Golden Age, March 25, 1925

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AMERICAN NEWS’

THE LAW

OF LIFE

MESSENGERS

OF PEACE

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Contents of the Golden Age

........ .......--------: .............:■

Labor and Economics

The Tired Business Person ...............

Social’ and Educational

Nuggets of-News on This Side the Water ......... 395

One Thousand. Accidents a Day ............. 395

New York a Cosmopolitan City . .

National Tube Company’s Restaurant . .

Noble Deed, of a Generous Physician

Factory Employes Short-Lived ............. 393

Bowl of Water Starts a Fire .............. 398

Eruptions Elsewhere .......

Finance—Commerce—Transportation

Items on Bridges and Tunnels ....

The City of Bridges ........

Bridges Across the Hudson ............... 389

New York’s Vehicular Tunned ............. 390

When Shall the Bubble Burst? ............. 394

Some Reasons fob the High Price of Coffee ......... 394

Political—Domestic and Foreign

Sequel to Leopold-Loeb Verdict ............. 398

Food-Law Violaters in One Month............397

Free Speech in Cincinnati .......... 399

Agriculture and Husbandry

Insects and Animals .................. 404

Rosa Thoughts .................... 405

Science and Invention

A Colorful Subject .................. 391

Automobile Stopped by Cables ....... ....... 393

Eeligion and Philosophy

Misinstraetion of Children ............... 399

Professed Christians. Belie Christ ............ 399

The Law of Life ................... 40s

Messenceks of Peace ................... 41o

Adtsrtise the King (Song, with Music) ........... 414

Studies in “The Earp of God” .............. 415

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Volume VI Brooklyn, N.Y., Wednesday, March 25, 1925 Number 144

Items on Bridges and Tunnels

THE use of bridges is traced back to the

Chinese, who seem to have been the first people to continue the roadway across streams by the use of the arch. There are no bridges among the ruins of ancient Egypt, and there is no mention of bridges in the Scriptures.

The first bridge at Rome built over the Tiber was the Pons Milvius, some parts of which are still in use. This was the structure defended so courageously by Horatius, who kept back the enemy at the far end of the bridge while the citizens destroyed the structure behind him. Horatius finished the job by leaping into the stream and swimming across safely.

The bridges of the Romans are celebrated for their excellence of construction, and hence their durability. The building of a bridge was considered an act of worship. For example, the Emperor Hadrian, then Pontifex Maximus, (Chief Bridge Builder) built the 2Elian bridge in Rome in 134 A. D. It was repaired by Pope Nicholas II and also by Pope Clement IX, both of whom had the same title. Indeed, the Pope is still called the Supreme Pontiff, which means the same thing. Hadrian’s bridge is still in use, now called the Sant’ Angelo.

There are wooden bridges in the United States which are still enduring hard usage after having served faithfully for one hundred and fifty years. The famous Genesee river viaduct at Portage, New York, built in 1824, had ten spans to cover a distance of 800 feet. It was 235 feet high.

There was a magnificent wooden bridge over the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, with a span of 340 feet. This bridge was called the Colossus, and has the record for a large wooden span. Some years ago there was a bridge over the Connecticut river at Bellows Falls, with two wooden spans of 184 feet each.

The highest bridge in the world is the cantilever bridge across the Zambesi river in South Africa, at the site of Victoria Falls. The bridge is 650 feet long and 420 feet in height. The highest bridge in the United States is on the line of the Southern Pacific Railway in Texas, where it crosses the Pecos river at an elevation 321 feet above the stream.

Some of the long bridges of the world are on© in China, across an arm of the Chinese sea, five miles in length; one across the Danube having a length of 12,705 feet; one across Galveston Bay, Texas; one at Tampa, Florida 6 miles long; and the long railway bridge connecting Key West with the mainland.

Artists claim that the most beautiful bridge in the world is the suspension bridge across the Danube at Budapest. The famous London Bridge (one of many which now cross the Thames) was first built in 1176. The structure which now stands on the site was built in 1824. It is at present closed for repairs, the piers having settled slightly. The natives of India, Mexico and Peru have some very interesting structures made of vines and cables, which serve their purposes well.

The Most Remarkable Bridge

THE most remarkable bridge is said by bridge engineers to be the Britannia, over the Menai Strait near Bangor, Wales. It was built of wrought iron tubular girders nearly a hundred years ago, in a place where no scaffolding could be used. This made it necessary to assemble the 460-foot spans on shore, and then float them out, and lift them 100 feet into position. This would be a noteworthy engineering achievement even at this day. The work was successfully performed by the great engineer, Robert Stephenson; and the bridge is still in use.

In the colossal Firth of Forth bridge ten miles from Edinburgh, there are 38,000 tons of steel. When it comes to painting the bridge, the same amount is required as would be needed to cover a flat surface of 145 acres. This will give some idea of what a huge task it is to keep this bridge painted. The bridge was built to withstand a wind strain of 56 pounds per square inch, which is double the American requirements. The bridge is rigid under trains going at sixty miles an hour.

The world’s largest cantilever bridge, and one of the most disastrous in toll of lives and money to construct, is the great bridge across the St. Lawrence river near Quebec. The construction of this bridge came perilously close to the limit of engineering ability. While it was building it fell into the river twice, once in 1907 and again in 1916. The first time it went down, eighty lives were lost and 15,000 tons of steel disappeared in the St. Lawrence. The total cost was $24,000,000; but the bridge wras completed, and is an extremely valuable addition to- the means of human intercommunication.

Seagirt, New Jersey, has a wooden military bridge 220 feet long, constructed by the 104th Engineers. In due time the camp was abandoned, and the last step was to be the blowing up of the bridge. It must have been built to stay; for seven heavy charges of TNT had little effect upon it.

Bridges cost much more than formerly. The first bridge across the Connecticut river at Springfield, Massachusetts, cost $36,000. The second one, which used the old piers and abutments, cost $22,000; but the new one just completed, made of reinforced concrete, cost §4,000,000, not counting the value of land taken and damages paid to neighboring property.

The Inaeesgaible Bridge

HE most inaccessible bridge in the world is the suspension bridge at the bottom of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, nearly a mile and a half below the rim of the chasm. From the edge of one cliff to the edge of another the trail leads fifteen miles from the rim to the river bottom. Along this trail every item that went into the construction of the bridge was carried on mule-back.

The most intense moments of the construction of this bridge were when the cables, one at a time, were carried down. A hundred feet of cable were piled on the back of each of two mules separated by a distance of 300 feet. Between them fifteen iron-nerved mountain climb

ers each carried 20 feet of the cable. The difficulties of their task may be judged from the fact that it required seventeen hours of unbroken labor to carry each section of the cable down the cliff. The bridge, which can be crossed only by mule or on foot, penetrates a country full of wild life and natural wonders hitherto inaccessible. '

The Longest Toll Bridge

HE longest highway toll bridge in the world stretches across Tampa Bay from Tampa to St. Petersburg. It is. six miles long, and shortens the automobile distance between the two cities by a distance of twenty-four miles. The waters of the bay are sufficiently shallow to admit of piers for the bridge, but are too deep for the construction of an ordinary highway. The bridge will accommodate four motor cars abreast. The rates have been fixed by the State at seventy-five cents for one passenger vehicle and driver.

The oddest bridge, or one of the oddest, is at Hastings, Minnesota, where a solution of the problem of bridging the Mississippi without injuring the business section of the town was found by making the bridge terminal in the form of a spiral. Not at all a bad idea, and typically western.

The easiest-built bridge is one at Oregon City, Oregon, where the Willamette river is spanned by a bridge that is 500 feet long, and yet was assembled and put in place all in thirteen hours. The bridge was so perfectly designed, and its units so perfectly made at the bridge-making plant, that every part of the complicated structure fitted to the fraction of an inch.

The longest single span in the world will h® the Golden Gate bridge, at San Francisco, when that structure is completed. Its main span is .to be 4,000 feet long, or almost two and one-half times the longest span now in use. Moreover, it will be at the very considerable height of 210 feet above the water. The piers will each be 1,010 feet high, each taller than th© Eiffel. Tower, and therefore the highest structures in the world. It will take six years to complete the bridge. The cost will be about $25,-000,000. .

The central portion of Missouri is being helped by the construction of numerous high-

way bridges across the treacherous Missouri, a river which has swallowed up more bridges, eaten up more farms, and toppled more towns into the stream than any other- American stream.

Louisville, Kentucky, is agitating the construction of a mammoth $15,000,000 bridge to connect it properly with the Indiana shore. The plan is to use the lower deck for carrying railway and other vehicular traffic and to maintain on the upper deck a permanent display of the products of Louisville and the surrounding cities, towns and country.

e City of Bridges

THE City of Bridges is preeminently New

York city, which does not have one stream to bridge, as is the case with most other great cities, but finds it necessary to fling bridges in every direction; for New York is an island, and the distances that separate it from opposite shores are very considerable, except at the northern end. It is 1600 feet across the East river to the Brooklyn shore, and 3,000 feet to the western shore of the Hudson river.

The earliest proposals to erect a bridge across the East river were made in 1810. The present Brooklyn Bridge was begun in 1870, as a private enterprise of the New York Bridge Company. It was completed in 1883, at a cost of $10,000,000.

The designer of this remarkable bridge, John A. Roebling, died from injuries received while the bridge was in process of building. But his son, Washington A. Roebling, finished the task; and the bridge has paid for itself over and over, every year or so, from that time to this. Two hundred thousand persons pass over the bridge daily. The four cables are each, made of 5,296 small wires, closely bound together.

Since 1922 the Brooklyn Bridge has not admitted any motor driven vehicles. Incorrect reports that it is unsafe have caused many to shun it, so that where 30,000 persons once promenaded upon it daily the number is now only 3,000. But perhaps there are less pedestrians now- than formerly. The question of rebuilding the bridge or tearing it down comes up periodically. It is a beautiful structure.

Besides the Brooklyn Bridge there are now crossing the East river at New York the Manhattan, Williamsburg, Queensboro and Hell Gate 'Bridges, and no less than six tunnels, so that maps of fte city now make Manhattan Island look like the backbone of a comb with the teeth, consisting of a dozen bridges and tunnels, all pointed toward Brooklyn. Every one of these bridges and tunnels has paid for itself time and time again by the increased taxation gained by the increased value of real estate.

The “American Magazine” reports Mr. Gus Lindenthal, who had a hand in the design of the Manhattan, Williamsburg, Queensboro and Hell Gate bridges, as saying,

“It is perfectly possible for an engineer, given enough money, to do practically anything. I could build a bridge across the Atlantic and have the piers on a solid foundation, even though in places the ocean is three miles deep. That bridge could be built 300 feet high on floating, anchored islands, and would be strong enough to carry the heaviest traffic and to resist the biggest gales that have ever blown. There is nothing at all impossible in such a project. But it is not practical, because the cost would run into figures that would look like a modern war debt, and it could not carry enough traffic to pay the legitimate interest on its cost of construction and maintenance.”-

Bridges Across the Hudson

HD HE longest suspended span of any bridge now in use is that of the Bear Mountain Hudson River bridge, which spans the Hudson river at Peekskill. The span is 1632 feet, as against 1600 for the Williamsburg (New York city) bridge, which is next to it in length of suspended span. The cables of the Bear Mountain bridge are 17 inches in diameter, made of 7,252 small wires tightly wrapped together. The Bear Mountain bridge is at present the only highway bridge spanning the Hudson river within forty miles of New York.

Thirty-two miles further up the Hudson is the next bridge, the one at Poughkeepsie; and there is not another until Albany, 154 miles away. The Poughkeepsie bridge is not a success. It was built by a rum-seller, who figured that a bridge at that point would be the short line from the Pennsylvania coal fields to New England, and would sell at a top price to the railroad companies. But the bridge is not strong enough to carry a full train of loaded coal cars. It is in steady use, but considered a failure.

There is much discussion of a gigantic bridge to cross the Hudson river at 57th street, New York city, with a single span of 3,240 feet. This

bridge Avas designed twenty years ago, and was then planned to carry 40,000,000 people annually. The new design is planned to carry 200,000,000. It calls for a structure capable of holding a weight of 800,000,000 pounds. Its cables will be four feet in diameter, its two towers each 400 feet square by 840 feet high. The bridge will be enclosed with rain and moisture proof material, to reduce the expense of painting. '

The bridge is designed to have two decks, with a width of 225 feet on the lower level and 235 feet on the upper one. The lower level would carry twelve railroad tracks. The upper level would have two fifteen-foot promenades, forty feet for trolleys and busses, and a center roadway accommodating sixteen lines of automobiles.

The construction is delayed by reason of the fact that one end of the bridge is in New Jersey and the other in New YoW. It would be possible to have a center pier, but would not be permitted by the government on account of obstructing navagation. The bed of the Hudson river is an old canyon which has become filled with mud 250 to 300 feet deep.

Bridges Versus Tunnels

rpiIE development of machinery and appara-

-L tus for compressing air and driving headings through light or watersoaked soils has enabled the permanent crossing of the Hud-"son at four points, with the assurance that a tunnel can now be built almost anywhere. The same discoveries have assisted in means for constructing’ piers in deep water.

No one is allowed to visit a river tunnel heading without . a physical examination. The pressures increase from one chamber to another, twelve pounds, twenty-four pounds, thirty-six pounds and filially forty-eight pounds per square inch. The men are paid in proportion to the pressure under which they work. The greater the pressure, the shorter the day. The tunnels are driven ahead, about fifteen feet daily. When completed, they are lined with steel and concrete and are safe for all time.

Coming out of compressed air is.'much more, dangerous than going in. If one has been working under forty-eight pounds pressure, decompression from forty-eight to twenty-four pounds can be effected in five minutes; but the decompression from twenty-four pounds to atmospheric pressure requires forty-five minutes. Above twenty-one pounds pressure the men are not permitted to work more than three hours at a shift.

If one comes out of compression too quickly his life is in danger from a disease called "the bends”, the only known remedy for which is to rush the patient back into compressed air and keep him there while the pressure is very slowly reduced to normal. ’

The men that do this dangerous work are roughly called "sand hogs”; but they are the. bravest of the brave, and among the very most valuable members of society. Their lives are constantly in danger. No insurance company will write insurance for them.

Instances are on record where men have been blown through the bulkhead and up through fifty feet of water, and survived to tell the tale. When a tunnel bursts under the pressure, it i; smothered again by scowloads of fire clay deposited upon it. .

New York's Vehicular Tunnel

WHAT may mark an end of the construction of great bridges around New York City is the construction of the Hudson vehicular', tunnel, which has been already bored through and which will be opened for traffic in 1926. One of the problems was to pour into the tunnel enough fresh air to remove the gas fumes from the stream of automobiles tbr i . w y • m.g‘ it. This was figured out, at a cost of $50,000, by the construction of a model tunnel of grounds of the campus of the university of Illinois, and a similar expenditure by Yale rati-versify, for a tunnel at Bruceton.

One drawback to the construction of so many ■ tunnels is that the huge oce

Majestic and Leviathan, m w. c - ~ 'Vy? only at high, tide, as they draw thirty-eight feet five inches of wa c

tops of some of the tunnels even now.

There is little rm

e s ' w , - -

New York’s principal bridge designer, I, ae.m Lindenthal. Mr. Lindenthal dees not see the benefit in tunnels that some do. He compares the new Hudson vehicular tunnels with the Manhattan bridge and sums up. the matter in the New York Times as follows:

‘Tt must be considered that the two vehicular tunnels will give accommodation to only four lanes of traffic; and that the Manhattan Bridge has accommodation for twelve lanes of traffic, not including two sidewalks each ten feet clear. It has, therefore, at least three times, but more nearly four times, the traffic capacity of the two vehicular tunnels. Let us assume that the cost of Manhattan Bridge, literally allowing for same length as the tunnels and on the basis of present prices, would be $42,000,000 (an excessive cost) instead of the $31,000,000 actual cost fifteen years ago. We have, then, the fa< ; that each of the twelve lanes over the Manhattan Bridge would cost $3,500,000, while each of the four lanes of the vehicular tunnel will cost $7,000,000 or twice as much.” ■

Work on the tunnel from Brooklyn to Staten Island proceeds apace. This tunnel will make Staten Island properties immensely valuable. The tunnel under the narrows will take sixty-three months to build and will cost about $27,000,000. The total cost for bringing Brooklyn into tunnel communication with the New Jersey shore via Staten Island is estimated at $60,000,000. This is the plan which the Baltimore & Ohio Kailroad Company hopes sometime to bring to fruition. Its eastern terminus will then be Brooklyn.

Not counting its many great subway systems as tunnels, which, of course, they really are, New York city is the proud owner of the longest tunnel in the world, namely the Shandaken, eighteen miles long, under the Catskill Mountains, which brings the waters from the western side of the mountains into the Ashokan reservoir on the eastern side, for the benefit o. thirsty New York

Some Interesting Railroad Tunnels

THE Simplon tunnel, is 12.3 miles long, connecting the French portion of Switzerland with the Italian city of Milan. It shortens the distance between Milan and London by eighty-four miles, and was completed in 1905 at a cost of $14,000,000.

Next in length is the St. Gotthard tunnel, also in the Alps, 9.3 miles long. Third is the Mont Cenis tunnel, from Modane, France, to Bar-donecchia, Italy, 7.98 miles long. Fourth is the Albert tunnel, 6.36 miles long. Fifth is the Moffat tunnel, near Denver, 6.04 miles long; and sixth is the Otira, New Zealand, tunnel 5.3 miles long.

The Moffat tunnel is not yet completed. When it is, it will mean the passing of what is described as the most picturesque railroad station in the world; namely Corona, 10,660 feet above sea level, the highest point in the world where there is a standard guage railway. Even in midsummer, in the neighborhood of Corona the railroad winds in and out between high banks of snow.

The Moffat tunnel will shorten the transcontinental line between New York and San Francisco by 178 miles and will be used by several of the transcontinental railways. It makes accessible new coal and oil deposits, timber supplies, etc., and is being financed by the State of Colorado. It is named after D. H. Moffat, its original projector.

Tunnels that are from time to time seriously considered are one under the British Channel, connecting Dover with Calais, and one under the straits of Gibraltar twenty-four miles long, connecting Europe and Africa. Chicago’s big banks are connected by tunnels, to keep bandits from holding up their messengers on the streets. An Italian-American newspaper man is connecting the Italian cities of Pisa and Lucca by a $250,000 tunnel under the Pisan mountain. The English Duke of Portland has expended $15,000,000 building tunnels on his estate. This has given rise to the report that he is a leper.

A Colorful Subject

THERE is a sign in front of an old established business house in Brooklyn which reads: .

“We dye to live while others live to die.

The longer we live, the better we dye;

The longer we dye, the better we live.

Don’t dye yourself. We’ll dye for you.”

Until the year 1856 dyers depended entirely upon natural products, and some of the best of the dyes still come from these sources. The Tyrian purple which made Tyre the ancient center of the dyeing industry, and which established purple as the color of royalty, was and still is made from a fluid secreted by a shellfish.

Indigo, obtained from the indigo-plant, is one of the most important of the dyes. Fifty shades of blue are produced from it. The shell of the pomegranate yields thirty shades of yellow. There is a seaweed which yields a rich dye. Gallnuts, produced on the leaves and twigs of oak trees by the punctures of certain insects, produce valuable dyestuffs.

In the year 1160, in the city of Jerusalem, the art of dyeing was so much of a secret that all of the 200 Jews then residing in that city were employed in wool dyeing, the trade being wholly in their hands. There was a time during the dark ages when the art would have perished altogether except that the Jews handed the secrets down from, one generation to another. In those days learning of every sort was discouraged.

But it was in 1856 that the modern dyeing’ industry wrns born. In that year, in the city of London, Dr. William Henry Perkin, then a youth of eighteen, succeeded in taking from coal tar a dye which he called mauve. At once the thick, black liquid which, was then considered a waste product in the manufacture of illuminating gas, became valuable. A French chemist estimates that fourteen thousand shades and tints can now be produced from coal-tar colors.

Why Dyeing is Difficult

HpHE reason why dying always lias been so difficult is that very few dyes ■ will stick to the fabric to which they are applied. Cotton, especially, is very much this way. The dyes' will color it; but when washed, the colors tend to come out unless fixed by what is called a mordant. All the dyes from natural sources, are used in connection with mordants in dyeing cotton. A certain branch of the coal-tar dyes (azoes) can be applied to cotton without a mordant, and produce brilliant and lasting colors.

The “Textile World Journal” points out that in the dyeing industry there are about 700 dyes of commercial importance, not counting mixtures or combinations. The dyer is compelled to make such use of these, and of their mordants, as to dye all-classes of goods so that the colors will not rub off on a clean white cloth, so that they will not lose brilliancy when exposed to light or to steam, or when the burrs and fragments of vegetable fibers are burned out of the cloth, or when immersed in water hot or cold, or with washing soda dissolved in it, or when placed under a hot iron. As a matter of fact all dyed goods will fade in time.

The manufacture and use of dyes is not only a difficult matter but a dangerous one. It happens that a widely-used chrome dye, made in very large quantities, dried, ground, packed and shipped freely everywhere, is of such a quick-burning nature as to render it more dangerous than some of the violent explosives. Many of the dyes are closely related to the explosives.

In a. mild case of anilin poisoning in. a dye factory the workman experiences a sense of fatigue and lassitude, his head aches, his eyes become dull, his gait lags, his step has lost all elasticity, his speech is slow and hesitating, his face is grey, his lips bluish, his appetite is completely lost, and he has the appearance of a man slightly intoxicated. The poisoning comes on unexpectedly, and the workmen watch each other to note when the lips become blue. When this takes place, they must leave the anilins for a time. If they attempt to use liquor, they become violently ill at once.

Haw Germany Became the Worldfs Dyemdker A LTHOUGH the discovery of coal-tar dyes was the work of an Englishman, yet the English paid little attention to Dr. Peridn’s discoveries. But a Gerrrc nai'w W learned the secrets obtained from nature by Dr. Perkin, went post haste to Berlin, and there Began what has been one of Germany’s most important enterprises.

The erection of dye factories in had somewhat to do with the inauguration. of the World War. The chemists soon learned that dyestuffs and explosives are closely re-, lated. and when the war broke out, the chemical factories were turned over night into explosive factories. Subsequently poison gas was made in the same establishments.

It is claimed for the German dye factories that they are the cleanest in the world. No fluids are allowed to run wild or drip or spill anywhere, the floors are clean, and the vapors and gases and even the steam are carried oft by fume pipes which are connected with the air exhaust system. The passages between buildings and the roadways through the grounds of these factories are kept scrupulously clean.

Germany lias managed her dye industries in such away as to make them extremely profitable. For instance, the dividend in the largest German plant for the year 1922 was 300 percent, which means that the plant paid for itself three times over in one year. Moreover, the plant was still there at the end of the year, probably in better shape than ever.

Wrestling with this admitted superiority of the German dye factories the New York World four.months apart gave vent to the two interesting observations which follow:

“You can turn a dye works over night into an explosive factory. So long as Germany maintains a dye monopoly or is in a position where she can regain it, she has_. an armament for chemical warfare superior to that of any other nation. So long as she retains it in full activity, she will be dangerously armed, even. if we destroy every gun, every tank, every plane, every rifle, every ship in the German Empire.” '

“As long as Germany can produce a dye and sell it for forty or fifty cents and the same dye cannot ba made in this country except at a figure from five to twenty times more, it is a point of economy for this country to let Germany make the dyes while we turn our attention to something practical.”

We are not blaming the World for stepping on its own feet. It is easy to do.

Hais America Tried t<s Unhorse Germany

HE devious means by which the American dye trust endeavored to unhorse the German trust do not appeal to us, and there is not much pleasure in telling them. But unpleasant things have to be told sometimes, and this is admittedly one of the most shameful things that ever happened in. America.

. Before the war private citizens of Germany had paid for 5,700 dye patents; the United States patent office had taken the money and stood as guardian of tills trust. During the war Mitchell Palmer was made custodian of these patents. When the war was over he became Attorney General, and Mr. Francis P. Garvan became custodian of the patents.

By and with the advice and consent of President Wilson and Attorney General Palmer, the patents, worth it is estimated not less than $40,000,000, were sold at private sale to a committee, the head of which was Mr. Garvan. This committee is now called the Chemical Foundation, popularly known as the American dye trust. The price paid for the 5,700 patents was $271,000, which the court has admitted was confiscatory.

Under the able and honest administration of Attorney General Harlan F. Stone, the Government has brought suit against the Chemical Foundation, Inc.; and although one court has decided against the Government’s contention, and even praises the Foundation for its use of the patents for the benefit of the American people, we take space to express the earnest wish that the appeal now being heard will result in the Government’s victory. Honesty defeated is a thousand times more honorable than dishonesty triumphant.

But the humiliating thing, after seizing the patents was that the Americans who seized them could not then make as good dyes as had hitherto been made in Germany; and after loading the American markets up with most abominably dyed fabrics, it was finally necessary to import two German chemists at $25,000 each per year in order to produce the desired results.

As a result of the German monopoly being denied access to American markets and the American dyes costing so much more, it was claimed four years ago that the same lot of hosiery which could previously have been dyed for $1.80 would then cost $15. The total dyes produced in the United States in 1914 were 6,619,729 lbs.; in 1922 they were 64,632,187 lbs.

The Dge Bootlegger

:"pHE bootlegging industry in America goes G- on apace. According to all reports we have the liquor bootlegger, the narcotic bootlegger, the immigration bootlegger; and we have also the dye bootlegger. It is claimed that most of the bootleg dyes come from Italy, but that some of them come from France and Belgium.

Every country to which Germany is sending dyes in part payment of war reparations has signed an agreement not to allow such dyes to pass their borders: but they do pass, and that is what gives them the name of bootleg dyes. They are in great demand; and the man who can, by some hook or crook, get' a barrel of the genuine German .article into America makes a fortune so it is said. A barrel which cost $1,000 is said to have sold in New York for $30,000.

The Americans are gradually finding out the German secrets. In 1920 there "were 500 varieties of dyestuffs which the American could not

394 manufacture so well as could the Germans. 'After the lapse of three years this number was said to have been reduced to fifty, with fresh discoveries of frequent occurrence.

Recent Steps in Dye Manufacture

RECENT discovery of a British gentlemen, Professor A. G. Green, seems important. In the dyeing of the mixtures of cotton and fiber silk he has developed a method which enables him to dye the component threads differently, so that the cotton in the finished fabric is of one color while the artificial silk is of a quite a different one.

A new device for testing the relative fading of dyes makes it possible to determine as much information on this line in one hour as heretofore required a full week of June sunlight.

Dr. Vartain K. Ostigian, of New Orleans, La., has discovered a method of so feeding silk worms that their threads are naturally and permanently dyed in any one of eighteen shades. The total cost of the dyes in an average suit of clothes is set at about sixty-five cents. Dyes are used to some extent in medicine and surgery.

When Shall the Bubble Burst?

THE only method by which our governments permit the issuing and the circulating of money is through the banks, which loan it to the people, except the little that is actually mined from the gold fields. Therefore practically all the money in circulation is borrowed money.

Thus the world must pay back to the banks, year by year, in bank money, all they have borrowed, plus the six percent interest; actually more than what the banks have put into circulation. Therefore the people, regardless of what they can produce or what they have as natural resources, are deeper and deeper in

By George Colwell (Canada)

debt to the banks as the years follow each other.

Even the governments themselves in undertaking any public works, borrow the paper (used as money) from the bankers for the purpose. Thus the whole world, the governments and their people, year by year, sink deeper and deeper into the mire of debt and usury.

We have today such an enormous debt on the world that no man or men could even estimate. Like a snowball, accumulating as it rolls down a mountainside, the debts multiply, multiply, multiply, until the gigantic snowball is smashed in pieces!

Some Reasons for the High Price of Coffee

AS A rule the Santos or Southern Brazil coffee district produces a little less than one-half the coffee supply of the world, the Rio or Northern Brazil coffee district produces about onesixth the coffee supply of the world; and the remainder, the “mild” coffees, come from elsewhere.

The Santos crop this past season, instead of Jieing about 10,000,000 bags of 132 pounds each, as usual, was only about 6,000,000 bags. But besides the smaller crop Brazil was afflicted with a revolution. How tills reacted upon the available coffee supply is explained in a letter to us by the Joint Coffee Trade Publicity Committee of the United States, which is working toward the end of a steady supply of coffee at prices that will enable them to obtain and hold their trade:

“First of all, a bit of history: The very marked rise in coffee prices took place after the Brazilian revolt, which occurred about the first of last July. As you are no doubt aware, this tied up commerce completely from the interior to ports so that as a result of this revolution only 146,000 bags of coffee went from Sao Paulo, the big dispatching point of the interior, to the port of Santos during July instead of a normal number of about 1,050,000 bags, which but for the revolution would have been shipped to the port. Also because of the military activities, exports from Santos were interrupted from, approximately July 15th until July 30th, no British or American steamers making that port during the disturbance.

“On August 1st the Brazilian Government set aside the previous restriction at Santos of 35,000 bags per day, and raised it to 50,000 in order to make up for the deficiency in receipts which had been caused by the revolution. We were advised by our Government representatives that the railroads, owing to the congestion resulting from heavy transportation requirements subsequent to the cessation of hostilities, were not able to carry increased amounts of coffee shipments; and it was not until October 26th that the deficiency of coffee shipments from the interior to port had been made up to an average of 35,000 bags a day. From October 25th to December 6th the restrictions on interior shipments were 35,000 bags. On December 6th these were further restricted to 30,000 bags, and to date we have had no information as to any change in this number.”

With their letter to us the Coffee Trade Publicity Committee enclosed an article from The 'Annalist which gives further details of interest:

“The present system of control of shipments of coffee by the Brazilian Government follows three progressive schemes for valorization. About seventy percent of the income of the Brazilian Government comes from its exports of coffee; and, control of these in such a way as to keep the price at a sufficiently high level is a matter of chief importance in the Government’s financial program. To understand the present system it is necessary to know that ‘Santos’ coffee, so called from the fact that it is exported from the port of Santos, is produced in the Brazilian Province of Sao Paulo. The railroad outlet for this coffee is by a single line from the city of Sao Paulo (which is the capital of the province), to the seaport of Santos, this line being the bottle neck of the coffee movement. The present Government regulation restricts shipments of coffee for export from Sao Paulo to Santos to 35,000 bags a day. At various points in the interior of the Province are warehouses in which coffee producers may store their coffee in the usual warehouse fashion, financing their crops through loans from the banks on warehouse receipts. The maximum permitted shipment of 35,000 bags is made up half of coffee drawn from these interior storehouses and half from coffee shipped directly from plantations. -The warehouse supply is subject to peculiar conditions, for a sort of seniority system for shipments in and out prevails. A planter, for instance, who warehouses a hundred bags of coffee today cannot ship out that coffee tomorrow, but must wait until planters who have deposited in advance of him have exercised their option whether to ship or not. This serves in some degree to retard and, also, to even the flow of coffee from the warehouses, though it has no immediate effect on the present shortage; or certainly on the overcoming of that shortage.”

Nuggets of News on this Side the Water

[Radiocast, with other items, from Watchtower WBBR on a wave length of 272.6 meters, by the Editor]

Union Wages Highest Ever

HE wages of union labor are now the highest they have ever been. "With the exception of 1922, the year of the great deflation of labor, it may be said that union wages have constantly risen since 1919, until they are now almost fifty percent greater than at that time. The engineers on the Southern Pacific have just received an increase totaling $500,000 per year.

One Thousand Accidents a Dag

TN New York State the average number of in* dustrial accidents is about one thousand a day. Formerly this army of workers could get relief only by suing their employers and then waiting about a year before the eases camo up in court. Now hearings on these cases are being held regularly in sixty-eight cities of the state, with a minimum of delay.

NCgrto Education at Tuskegee ' ■ ■

TUSKEGEE Institute started in 1881 with fifteen pupils and two instructors in a one-room shanty. Today it has 2,640 students and 125 buildings. The students construct their own buildings in connection with the courses in carpentry, bricklaying, plastering, painting, plumbing and steamfitting. The women students learn housekeeping in the same way. The Institute now has 2,111 acres of land attached.

Getting It Down Fine

A, STUDENT of Columbia University has just x distinguished himself by writing 600 words on a space 27-32 by 31-32 on an inch, on the back of a postage stamp. He regards this as superior to the work of Professor Durso, who wrote 11,000 words on the back of an Italian postcard. The ratio is as 734 to 575 words per square inch.

New York a Cosmopolitan Citg

EW YORK city has' 1,600,000 Jews, 400,000 Italians and as many more of Italian descent, with about 500,000 each of those of Irish and of German descent. Seventy-seven percent of the population of the city is of foreign birth or foreign parentage. Approximately twoi million were actually born on the other side of the world.

- Benefactors of Education Not Educated

MB. B. C. Forbes, in the New York American, points ont the interesting fact that America’s greatest philanthropists along educational lines, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, H. C. Frick, George Eastman, Milton S. Hershey, James B. Duke, Bussell Sage, Henry Phipps, Benjamin Altman, George F. Baker, August Hecksher, James A. Patten, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford were or are all men of limited education, not one of them having had a college diploma.

A Plucky 17-Year-Old Girl

IN Brooklyn recently a seventeen-year-old girl stenographer was run down by a street-car, and in some way slipped past the safety fender, her body lodging between the fender and the forward trucks of the car. Though the blood was streaming down her face, she calmly directed the work of rescue, telling where the jacks should be placed to lift the car. After twenty-five minutes, during which she was the calmest one in the crowd, she was rushed to a hospital, and there found to be not seriously injured. Her present name, young man, Miss Mildred Dight.

A Wise Philadelphia Judge

A Philadelphia judge with a close approach to the wisdom of Solomon permitted a woman who had been beaten by a drunken husband off and on for thirty years to pass sentence upon her unworthy spouse. The woman started off by telling the man that she ought to send him up for a year. He begged for mercy, took the pledge, promised to pay his wife $14 a week out of his $22 salary, and was placed on probation for a year. The woman was not a half bad judge either.

Mr. Ford’s Enormous Business

ONLY a few years ago Henry Ford was a poor man, a struggling inventor. His peculiarly successful methods of manufacture and salesmanship have given him the greatest personal enterprise ever known. The making of coke for his own furnaces and of plate glass for his own cars, with other similar items, entirely outside of automobile manufacture proper, brings in a revenue of $13,000,000 per year. $4,000,000 of this amount is from the sale of scrap iron and waste.

Mr. Ford Tells The Truth

MB. Ford tells the truth when he says that “if losing a false wisdom and finding a new beginning of learning is progress, then we may say that the world has progressed. Its cocksureness has gone. Its old principles are disproved by experience. It sits amid the wreck of all its falsities. And no time is more full of hope than the time that knows the wreck of falsities.”

Automobile Stopped by Cables

ANEW device, developed at Bacine, Wisconsin, swings a series of whiplashes across the road thirty seconds before a train is due to reach the crossing. At the same time, yielding steel cables drop into position across the road, which will stop an automobile from reaching the rails and without injury, even though the auto be travelling at sixty miles per hour. -

Steel Trust’s Gigantic System

IN ITS safety, sanitation and welfare bureau alone the United States Steel Corporation maintains 28,451 dwellings, 33 schools, 40 clubs, 66 restaurants, 283 rest rooms, 175 playgrounds, 19 swimming pools, 125 athletic fields, 112 tennis courts, 21 band stands, 29 model homes, 461 water systems, 13 hospitals, 389 emergency stations, and 66 training stations for the rendering of first aid. Accidents of all kinds have been greatly reduced.

National Tube Company’s Restaurant

THE National Tube Company, a subsidiary of the Steel Trust, serves its employes four meals daily. Boast beef, roast pork, scrambled eggs or chili con came, with bread, butter, potatoes and gravy are 20c; tomatoes 5c; beets 5c: beans 5c; pie, pudding or cake 7c; coffee or milk 5c; ice-cream 4c. This appeals to us as exceedingly wise and kind.

Sequel to Leopold-Loeb Verdict

THE Divine law provides the death penalty for murderers. The young college-bred millionaire assassins of Chicago were given life sentences, and the judge who sentenced them retired immediately from the bench. During the next succeeding month Chicago had the biggest murder orgy in history, and is even now averaging a murder a day and a conviction a year.

The Rural Police Humbug

THE same powers that saddled the rural police humbug upon Pennsylvania, and that has so often overridden the rights of the citizens of Western Pennsylvania, are trying to have the same kind of police force installed in Illinois. There is absolutely no need for it and no use for it, except to serve as an arm of force to override and overawe workingmen. .

Three Million Dollars Stolen from Indians

THREE million dollars stolen from the Indians, with the knowledge and consent of the state courts of Oklahoma, is the charge made in that state by Hugh Murphy, a former Okmulgee county judge. Mr. Murphy made these charges before a congressional committee, alleging that they took place four years ago.

Borah Would Outlaw War

Senator Borah, chairman of the senate committee on foreign affairs, though opposed to the League of Nations, is nevertheless in favor of a world court, clothed with jurisdiction to hear and determine all controversies involving international law, with the definite understanding that war shall be declared a crime by international law. In other words, says Mr. Borah: “If war comes, it must be without the sanction of law, but in violation of it, as piracy, or- slavery, or peonage, or murder.”

Food-Law Violators in One Month

IN ONE month recently the Government levied fines up to $1,000 and declared heavy business penalties on some of our leading patriots for the adulteration of eggs, cocqa, tomatoes, salmon, catsup, chestnuts, and coal-tar colors, the adulteration and misbranding of tuna, fish, butter, salmon, and lemon extract, and the misbranding of olive oil, salad oil, tomatoes and cottonseed-meal.

Remarkable Escape from Death

IN Indiana, on Christmas night, the Knickerbocker Special, one of the world’s fastest trains, demolished an automobile, killing one and injuring several of the occupants. One of the occupants, a woman, landed on the pilot of the engine, and was carried on it for twelve miles until, becoming numb with the intense cold, she rolled off into the snow, safe and sound, as the train sped on to its destination.

Walnuts Go Like Hot Cakes

CALIFORNIA keeps increasing her output of walnuts, but these are gone as soon as they come into the market. The output for 1924 was 48,180,000 pounds, valued at $14,000,000. As soon as the nuts were ready for sale they were taken in forty-eight hours, and orders for hundreds of thousands of pounds were declined. The yield in 1924 was not quite so good as the. year previous.

Radio Reunites a Family

WONDERFUL things are happening in these days. In Chicago a girl was found in a railway station, suffering from amnesia—> loss of memory. She was taken to a hospital. As a desperate expedient she was induced to send out an appeal by radio to try to help her establish her identity. Her aunt in St. Louis heard the appeal, and came and got her. The girl’s memory was at once restored by the sight of her relative.

A New Source of Lumber

qpllE new fibre lumber made from the waste -®- of sugar-cane has now been on the market only three years; but the product is so very desirable, both as respects insulating qualities and structural strength, that the demand is unlimited. At present a mill in Chicago, according to a dealer in the product, is turning out eighty-four miles of the material daily. It is used for almost every purpose for which other lumber is used. © .

Decreased Death Rate

ONE of the great insurance companies, Metropolitan Life, states that its experience for 1924 makes that year the most healthful in history. The death rate for all causes among its fifteen million policjdiolders was about six percent less than in that of any previous year. Organic heart disease is' now the leading cause of death. Automobile deaths increase.

Noble Deed of a Generous Physician

IN STANFORD, Kentucky, this past Christmas, Dr. J. F. Peyton, a surgeon in the Union Army during the Civil War, and still in active practice after sixty-five years of faithfulservice of his community, burned his account books, containing claims of $80,000 against his patients, and announced that henceforth his time will be devoted to charity practice.

Factory Employes Short-Lived

THE Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, from the mass of statistics obtained from a study of its fifteen million policies, has gained the interesting information that the life of the average industrial worker is eight years less than the life of the average office worker. It is believed that this difference is largely due to the longer hours and heavier tasks imposed.

Bubonic Plague Breaks Out Again

BUBONIC plague has broken out again. In

Los Angeles the disease sprang up very quickly, and there was a large death-rate before it was placed under control. In New Orleans the disease was detected in two vessels from the Orient, and now every vessel that comes into America through Mediterranean ports in viewed with suspicion. The pilgrimages to Rome may spread the plague throughout the world.

Lilies Blooming in Washington

ON DECEMBER 27th, about the time we

Easterners were looking in the bottom end of the thermometer for the top end of the mercury, along comes a despatch from Olympia, Washington, where it appears that a gardener celebrated Christmas by exhibiting a bed of Easter lilies growing in the open. It is hard for Easterners to realize that the Pacific Coast northwest is so balmy.

New York’s Tower of Babel

IN ITS Real Estate section the New York American compares New York City to the tower of Babel, pointing out that every year the growth of the city is such as to add $500,000,000 to the value of its realty. But the American makes only incidental reference to the fact that as the tower of Babel became more and more imposing, it was nearer and nearer its doom.

How Much of It Have You?

THE Census Bureau reports that if all the wealth in the country was divided evenly, each person would have real estate worth $1,417; clothing, furniture and vehicles worth $362; manufactured products worth $258; tax exempt property worth $186; railroads worth $181; machinery and tools worth $143; public utilities of a like amount; live stock $53; agricultural products $50; gold and silver $39; total $2,916.

Bowl of Water Starts a Fire

NEWARK, N. J., has had the unusual experience of having a fire started by a bowl of water. The water was in a goldfish bowl; the bowl was in the window; the sun shone in, and focused through the bowl upon the cane seat of a chair. It was too much for the cane. The chair ignited, and two fire companies came and put out the conflagration.

Hard to Lose Anything -

TT IS hard to lose anything around New York so that it will stay lost. In 1830 a man by the name of Van Rensselaer loaded a buggy with art treasures, and took a ferry boat for New Jersey. The ferry boat burned to the water’s edge. The man escaped, but his art treasures went to the bottom. Two miles down stream, a century later, a dredge brought one of these art treasures to light—a head of Augustus Caesar; and it is now again on shore safe and sound.

Ice Sixteen Feet Thick

NIAGARA river, at the time this item is written, is filled with an ice jam sixteen feet thick, reaching all the way from the Falls to Lake Ontario, a distance of about ten miles.

Trinity Parish’s $5,000,000

THAT As-It-Were benevolent aggregation known as Trinity Church Corporation, sometimes feelingly referred to as the worst landlord in New York, has just let a certain skyscraper for a term of years for $5,000,000, with the understanding that eighty-four years from now the corporation shall have the building returned to them. If at that time there is any Trinity Corporation in existence to receive the returned building, then the Lord has not spoken by us.

What They Need in Poughkeepsie

T) OUGHKEEPSIE has got beyond needing the truth, or needing the holy spirit, or even needing wisdom. But it knows now what it does need. We have before us an appeal of the First German Evangelical Lutheran Church of that city, in which, under the heading “Money Talks” Bev. Martin J. Lorenz, pastor, says: “You know that our church’s greatest visible need is money.”

Baptist Ministers Operate Still

DESPATCH from Richmond reports that two prohibition officers in Virginia recently arrested two Baptist ministers on the charge of operating a still. The report states that at the time of the arrest one of the men was engaged in writing a sermon. What with bad theology, spiritism, and “hootch” the clergy seem to be badly tangled on the subject of “spirits”.

Misinstructing the Children

HE Presbyterian Committee of Publications, Richmond, Va., publishes a shorter catechism containing the following questions and answers, every one of which is erroneous and heretical:

Q. In how many persons does this one God exist? A. In three persons,

Q. What are they? A. The Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

Q. Where is God? A. God is everywhere.

Q. What did God give Adam and Eve besides bodies? A.’He gave them souls that could never die.

Q. Have you a soul as well as a body? A. Yes; I have a soul that can never die.

Q. Why should infants be baptized? A. Because they have a sinful nature and need a • Savior.

Q. What becomes of men at death? A. The body returns to dust, and the soul goes into the world of spirits. Q. What is hell ? , A- A place of dreadful and endless torment.

How can we expect the children to know the truth or to tell it, when they grow up, if their parents persist in teaching them things proven to be untrue—the false theology of the dark ages ?

But. Waking Up, Too . ■

SPEAKER at the Presbyterian National Conference in Chicago has raised this question :

“Is there no better hope than that each nation should maintain unceasingly military armaments at the utmost peak of efficiency, should load its suffering people with unbearable taxes, should have every plant a unit of military production, every business man a potential soldier, every woman prepared to don khaki as a nurse or purveyor of doughnuts, coffee and cigarettes, every able-bodied youth training to step to the camp at the first roll of the drum? Then God pity.our grandchildren.”

Professed Christians Belie Christ

HE Union Star, Brookneal, Virginia, says in its editorial columns:

“Go where you may and you find the professed followers of the Christ involved in jealousies, bickerings, chicanery, dishonest dealings with each other, selfishness, hatreds, retaliations, backbiting, exploitation of their fellow’s, bitter intolerance, sometimes actual persecution of those who do not accept our particular variation of faith and creed, all of which are directly contrary to the Sermon on the Mount; contradictory to the Golden Rule; contrary to the great lesson expounded in the Parable of the Good Samaritan; contradictory to tha great fundamentals of all Christian life and conduct laid down in the words of Christ himself.”

Free Speech in Cincinnati

THE Cincinnati Commercial Tribune of Monday, January 19th, gives a full account of a great outrage against the constitutional right of free speech, which occurred in that city on the previous day. In the Odd Fellows Hall at Norwood, a suburb, Helen S. Jackson, a Protestant, was lecturing to a refined, law-abiding, intelligent audience which had first taken the precaution to ask the police department to protect them in their enjoyment of the right of free speech guaranteed by the Constitution.

A Roman Catholic priest, John F. Hickey, thought Miss Jackson, an escaped nun, would say something uncomplimentary to the Roman Catholic church. He went to the mayor and chief of police; and against every principle of American liberty and even decency, the hall was invaded, a tear bomb was set off, a. panic ensued, seven windows were broken, the. hall was badly damaged, men and women were seriously injured by leaping from the second story windows, and as a crowning act of infamy the woman who had requested police protection was arrested charged with inciting a riot. Nothing was done to the priest who brought about the act of official anarchy. ‘ More than a hundred Protestants followed the woman to police headquarters, demanding her release.

The Tired Business

TWENTY , years ago, if I had been writing this article, my title would most certainly have been, “The Tired Business Man”; but man no longer bears alone the symptoms of office fag. I know; for I am a. business woman, and sometimes I am tired, too.

“My husband,” said a little woman, as her dark eyes filled with tears, “My husband is so cross when he comes home at night that I simply do not know what to do with him.” Alack the May, when a ,wife, does not know what to do with her husband when he comes home from the office, cross! Usually the first tendency on the part of the homekeeper is to resent his attitude. All day long cooped up in the house, slaving for him and his children, while he is down town among the hustle and excitement, sitting in his office, handling big things—oh! it is to weep! . Little woman, before you were married, did you ever have to work for a living? I thought not; and if you did, you have forgotten your* experience. The Bible says: “Think evil of no man”; “Judge not, that ye be not judged.” If these two rules were applied in dealing with those who go out into the world to work, it would no doubt enable some housekeepers to avoid much of the injustice of which they now are guilty. Perhaps it will help us to obey the Word if we consider a few of the trials of the tired (and admittedly sometimes cross) business person.

First of all, let me say that I believe no one in the world has work that is quite so important as that of the home-maker. Nowhere is there work that calls for more love, patience, tact, sympathy, intuition, efficiency and executive ability. Nowhere is there a job that has a more potent and direct influence upon the human race than this job which the housekeeper has, and which she too often regards merely as a monotonous “waiting upon a hungry man and a lot of children 'who get dirty as soon as 'washed.” Housewives, I beg of you, see yourselves as the business person sees you—the one best reason for keeping the wheels of business turning ; the central coal at which the fires of courage and enthusiasm must be lit; the (to use a military term) base of supplies for physical and mental needs; and if it sometimes seems that your worker’s salary is very small, his progress slow and his disposition impossible, remember:

Person (Contributed) .

“Man’s Inhumanity to Man”

r\UT in the world to which your workers go people are like wolves in their tendency to hunt in packs composed of members of equal strength, and to tear to pieces any one of their number who becomes somewhat weakened. They get together so that they can watch one another, restrict competition, and obtain a higher price for their wares than they ought to get.

To such an employer, then, the humble applicant for a job must come. “Show me what you can do, and I’ll pay you what you are worth,” says the Big Gun. What he really means may be: “'Let me try you out. Let me see how much you will lie and steal and deceive others for our financial benefit while you remain strictly honest in your dealings with this company.” It is just like asking someone to walk backwards and forwards at the same time.

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