Golden Age, September 23, 1925

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Contents of the Golden Age

— Social and Educational

Tidbits of World News .........

Increased Size of School Children.....

Priest and Devil Both in- Hard Luck ....

Radio Programs What is Truth?

Political—Domestic and Foreign

British Immigrants Dodge Ellis Island.....

Ugly Incident at Durham..........

Working Overtime at Gas Masks.......

The Germany-Poland Border Tragedy ......

Freedom of Speech in Italy.........

The Oil War in Syria ...........

The Butcheries at Shanghai and Canton.....

The Sinking of the “Lusitania0 . ........

Agriculture and Husbandry

Cotton is Still King...........

A Record Crop This Year....... . .

The Boll Weevil Curse..........

Exodus of Negro Labor..........

The Move to Piedmont ..........

Science and Invention

The Belts of Jupiter an#, Saturn . . . . , Hardening and Tempering of Copper . . . < A Point ............ . . (

Home and Health

The Case Against Sugar........

Adrenal Glands ....... * .. • <

Travel and Miscellant

Alive Inside A Whale..... . . . .

Religion and Philosophy

What Missionaries in China Now Face . . . In Darkest England

Where Ignorance Is Blister........

Who Shall Live Forever?........

Studies in “The Harp of God”.......

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Published every other Wednesday at 18 Concord Street, Brooklyn, N. Y„ U. S. A., by WOODWORTH, HUDGINGS & MARTIN

Copartners and Proprietors Address; 18 Concord Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., U. 8, A. CLAYTON J. WOODWORTH . . . Editor ROBERT J. MARTIN . Business Manager WM. F. HUDGINGS . . Sec’y and Treas.

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Entered as second* class matter at Brooklyn, N. X., under the Act of March 3, 1878

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Volume VI

Brooklyn, N.Y., Wednesday, September 23, 1925

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Number 157

Cotton is

Still King

COTTON gives employment to more people than do all other textile fibres, and clothes more people than all other fabrics combined. Cotton is of prime interest to Britain and the . United States. Both are vitally interested in k ______

its manufacture, and the United States in its production.

It is estimated that there are $30,000,000,000 invested in the production, manufacture and I distribution of cotton, with not less than six million persons directly engaged. The estimated world’s production has increased from 1,500, 000,000 pounds in 1850 to ten times that amount in our day.

. For one purpose or another the American people use up an average of one pound of cotton •per person every two weeks. Consider your . ewn apparel, and notice the furnishings about [ you, and you will see why this is so. The cotton p doth and other cotton fabrics used annually m L America would make a strip a yard wide reach-t X

; ing all the way to the moon.

I What an important place cotton plays in the (.life of a civilized people was revealed by the L experiences of Germany during and after the i, World War. At the end of four years the Ger-i man people were wearing paper clothes, using

paper bedding, towels, hosiery, draperies and

tablecloths; and they were even compelled to use paper bandages and surgical dressings. Germany could not get cotton; and she could not produce the wool, hemp and flax needed.

Items in Cotton History

IT IS believed that the art of spinning and weaving cotton was practised in India nearly | four thousand years ago; and although the | Hindu methods are crude and laborious, yet ; their hand-looms have turned out some of the r '

i most wonderful cloths that have ever been r ■ ■

r manufactured.

? [ The calico of the western world is but an

imitation of the Calicut cloth which has been made in India for centuries. The madras cloth is named after the great city of Madras, where thousands of hand-looms are still engaged in its manufacture. Muslin is named after the mosul cloth of Mesopotamia. Cambric is named after the city of Cambrai, France, where it was first made from cotton brought from India.

The cotton goods of China, especially the nankeens, are famous; but how long they have been made no one knows. Cotton fabrics, sometimes interwoven with silk, and of exquisite workmanship, were in use in Abyssinia and in the Niger Valley long before their adoption in Europe. The first cotton mills in Europe were in Cordova, Granada and Seville, Spain, brought over by the Moors from Africa.

When Columbus reached the western world ft

he found the Indians wearing cotton cloth. Cortez found cotton under cultivation in Mexico. When Pizarro invaded Peru, he f ound the Incas wearing cotton clothing. The Portuguese found it in Brazil. Travelers in the Carolinas and in h

Georgia two hundred years ago reported seeing the cotton plant, which at that time, however, was regarded as a thing of beauty rather than of use.

With the invention of the cotton-gin, cotton sprang at once into popularity. There was a time when the aristocracy placed cotton cloth on a par with silk and wool, but as it grew more plentiful it came to be less appreciated. When it began to assume a prominent place in English life efforts were made to bar it from the country, on the ground that it would injure the woolen trades. At one time it was illegal to manufacture cotton underwear in Britain.

United States the Home of Cotton

fpiHE climate of the United States, its remote-J- ness from the textile centers of Europe, and the fact that the cotton-gin was invented bora have made the United States a natural field for the production and use of cotton goods, and the Revolutionary War almost forced the issue.

It was just a hundred years ago that the first ready-made clothing establishment opened for business, in New Bedford, Mass. The need of some speedy way of fitting sailors during their '■ ■■

brief stay in port was what led to the formation of the enterprise. Now the manufacture of clothing is one of the greatest and one of the most thoroughly American of industries.

Britain has the well-earned reputation of

taking the best cloth, but America claims to be

the best dressed. Much British clothing is still I f

made by tailors who, not so long ago, were a class of itinerants; but in America more and more clothing is factory-made. What was begun as a means of hurrying New Bedford whalers out of port came to be the method of making clothes for slaves in the southern states, fitting out the miners for California, etc., until now almost everybody wears custom-made clothes. The collar industry, which has plants worth millions of dollars, originated with the wife of a Troy, N. Y., blacksmith.

The cotton manufacturing industry stands so close to the agricultural industry that when one suffers the other suffers. When the farmers are unable to buy, the cotton mills are obliged to run on short time, because the farmers comprise a large part of the consuming public. The farmer must get fair prices or he cannot buy. If the prices for clothing are too high he wears his old clothes until they come down.

A Record Crop This Year

AT THIS writing it is believed that the cotton crop in the United States this year will be the third largest in history, having been surpassed only by the crops of 1911 and 1914. The area under cultivation is set at 46,448,000 acres, of which 23,000,000 acres are in Texas and Oklahoma, 14,000,000 acres almost equally divided among Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas, 5,000,000 acres in the Carolinas, 3,000,000 acres in Tennessee and Louisiana, and the balance divided among Missouri, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Florida, Virginia, with 38,000 acres in more northerly states.

About seventy-three percent of the American cotton crop is needed at home, but enough goes abroad so that of the ten most valuable exports

for the year 1923— lumber, wheat flour, copper,! wheat, lard, gasoline, tobacco, automobiles, I coal and raw cotton—the last comprised over ] forty percent of the total. ?

Normally the United States furnishes more j than sixty percent of the cotton of the world, and the average annual export for several years was 7,000,000 bales, but the deadly inroads of the boll weevil have materially reduced these amounts in recent years. The damage to the crops by the weevil was set at twenty-one percent of the crop in 1913, twenty-five percent in 1916 and thirty-five percent in 1921. The cotton production of all countries for 1925 is set at 23,900,000 bales of 478 lbs. If the entire world were civilized and able to dress properly, it is estimated that the amount required would be 42,000,000 bales per year.

Of the fifty recognized species of cotton there are only five or -six which enter into commerce, and only two, upland cotton and sea island cotton, which are commercially important. Sea island cotton flourishes along the Atlantic seaboard and in Egypt, where it was first grown

The sea island cotton

has a small black seed, from which the lint separates readily. The lint is from one and one-half to two and one-half inches long, and so fine that a thousand miles of thread have been woven from a single pound. The upland cotton has large seeds which are greenish in color and are surrounded by a short fuzz beneath the long-er and more valuable lint. Upland cotton lint rarely exceeds one and one-half inches in length. The lint is nature’s method of distributing the seeds.

Sources of Supply

NEXT to the United States(the principal cotton-growing countries are China, India, Egypt and Russia. A small amount is produced in Mexico, the West Indies, Peru, Brazil, Greece, Turkey, Persia, Korea, Japan, Siam and the East Indies. Before any region can become a successful cotton-producing region it must have first-class transportation facilities.

China’s cotton is mostly raised in the vicinity of Shanghai and is used locally. Cotton mills are multiplying rapidly in China, Japan and India. Clnna has now 100,000 mill operatives, and there are more than 230,000 in Japan. The Japanese workers are girls who are literally

I worked to death. Tuberculosis carries them off ■

I so rapidly that the annual turn-over of em-| ployes is 100 percent In China and India male labor prevails.

Many believe that Brazil is the coming cotton country, but lack of transportation facilities i holds it back. Australia can grow cotton cheaply, but the freight rate to England is four and

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one-half cents per pound, as against one-half cent from the United States.

It is estimated that from 10,000,000 to 15,000,-000 bales of cotton can be grown in sections of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California where it has not been grown hitherto; and, as a matter of fact, there is a large,cotton development now under way in those areas, stimulated by the discovery that the boll weevil cannot live at high altitudes, and the further fact that cotton is largely a dry-weather plant. The finest cotton in the world is that produced in Imperial Valley, California, where irrigation is the only water supply.

One of the new sources of supply is East Africa, where cotton raising is under way in both Kenya and Uganda. The first seed was brought in by a missionary about twenty-five years ago. When it was planted the natives would not touch it because it was not food and because they could not see any way in which it would benefit them. The first crop was picked by forced means, a native soldier with a loaded rifle standing behind the pickers. But when the crop was gathered, the natives were pleased to have their share of the money; and the enterprise is now well established. The cotton is brought in to the railroad on the head. A native woman is credited with carrying 112 pounds of cotton in this way on one trip from her home, sixteen miles distant from the railroad.

Cotton a Troublesome Crop

COTTON plants are tender when they first come up. The soil must be warm at planting time and must remain so. Sudden cold will so harm the field that it will have to be abandon-ed. The blooms are white when they first come out; and if water gets within the petals at that

time no cotton grows from the calyx; the mois

ture destroys the ger

■ Cotton blooms turn pink in the second day of their life, then red, and in a few more days

they shrivel and. drop off. The blossoms come at the bottom of the plant first, gradually moving upward, like the hollyhock, until the last, flower crowns the shrub. The shrub grows three feet or more in height and may live for two or more seasons. The Cotton forms in the calyx

• just as the apple does on a tree.

Cotton has many enemies. Some of these diseases are of fungus or plant origin. Wilt, soreshin and rootknot beset the roots and stems. Leaf-spot, leaf-blight and mildew attack the foliage. The bolls themselves are subject to rot and shedding. Animal foes are numerous. There are red spiders, plant lice, cutworms, caterpillars, webworms, borers and, chiefest and worst of all, the boll weevil.

The Boll Weevil Curse

-1- brown snout beetle about a quarter of an inch in length. It has a tong, strong beak. It feeds on the cotton plant and on nothing else. The adult female punctures the young cotton boll and deposits an egg. The egg hatches into a grub, which works inside the boll until ready to come out. It leaves behind it a hole through which moisture enters and utterly ruins the cotton.

The boll weevil originated in the tropics; but the cotton growers are learning from experience and with dismay that whereas the winters used to kill the weevil it is gradually becoming acclimated; and as one pair of boll weevils will raise a family of 12,000,000 progeny in a single season some idea can be formed of the trouble with which the cotton growers are confronted.

For many years it was believed that no remedy would avail. Twenty years ago the government introduced an ant from Guatamala as

an enemy to the boll weevil. It was an enemy all right, but the weevil went on multiplying almost as rapidly as if the ants were not in existence. Every kind of device has been tried against these insects, even vacuum cleaners. Some advocated early planting, and others late planting of the cotton. In some districts millions of punctured cotton squares were gathered in the vain effort to thin out the pests. Millions of pounds of cottonseed have been disinfected so as to reduce the planting risks. Barricades were proposed in which the raising of cotton in certain areas should be restricted for

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QOLDEN AQE

Brooklyn, N,Y<

a term of years, but the bugs jumped the barriers.

S Some relief has been found in patches where chickens, geese and guinea fowls could gain access to the bugs. Relief has also been obtained by brushing the plants with the limb of a scrub pine. The weevil falls from its cool retreat to the hot ground, where it cannot survive; and the eggs on the cotton are destroyed. It is claimed that one workman can cover ten acres in a day with excellent results.

Dusting with Calcium Arsenate

is the dusting of the growing plants with calcium arsenate; and unless the producer will agree to the dusting of his fields he can now, in many districts, obtain no loans on his crop. At first the calcium arsenate was applied in a, mixture of two pounds of the arsenate and two gallons of molasses. On six acres thus poisoned the yield averaged 700 pounds of seed cotton per acre, while in adjoining fields, with land equally good, but not poisoned, the yield averaged 420 pounds. The. farmer who produced these results claims that neither poison, fertilizer nor anything else will take the place of rapid and ample cultivation.

In 1923 about five percent of the total cotton acreage was dusted with arsenate. The best time to dust is when the air is calmest. If the dusting can be done at night, when the dew is on the foliage, so much the better. There are now about forty models of dusting machines on the market. Much of the dusting is done from airplanes which, flying low over the fields, can cover a great area efficiently in a brief time.

In order to dust the entire cotton area, at the rate of twenty pounds of arsenate to the acre, it is calculated that 700,000,000 pounds of the arsenate would be needed annually. The great demand for this chemical has led scientists to strive for some method of producing the material cheaply, so that all fields can be treated.

Convinced that the boll weevil would virtually put an end to the cotton business the citizens of Enterprise, Alabama, in 1919 erected a monument to the boll weevil, on the ground that this little creature had commenced the emancipation of the southern cotton growing interests from the complete slavery of dependence upon cotton. Throughout the community attention was given to the raising of other crops, such as peanuts, corn, hay, sweet potatoes, sugar beets, hogs and cattle, with excellent results. This diversification of crops is spreading throughout the South.

Improvements in Cotton Culture ■■

rpWO items regarding improvements in Gotten culture come from Texas. One is from Galveston county, where a farmer has succeeded in grafting cotton plants to the roots of mulberry trees and is growing cotton trees. According to the Dallas Farm News there is by actual count 917 bolls on one of these trees, and the trees are producing cotton at the rate of five bales pei- acre. For further information address V. H. Scoffelmayer, of the Dallas Farm News.

The other item is regarding the development of Mebane triumph cotton, by A. D. Mebane, of Lockhart, Texas. After a violent wind storm he collected all the stalks that withstood the damage. Year after year he selected and planted the seed from the bolls that contained the most lint. Year by year the-percentage of lint increased, the stalks grew smaller, the roots longer, and the joints stockier and tougher. After fifteen years be began to receive his reward, and hundreds of cars of Mebane seed are now shipped every year to all parts of the South.

It may be that cotton will be replaced by something better. A wild pineapple which grows in Central and South America produces a fibre equal to the best flax which the Indians use for all their finest fabrics, fish nets and lassos, where great strength, pliability and resistance to the weather and to wear are required. This fibre now grows wild in almost unlimited quantities, reproduces itself with extraordinary rapidity and, like cotton, goes straight from the field to the cleaning machine.

It is said that from the root of the cotton plant the Negroes brew a medicine which they regard as a sure cure for the dropsy.

Exodus of Negro Labor

FOR many years the South has been experiencing an alarming exodus of Negro labor to the North. Many have been the remedies proposed. A measure in the Alabama .legislature would impose a $5,000 fine on the enticer, while a measure proposed in Georgia would give the enticer three to five years in the penitentiary.

In 1922-23 it is estimated that 478,700 Negroes migrated from the South. Restriction of ■immigration had reduced the supply of foreign-horn labor available for northern mills and factories, and the Negro was a capable and tract. able substitute ready at hand.

The Negro-had good reason, however, to wish ■ to make a change. Ever since the Civil War the custom of cropping the land on shares has ।prevailed in the South. In a good year the Negro cropper would make enough from his share of the cotton to provide himself and his ^family with sufficient food and an adequate sup; ply of comfortable clothing; but when crops were j poor it meant misery, and when the boll weevil ' came the crops were virtually ruined, and neith-S er the landlord nor the cropper could meet the ‘ conditions.

j. The shortage of Negro labor has seriously | affected cotton growers. They have been hurt I too by increased costs of the labor which is E available. Before the war a good cotton-picker I would bring in about 125 pounds in a day, while b an expert would bring in twice as much. At 1 that time sixty to seventy cents per one hundred f pounds was eonsidered a fair price for the I work, but now the picker is poorly paid even if

t-.-

he receives double the amount.

In some districts of the South (Wichita Falls,

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Texas, is named) cotton is now picked by vacuum machines, with a claimed rate of eighty pounds per hour per man, or three bales of cotton per day with six trained men. Moreover, it is claimed that vacuum-picked cotton is so much cleaner than hand-picked cotton that it brings two cents more per pound, or more than the cost of picking by hand.

Many of the croppers of the Carolinas are poor whites, Americans of Scotch and English ancestry, among whom there has been no admixture of foreign blood since before the Revolution. These poor unfortunates own nothing but their clothes, a few pieces of household furniture and a team. During the off season they wander from place to place looking for a better field to crop than the one worked the last season. The Negroes look with scorn upon these poor illiterate whites.

Cotton Seeds and Stalks

IT IS the way things frequently go in this world that the man who invented a way to separate the seeds from the cotton and thus really made the cotton business, never received any benefit from the invention. Eli Whitney, a law student, had to work under great disadvantages while perfecting the cotton-gin; but as soon as it was perfected his shop was broken into and. many machines were made before he could get his device patented. The state of South Carolina gave him $50,000, but it was all lost in lawsuits. He made a fortune subsequently from the manufacture of firearms; but from the cotton-gin, perfected in 1793, he had no reward but the satisfaction of starting one of the world’s greatest industries.

Sixty years ago the cotton-gins were surrounded by huge piles of seed for which no uses were known. The planters regarded the seed as waste and took no interest in the earliest attempts to make cottonseed oil. The idea of making the oil came from Marseilles, France. Today the value of cottonseed products is in excess of $150,000,000 annually.

Now the house painter arises in the morning from a mattress stuffed with cottonseed linters, combs his hair with a celluloid comb made of a combination of nitrated cotton linters and camphor, draws on his artificial silk socks made from nitrated cotton linters, and sits down to breakfast in a kitchen whose floor has been washed with a washing compound made of a cottonseed derivative. His eggs are fried in hydrogenated cottonseed oil; he spreads a napkin on his knees that was cleansed with a soap containing cottonseed oil as an ingredient, and eats from dishes that were cleansed with a soap made of the same materials. He rides to his work in a Ford cushioned with artificial leather made by coating cotton fabric with a mixture of castor oil and nitrated cotton linters. He paints a roof with a tar residue derived from cottonseed, and for his lunch has some sardines that were packed in cottonseed oil. When his day’s work is done, he renders a bill on paper made from cottonseed linters.

Cotton stalks and leaves have considerable value as forage; and if plowed under without having been burned the bare stalks aid materially in maintaining the fertility of the soil. For this reason it is not practical to burn over the fields at the close of the season, and this method of getting rid of the boll weevils cannot be used advantageously. In Egypt and other countries where fuel is scarce, cotton stalks are collected and used for fuel. It is claimed that 100 pounds of nitrate of soda will give an average increase of 186 pounds of seed cotton.

nachine in general use.

It is one of the few in

Cotton-gin buildings are made only large enough for the machinery which does the ginning, on account of the constant danger of fire. No cotton is stored in the gin building proper. The gin which Eli Whitney invented is still the ventions which seemed to spring spontaneously from the brain of the inventor as a perfect machine.

The Marketing of Cotton

IN THE year 1801 cotton brought forty-four cents per pound in New York. In the next forty-five years the production was greater than the demand, and in 1844-45 the price was less than six cents per pound, the lowest ever known. During the Civil War the price rose to over one dollar per pound. The government makes a strenuous effort to stabilize the cotton industry by publishing frequent bulletins regarding crop conditions. In all there are some 84,000 correspondents and cotton reporters. About half of these report direct to Washington, and the balance through state agencies.

There is the same gambling in cotton as in wheat and other necessities. The last ten-million bale cotton crop was sold in Wall Street three times. One of the bucketers admitted on the witness stand that it was his custom to go down into the pit and announce that he would buy cotton at a certain figure. His fellow-conspirator in the pit would cross his fingers, making it appear that a sale had been made, and would then pay back any monies paid in.

In 1914 the cotton market collapsed, and there Was a great cry of “Buy a bale, buy a bale” sent out broadcast. The public responded and restored the market. Now the men who sent out .the cry are demanding that any person who buys cotton must take $20,000 worth or nothing.

The Sapiro plan cooperative marketing associations have proven a success only in the period of peak demand. Whenever the so-called fixed price has been too high the manufacturers have

held off their purchases and waited for prices to drop.

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Cotton Manufacturing

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A 6 IT was the invention of the cotton-gin •f-*- which made America a cotton producing country, so it was the inventions of James Hargreaves that made England a cotton manufacturing country. And, like Whitney, Hargreaves received little benefit from his inventions. Hargreaves was a Lancashireman.

In 1760 Hargreaves'invented a machine for carding cotton, for use instead of the hand cards formerly used. Subsequently • he invented the spinning-jenny, enabling him to spin with several spindles at once. With the new machine he was able to turn out more yarn than his neighbors; and they broke into his dwelling and de* stroyed his machine, 'virtually forcing him to leave the neighborhood. The only recognition ever shown this man for these two inventions, which were the making of the cotton manufacturing business, was a grant of £250 allowed to his last surviving daughter nearly seventy years after his death.

Lancashire, where Hargreaves invented his carding machine and spinning-jenny, has been the center of the cotton manufacturing industry for over a hundred and fifty years, and is in some sense of the word the world’s peace center ; for while others, for one reason or another, may be interested in war, the cotton spinning business needs markets, world-wide markets, and peace, in order to prosper.

As a Consequence of the World War Lancashire has been hard hit. A letter from a gentleman in Manchester, in close touch with the cotton manufacturing industry, expresses the conviction that unless immediate and effective relief comes soon half of the Lancashire cotton manufacturing industries will be in extremis. In other words, the restlessness of Europe is heading one of Britain’s greatest industries toward bankruptcy and disintegration.

The distribution of the 155,000,000 spindles of the world is as follows: Great Britain 57,000,000; United States 37,225,000; Continent of Europe, 43,000,000; Mexico, 7,750,000; India, 7,350,000; Japan, 4,750,000; China, 2,500,000; Brazil, 1,750,000; Canada, 1,000,000. .

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The American Center

THE American center of the cotton manufac-taring industry is very like to Lancashire in many ways, and something like what is happening to Lancashire is happening to New Eng. land. There is reason to apprehend that as a textile center it has seen its best days.

There are 111 mills in Fall River, Mass., with at least 100,000 of the 131,000 citizens of that city depending for their living upon the mills, but some idea of their condition may be gained from the fact that only last year the mayor of the city asked the Massachusetts legislature for authority to borrow $500,000 above the city’s legal debt limit in order to care for the needy unemployed.

While the unemployment was at its height the press of Fall River refused to accept advertising offering employment outside of Fall River to cotton mill workers; and as.soon as the unemployment was over, the mills, some of them, adjusted the unemployment problem by rearranging their machinery so as to give additional looms to each worker1

The “Encyclopedia Britannica” gives the manufacture of cotton goods in the United States as $339,000,000 in 1900, $628,000,000 in 1910 and $1,948, 000,000 in 1920.

There is a tariff of sixteen cents per pound on all unbleached cotton cloth imported into this country, eighteen cents per pound on bleached goods and twenty-two cents per pound on printed, dyed or woven figured. This has enabled New England cotton manufacturers to keep up the prices to consumers so high that at least one mill at Lawrence, Mass., in the last generation has paid its stockholders in cash the par value of its capitalization four and one-half times over, and has distributed $9,000,000 in stock to its stockholders besides granting them the privilege of buying shares at substantially less than the market price. Persons buying shares in this way do not have to put up any money, as the banks will loan them the money and allow the dividends to pay interest and principal. It is the softest way of making a fortune that is known.

The Move to Piedmont '

IF THE New England cotton manufactures are to be believed, they fear that their businesses are to be gradually withdrawn from them and reestablished in the Piedmont regions of North and South Carolina. In an address before the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, President Amory of that association said: X

Our natural handicaps in the nature of transportation distances are great. Our long experience and, therefore, great skill can overcome some of these things, but we shall have to work hard. We cannot overcome the handicaps of the forty-eight-hour law against fifty-five and sixty hours’ running time, and not to speak of six extra holidays. The record is clear enough, the cotton industry is gradually slipping away. In the past, various factors have helped us. Massachusetts had far more skilled help and oversight. We had the finishing works where southern goods must be shipped to be bleached, dyed or printed. Now, there is excellent skilled help and supervision in the South. Many well-posted manufacturers have gravely considered and state that it is folly to- enlarge Massachusett’s cotton mills.

In 1880 there were only 687,066 active spindles in the South as against 9,966,369 active spindles in the rest of the country, but in 1922 the active spindles in the South were 15,613,632 or nearly equal to the 16,885,692 active spindles reported for the rest of the country. In the Piedmont section one can now travel for hours at a time and never be out of sight of a mill. There are 311 cotton mills in North Carolina and 132 in Georgia.

The southern cotton-mill owners do not want northern labor. It is too well posted and wants too many things. As a general rule throughout the southern cotton-mill section the textile workers are set off by themselves, and are not considered as having any community rights. All the members of the family work in the same mill, the mill owns the house in which they live, and if one member of the family displeases the , mill management it is a common thing for the mill owner to discharge the whole family and put them out of their home. The homes are mostly of the bungalow type, and fitted with electric lights and plumbing.

The Providence News seems to think that the talk about moving the New England cotton mills south is largely propaganda, put forth to frighten the northern milt workers into longer hours and less pay. At least that is what we gather from the following, and perhaps the News is

There is no more prospect that the New England textile industry will move to the South than there is that the first Napoleon will be recalled from his grave and made emperor of Europe, To begin with, there is not at this moment, and there never was, sufficient labor in the South to make the textile factories there a really important competitor of New England products. That is why the finer grades are made here and why even the skill of our operatives on cheaper qualities of manufac

ture more than balances any difference in the wages paid by the textile makers in the Carolinas. Were the mills of New Bedford, Fall Biver and Manchester to move south they would have to take all their operatives with them or find new ones from the New England states to fill the jobs. They could get no original labor down there. “

The Case Against Sugar By Dr. Philip M. Lovell, in the Los Angeles Times

IN THIS column the statement has often been made that sugar is a starvation food. Its physiological effect on the body has been demonstrated again and again. In this issue I propose to show how, in the technical manufacture of sugar, it becomes devitalized, demineralized, and robbed of any life-giving qualities it once possessed.

Commercial sugar, as you are aware, is made from cane sugar and sugar beets. At the present time beet sugar is very much more extensively used than is cane sugar. Hence the manufacture of beet sugar will be discussed.

When the beets are received at the sugar factory, the tops and a small part of the neck of the beet are removed. The purpose is to free the beet from the mineral matter it contains, as it interferes with sugar crystallization. Therefore, the first robbery of the precious salts is accomplished before the beet undergoes -any chemical change.

The beets are then washed. The juice is extracted by what is known as the diffusion method. This consists of cutting the beets into very thin slices and running a stream of warm water through them. The sugar is dissolved and passes through with the water. When this juice emerges from the beet it is as black as ink. Now comes the first of the devitalizing processes.

I Arne or carbon dioxide is added to it to precipitate some of the impurities found in this inky black beet sugar. The clear juice remains and is then centrifuged; that is, it is whirled around until it separates into two parts—molasses and raw beet sugar.

The raw beet sugar is then thoroughly heated, destroying every particle of organized lifestill be further phemically treated. It is still not sufficiently white and ghastly.

celled substance in it.

But even now it must

There are now added strong minerals such as acid calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, and milk of lime.

Then to carry away any suspended protein matter which may remain, the sugar manufacturer uses blood albumen from the slaughter houses.

Again the manufacturer makes another purchase from the slaughter houses—bone-black from “canning” or low-grade animals. This bone-black or animal charcoal is used as a filter further to “purify” this mixture called sugar.

Thus far the sugar has been thoroughly heated twice. Now it must again be thoroughly boiled to separate it from the syrup. You may think that it ought to be ready for consumption now—but—not yet.

The last touch of shimmering whiteness must be added.

It is then bleached with a strong bleaching agent such as blue water. This process holds true with first-grade sugar but it becomes even worse with low-grade sugars. These inferior sugars are extracted from the molasses byproducts by the action of strong chemicals such as calcium and barium hydroxide. The molasses itself is used in gelatin and jams and in many baking products.

Commercial sugar is representative of the ultimate extreme in food degeneration. Merely to state that it is a starvation food is putting it mildly. The term food is a misnomer. Sugar is the most injurious product in our national dietary with no exceptions and under every possible condition. o

Tidbits of World News

[Radiocast, with other items, from Watchtower WBBR on a wave length of 272.6 meters by the Editor.]

tAlaska’s Tremendous Glacier

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| A TASKA’s great glacier, the Columbia, is a A river of ice four miles wide and 300 feet j high, moving at the rate of an inch an hour.

Bolivia’s New Way Down

OLIVIA, the cloudland republic of South America, has a hard time getting down to

I the level of the rest of the world. A new rail-I road has just been completed which connects I this roof of the South American continent with t Argentina and thus, by rail, with Brazil, Para-[ guay, Uruguay and Chile. There is an older ; route via Peru.

I Origin of the Name Africa

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Dr. Carl Peters, whose discoveries in Rhodesia have helped to settle the question of the source from whence came Solomon’s gold,

t points out that the name Africa, which is Latin : in its origin, is an adjective taken from the He-j brew word Ophir. The Biblical expression i '‘gold of Ophir” simply means “gold from £ Africa”, and it is significant that Africa is to this day the world’s greatest source of the yellow metal.

The Helpless Girls of Berlin

Mr, Bert Collyer, newspaper correspondent in Germany, reports that in the city of Berlin alone there are not less than thirty thousand street walkers,’'young girls without occupation and without means of livelihood, hungry, hopeless, not born to crime, but pressed into it by the impossible conditions which the war thrust upon them.

Chamberlain Sees it Coming

Austen Chamberlain, foreign secretary, said in a recent speech, “Fear broods over Europe. Unless we can alter the outlook, relieve these fears and give security in the international sphere, it has been brought home to me every day that I pass at my work that Europe is moving uneasily, slowly but certainly toward a new catastrophe.” Incidentally, we may add, British scientists have killed 1,001 animals during the past year in poison gas research work. Coming events cast their shadows before.

America First Settled from Asia

THE Chinese Information Service in Paris has formally claimed that America was visited by Chinese priests as early as 458 A. D. and phant head, which must certainly have come from Asia. A squatting figure of Buddah was found in Mexico. The Japanese and the North American Indians can hardly be distinguished from each other when dressed in similar cloth-

British Immigrants Will Dodge Ellis Island

BY AGREEMENT between the two governments the United States government wTill station a medical and an immigrant inspector at six of the chief British ports to do the work which has hitherto been dona at Ellis Island. This arrangement is to have a three months trial and if it works satisfactorily the bulk of British immigrants hereafter will pass the Island by.

Army of Miners Goes on March

IN WALES, during the month of July, in a strike caused by the removal of one miner, a band of miners started on an all-night march to an adjoining district, growing from an incipient 200 to a total of 9,000 men. Arrived at their destination, they hauled a trainload of workers out of their train and sent them home.

Sargasso Sea like the Missing Link

SARGASSO Sea is like the missing link.

There is no such thing. The “Arcturus” scientific ship which set out from New York in February, having as one of its main objectives the far-famed area of sea-weed, crossed the equator eighteen times and ploughed through plenty of seaweed, looking for the mysterious area; but it never came to light.

The Scopes Case in England

WHILE the Scopes case was on in Tennessee the British newspapers gave it unusual attention. The London Daily Mail ran the story of the trial under the general head of “Monkey-ville”. A part of this interest was due to the fact that the father of Mr. Scopes wTas born in London.

The Food Question in England

T) RITAIN faces a serious question in the mat-ter of providing food for her standing army of one and one-quarter million unemployed. Agents are now in America studying the cost of the principal items of food consumed by the British people and it may be that the government may take over the retailing of these foods as the only way of meeting the situation.

Increased Size of School Children

AN ODDLY interesting report comes from London that school desks which lormerly fitted the grades very well are no longer large enough. It also states that London boys and girls, probably as a result of exercise in the open air, frequently attain heights of from five feet eight inches to five feet ten.

Ugly Incident at Durham

AT DURHAM, England, the bishop expressed views not favorable to the miner’s side of the wage controversy. Thereupon the miners hoisted a banner bearing the words “To hell with bishops and deans: what we want is a living wage.” The bishop made the mistake of attending the demonstration. He was recognized and in the scuffle which followed lost his hat and umbrella, was kicked and cuffed and came near being thrown into the river. The bishop business is not nearly so good a job as it used to be.

Working Overtime on Gas Masks

IN A sermon at the City Temple, Glasgow, Dr.

Norwood made the statement that according to his personal knowledge the Woolwich arsenal and other arsenals in Britain are working overtime in the manufacture of millions of gas masks, which will be issued to every man, woman and child in the danger zone of air operations when the next war starts.

Ate Up His Wife’s Will

THE rhymester who was asked to make something rhyme with Timbuctoo brought to light the couplet which terminates with the information that the cannibals near that city “ate up the preacher and his hymn book, too”. Something like this -happened recently in France. Aj man went to the notary to see his wife’s will; and when he found he had been disinherited suddenly seized, chewed and swallowed it.

Bull Gets the Best of Plane

MORE fortunate than the courageous but unwise bull that tried to stop a railroad train, a French bull finished up an airplane that had been compelled to descend in his pasture. He misunderstood the rumbling of the motor, and before the matter could be explained to him left the machine a wreck. This happened somewhere in northeastern France.

Trade Depression in Ireland

THE trade depression in England has extended to Ireland, where there are 160,000 out of work. In the Irish Free State it is said that there are 30,000 perspns now unfit for work because of lack of proper food. Machinery lies idle and rusting.

600,000 Out of Work in Germany

THE Labor Ministry of the German government stated in August that there were then 600,000 Germans out of work and expressed the opinion that by October first there would be at least 700,000 idle. Many more are working only two days a Week. The crisis is said to be due to the fact that money for industrial purposes is too high, ranging from nine to eighteen percent, and making it impossible to conduct business at a profit.

The Germany-Poland Border Tragedy

FIVE years after the plebiscite in Silesia the

Polish government has expelled from the country those who voted at that time in favor ■of a German government. Germany has retaliated by expelling from her own soil those who voted in favor of Poland. The result is fifty thousand people, on both sides of the line, suddenly torn from their homes and properties of all kinds and sent into what is to them a foreign country whose language even, in some cases, they do not understand. Moreover, as industrial conditions in both countries are deplorable, they have little or no chance of obtaining employment.

Suicides in Tokio

IN THE past twelve months the number of suicides in Tokio has averaged considerably more than one hundred per month. Only four persons in all that time committed suicide by shooting. About half of them went by the horrible method of poisoning.

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Freedom of Speech in Italy

WHAT the loss of freedom of speech in a country really means may be seen from the

fact that at Palermo, Sicily, recently the Fascisti attacked ex-Premier Orlando of Italy with sticks, stones and revolvers for uttering the following exceedingly mild criticism. He said, “I do not need to tell you that we do not live in a regime of liberty. Then it is infinitely better to live under an autocratic government. We cannot deny that autocratic governments have written ten luminous pages in the history of peoples. Under autocratic government citizens’ liberties may be restricted, but they are guaranteed by laws which may be severe but constitutional.”

Italy the Danger Spot

AT THE International Institute of Politics at Williamstown, Mass., the opinion is said to be current that Italy is at this time the most important danger spot in the world, due to the fact that she is overpopulated, has insufficient colonies, cannot send her surplus to America, lacks coal and other raw materials and has the third largest standing army in Europe. ■ f

Russia Buys Plows and Tractors

DURING the past year one Russian trading corporation has purchased in America and shipped to Soviet Russia no less than nine thousand tractors. Crop conditions in Russia this year are said to be very good, which accounts for the continued demand for up-to-date machinery. •

Priest and Dev^ Both in Hard Luck

TN THE neighborhood of Minsk, Russia, a A priest hired a young man to dress up as a devil and perform certain acts of mischief, hoping thereby to increase his influence. The scheme worked perfectly until the Soviet authorities sensed the situation, when they sent the priest and the devil both to prison for a long term of years, so says the St. Louis Post Dispatch.

The Oil War in Syria

THE French have recently sustained a loss of eight hundred in killed, wounded and missing, by an uprising in Syria. A Turkish passenger on the boat which brought the details from Beirut to Marseilles declared that the uprising was the immediate result of serious quarrels which had arisen among oil companies.

The Butcheries at Shanghai and Canton

MORE news comes from the Orient regarding the official murders at Shanghai and Canton. In both instances the students were unarmed, and the only thing charged against them is that they shouted. Well! Suppose they did shout! If an American shouts in America, is some Italian general going to turn the machine guns on him? That is in effect what happened in both Shanghai and Canton.

In the Shanghai murders the foreign police inspector admitted that he gave the command “Shoot to kill” only ten seconds after warning the crowd; he also admitted that his only warning was to hold up his pistol, and that few of the crowd could see it; moreover, none of them could get away in ten seconds.

In the Canton murders, English soldiers fired twice over the heads of the procession of unarmed patriotic students and then turned their machine guns on them. Every one of the American staff of seventeen teachers of the Canton Christian College denounced the outrage as wholly merciless and unjustified.

The Lying Spirits of Demonism

ACCORDING to the Bible and according to common sense the dead are dead, awaiting a resurrection, but the fallen angels continue to misrepresent the facts and to palm themselves off as deceased humans. Lord Northcliffe is supposed to have appeared several times to the man who succeeded him in the newspaper world, but it is significant that nothing rational, sensible, honest or worthy of attention has ever come from any such interviews. The only purpose of these demons, or devils, is to deceive and annoy mankind.

The Annual Lesson of the Bees

ONCE every year the bees give a lesson to the whole human family. Along about the last of July the workers take possession of the hives and woe betide the drones, old or young. Up until that time the drones have had all the best of it, superior cells, more time to develop, and nothing to do but live from off the workers; but their end shows that it does not pay to have things too soft. Moreover, the workers get more real satisfaction out of life anyway.

The Belts of Jupiter and Saturn

ROM Mr. J. Lewin’s work on “Earth’s Changes” we glean some facts that may be of interest to our readers. Mr. Lewin quotes astronomers as saying that the belts of Jupiter are commonly arranged with a certain symmetry on either side of the great equatorial bright belt, but that sometimes there is a rather marked contrast between the southern and northern halves of the planet. In color the dark belts are usually of a coppery, ruddy or even purplish tint, while the intermediate light bands vary from a pearly white in the equatorial belt, through yellowish white in the middle latitudes of both hemispheres, to a grayish or even bluish tint at the poles.

The number of belts is variable. Sometimes only one has been seen, at other times there have been as many as five or six on each side of the planet’s equator. In the course of a single hour Cassini saw a complete new belt form on the planet; and on December 13, 1690, two well-marked belts vanished completely, while a third had almost disappeared in the same short interval of time. On occasions the belts widen their ; limits and become irregular at the edges. The surface of Jupiter is swathed with a mighty ! volume of clouds so dense and so impenetrable that the most powerful telescopes have never been able to pierce through it to the solid surface beneath. *

Belts Caused by Electrical Discharges

GATHERING from the above evidence that the belts about Jupiter are caused by electrical discharges, Mr. Lewin goes on to say:

Saturn, 75,000 miles in diameter, is a far grander object on which to observe the full effect of the electric discharge. Not having such a great speed in revolving at its equator as Jupiter, the ellipticity is far greater; therefore from our position on the earth, we can at different times get a view of its poles, with a side view of the ring by which it is surrounded. We find that the same action affects it, but its greater size compared with our earth makes it revolve much faster; consequently the friction at its equator, where it travels and revolves at the rate of 25,500 miles an hour, must be far greater on our earth. The flow of the magnetic current to its poles must increase proportionately to the rate traveled; and here again the discharge of electricity from the center of the planet, where the currents through its poles meet, is beautifully seen in a blaze, forming a ring or rings around about the whole planet. That this must

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be the correct view of it we have the assurance from the observations of different men who have made a study of it; and according to them the ring cannot be a solid body, as ■ it always keeps changing or dividing. It is scarcely ever seen even by the same person on different days alike, all proving to us that it cannot be a solid body by which the planet is surrounded. I1

Ice Caps on Our Earth

Mr. Lewin has gone to the trouble of collecting a vast amount of data to show the gradual removal of the great ice-caps which settled at the poles on our earth at the time of the Deluge. He thinks that this was largely accomplished by the earthquake at the time of the Lord’s death. We think otherwise; but the data which he has collected are valuable, nevertheless. He sums it up as follows: t

These writers from different districts of Europe, each writing independently of the other, all agree in describing these districts of Europe in which they lived or had visited at the time they wrote, as cold and inhospitable. The ground was covered with ice and snow to a great depth for the most part of the year. Only for a short period in the summer months were the lowlands of Albion, Germany, and France and of the other countries of that district of Europe free from their covering of snow. The higher mountains in these districts were covered with snow the whole of the year. The most northern countries, Russia, Norway, Sweden, and most of Germany, lands in the northern districts of Europe, were unknown before the Crucifixion or only mythically inhabited, all proclaiming that the border of the snowcap from the pole at that period was through the center of Europe. —

The evidence we have of the sea further confirms the thought that the ice-cap of the pole reached down well into the center of Europe before the Crucifixion, as we read that six days’ sail north from Britain the sea was frozen into slush and that in summer there was half a year of day; that there was snow in Gaul, and that some parts of that country were not known by its inhabitants to have been passable in the winter season. In Spain the snow from the mountains melted in such floods as to make the rivers impassable about harvest time; for we read that at the time “there was no com in the blade, and it was nearly ripe”. And in Italy the Alban hills were nearly covered with snow on the first approach of winter and the rivers frozen. The Tiber being frozen over was spoken of as an ordinary occurrence ; and we read. of seals in the Mediterranean Sea that were counted like flocks. The different armies of that time, we read, had to winter for several months each year in town and camps, in countries where there

would be no occasion for them to do so at the present covered with trees and shrubs, through which we can

time. travel in summer or winter without experiencing that

Districts which were covered over by snow and frost great severity of climate that was recorded there by the most of the year have now given place to fruitful lands, writers before the time of the Grucifixion.

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Sinking of the “Lusitania” By Robert Ranson (Florida)

T) ROB ABLY no one happening of the World

War made so deep an impression on the world as the sinking of the British steamer ‘Lusitania” in May, 1915, at which time 119 Americans lost their lives* At/that time, if you remember, we were constantly told that we must be neutral even in our thoughts, and that the

destruction of Belgium and of northern France and its architectural gems was no concern of ours.

In October, 1910, it was my privilege to make a trip to England on this noble boat, at that time I think the largest afloat, except her sister ship, the “Mauretania”. I had crossed the Atlantic five times previously on other boats, and had sailed round the world in the old days when the voyage to and from Australia and New Zealand took from one hundred and twenty days to six months, according to the winds encountered. I was thus no stranger to ocean travel; but my trip on the ‘Lusitania” will ever be one of the pleasantest recollections of my life.

The ‘Lusitania” was at that time the fastest, best warmed and ventilated, and most comfortable ship it has ever been my good fortune to sail on. I loved that boat from the time I set foot on her till I left; and I often wonder how my beautiful cabin looks today, occupied as it probably is with sea monsters and possibly the remains of some unfortunate victims, at the bottom of the deep Atlantic about thirty-five miles off the coast of Ireland.

My first impression on looking over the ship was the appalling scarcity of lifeboats and liferafts ; and in consultation with a friend we de-* fl

cided, after a careful once over, that in case of a wreck not over eight hundred out of the total of twenty-eight hundred souls on board could possibly escape a watery grave. Nobody worried, however.

The next thing we noted was that every officer and all of the crew had on their caps the mystic letters R. Ni R. (Royal Naval Reserve) On asking the meaning of this we were informed that the British government had subscribed onefourth of her total cost, about half a^million pounds, so that in case Great Britain ever went to war this ship and its entire crew would he ipso facto a unit of the British navy. Every sailor on board was in fact a naval man, and had served his time in the navy; and a finer lot of boys I never saw on any transatlantic steam-i er, quite different from the ordinary deck-swabbers that usually make up the crew of this class of passenger vessels.

Old Friends Meet on Board

ened by finding an old friend on board, Lord Northcliffe, whom I had met in his humbler Harmsworth days in Florida. On the second day out his name was published in a supplementary passenger list, it not having appeared in the first one.

After reading it I gave my card to the purser and told him to take it to Lord Northcliffe’s room and request an interview for me. The purser seemed to have that inherited dread of a real live lord that afflicts most of his race and told me two or three times: “I don’t know whether me lud could see you or not”; so I told him the best way to settle his doubts on the matter was to try to find out. Finally he summoned up sufficient courage to tap at the door of the great newspaper-man’s apartments handed in my card.

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Instead of shrivelling me with a glance noble lord called out: “Hello, Ranson! How you? Come in! How did you know that I was on. the ship?” I informed him that his name was on a supplementary passenger list; and he said: “Durn it! I told them not to publish my name.” I asked: “Why didn’t you want your name published?” “Well,” he replied, “you know these American reporters, and what a bole they are.” I said: “Well, you ought-to be willing to.take your own medicine.”

This accidental meeting was merely an inci-

dent of the trip but, curiously enough, connected with my later impressions of her final fate, and would have had no bearing on this narrative had not his lordship informed me that the chief engineer had invited him and his party to take a complete look over the wonderful ship and he asked me if I would like to join the party. This invitation I eagerly accepted. The following day at lunch the steward told me that the inspection would come off at two p. m., and I was on hand.

Construction of the Lusitania

THE first thing we were shown in the chart room were twenty-four electric push buttons, and were told that the great ship was divided into twenty-four water-tight compartments divided one from the other by a watertight sliding door; that each one or all of these could be immediately closed in case of accident; . that any six compartments could be broken from the outside and the rest would prevent her from -sinking; and that in fact the vessel could be cut in two and the two halves would float long enough -till they got assistance to prevent any loss of -life. Of course her construction was known to

all marine engineers, and the point I have to

make later in this connection will then be seen.

I may pass over the wonderful engines, etc.;

for in a few days we sighted the coast of Wales

and stopped o ff Fishguard to send the mails and London passengers ashore.

Thirty-two thousand sacks of mail were put off into two good-sized steamers, and as we saw sling after sling go over the side it seemed as if the weight would sink the tenders. The rest of the trip to Liverpool was uneventful and would have remained a pleasant memory the balance of my life and possibly not written about or referred to, had it not been for the shocking news communicated to me one night after I had retired that she had been sunk by a submarine. : Possibly a month later I began to worry about not having received any answer to an important letter I had written to England, and it suddenly struck me that probably my letter went down in the “Lusitania” and was never delivered in England at all.

With this thought in mind and remembering what a powerful mail-carrier she was, I wrote 'to the Cunard Company in New York and asked them whether much mail had been lost at the time of her sinking and whether any of it had been recovered. Their answer was that on her last trip she had carried only ninety-seven sacks of mail and only that mail specially addressed by the senders to go on that boat.

Special Care of Mails

NOW comes the summary: If one department of the United States government took so much stock in the warning that the ship would be sunk that they (the P. 0. authorities) would not send the mails in her, why did not some other department of the government forbid the company to carry a shipload of innocent passengers on a vessel carrying arms and ammunition, a boat advertised to be a unit of the British navy?

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