provided for stuffing the ears.

    The Cadaver War Lie Disowned

    PRESSED in many quarters by honest and decent men, the British government has come out openly at last and admitted that there was never any foundation for the fable, widely spread through all England during the days of the war insanity, that the Germans were boiling down the corpses of their soldiers in order to recover the fat. It was a contemptible piece of business all around, and only one of the contemptible lies widely circulated to craze and infuriate decent people against people elsewhere every whit as decent as themselves. Gradually ire world is coming to acknowledge its wartime madness, even as Bible Students recognized it all the while.

    Money Enslaving the World

    IN THE French Chamber the other day one of the deputies made the statement that “the United States is slowly but surely reducing the rest of the world to a state of financial slavery”. The deputy who made the statement is a communist and not generally taken seriously, but it is an ominous fact that when he made this statement he was cheered by all parties. The still more ominous fact is that the deputy told the truth, a truth which is very apparent in America itself and which is becoming increasingly so every day.

    Woman Lawyers in France

    ACCORDING to the New York Times there are now one hundred and thirty-seven women actively engaged in the practice of law at the French bar. The law which permits them to practise was adopted twenty-five years ago. Many of them are said to be very successful.

    A United States of Europe

    IN A statement to the London Daily News

    M. Briand, commenting on the Locarno peace pact made the statement, “Although my life is already advanced, I firmly hope to see realized the United States of Europe; and that great day will repay me for the pains I have taken to contribute my stone to the structure.” It is expected that the Nobel peace prize for 1925 will be awarded to M. Briand.

    Denatured Fascism a la Millerand

    MMilleband, ex-President of the French

    • Republic, has been trying to start Fascism in France. He has gathered about him a few young royalists of the snobocracy. They have marched around in blue shirts (not black ones) and made some fiery speeches, trying to calm the feelings of the people by assuring them that the French brand of Fascism would differ from the Italian. The French have taken it all as a good joke and are ridiculing the whole thing to its death.

    Outbreaks of Fascism in England

    rpHERE have been some preliminary outbreaks of Fascism in England. A van containing eight thousand copies of the London Daily Herald was seized by a band of Fascisti, one of whom /was armed with an automatic revolver. Labor meetings have been broken up. Free spee/ia has been prevented. The will to have a British dictatorship is present in certain quarters, but things that could be done in Italy could never be done in England. The people are different.

    Hungary Goes in for Fascism

    THE New York Times tells us that the party styled the Awakening Hungarians, which

    is the principal lawless element of Hungary, has decided to go in for Fascism, taking the Italian Fascismo for an example. Uniforms have been adopted like those of the Italians, The emblem is a long-handled battle-axe, unburdened with the lictors’ rods of the Homans.

    Vienna in Better Shape

    VIENNA is in better shape than at any time since the war. The government has shown a considerable surplus, savings deposits have increased, food has been abundant, coal imports have been kept down, to one-fourth previous requirements, taxes on some luxuries have been reduced, and a great electric development has taken place.

    Fascist Bravery in Florence .

    THE Manchester Guardian gives some details of Fascist bravery in Florence. At midnight the force placed a ladder so that they elimbed into the bedroom of a man who had lost his right ana in the World War and .was decorated for military valor. They shot and killed him unarmed, in the presence of his wife, stole 30,000 lire which he had in the house, and wound up by sacking the whole house. This man, Pilati, was supposed to be a Socialist and therefore a fit object for Fascist wrath.

    Mussolini Seizes the Schools

    Mussolwi, by seizing the schools of Italy, has done the logical thing. Having destroyed the liberties of the Italian people, turned the king into an automaton and tha parliament into a jack-in-the-box, wiped out the labor- unions, the Masons and the newspapers, the next reasonable and natural thing for him to do is to make sure that the rising generation shall not use their own brains but think only those thoughts that Mussolini wishes them to think Religion should logically follow.

    When Mussolini was Ready for War ”

    THE Seattle Union Record calls attention to the fact that one day the American government knocked seventy-five percent off the Italian war debt, the next day Morgan and company loaned Mussolini’s government $100,000,000 and the third morning Mussolini said that he was ready for war. He may get it yet, and may discover what it means to have the 25,000,000 trade union members of the world defin-ately aligned against him, as they are certain to be. Indeed, they have already served formal notice on him that his suppression of Italian trades unions was a violation of the Versailles treaty, the League of Nation’s covenant, and the Washington labor agreement. Italian patriots are threatening that when the Mussolini reign of anarchy is over and the country is once again in possession of its citizens they intend to see to it that the Morgan loan is outlawed because loaned to an outlaw who has openly boasted of his illegal rule of the country.

    Child Catchers in Russia

    TN THE effort to cut down the number of homeless child criminals in Russia the Soviet government is now scouring the railway stations of the country, picking up many of the child offenders who gather there. It is stated that there are 69,000 of these in the Caucasus alone, They have become adepts in crime. N a store of goods is safe.' Many of them are murderers. They are the result of the World War. They refuse to be caught, and must be driven into the government institutions at the point of the' gun. .

    Soviet Government Rebuked for Severity

    THE International Committee for Political Prisoners, composed wholly of friends of the Soviet government, has addressed a memorandum to that government in which it says in part:

    We ven t are to point out that the present attitude of the Soviet Government to its political opponents and its severity in dealing with offenses of opinion necessarily alienate large and influential sections of public opinion in the labor and liberal movements throughout the world.

    One Thousand Lost Soldiers Found

    IN THE year 1916 one thousand Hungarian soldiers were captured by the Russians and sent to Siberia. With the advent of the Russian revolution they were given their liberty and four hundred thousand acres of land. They married Russian, Tartar, Mongol and Chinese women and settled down. They retain their own language. One of these soldiers has just returned to Hungary; and for the first time the Hungarian people have learned that the men supposedly dead are alive, well, prosperous and carving out for themselves a new civilization in their far eastern and northern home.

    Some Properties of Radio Waves

    T IG-HT rays and radio waves in general obey the same natural laws. That is, just as a ray of light can be projected through space, reflected, refracted, absorbed, polarized, so radio waves can be propagated likewise.

    It is the purpose of this article to discuss briefly some of these peculiar properties of radio waves and note some of the possible causes for the variation in the intensity of the received signal at different points of reception, though these may be at equal distances from the transmitting station but in different directions.

    First of all, consider the antenna at a transmitting station. This antenna is elevated in space and is connected through the transmitting machine directly to earth, or to its equivalent, a counterpoise. The transmitting machine sets up in this antenna an alternating current which oscillates at a very high frequency between the antenna and earth. The frequency of this oscillating current determines the wave length of that particular station.

    Now, when this antenna is charged by such an oscillating current, it sets up in the surrounding region two primary fields, one an electrostatic and the other an electromagnetic field, which radiate out into space in all directions.

    These two fields, when near to the antenna, are in space quadrature and out of time phase. That is, one field, the electromagnetic, exists in a horizontal plane about the antenna as centered ; while the other, the electrostatic exists in a vertical plane from antenna to earth. These two fields are thus displaced 90° in space. They are out of time phase in the sense that during an instant when one field has its maximum value the other will be at its minimum V'JLue, and corresponding instantaneous values will have the same phase relationship throughout an entire period.

    Such conditions exist near the antenna only. At a distance the relationship is entirely different. The two fields approach each other in time phase while their relative positions in space change greatly, depending upon the nature of the space traveled, over.

    The kind of soil, the mineral content of the earth, the proportion of land to water, the contour of the earth’s surface, the state of earth’s magnetic field, the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, and even the time of

    By Ralph H. Leffler

    day and season-of year all greatly influence the relationship and character of these radiated fields or waves.

    Additionally, the local surroundings of the receiving station have a marked effect. For instance, a receiving station located in a large city surrounded with steel structures of all kinds will experience an entirely different result in reception than will one located on the top of a hill in the open country.

    To simplify the situation and to aid our conception of the nature of propagation of radio waves through space let only one radiated field be considered, say the electrostatic, the one which exists about the antenna in a vertical plane. Also let this electrostatic field be considered to exist in lines of force extending as meridians from the antenna to earth and traveling away from it at the speed of light, namely, 186,000 miles per second. Now let it be considered that at any particular point away from the antenna these vertical lines of force are constantly changing in value at a rate depending upon the frequency of the radiated wave. With this picture in mind, let us see what are some of the possible variations in the shape of the electrostatic field as it moves across the earth’s surface.

    As these lines of force travel away from the antenna they no longer maintain their vertical position but instead incline themselves in such a way that they lean away from the vertical, the inclination being such that the top portion of the wave is farther away from the transmitter than the lower portion next to the earth. This inclination is caused by the absorption or drag effect of trees, vegetation, hills, mountains, etc., upon the lower portion of the wave. The portion of the wave next to the earth’s surface thus lags behind the portion in the upper atmosphere.

    Poor Reception Accounted For

    HOULD this inclination of the lines of force be to such an extent that they become nearly horizontal to the earth’s surface, it is seen that a receiving station located in such a region relative to the transmitting station could not hear that station very well. Especially will this be true if the receiving station uses an antenna which.is relatively long with respect to its height. Should the receiving station he using a loop or a relatively high, vertical antenna, the station could then be heard very well.

    The same causes which act to shift these lines of force out of a vertical position in a direction away from the transmitting station will also cause them to be inclined in a direction transverse to the plane of propagation or in any intermediate position. The direction these waves are shifted depends entirely upon the angular relationship between the wave and the obstructing medium.

    What has been said regarding the electrostatic field can also be said about the electromagnetic field. Both fields can be shifted out of their true positions, either in a direction towards each other or in a direction in opposition to each other, depending upon the nature of the obstruction and its angular position with respect to the wave.

    It is possible for the two fields to be so shifted that they will be 180° out of phase, or in opposition to each other. It would be impossible for a receiving set in such a region to hear the transmitting station. Again, in other regions these two fields can be so shifted that they will be in phase with each other, in which case the transmitting station could be heard exceptionally well.

    In a preceding parag’raph an absorption effect was noted. An instance is called to mind where this effect was particularly noticeable. A certain broadcasting station was using a comparatively short wave in the broadcasting band. When on the air but a few weeks it was soon learned that the station was not reaching out well to a distance.

    Investigation disclosed the fact that in the immediate neighborhood of the station there were many tall buildings having steel framework which had a natural period of oscillation, or were ‘Tuned” to approximately the same wave as the station was using. This of course caused much of the radiated energy to be absorbed and thus a diminution of the wave at a distance. This station later changed its wave to a higher value. It was then soon learned that the station was “getting out” much better, even though using the same amount of power. At a receiving station the same kind of absorption by steel structures and wires can take place to a marked extent.

    Again, this electrostatic field radiated from a transmitter can suffer another effect due to reflection. Just as a beam of light can be made to impinge upon a mirror and its direction of travel thus changed, so radio waves can be reflected by objects in their plane of propagation. A mountain containing, large deposits of metalic ores will cause a great change in the direction of travel of radio waves.

    Likewise, a long coast line between the salt water of an ocean and the dry land of a continent will reflect the radiated wave to an extent depending upon the relative position of the transmitting station to the coast line and the direction the wave is traveling. Radio Compass stations along such coast lines regularly make corrections in their readings due to this effect.

    The Heaviside Reflector

    NOTHER example of reflection is that due to the so-called Heaviside layer in the upper atmosphere surrounding the earth. At an altitude variously estimated to be from 75 to 200 kilometers above the earth there is supposed to exist a heavily ionized or conducting ring around the earth known as the Heaviside layer. This layer behaves much the same with respect to radio waves as a concave mirror surrounding the earth would to light waves. Some of the energy radiated upward from a transmitting antenna impinges upon this reflecting medium at an angle causing it to be reflected downward again, or even to be refracted and polarized as light would when reflected from a mirror. This reflected wave can then be heard by a receiving station located a great distance away while other receivers located much nearer the transmitter would be totally deaf, because beyond the range of this reflected wave.

    …